THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 13, NO. 1 FEBRUARY 1987

"Clark on the Yellowstone" - Foundation's 19th Annual Meeting August 2-5, 1987, Billings,

By President John E. Foote

POMPEYS PILLAR ("POMPY'S TOWER"): "Arrived at a on one side which is the N.E. the other parts of it being a remarkable rock in an extensive bottom on the Stard Side of perpendicular clift of lightish coloured gritty rock . . . the the [Yellowstone] River & 250 paces from it. this rock I as­ natives have ingraved on the face of this rock the figures of cended and from its top had a most extensive view in every animals & near which I marked my name the day of the direction. This rock which I shall call Pompy's Tower [after month & year." the nickname Clark had given 's child] is 200 feet high and 400 paces in sercumpherence and only axcessable 's Journal, July 25, 1806 The theme for the 19th Annual ful area th at by hosting the 1987 down the river to below the mouth Meeting of the Lewis and Clark Annual Meeting, we will be able to of the Shields River1 where they Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. is provide Foundation members with camped for the night. "Clark on the Yellowstone." This substantial historical information meeting will be held in Billings, about Clark's exploration and The Expedition spent the next four show Foundation members many days on horseback following the Montana, on August 2, 3, 4 & 5, north side of the river until they 1987, and will feature excursions of our important historical sites. reached a site near present Park in the Yellowstone valley and The is the long­ City (see map) where they found northern Wyoming. est free flowing river in the conti­ trees of sufficient size to build dug­ Volumes of material have been nental . Captain Wil­ out canoes. Clark wrote in his written on the Lewis and Clark liam Clark first beheld the upper journal on July 20, 1806, "I detur­ Expedition and the Lewis and portion of this magnificent river mined to have two canoes made Clark Trail from St. Louis, Mis­ on July 15, 1806, when he and his out of the largest of those trees souri, to the Pacific Ocean, but very party of 11 men, 1 woman, a small and lash them together which will little has been written about boy, with 49 horses descended the (continued on page 2) Clark's exploration of the Yellow­ Bridger Range in southcentral 1. Named for Private , the stone valley on his return trip to Montana. They arrived at the site blacksmith, gunsmith, and handyman for St. Louis in 1806. It is the hope of of present-day Livingston (see the exploring enterprise (see WPO, Vol. 5, the people who live in this beauti- map) about 2 p.m. and continued No. 3, pp. 14-16). cause them to be Study [sturdy] and fully sufficient to take my THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL small party & Self with what little HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. baggage we have down this river. had handles put in the 3 axes and Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption after Sharpening them with a file Certificate No. 501(C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715 fell the two trees which I intended OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE for the two canoes, those trees ap­ President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President peared tolerably Sound and will make canoes of 28 feet in length John E. Foote H. John Montague Donald F. Nell and about 16 or 18 inches deep 1205 Rimhaven Way 2864 Sudbury Ct. P.O. Box 577 Billings, MT 59102 Marietta, GA 30062 Bozeman, MT 59715 and from 16 to 24 inches wide."

Edrle Lee Vinson, Secretary John E. Walker, Treasurer During their stay at "canoe P.O. Box 1651 200 Market St., Suite 1177 camp," they had the misfortune to Red Lodge, MT 59068 Portland, OR 97201 lose half their horses to an Indian raiding party. While some of the Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201 men were working on the canoes, DIRECTORS the others were out looking for the horses. The search was ended Ruth Backer Winifred C. George James P. Ronda when it was concluded that the Cranford, NJ St. Louis, MO Youngstown, OH Indians had hurriedly taken the Harold Billian Bob Doerk Ralph H. Rudeen Villanova, PA Great Falls, MT Olympia, WA horses down the river. Malcolm S. Buffum James R. Fazio Bob Saindon After four days of building can oes, Portland, OR Moscow, ID Helena, MT the Expedition departed on July Roy D. Craft Charles C. Patton Arthur F. Shipley Stevenson, WA Springfield, IL 24, 1806. Sergeant Pryor and three Bismarck, ND men were instructed to take the L. Edwin Wang immediate Past President is a Foundation Director horses overland to the vil­ PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO lages and Clark and the remaining party traveled by canoe. During Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Gary Leppart, 1974-75 Bob Saindon, 1979-80 St. Louis, Missouri Butte, Montana the day they passed the site of Helena, Montana present-day Billings and camped E.G. Chuinard, M.D., 1971 Wilbur P. Werner, 1975-76 Irving W. Anderson, 1980-81 Tigard, Oregon Cut Bank, Montana Portland, Oregon farther down the river. John Greenslit, 1972 Clarence H. Decker, 1976-77 V. Strode Hinds, 1981-82 Lansing, Michigan East Alton, Illinois City, Iowa The following day the party de­ Lynn Burris, 1972-1973 Gail M. Stensland, 1977 -78 Hazel Bain, 1982-83 parted at sunrise and proceeded on Topeka, Kansas Fort Benton, Montana Longview, Washington until 4 p.m. Clark wrote in his Robert E. Lange, 1973-74 Mitchell Doumit, 1978-79 Arlen J. Large, 1983-84 journal on July 25, 1806, "arived Portland, Oregon Cathlamet, Washington Washington, D.C. at a remarkable rock situated in William P. Sherman, 1984-85 L. Edwin Wang, 1985-1986 an extensive bottom on the Star4 Portland, Oregon Minneapolis, MN Side of the river & 250 paces from it. this rock I ascended and from ABOUT THE FOUNDATION its top had a most extensive view The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., ls to stlmulate nationally: public Interest in in every direction. This rock which matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions to American history made by the expedition members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition which are of I shall call Pompy's Tower is 200 historical Import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and supports activities which enhance the enjoyment and understanding of the Lewis and Clark story. The scope feet high and 400 paces in secum­ of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse, and Include Involvement In pursuits which, in the pherance and only axcessable on IUdQment of the Directors are, of historical worth or contemporary social values, and commensurate with the heritage of Lewis and Clark. The activities of the National Foundation are Intended to compliment and one Side which is from the N.E. supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark Interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor Individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement In the broad field of Lewis the other parts of it being a per­ and Clark hlstorlcal research; writing; or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of activities of pendicular clift of lightish coloured the Foundation. Membership In the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts Including Federal, State, and local government officials, historians, scholars, and others of wide ranging Lewis gritty rock on the top there is a and Clark Interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The Annual Meeting of the Foundation Is tradltlonally held during August, the birth month of both and William Clark. tolerable soil of about 5 or 6 feet The meeting place Is rotated among the States, and tours generally are arranged to visit sites In the area of the thick covered with short grass. Annual Meeting which have historic association with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The Indians have made 2 piles of stone on the top of this Tower. The WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD, M.D., FOUNDER nativs have ingraved on the face We Proceeded On is the official publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, of this rock the figures of animals Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the & near which I marked my name collective journals of the famous Expedition. and the day of the month & year." PUBUCATIONS COMMITTEE Clark named this remarkable rock Robert E. Lange, Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201 after Sacagawea's son whom he Irving W. Anderson E.G. Chuinard affectionately called Pomp. When Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College 15537 S.W. Summerfield Lane editing Clark's journals at a later Portland, OR 97219 Tigard, OR 97223 date, Nicholas Biddle inadvertent­ Paul R. Cutright Donald Jackson Gary E. Moulton ly changed the name from Pom­ 312 Summit Avenue 3920 Old Stage Road Love Library - Univ. Nebraska py's Tower to Pompeys Pillar, the Jenkintown, PA 19046 Colorado Springs, CO 80906 Lincoln, NE 68588 name by which it is presently Bob Saindon Wiibur P. Werner known. 172 Briarwood P.O. Box 428 Helena, MT 59601 Cut Bank, MT 59427 The party spent eight more days traveling to the mouth of the Yel­ lowstone River which they reached

-2- We Proceeded On, February 1987 on August 3, 1806. It was from here that they proceeded slowly down the until Cap­ tain Lewis and his party rejoined them. Although a speech had been pre­ pared should contact be made with the Indians, no personal contact was ever made in Yellowstone country. The Indians seemed more content to steal the party's horses than to smoke the pipe of peace. The remaining horses under the care of Sergeant Pryor were also stolen forcing him and his men to float down the Yellowstone River in bullboats. 2 During the Yellowstone trip, such an astonding number of animals were sighted that Clark saw no need to continue recording their exist ence, and was compelled to write in his journal "I shall there­ fore be silent on the subject fur­ ther." He concluded that:

"The Rochejhone or Yellow Stone river is large and navagable with but fiew obstructions quite into the . .. . The country through which it passes from those Mount ~ to its junction is Generaly fertile rich open plains. Members attending the Annual Meeting in Billings can follow Clark's route from Livingston to Billings on Interstate 90 and from Glendive to Billings on Interstate 94. An interesting side trip from Glendive to the mouth of the Yel­ lowstone can be taken by follow­ ing Montana Highways 16 and Foundation President John E. Foote, Billings, Montana, stands beside William 200 and North Dakota Highway Clark's "July 25, 1806" autograph made in the sandstone surface about halfway to 58. The Fort Union Historic Site at the summit on the north face of Pompeys Pillar. The geologic landmark, 28 miles the confluence of the Missouri and east of Billings, has been acquired, developed, and preserved since 1955 by the Yellowstone Rivers would be a rec­ Foote family. The landmark was designated a National Historic Landmark in ommended stop if you are in this 1965, and at the Foundation's 17th Annual Meeting, St. Louis, 1985, John Foote area. was presented the National Park Service's identification logo and paperwork indi­ cating Pompeys Pillar to be a Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail -Certified As part of the Annual Meeting, we Site (Illustration in WPO, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 14). will spend an evening at Pompeys Pillar Na tional Landmark where we will view Captain William Clark's inscription - "Wm Clark, July 25, 1806." This famous auto­ son will speak to us on "Jean J?ap­ graph is protected under glass and tiste Charbonneau - Pompy". 2. The journals usually refer to these boats is the only remaining physical ev­ We will spend part of another day as "Skin canoes". Clark, in his journal for August 8, 1806, describes their construction idence of the entire Lewis and at "canoe camp" near Park City as follows: "Viz: 2 Sticks of l1A inch diameter Clark Expedition.a wh ere Clark found trees la rge ill tied together so as to form a round hoop enough to build the dugout canoes. the size you wish the canoe, or as large as Members of the Huntley Project the Skin will allow to cover, two of those Lions Club will prepare a Montana Thanks to some very gener ous hoops are made one for the top or brim and Beef dinner to be served under the Montana landowners, we have per­ the [other] for the bottom the deapth you Cottonwood trees in the park area mission to use this site for a picnic wish the canoe, then sticks of the same size and boat la unch. Since this site is are crossed at right angles and fastened with adjacent to Pompeys Pillar. After a thong to each hoop and also where each dinner Foundation Past President not available for public use, our stick crosses each other. then the skin when (1980-1981) Irving "Andy" Ander- members will enjoy a very special green is drawn tight over over this fraim privilege and should not miss this and fastened with thongs to the brim or 3. Editor's Note: This is definitely "physical opportunity. outer hoop so as form a perfect bason. One evidence". Some students of the Expedition of those canoes will carry 6 or 8 men and will claim other such evidence - especially Montana River Outfitters will pro­ their loads." (Thwaites: V:325-326. - on the pile of stones (the remains of a fireplace vide all the boats, guides, life­ page 326 Thwaites adds the footnote: "Com­ for distilling seawater) at the site of the ex­ monly known as "bull- boats," because made plorers' "salt works" at the Pacific Ocean jackets and related equipment for from (bull) buffalo hides.") shore in present-day Seaside, Oregon. a three-hour float trip from "canoe We Proceeded On, February 1987 -3- camp" to the community of Lau­ Journey of Discovery which is a Horn River. Probably more has rel. 4 (See map). In addition to this, product of five years research on been written about this controver­ the members of the Huntley Pro­ Colter and his journey of 1807.5 sial battle than any other in the ject Lions Club have agreed to history of the United States. This build replicas of the dugout canoes In Cody we will visit the Buffalo site known as the Custer Battle­ and float them with us to Laurel. Bill Historical Center, home of the field National Monument will be Photo opportunities for our mem­ Buffalo Bill Museum, Whitney Gal­ toured by our group with lunch be­ bers seated in rafts floating on the lery of Western Art, Winchester ing served at the battlefield. Foun­ Yellowstone River and observing Arms Museum and Plains Indian dation members will get a good the progress of the dugout canoes Museum. Lunch will be served in interpretation of relations between should be fantastic. An alternate the Greever Garden which is beau­ the whites and Indians on the tifully landscaped and contains open plains. bus tour for those not wishing to the magnificent sculpture of Saca­ partake of the float trip will be gawea by Harry Jackson. Peter The following schedule shows the provided. Hassrick, the Director, will greet sequence of events for the 19th In honor of , 1st mem­ us and has indicated that a special Annual Meeting. A great amount ber of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ Lewis and Clark display will be of time has been spent planning tion to return to Montana, we will available for viewing. for this meeting and we hope all give an interpretation of his explor­ members will make a serious at­ ation of southcentral Montana Although Clark n ever had any tempt to attend. Friendship shared and northwest Wyoming while we personal contact with Indians in with fellow Lewis and Clark en­ are traveling by bus to Cody, the Yellowstone country, 70 years thusiasts is what makes our annu­ Wyoming. Each Foundation mem­ later on June 25 , 1876, George al meetings so special. The wel­ ber will be given a copy of Paul Armstrong Custer with about 215 come mat is out - so head on out Lawrence's booklet John Colter, troopers under his command were to Big Sky Country in August. annihilated by as many as 4000 Your personal invitation will be Indian warriors by the Little Big 4. About eleven miles west of Billings, Mon­ forthcoming. tana, on present-day Interstate Highway 94. 5. See also WPO, Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 10-15.

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1 2 3 4 6 Billings Plaza Holiday Inn: B-4 (Annual Meeting Headquarters) Custer Battlefield: D - 6 Livingston - Shields River: C-1 Pompeys Pillar: A - 5 Park City - Laurel: C - 3 Buffalo Bill Historical Center: E-2

-4- We Proceeded On, February 1987 "CLARK ON THE YELLOWSTONE" 19th Annual Meeting LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION August 2-5, 1987 Billings, Montana SCHEDULE OF EVENTS August 2, 1987 Sunday Clark display· may be available for viewing 12:00-5:00 p.m. Registration: Atrium, Billings Plaza Holiday Inn 3:00 p.m. Transportation leaves Cody, Wyoming Information will be provided on where to go and what to do in Billings 5:00 p.m. Transportation arrives at Holiday Inn 6:30 p.m. Wine and Cheese reception: Big Horn Center & Poolside Terrace, Billings 6:15 p.m. Attitude adjustment hour: Atrium, Plaza Holiday Inn Billings Plaza Holiday Inn Lewis and Clark artists, authors, car­ 7:00 p.m. Buffet dinner, Missouri Room, Bill­ tographers and Foundation chapters ings Plaza Holiday Inn will have tables at the reception to 8:15 p.m. Program on Yellowstone River with display and sell their wares movie "Yellowstone Concerto" by Bill August 3, 1987 Monday Pryor, Information Officer, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks Department 8:30 a.m. General Business Meeting: Gallatin Room, Billings Plaza Holiday Inn - 9:00 p.m. Optional program for night owls: John E. Foote, President, presiding "Tuesday Night at the Movies" - Lewis and Clark slides, videos and 10:00 a.m. Break movies presented by the Lewis and 10:30 a.m. Transportation departs Holiday Inn Clark Trail Heritage Foundation for Custer Battlefield National Mon­ Young Adults Committee ument August 5, 1987 Wednesday 12:00 p.m. Lunch at Custer Battlefield National 8:00 a.m. General Business Meeting: Gallatin Monument Room, Billings Plaza Holiday Inn by Welcome and Interpretation by Den­ John E. Foote, President, presiding nis L. Ditmanson, Superintendent 9:00 a.m. Board of Directors Meeting, Gallatin 1:30 p.m. Visit the Battlefield and the Interpre­ Room, Billings Plaza Holiday Inn - tation Center H. J ohn Montague, President-elect, 3:30 p.m. Transportation departs for Pompeys presiding Pillar National Landmark 9:30 a.m. Break 5:00 p.m. Ascend the Pillar and view Captain 10:00 a.m. Transportation departs Holiday Inn Wm. Clark's inscription, the only re­ for Clark's "Canoe Camp" maining physical evidence of the en­ tire Lewis and Clark Expedition 11:00 a.m. Lunch at "Canoe Camp" Welcome and Interpretation by John Reenactment of building and launch­ E. Foote, Owner ing dugout canoes by members of the Huntley Project Lions Club 6:30 p.m. Montana beef dinner at Pompeys Pil­ lar National Landmark served by 1:00 p.m. Group A departs on Yellowstone Riv­ members of the Huntley Project er float Lions Club Group B departs on land excursion Speech: "Jean Baptiste Charbonneau along Yellowstone River - Pompy", by Irving W. Anderson Group B meets Group A at the con­ 8:30 p.m. Transportation leaves Pompeys Pillar clusion of Yellowstone River float National Landmark 4:45 p.m. Transportation leaves Laurel, Mon­ 9:00 p.m. Transportation arrives at Holiday tana Inn 5:15 p.m. Transportation arrives at Holiday August 4, 1987 Tuesday Inn 9:00 a.m. Transportation departs Holiday Inn 6:30 p.m. Attitude adjustment hour: Montana for Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Center, Billings Plaza Holiday Inn Cody, Wyoming Interpretation of John Colter's explo­ 7:15 p.m. 19th Annual Banquet: Montana Cen­ ration of south-central Montana and ter, Billings Plaza Holiday -Inn John northwest Wyoming E. Foote, President, presiding Foun­ dation Awards 11:30 a.m. Lunch in the Greever Garden at Buf­ Annual Banquet Address falo Bill Historical Center Welcome and Interpretation by Peter NOTES: H. ·Hassrick, Director 1. Hoofprints, the publication of Yellowstone Corral of the Westerners, will feature "Clark of 12:30 p.m. Visit the Buffalo Bill Museum, Win­ the Yellowstone" in its Spring-Summer, 1987, chester Arms Museum, Plains Indian issue. Museum and the Whitney Gallery of 2. Members of the Yellowstone Corral of the Wes tern Art. A special Lewis and Westerners will be tour guides for each bus.

We Proceeded On, February 1987 -5- President Foote's Message reader of the We Proceeded On galleys and page proofs, she served for several years (1982-1983) as chairman of the Foundation's Membership Commit­ F or over twelve years we have been privileged to tee. From 1982 to the present, she has been the Foun­ have Past President Bob Lange edit the Lewis and dation's Membership Secretary. Ruth was the joint Clark Trail Heritage Foundation quarterly publica­ recipient, with Bob, of the Foundation's Distin­ tion We Proceeded On. He has given an unbelievable guished Service Award in 1983. amount of his time and talent to make this publica­ tion one of the most respected quarterly historical So now the question is not only how do we replace journals in the United States. Bob, but how do we replace Bob and Ruth? Answer­ ing this question has required a great deal of thought When Bob announced his retirement plans to the and effort by the Board of Directors, the Editor/ Ex­ Board of Directors at the Annual Meeting in Port­ ecutive Secretary Selection Advisory Committee, and la nd, I knew what was going through everyone's the Executive Committee. We are fortunate to have mind - how are we going to replace this man? His an individual in our Foundation who has come for­ avocation for over fifty years has been the study of ward to accept the challenge - Past President Bob the Lewis and Clark Expedition. During this long in­ Saindon. volvement, he has achieved the following: Bob will become the new Editor of We Proceeded On 1970-1982 Member of Oregon (Governor's) Lewis starting with the next issue and will also become the and Clark Trail Committee first Executive Secretary of the Foundation. Many of 1972 First President of Oregon Lewis and you have had the opportunity to meet Bob through Clark Heritage Foundation his twelve year involvement with the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation and know of his 1972-1976 Editor of Oregon Lewis and Clark Her­ great interest in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. itage Foundation's publication Histor­ His accomplishments during this time include the ical Anecdotes following: 1972 Compiler & Publisher of an annotated Bibliographical Index to the Literature 1976 Founder and charter President of the of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Valley County, Montana Chapter of the Foundation 1973-1974 President of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation 1976-1981 Editor of the Valley County Chapter's quarterly newsletter "A Squawl of 1974 Organizer of the Sixth Annual Meeting Wind" of the Foundation held in Seaside, Ore­ gon and Pacific County, Washington. 1979 Chairman of the Eleventh Annual Meet­ The meeting was hosted jointly by the ing in Glasgow, Montana Governors' committees of Oregon and 1979-1980 President of the Lewis and Clark Trail Washington. Heritage Foundation 1974-1987 Editor of the Lewis and Clark Trail Her­ 1981 Ch airman of the Thirteenth Annual itage Foundation publication We Proceed­ Meeting in Helena, Montana ed On 1976 Recipient of the Lewis and Clark Trail 1981 Recipient of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation's Award of Merito­ Heritage Foundation's Award of Merito­ rious Achievement "For outstanding rious Achievement contributions in bringing to this nation 1984-87 Vice Ch airman of the Montana Gov­ a greater awareness a nd appreciation of ernor's Lewis and Clark Advisory the Lewis and Clark Expedition" Council 1983 Winner of the Washington State Histor­ 1985-1987 Chairman of the Montana Lewis and ical Society's highest award, the Cap­ Clark Expedition/ [1989] Centennial Ac­ tain Robert Gray Medal for "Distin­ tivities Coordinating Committee guished contributions to Washington 1986-1987 Chairman of the Foundation's Lewis State and Pacific Northwest History" and Clark Statehood Centennial Cele­ 1983 Joint recipient, with Ruth Lange, of the brations Committee. The states of South Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, and tion's Distinguished Service Award "For Washington celebrate 100 years of state­ outstanding contributions toward furth­ hood in 1989. The state of Idaho will ering the purpose and objectives of the hold a similar celebration in 1990. Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ tion, Inc." Bob Saindon has been a frequent and appreciated contributor to the pages of We Proceeded On. His by­ In addition to his responsibilities as editor, Bob is line has also appeared in Montana, The Magazine of presently serving as chairman of the Foundation's Western History, the quarterly publication of the Publication Committee. We hope that he will continue Montana Historical Society. to serve on that committee, and that we will fre­ quently see his by-line in our magazine and contribu­ Bob Saindon knows that he has a tough assignment. tions toward the popular WPO Supplementary Pub­ He recently said " It is not without trepidation that I lication program. step into the editorship of We Proceeded On. Bob's scholarship and attention to detail pose a formidable Both Bob and the Foundation have been fortunate to challenge to any successor. I am, however, fortunate have a tremendous amount of help from Bob's wife, to be following someone like Bob Lange since he has Ruth. In addition to being Bob's number one proof done such a superb job of paving the way with his

-6- We Proceeded On, February 1987 meticulous organization and established procedures and Ruth Lange have demonstrated over the past sev­ for the publishing of the magazine." I know Bob enteen years to help make the Foundation the quality Saindon will appreciate our words of encouragement organization that it is·today. As Executive Secretary as we join in offering him our best wishes for success I hope to build upon all the reputable work that they in his new position. We must also let Bob and Ruth and many other Foundation leaders have done." Lange know how much we have appreciated their THANKS BOB AND RUTH FOR A JOB WELL years of unselfish service to the Lewis and Clark DONE. Trail Heritage Foundation. Bob Saindon said "There can't be too much praise for the dedication that Bob John E. Foote, President

EDITORS AT WORK: Early in December 1986, Bob good deal of the material included in this issue has Saindon (left) journeyed from his home in Helena, been developed by Bob Saindon, and the preparation Montana to Portland, Oregon, and to the Bob Lange of several of the by-line stories and the final for­ residence for a four day session related to the transi­ matting has been done by Bob Lange. This issue has tion of the editorial responsibilities for We Proceeded been printed and mailed in Portland. The future loca­ On. The two Bobs are pictured above in the "Vi et tion for the printing and distribution of We Proceeded Consilio"1 library room looking over material to be On has not yet been decided. prepared for this edition of our quarterly magazine. A Ruth Lange's responsibilities as the Foundation's From the Latin motto on the Meriwether (maternal) family Coat of Membership Secretary will become one of the tasks Arms. "Vi et Consilio" - " By Strength and Judgment" or "By (or for Bob Saindon's Executive Secretary-Editor posi­ With) Force and Counsel''. tion, effective March 1, 1987.

Why Two Different Lewis and Clark Trail Markers?

There has been some confusion curvilinear-triangle marker? may be retraced closely on foot, about the two different, yet similar The National Park Service's curv­ horseback or by car. This marker Lewis and Clark Trail markers. ilinear "National Historic Trail" will also be used to identify pub­ We're all familiar with the rectan­ marker is used to mark segments licly-accessible federal and certi­ gular marker that has been around of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ fied non-federal sites along the for many years, but why the new tion's actual overland routes which (continued on page 8) We Proceeded On, February 1987 -7- overland and waterway segments ment, is now get-at-able even with approaches the pass from a north­ where interpretation about the Ex­ larger buses. easterly direction rather than from pedition is available. the southeast as before (see map). The "traveling meeting" attendees The new road with its 3 and 4 per­ Readers of We Proceeded On have will recall that certain places cent grades makes for easier travel noted that the magazine frequent­ along the road had rock outcrop­ than did the grades of up to 8 per­ ly reports the certification of "Lew­ pings that hindered large vehicles cent on the old road. The trouble­ is and Clark National Historic from reaching the pass from the some switchbacks, too, were elim­ Trail Sites." When such certifica­ east side, and that the last two inated by the reconstruction. tion is granted, this new marker is miles were especially narrow, steep supplied for installation at the lo­ and had two hairpin curves that Like the Expedition's path (as in­ cation by the National Park Serv­ only short-wheel-base buses were dicated on Capt. Clark's field ice. An application for certification able to negotiate. Since the new map), the new section of road can be applied for by communities, construction, the road to the pass keeps to the eastside of Trail Creek civic bodies, organizations or agen­ is navigable even with larger rather than following the westside cies by writing to: Lewis and Clark buses when the weather conditions as the corresponding section of the National Historic Trail, NPS, Mid­ are right. old road had. However, for those west Region, 1709 Jackson Street, concerned about the actual route of Beaverhead County Commissioner Omaha, NE 68102. the expedition's portage, it would Dave Moss, whose district the seem that the new road extends The f?-miliar rectangular marker . road is in, advises further north than the actual Lew­ developed by the congressionally that any bus tour planning to is and Clark trail and then turns . created Lewis and Clark Trail cross the pass should contact the to the southwest to cross the pass. Commission (1964-1969) will con­ county superintendent of roads The historic trail no doubt kept tinue to mark the Lewis and Clark ahead of time. Commissioner Moss close to the bottom of the draw Trail Highway established by said that "logging trucks keep the and ran somewhere between the state highway agencies to provide mud holes stirred up" and condi­ old and the new sections. tions should be checked in ad­ a continuous automobile retrace­ The road from the pass down to men t experience. While some vance of taking a bus over the road. Sacajawea Memorial Park remains portions of the highway systems the same as before, and provides closely retrace or parallel the In May 1985, Beaverhead National the traveler with easy access to Expedition route, other portions Forest officials approved reconstruc­ that site. are often 10 or 20 or more miles tion and rerouting of the final two­ from the explorers' historic route mile section of the Lemhi Pass With the ·improvements on the and therefore provide an approxi­ Road that had given the buses Lemhi Pass Road, Lewis and mate retracement experience. problems in 1981. And this past Clark bus tours are now able to summer the county commissioners reach the historic pass. All Lewis The familiar symbol or logotype completed work that widened the and Clark enthusiasts who wish to found on both markers was also road where the rock outcroppings experience that relatively undevel­ developed during the tenure of the were giving problems. oped section of the trail and cross Lewis and Clark Trail Commis­ the Continental Divide at the cele­ sion. The logography was prepared According to Barry Hicks of the brated Lewis and Clark "portage" for the Commission by Frank R. Dillon Ranger District of the Bea­ are now able to do so with com­ Davenport, staff artist for the Des verhead National Forest, the two­ parative ease. Moines (Iowa) Register and Tri­ mile section of developed road is bune, and was a dopted by the 14 feet wide and about the same Commission as the official high­ length as the corresponding sec­ way marker along the route of the tion of the old road. It is located 1804-1806 Expedition, and for oth­ northeast of the former route and er applications for promoting Lew­ is and Clark history and heritage.

Lemhi Pass Road Improved For those who attended the Foun­ dation's 13th Annual ("Traveling") . . .../ .. Meeting in 1981, it will be good .: . -. . I news to learn that Lemhi Pass (on / ( I · " the Montana-Idaho stateline) has \ become more accessible due to re­ --"----·--.-'- -.'.: -- ;·--·--\ --- . ;- 1 cent road development by Beaver­ "" I 1\ head National Forest Service and ' ~"::_· \ ; I ~ I \ ·, • 1 the Beaverhead County (Montana) '• ,. ,. . I . I ~,, ...... ·~. - \ \,,, Commissioners. This historic pass, .... where an advance party consisting . _, 14 t ~ : : t- ?? 13~ of Captain Lewis along with I . and Privates John Shields and Hugh McNeal first crossed the Continental Di­ vide, on August 12, 1805, in the name of the United States govern- -8- We Proceeded On, February 1987 Thwaites, the Original Journals of this Volume 2 is of utmost impor­ the Lewis and Clark Expedition, tance for students and enthusiasts ~ - 1804-1806, may question the pru­ of the Expedition, and demands s...... -- ..fu§eview dence and necessity of another edi­ close study of the editor's elaborate tion of the journals. The Thwaites "Introduction" and especially of work dates to the turn of the cen­ the section titled " Editorial Pro­ By Robert E. Lange1 tury and was published during the cedures". The style or format es­ years 1904-1905. Considering that tablished in this and the volumes the only published record of the to follow needs to be thoroughly The Journals of the Lewis and exploration was the Biddle/ Allen comprehended for making full use Clark Expedition, Volume 2, 1814 narrative based on the manu­ of this updated account and study August 20, 1803 - August 24, script journals, the nearly un­ of the 180 year old original manu­ 1804, Gary E. Moulton, Editor. abridged Thwaites edition pub­ script journals of the Captains and University of Nebraska Press, lished a hundred years after the the several other journal keepers. Lincoln, 1986. Volume 2 of project­ explorers' return has been an ad­ ed 11 volumes, map, illustrations, Ten pages of "Preface" and fifty­ mirable and useful rendering and six pages of "Introduction to the figures, Appendices, Sources Cited, annotation of the precious manu­ and Index, i-x, 1-612 pages, Publi­ Journals" and "Editorial Proce­ script records of the exploring dures" set the stage before the cation date, January 27, 1987. enterprise. $40.00. brief "Introduction to Volume 2" initiates the study of the five chap­ The familiar exclamation "Great During the n early eighty years ters that reproduce and edit the ex­ Joy in Camp" from the Expedi­ since the Thwaites undertaking, tant journals of the enterprise tion's journals, will be repeated by there h ave been discoveries of lost from August 30, 1803 to August 24, Lewis and Clark students and en­ or misplaced documentation done 1804. Between those dates, travel thusiasts. The "joyous" news is during or immediately following was from Pittsburgh, Pennsyl­ that at long last Volume 2 of the the Expedition. The following ma­ vania to near the mouth of today's projected eleven volumes is off the terial was not available to Vermillion River (the local Indi­ press and on the way to booksell­ Thwaites: the "Eastern Journal", ans' and the Expedition's "White­ ers and to series subscribers. Over (Pittsburgh, PA to the Mississippi stone River") in present-day South three years h ave elapsed since the River, present-day Wood River. Il­ Dakota. elaborate and valuable Atlas (Vol­ linois), kept by the Captains; the Readers will find that Dr. Moulton ume 1) made its appearance (re­ complete journal of Sergeant John viewed in WPO, Vol. 9, No. 3, Au­ h as made an ambitious study in Ordway (both of the aforemen­ his " Introduction" to the much gust 1983). The fact that Founda­ tioned surfaced in 1914 from tion member and editor Gary E. discussed and sometimes controver­ among the Biddle papers); and the sial subject that concerns the time Moulton and his staff h ave com­ extensive field notes of William pleted Volume 4 and are working and place that the various field Clark (found in 1953 in a residen­ notes and manuscript journals had on Volume 5 may indicate that the tial attic in St. Paul, Minnesota). publication of subsequent volumes their origin. This, in a section In more recent years there has called "The Journal Keeping Meth­ of the actual journals and other been a wealth of pertinent litera­ pertinent material may not be too ods of Lewis and Clark", follows a ture (in both full length books and brief discourse titled "History of far behind. Perhaps two more vol­ periodicals), related to various as­ umes may be printed before the the Expedition" . The "Introduc­ pects of the exploratory undertak­ tion" concludes with a recapitula­ end of this year. The multitude of ing. There have been two books promises, however, made by the tion labeled " The Editing and related to the natural history. Publishing of the Journals". Nebraska Press over the past sev­ There have been book-length dis­ eral years concerning the availa­ sertations on geography; the medi­ When this reviewer began th e bility of the present volume has cal practice; 's study of the "Introduction", he been frustrating. interest in the westward expansion was perturbed when he noted that Limited time pri<;>r to the distribu­ of the nation; and the Louisiana some five pages containing 75 im­ tion of this issue of We Proceeded Purchase. Added to all of th e portant footnotes were at the con­ On has only allowed this reviewer above is the indispensable Letters clusion of the 48 page section (a a cursory inspection and appraisal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition frequent practice of today's pub­ of the 612 page Volume 2 (which with Related Documents, 1783- lishers, and a real annoyance was received in mid-January). As 1854, edited by Donald Jackson, which involves turning pages and one looks over this volume, one first published in 1962. A second employing two bookmarks, as well suddenly becomes aware of the edition with added material fol­ as slowing down the comprehen­ monumental task the eleven vol­ lowed in 1979. All of this material sion of the material). The fear that ume project presents. The quality has been available to Dr. Moulton a similar format might be em­ of Volume 1 (the Atlas Volume) and has become a part of, or pro­ ployed in the editing and annota­ greatly impressed everyone. It can vided annotations for, the new edi­ tion of the journals was soon dis­ now be said, after perusing Vol­ tion. In addition, Moulton has pelled. In this volume and the ume 2 that the new edition of the traveled and gained a familiarity volumes to follow readers will find Journals deserves the same enthu­ with the nation's western geog­ that the journal entries for nearly siasm and accolade. raphy and the explorers' trail, an every date are conveniently fol­ experience not undertaken by lowed by pertinent notes including: Readers who may not have had Thwaites. Foundation members editorial comment; information pro­ the opportunity to read and study have enjoyed Dr. Moulton's friend­ vided by the journalists other than the earlier eight volume edition ship and presence at annual meet­ the Captains; and from the wealth edited by historian Reuben G. ings each year. of other available Lewis and Clark literature and "aspect" studies. 1. Fifth President of the Foundation, Editor, We Proceeded On. It is apparent to the reviewer that Following the five chapters of edit-

We Proceeded On, February 1987 -9- ed and annotated journals, Volume Historical Society, was one of the Editor Moulton's final sentence in 2 includes three sections captioned: first to formally declare the need his "Introduction" to Volume 2 for a new edition of the journals. reads: "Appendix A: Members of the Ex­ pedition" (brief biographical sketch­ He indicated that it was becoming "We hope that the new edition will es of members of the party known increasingly difficult to use the foster a broader knowledge and to be associated with the Expedi­ multiple published editions of the spark a new enthusiasm for the tion up to August 24, 1804. Subse­ journals, and "some kind of a expedition, its courageous mem­ standard edition" should be con­ bers, and its accomplishments." quent volumes will include similar sidered. Ten years later, it was The biographical material relating to Center for the Great Plains Studies In summing up his "Editorial Pro­ individuals who joined the enter­ of the University of Nebraska and cedures" section he includes this prise after the 1804 date). the University of Nebraska, Lin­ statement: "Appendix B: Provenance and De­ coln, that undertook the sponsor­ "The most important considera­ scription of the Journals" (with ship of the Lewis and Clark Jour­ tions in the annotations have been sub-sections titled: "Lewis's and nal project. The University of to substantiate statements in the Clark's Journals"; "Enlisted Men's Nebraska Press was to be and is text and to provide additional in­ Journals"). the publisher. Donald Jackson formation immediately relevant to "Appendix C: Calendar of Jour­ served as a consultant and sought the expedition. In many areas the nals and Manuscripts" (with sub­ the cooperation of institutions editorial staff has turned to the sections titled: "Abstract of Lew­ which held original Lewis and vast literature on the expedition is's and Clark's Journals", "List of Clark materials. He also investi­ and to numerous scholars and lay Abbreviations", "Major Docu­ gated the possibilities of financial people who have graciously offered ments of Lewis and Clark", "Mis­ support. His activities were success­ their assistance in their respective ful, and the principal holder of the areas of expertise. Our hope is that cellaneous Documents of Lewis important manuscripts, the Ameri­ and Clark", and "Documents of can Philosophical Society, Philadel­ the new edition will offer the same Enlisted Men"). service to future students of the phia, accepted a co-sponsorship. It Lewis and Clark expedition." The three appendices are followed was Jackson who wrote the first by an extensive bibliography ti­ draft of the proposal that was This reviewer can attest that the tled: "Sources Cited" (twenty-two submitted to the National Endow­ new edition with the exceptional pages of valuable references that ment for the Humanities. A final Volume 1 (the Atlas) and now this are referred to throughout the vol­ proposal in July 1980 resulted in a Volume 2, which begins the study ume). NEH grant, and that principal fi­ of the journals proper, is a fine be­ nancial support has continued to ginning for the subsequent vol­ The 612 page Volume 2 concludes the present. There have been other umes and other projected material with a twenty-two page "Index". contributors including our Lewis that will eventually make up the It was Foundation member and and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ eleven volumes. Every Western eminent historian Donald Jackson, tion. Dr. Moulton began the reedit­ Americana library should acquire who, in a 1967 address to the Cen­ ed version of the journals in mid- this new edition of The Journals of tennial Conference of the Missouri 1979. Lewis and Clark.

NPS Director Endorses Western Historic Trails Center Concept William Penn Mott, Jr., Director of Bluffs area played in the western ward journey. It was from the the National Park Service has en­ development of the United States. name the Captains gave to the dorsed the concept of creating a meeting site that the present city Western Trails Historical Center It is estimated that the center, got its name. as a focal point for interpreting which would be located on a 400- the stories of the trails that played acre tract bordered by Interstate 80-29 and the Missouri River, In addition to the Lewis and Clark prominent roles in our national Trail, the Council Bluffs area is westward expansion. would cost $10 to $12 million for land acquisition and construction. also significant because of the Mor­ Mott's endorsement followed a Funds for road improvements and mon Pioneer Historic Trail. It was presentation by citizens and offi­ other details would be additional. here that the Mormons on their cials of Council Bluffs, Iowa, who Mott said that any federal funds famous trek westward from Nau­ want to establish such a center in for the center and technical plan­ voo, Illinois, established their 1846- that city. Mott did not specifically ning assistance by the Park Serv­ 1847 winter quarters and estab­ endorse the Council Bluffs pro­ ice would need Congressional lished a way station for followers posal. action. on their way to Utah. Mott feels that a trails center is According to the World-Herald: the Furthermore, in 1844 this historic important because historic trails city of Council Bluffs has agreed area was a trail head for the "are part of our cultural heritage," to donate some of the land for the Oregon-California Trail, along and that the study of them "helps center; the Iowa Department of with other trail heads - Inde­ to tell how we grew, how we devel­ Transportation has agreed to pendence, Missouri (1841); St. oped, and the hardships people make the necessary road improve­ Joseph, Missouri (1845); and went through" to build a nation. ments; and the state is committed Nebraska City, Nebraska (1848). According to an article that ap­ to building a 1.5 million computer­ Many of the California Gold Rush peared in the December 6 issue of ized visitor's center on the Council "49ers" left from Omaha-Council the Omaha World-Herald, the cen­ Bluffs site. Bluffs. Eventually more emigrants ter proposed by the citizens of It was near Council Bluffs that to California and Oregon left from Council Bluffs would focus on the Lewis and Clark held their first Council Bluffs than from any of role that the Omaha-Council council with Indians on their west- the other trail heads.

-10- We Proceeded On, February 1987 Joslyn Art Museum is given Maximilian/Bodmer Collection Unique Lewis and Clark Maps are among the Collection Those who attended the Founda­ significant r ecords of the early history in the world." tion's 12th Annual Meeting in American West, the collection por­ trays in great detail the land and Enron is an international energy Omaha in 1980 will recall the in­ company involved in natural gas native peoples of the rapidly van­ teresting visit to the Joslyn Art transmission and sales, explora­ Museum where the Maximilian/ ishing frontier. Through the Bod­ tion and production of gas and oil, Bodmer Collection was on exhibit. mer art collection, we are able to see the Missouri River scenes and liquid fuels, and the international At that time the collection was on trading of hydrocarbons. permanent loan to the Joslyn by inhabitants much as Lewis and InterNorth Inc. Since that time, Clark saw them 28 years earlier. The 34 sheets of Lewis and Clark InterNorth has become Enron Cor­ Expedition maps which are among "This generous action by Enron is poration1 and, as of Nov. 10, 1986, beyond measure," said James M. the recently donated collection had the Maximilian/ Bodmer Collection McClymond, Chairman of Joslyn's been copied especially for the 1833 has become the property of the Board of Trustees. "It is the single Missouri River expedition of Ger­ man Prince Maximilian of Wied by Joslyn Art Museum through a largest financial and artistic dona­ generous Enron donation. Clark's nephew Benjamin O'Fal­ tion in the museum's 55-year his­ lon, and some other person. Included in this historic collection, tory." valued at over $14 million are 34 In presenting the collection gift, All of the Maximilian (now called sheets ofredrawn (or traced) Lewis Enron Chairman Kenneth L. Lay and Clark Expedition maps. "Clark-Maximilian") maps have said: "By donating the Maximil­ Eighteen of these sheets of maps ian/ Bodmer Collection to Joslyn, been published by the University represent about 800 miles of Lewis of Nebraska Press under the able we can ensure it remains in the 3 and Clark cartography that has public view and resides in a loca­ editorship of Gary E. Moulton. been lost. Seventeen of those tion most appropriate to its histor­ In Lewis's journal for July 27, sheets are of the Missouri River ical underpinnings. With Enron's 1805, he mentions that Clark had from the site of present Omaha to recent relocation of its headquar­ drawn a map of the Missouri River · the Mandan Indian villages in ters and most of its operations to from its junction with the Missis­ present central North Dakota. The Houston, the board of the Enron sippi to the , and had other sheet reproduces a 105-mile Art Foundation felt it appropriate deposited it in a cache below the section of lost Lewis and Clark to formally transfer ownership of Great Falls of the Missouri. Ser­ cartography of the Yellowstone this collection to Joslyn. We be­ geant John Ordway and his detach­ River between the present sites of lieve it creates a significant histor­ ment dug up the cache on July 26, Forsyth and Glendive, Montana. ical and artistic endowment for the 1806, on their return from the Pa­ The multi-million dollar collection museum." cific Ocean and found everything consists of approximately 400 wa­ that had been deposited to be in According to Henry Flood Robert, tercolors and sketches by Swiss ar­ Jr., Director of the Joslyn, "The good order. tist Karl Bodmer (1809-1893) as Bodmer Collection constitutes one well as German Prince Maximil­ Gary Moulton believes that the of the most significant collections Clark-Maximilian maps may well ian's hand-written journals, maps of early American Western art and and other memorabilia from their have been drawn from Clark's original which had been buried 1832-1834 expedition to North 2. Following their return to Europe, Maximi­ below the falls. Since the original America, particularly the Missouri lian published an account of the journey il­ River expedition.2 lustrated by a series of hand-colored aqua­ was lost before any publication tint engravings based on Bodmer's original was made of it, the sheets of maps Long praised by historians and art watercolors. The Prince's records of the ex­ now in the possession of the J os­ pedition and Bodmer's watercolors and critics as one of the world's most sketches were then placed in storage in Max­ lyn Art Museum are of great im­ imilian's family castle, located on the porta nce to the study of the Lewis 1. The collection was acquired by Northern Rhine River in Germany, where they re­ and Clark Expedition. Natural Gas Company, Omaha, Nebraska, mained virtually unknown for more than a in 1962 from M. Knoedler & Sons, a New century. The collection was re-discovered at 3. Atlas of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, York art dealer. Northern later changed its the end of World War II and, in 1959, was Gary E. Moulton, ed. University of Nebraska name to InterNorth Inc. and in 1986, to En­ sold by Maximilian's heirs to the firm of M. Press. 1983 This is volume I of the Journals ron Corp. Knoedler & Co. of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Recent Meeting area just below the U.S. Army and one of the important events Corps of Engineer's Bonneville during the centennial celebration January 10, 1987 was the date the Dam, near North Bonneville, Wash­ will be the Washington Centennial STATE OF WASHINGTON LEW­ ington. Roy Craft reported that Lewis & Clark Trail Run from the IS AND CLARK TRAIL COMMIT­ there are activities underway to state's eastern border at Clarkston TEE held a quarterly meeting in fund the project. He also advised to Ft. Canby State Park (Cape Vancouver, Washington . Commit­ that the low profile historical Disappointment) on the Pacific tee Chairman Clifford Imsland marker to be installed adjacent to shore. The event will take place presided at the meeting following the proposed Center at the site oc­ April 2nd to 9th, 1989, and consist a luncheon at the Stage Coach cupied by an Indian village at the of a 480-mile, 8-day relay, with Inn. During the business meeting time of Lewis and Clark will be about a 50 to 70 mile relay or the two major discussions con­ ready for dedication on July 11, TREK each day. Each day's TREK cerned: 1987. will involve no more than ten run­ ners. Preliminary information has 1. The p;roposed Columbia Gorge 2. Washington State will observe been released and organizational Interpretive Center planned in an its 100 years of statehood in 1989, (continued on page lB) We Proceeded On, February 1987 -11- Fort Mandan's Dancing Longitude By Arlen J. Large*

The two-degree difference amounted to less than 100 miles of empty prairie, and it wasn't terribly consequen­ tial to the expedition's success. But Lewis, Clark, and Jefferson were men who prided themselves on getting the details right, and together they made a hash of this one_ Exactly how it happened is likely to remain one of the expedition's smaller unsolved mysteries, an intriguing little yarn within one of history's greatest ad­ venture stories.

Meriwether Lewis went to some So that map fix wasn't just a cas­ prairie. Concluding his observa­ trouble to get it, that map. At the ual part of the expedition's bag­ tions by January 10, 1798, Thomp­ start of the 19th Century the Man­ gage and it became even more son returned to Manitoba to report dan Indian villages on the Upper valuable when Lewis and Clark that the main village of Mandans Missouri River in modern North decided to spend their first winter should be fixed at 47 degrees, 17 Dakota were already well known at that spot. Yet at one point Lew­ minutes, 22 seconds North latitude as a tribal supermarket, and they is seemed on the verge of throwing and 101 degrees 14 minutes, 24 se­ obviously would be an important away Thompson's longitude for conds West longitude. a the expedition's winter home in way-station on Lewis's forthcom­ How did he know that? The sky ing expedition to the Pacific favor of another obtained by a less told him, but that requires some Ocean_ David Thompson, a Cana­ reliable astronomical method. In­ explanation. dian agent of the North West Com­ terpreted one way, the case of the pany, had mapped the cluster of wavering Mandan longitude might The first coordinate, latitude, had villages after a visit in the winter merely have resulted from a light­ always been easy for navigators. of 1797-98. Significantly, Thomp­ hearted joke played by the cap­ The north-south distance from the son had determined the latitude tains on a gullible outsider. On the Earth's equator could be fixed by and longitude of the Mandan and other hand, there could in fact measuring the height of the sun or neighboring villages by have been a rare disagreement be­ any bright star from the horizon astronomical sightings, thus fixing tween the commanders, and for a and making a quick calculation. their position in the context of the time there may have been a Lewis Longitude, the east-west coordi­ whole North American continent. longitude and a Clark longitude nate, also was easy in theory. Be­ An official at the British Embassy for the Mandans. President Jeffer­ cause the Earth smoothly turns a in Washington possessed a copy of son only compounded the puzzle full 360 degrees in 24 hours, the the Thompson map and Lewis, by citing both. passage of time also is a measure President Jefferson's secretary, of distance from an agreed start­ wangled permission to make a As a wilderness surveyor, David ing point, just as the hands of a Thompson was one of the best. copy of it.1 The government then London born, Thompson originally clock move predictable distances commissioned Nicholas King, a around the dial. Any starting Washington surveyor, to draw a went to Canada as an employe of place would do, but at the time of the Hudson's Bay Company, but composite chart placing the Ma_n­ our story Greenwich, England, in 1797 he switched to the rival dans in a correct relationship with was becoming firmly established Northwesters. On a snowy day in the expedition's starting point at as a conventional marker for zero St. Louis and the hoped-for West­ late November of that year, longitude. In just four minutes, the Thompson and a party of nine ern terminus at the mouth of the turning Earth moves one degree in , which had al­ others headed southward from a longitude, or (in North Dakota) North West Company post on the ready been surveyed by the British nearly 50 miles. Thus when the Navy. Lewis and his co-captain, Assiniboine River in present-day Manitoba. The goal was that clus­ clock shows noon in Greenwich, William Clark, probably took that ter of Mandan villages at the junc­ an explorer seeing 5:16 a.m. on his composite map with them when theoretical clock at the Mandans they started up the Missouri in tion of the Knife River and the Missouri, already a center of tribal would know that he was 101 de­ May, 1804,2 but in any event they grees to the west of that London commerce where rival Canadian knew about Thompson's Mandan suburb. fur traders were trying to elbow coordinates. each other out. Thompson's task That's the easy theory anyway. was to put that important place on Navigators back through·antiquity •Editor's note: Arlen J. Large, Jim as his a map. had found it terribly hard, howev­ Foundation associates know him, has recent­ er, to make the kind of accurate ly retired, after 30 years, as a staff corres­ He reached the Mandan villages time comparisons needed to pro­ pondent for the Washington, D.C. Bureau of the Wall Street Journal. A past president on December 30 after a month of duce good longitudes. Technology (1983-1984) of the Foundation, Jim has been hard slogging over the frozen finally was catching up to the a frequent contributor to the pages of We problem late in the 18th century, Proceeded On. As a traveler of the Lewis and with the invention by Englishman Clark Trail, together with his Wall Street John Harrison of a clock that was Journal reporting assignments (and his hob­ 2. John Logan Allen, Pa ssage through the bies: astronomy, archaeology, and other Garden, (Urbana: University of Illinois both reliable and portable. Just set natural sciences), he has been in all fifty Press, 1975), 98, note 41. The expedition also your portable Harrison clock, or states and all seven continents (see WPO, is thought to have carried maps based on the chronometer, on Greenwich time Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 3). 1795-97 Missouri River journeys of James Mackay and John Evans, which placed the l. Gary E. Moulton, Ed., Journals of the Mandan villages at about 110 degrees West Lewis and Clark Expedition, Atlas, (Lincoln: longitude - grotesquely far to the west in 3. Richard Glover, Ed., Dauid Thompson's University of Nebraska Press, 1983), Intro­ what is now central Montana. This estimate Narratiue, 1784-1812, (Toronto: The Cham­ duction, 5. was ignored by Lewis and Clark. plain Society, 1962), 179. -12- We Proceeded On, February 1987 and keep it there while you wan­ A Page From the British Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris dered the Earth. Comparison with another clock showing your local time would allow a quick calcula· tion of longitude. By 1775, a test of 0 B L I TJ . I the Harrison chronometer in the Q T Y, &c. Obliquily Pacific Ocean by Capt. James Equation of Cook had firmly established its of the Ecliptic. 1805. E c~i?oaia l superiority over older methods re­ OIOts. 4 quiring astronomical sightings. D. l\f. s. s. '-3· '-7· 5:, 8 But those Harrison clocks, which - J an. r. + 16, 0 z3. z7. 52, 9 Apr. J. 16, 6 looked like oversized pocket : 3.27.p,2 + - J uly 1. - + 17, l watches, proved more useful at sea 23.z7.51,1 Ott. l. 1 23• '1.7· 49,z + 7· 4 tha n on land, where travellers Dec. 3r. - - - -- + 1 were likely to bang them around 7• 7 and get them dirty. David Thomp­ son and other explorers of the North American continent still re· S 0 L A R - ~ND LUNAR E C L I PS E S lied mainly on old-fashioned astro­ IN TH E Y EAR 1805. nomical methods to get longitude. Jan. 14. AfOON ulipfed, partly vifible at Gmnwich. H. M. At the Mandan villages, Thomp­ Beginning of the Eclipfe - • - - • - -- r 8. 4:i son used a technique called "lunar Bcginnitq of total Dark ne [~ -- --- l 9. 40 distances," which measures the 0 rifes -- - - • • - - -- • -- - -- l 9. ;3 position of the always-moving Ecliptic 8 - - • ------2 0 . z9 moon against the fixed back· Middle ------• - --- zo. ll qf ground of the stars. The distance End of total Darknefs • - • - - -- ar. 19 End of the Eclipfe - - • - -- - - az. 17 between the moon and a bright Digits ecli.pfcd, 2 0 °. 5z', in N. Part of 9'1 Shadow. target star (or in the daytime, the sun) will at any given instant look Jan. 30. SUN eclipfed, i1111f(ib!e at Greenwich. the same to an observer in the d at 6h. 58', in Long. i o1• I0°.3 3', ]) 's Lat. 1° .21' N. wilderness and an observer at Greenwich. Starting in 1767 the June 26. SUN tclipfl"d, in-;.iifib!c at Grcewu.1ich. . British Nautical Almanac and As­ d a t ll".13', in Long •. J'· :i."· +i .' j) '.;Lat. ro. 4'{-. N. tronomical Ephemeris carried tables showing Greenwich times July lI. ilfOO"f! cdiJ/i·d, partly vf/ible at G'reemQich. H. M. when the moon would be at precise Bcg1!1ning of chc F.clipre - -- - • • • 7. 3-} distances from various target }) nfes ------• -- 8. ~ stars. The explorer would measure Bc~ in ni ng of total D.1rknefs - - S. 13 '!. those moon-star angles from his MiJJlc -- - - • - - • -- - - • - s. 58,: unknown location, and note his lo­ .Ecliptic 8 • - · - • • • • • • • 9• I; cal time. The difference between End of toral Darkncfs • • --- • -- 9. 4~ I EndofthcEclipfc ------• 1o. 53I the Almanac's predicted Green­ Digits cdipfcd, 16°. z6', in ~.. Part of 9 's Shadow?" wich time and his local time would produce his longitude. At the Knife July 25. SUN eclipfed, ;,;vi/iblt at Gr(enwich. 1 0 River, for example, Thompson d at 1S b. z1 , in Long. +·· :i. • 44', J) 's Lat. 1°. zS'! S. squinted into his sextant for the angular distance between the Dcc.zo. SUN eclipfad, in"'•iJibl.- 111 r.r~enwich . . moon and such brilliant winter-sky d at 1_:z.h. 7'~, iu Long. S·. zS0 • 46', »'s L at. 47'1-South. stars as Aldebaran, Pollux, Proc­ 0 will be ccntr:dh· e.-t ipfod on rhe Meridian at yon and Regulus, and between the 12h.9'.35' '. in Long; 177 • .36'~ Eafi,andLat. S5°~S. moon and sun by day.5 His several observations were distilled into the single Mandan longitude cited above, which he later used to fix the position on his sketch-map of the area. -Figure I- Thompson was a professional at that business. Lewis and Clark, An eclipse of the moon is predicted by the British Nautical Almanac and coming up the Missouri six years Astronomical Ephemeris for January 14, 1805. With Greenwich astronom­ later, were relative amateurs. True, ical time then reckoned from noon, the eclipse was seen on calendar Janu­ they carried a modified version of ary 15 at dawn in England and just after midnight at the Mandan the Harrison chronometer known villages, where Meriwether Lewis tried to use the time difference to com­ as "Arnold's watch,"S but for most pute his longitude. Examining the eclipse calculations five years later, mathematician Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler thought Lewis was guilty of (co ntinued on page 14) sloppy arithmetic. 4. See Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discouery of the longitude, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 67-72. 5. Sample copies of Thompson's Mandan vil­ lage observations on unpublished work sheets were generously supplied by W. Ray­ mond Wood, professor of anthropology, Uni­ versity of Missouri. We Proceeded On, February 1987 -13- of the trip it seems to have been nection of the Countrey from what anchorage off the south coast of synchronized changeably accord­ information I have receved," wrote Haiti and computed his distance ing to the sun's local noon, not Clark in his journal for January 5, west of Nuremberg, which was just fixed sailor-like on Greenwich 1805. This map would be sent back as good a zero-longitude marker as time. Lewis also had a set of crib to the President the following Greenwich. "But something went sheets given him by mathematics spring, showing the actual course wrong," observed the late Samuel professor Robert Patterson of Phil­ of the expedition from St. Louis to Eliot Morison, a respected authori­ adelphia, showing a step-by-step the Mandans, and a speculative ty on those voyages, "and the procedure for computing longitude sketch of the country beyond. The Admiral worked out a longitude by lunar distances. The expedi­ mapmaker's exact location at Fort too far west by 23 degrees."10 tion's surviving documents show Mandan thus was the critical geo­ that Lewis ran through several graphic hinge for his whole effort. Lunar eclipses, then, haven't been lunar-distances exercises to get a famous for producing accurate practice longitude for his jump-off Just after midnight on J anuary 15 longitudes. As Lewis's own journal 7 came an event that had long been indicates, marking a precise time point near St. Louis, but with one foretold in the expedition's copy of for each stage of an eclipse in­ exception - to be noted later - he the British Nautical Almanac, and volves a lot of subjective judgment, evidently never used that method that the captains evidently were because the Earth casts a fuzzy­ during the trip itself. His instruc­ expecting. (See Fig. L) edged shadow across the face of tions from the President were to the moon. Nevertheless, two weeks take careful celestial measure­ "Observed an Eclips of the Moon," after seeing his eclipse Lewis ments and bring the recorded wrote Lewis. "I had no other glass wrote that he had used the time of moon-star angles back to the War to assist me in this observation Department in Washington where eclipse-end to calculate a longitude but a small refracting telescope be­ for Fort Mandan of 99 degrees, 26 real mathematicians could com­ longing to my sextant, which how­ 11 pute the longitudes. Meanwhile, the ever was of considerable service, minutes, 45 seconds. captains readily obtained their as it enabled me to define the edge Two days later, on January 30, own latitudes in the field, and they of the moon's immage with much 1805, the captains were visited at could borrow Thompson's known more precision than I could have the fort by Francois-Antoine longitude for what became the ex­ done with the natural eye. The Larocque, a Quebec-born clerk for pedition's stopping point for the commencement of the eclips was the North West Company. La­ first winter. In fact they carried a obscured by clouds, which contin­ rocque asked the Americans to fix backup Thompson measurement of ued to interrupt me throughout the his broken compass, and was in­ that neighborhood, in the form of whole observation; to this cause is vited to hang around for a while. a paragraph in Alexander Macken­ also attributable the inacuracy of Lewis and Clark were busy, wrote zie's book describing both the the observation of the commence­ the Canadian, with their maps: North American and his ment of total darkness. I do not own 1793 overland dash to the Pa­ put much confidence in the obser­ "They took observations for the . cific. "Mr. Thompson, astronomer vation of the middle of the Eclips, Longitude & Latitude of the place to the North-West Company," Mac­ as it is the worst point of the eclips while, I was with them, & often kenzie reported, had in 1798 "de­ to distinguish with accuracy. The since their arrival here. They differ termined the Northern bend of the last two observations (i.e.) the end much from Mr. Thompson, in the Missouri to be in latitude 47.32. of total darkness, and the end of Longitude of this place, & say that North, and longitude 101.25. the eclips, were more satisfactory; Mr. Thompson has placed these West ...."s The place where the they are as accurate as the circum­ villages, & this part of the River, a Missouri reaches its most norther­ stances under which I laboured great deal too westerly, which they ly course before turning to the would permit me to make them."9 think is the Case, with all his ob­ west is where the Mandans lived. servations for the Longitude; they Lewis then wrote his estimates of observed some time ago an Eclipse The army explorers reached the the times of the beginning, middle, of the moon which they say is an Mandan villages in late October, and end of the passage of the Infallible Rule for finding the Ex­ 1804, and started building their moon through the Earth's shadow. act Longitude of a place. But they winter fort on a flat, cottonwood­ do not differ from him in the The British Nautical Almanac also 12 covered point of land on the east gave a prediction of the Greenwich Latitude." bank of the Missouri six miles be­ low its junction with the Knife. times for those same .eclipse After the reported boast to La­ The captains began quizzing the phases. As we have seen, a celes­ rocque about beating Thompson's tial event seen simultaneously at (can't bottom page 15) Indians and some resident Cana­ two places keeping different clock dian traders about the Missouri's times is an opportunity for getting 10. Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Dis­ course higher up. covery of America, The Southern Voyages, longitude. In fact, using an eclipse (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), "I imploy my Self Drawing a Con- of the moon to figure geographic 133. distances was an ancient sugges­ 6. Silvio A. Bedini, The Scientific Instru­ 11. Thwaites, VI, 260. As published, the ments of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, tion of Hipparchos of Nicaea, who Thwaites edition carries a Lewis notation Great Plains Quarterly, (Lincoln: Center for died in 120 BC. The method's most saying "the accuracy of this observation Great Plains Studies, winter, 1984, vol. 4 No. celebrated practitioner was Chris· may be depended on." However, a double 1), 60. line below this statement in Lewis's Codex 0 topher Columbus, who on his sec­ manuscript clearly connects it with the pre· 7. Reuben Gold Thwaites, Ed., Original Jour­ ond voyage to the New World car­ vious entry for an observation of equal alti­ nals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, ried an almanac predicting the tudes of the sun. 1804-1806, (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1959 reprint edition), VI, 233. time in 1494 when a lunar eclipse 12. W. Raymond Wood and Thomas D. Thies­ would be seen in the German city sen, Eds., Early Fur Trade on the Northern 8. Alexander Mackenzie, Voyages from Mon­ of Nuremberg. On September 14 Plains, (Norman: University of Oklahoma treal on the River St. Laurence through the Press, 1985), 151-2. Larocque asked to join Continent of North America to the Frozen Columbus timed the event from his the expedition but Lewis and Clark turned . and Pacific Oceans, (Rutland: Charles E. him down, he reported, "for certain Govern­ Tuttle Co., 1971 reprint edition), !viii. 9. Thwaites, VI, 258-9. mental reasons." 205. -14- We Proceeded On, February 1987 A Section of a Present-Day Geological Survey Map of North Dakota Note Author's Interpretive Symbols 1010

"' Bowbells 0 r B U R KE ~J I

0,. ~~nley j MQ(JNTRAI

Jam ...... ,

-Figure2 - Two different astronomical methods of obtaining longitude produced widely varying results shown on this mod­ ern U.S. Geological Survey map of North Dakota. C/,osest to the actual site of the expedition's Fort Mandan is Symbol A, just west of Stanton, representing William Clark's longitude estimate derived from earlier "lunar dis­ tances" observations of David Thompson. Symbol B is the result of Meriwether Lewis's observation of a lunar eclipse. Symbol C locates the McLean County Historical Society's replica of the fort completed in 1972.

accuracy, what seemed to be the liam Henry Harrison, governor of Thompson-like longitude was no captains' final choice of a geo­ Indiana Territory, that began with (continued on page 16) graphic fix for Fort Mandan may an elaborate dateline: "Fort Man­ 13. Donald Jackson, Ed., Letters of the Lew­ come as something of a surprise. dan, 1609 Miles up the Missouri, is and Clark Expedition with Related Docu­ Shortly before heading again up­ lat. 47 21 47, long. 101 25, W. April ments, 1783-1854, (Urbana: University of river, Clark signed a letter to Wil- 2d, 1805, Dear Sir, " 13 That Illinois Press, 1978), I, 227-30. We Proceeded On, February 1987 -15- slip of the pen, because Clark ton, and of fixing Fort Mandan's and on the 1st of Nov. took up headed another letter of the same place upon it. It's possible that the their winter quarters near the Man­ date to William Croghan, his Thompson longitude simply made dan towns, 1609 miles above the brother-in-law, with the same co­ more sense to him in the map's en­ mouth of the river, in Lat. 47 de­ ordinates. Finally, Clark's big map tire context than did Lewis's coor­ grees 21 minutes 47 seconds N. sent back to Washington that dinate, far to the east in the and Long. 99 degrees 24 minutes month positioned Fort Mandan present-day North Dakota prairie. 45 seconds W. from Greenwich."17 4 You can imagine that red-headed west of the lOlst meridian,1 just Jefferson used the orthodox upriv­ officer stubbornly sticking to his about where those datelines of the er distance and latitude, but h e April 2 letters would place it. (See geographic guns, despite the lunar oddly reverted to Lewis's lunar ec­ Fig. 2:) enthusiasm of his younger partner. lipse longitude. The rather formal Now, Lewis and Clark didn't have An attempt to settle the argument, report dated April 7, 1805, which access to the written-out Thomp­ if there was one, may have been Lewis sent to the President from son longitude of precisely 101 de­ made on February 23, 1805, when Fort Mandan contained no map grees, 14 minutes, 24 seconds for Lewis measured the sky-angle be­ coordinates. However, before writ­ the main Mandan village, which tween the sun and the moon and ing his report to Congress Jeffer­ wasn't published in that form until began a lunar distances calcula­ son would have had time to ex­ much later. But an eye-measure­ tion to obtain longitude.15 There's a.mine the notebook (called Codex ment of the Thompson map copied no record of him trying that at 0 by expedition journal editor Elli­ by L.ewis would have made 101 any other point during the whole ott Coues) containing Lewis's astro­ degrees, 25 minutes look about expedition, after leaving St. Louis. nomical observations, and believed right. Also, it may have been no Lewis started figuring on the to be among the documents sent accident that the longitude head­ blank side of a sheet of paper on back from Fort Mandan in the ing Clark's letters was the same, which Clark had written some up­ spring of 1805. That notebook con­ digit for digit, as the Thompson river field notes the previous sum­ tains the previously-quoted ac­ coordinate for the Missouri's mer, but after 18 lines the calcula­ count of the eclipse and the longi­ "Northern bend" reported in Mac­ tion abruptly ends. There's no in­ tudes calculated from it. For kenzie's book. Remember, the cap­ dication whether it was finished some unknown reason Jefferson tains had that book. elsewhere, or what his result was, preferred to give Congress that 99 if any. degree-plus estimate instead of the Why the apparent change of Clark-Thompson longitude of 101- mind? With no documentary evi­ As the expedition was preparing to plus, never mind any agreement dence to guide us, the answer can leave Fort Mandan in April, it the captains may have reached at only be speculative. One possibili­ would appear that both captains the scene. ty is simply that somebody's leg had agreed on the map coordinates was being pulled. Lewis's journal The two-degree difference amount­ they would send home. Certainly, ed to less than 100 miles of empty entries for his eclipse calculations the agreed latitude of 47 degrees, have a tentative sound, with prairie, and it wasn't terribly con­ 21 minutes, 47 seconds North sequential to the expedition's suc­ nothing like a claim that he was shows up on all the Fort Mandan following an "infallible rule" for cess. But Lewis, Clark and Jeffer­ documents. Also, it's reasonable to son were men who prided them­ getting longitude. Except for La­ assume that Lewis had concurred rocque's report of the captains' be­ selves on getting the details right, in the 101 degree, 25 minute West and together they made a hash of lief in eclipse infallibility, there's longitude used on Clark's letters no other evidence to back him up. this one. Exactly how it happened and on Clark's big map. If there is likely to remain one of the expe­ It's not hard to picture the two was an argument, Clark seems to American officers whiling away a· dition's smaller unsolved myster­ have prevailed. That conclusion is ies, an intriguing little yarn within long winter evening by joshing reinforced by a June 25, 1805 letter their North West Company visitor one of history's greatest adventure from President Jefferson to ex­ stories. about the shortcomings of one of Congressman (later Secretary of the firm's surveying wizards. The War) William Eustis which began: 17. J ackson, I, 299. Lewis actually computed wild claim of an "infallible rule," "I have the pleasure to inform you two longitudes from two stages of the if made with a straight face, might eclipse, getting 99 degrees and arc-minute es­ that one of Capt. Lewis's barges, timates of 22 and 26; arc-seconds were the easily have left a strong impres­ returned to St. Louis brings us cer­ same at 45. Jefferson evidently took it upon sion on a fur trader who had never tain information from him. He win­ himself to split the difference at 24 minutes, heard about the lunar misadven­ tered with the Mandanes, 1609. so that he could report a single longitude to tures of Christopher Columbus. miles up the Missouri, Lat. 47. Congress. But what if the captains disagreed Long. 101 degrees with some addi­ about the Mandan longitude, with tional minutes to both numbers, Lewis really believing in his all well ...." 16 The president was eclipse figure of 99-plus degrees, hewing to the company line. and Clark holding out for a How strange, then, is the longitude Thompson-like 101-plus? Clark had story's final twist. For on Febru­ noted the occurrence of the eclipse ary 19, 1806, in his official report in his own journal, but only in a to Congress on the expedition's glancing· way, just as he was later progress, Jefferson wrote: "They to report with odd detachment the entered the Missouri May 14. 1804. sad fate of Lewis's cherished iron boat. Yet it was Clark who was in 15. Thwaites, VI, 261; Ernest Staples Os­ charge of making the extensive good, Ed., The Field Notes of Captain Willi­ map to be sent back to Washing- am Clark, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 259. 14. Moulton, Atlas, map 32a. 16. Jackson, I, 249. -16- We Proceeded On, February 1987 Was it the Pawpaws? By Ann Rogers1

Clark's diagnosis [in his journal entry for September 19, 1806} doesn't seem to have convinced him, and it hasn't con­ vinced later readers of the journal. After all, the men had been exposed to the sun throughout much of their twenty-eight­ month journey.

In September of 1806, the members eyes, three of the party have their tion. I told him of the problems of the , with the eyes inflamed and Sweled in Such a Clark described, and I then in­ hardships and dangers of the pre­ manner as to render them extream­ cluded in my book a sentence or vious months behind them, were ly painfull, particularly when ex­ two suggesting that the events making a rapid descent of the posed to the light, the eye ball is might have been related. Missouri River, heading toward a much inflaimed and the lid appears burnt with the sun, the cause of this A few weeks later when I delivered triumphant return to St. Louis. complaint of the eye I can't [ac­ Their boats were moving so swift­ count] for. from its sudden appear­ some of the books to the St. Louis ly, in fact, that the hunters had no ance I am willing to believe it may County Library for distribution to time to search out game. In its be owing to the reflection of the sun its branches, a librarian paged place the men turned to a far more on the water. through a copy, nodding approval. But when she saw one picture, she accessible food - pawpaws. William Clark, September 19, 1806 (Thwaites: V:389) gasped with delight and ex­ The change in diet was welcome. claimed: "Pawpaws!" She told me Sergeant Ordway noted in his Clark's diagnosis doesn't seem to that for years she and her hus­ journal that the pawpaws, "which have convinced him, and it hasn't band had made annual trips our party are fond of . . . are a convinced later readers of the through the Missouri countryside, kind of fruit which abound in journals. After all, the men had searching out these fruits. But these bottoms and are now ripe." been exposed to the sun through­ when she introduced a friend to So tempting were these delights, out much of their twenty-eight­ pawpaws, she was dismayed that he added, that when an "emence month journey. the intended treat caused an aller- Site of pappaws" was spotted, the . gic reaction. men braved "a number of rattle Could there be a connection be­ Snakes" to gather in the fruit. tween the "singular disorder" Having now met with the idea a Captain Clark recorded in his Clark describes and the fact that . second time, I was even more in­ journal that the party was "entire­ the men were "subsisting on pop­ trigued with the possibility that ly out of provisions [and] subsist­ pows"? The first indication that the pawpaws may have been to ing on poppows." He also noted this was possible came to me when blame for the burning, swelling that the men "appear perfectly I was completing my book Lewis and inflammation of the face and contented and tell us they can live and Clark In Missouri and decided eyes that Clark described. very well on the pappaws." it should include a photograph of the delicacy the explorers so en­ The Corps of Discovery knew well Clark's next observation in this joyed. When I mentioned this to that eating foods found in the wild same journal entry for September Kenneth Peck, formerly of the posed risks. Sacagawea had per­ 18 would seem to be unrelated: Missouri Botanical Garden, his re­ formed a valuable service to the "One of our party J. Potts com­ sponse surprised me. He told me Expedition by gathering edible plains very much of one of his that over-indulging in pawpaws roots and berries as well as point­ eyes which is burnt by the Sun can cause a wide range of symp­ ing out which plants were not safe from exposing his face without a toms, including skin inflamma- to eat. On the return journey the cover from the Sun. Shannon also complains of his face & eyes &c." The next day Clark reported that they were making good speed, stopping only to gather pawpaws. He then added a further descrip­ tion of the previously-mentioned problem: A very singular disorder is takeing place amongst our party that of sore

1. Editor's note: Foundation member Ann Rogers, St. Louis, MO, holds a Ph.D. in Eng· lish and taught for twelve years, most re· cently at Maryville College in St. Louis. With her husband Joe, she has made a number of trips retracing various segments of the Lewis and Clark Trail. The Rogers have been regu­ lar attendees at recent Foundation annual meetings. In 1983, believing that the early stages of the exploring party's great journey and adventure deserved more attention, she wrote Lewis a.nd Cla.rk in Missouri (Meredco, St. Louis), an informative little book illus· trated with her own color photographs. See the book review in WPO, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 14-15. Courtesy of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, photograph by Kenneth 0. Peck

We Proceeded On, February 1987 -17- captains had obtained bread and face and eyes may also be explain­ will be necessary to have firm roots from the Nez Perces but able. Two and a half years of orders (at the cost of printing and would not allow their men to gath­ h andling boats, chopping wood, distribution) or grants from inter­ er roots themselves lest they mis­ a nd performing similar tasks ested individuals, institutions, cor­ takenly collect poisonous hemlock. would have made the men's hands porations or Foundations. The Sometimes the men had become ill calloused and insensitive. But it's task involving such a cooperative from plants they ate. For example, easy to imagine the men. in the effort is a formidable one! camus roots eaten in excess caused heat and humidity (September 16 As of this date we are pleased that stomach upsets. was the hottest day Clark had re­ we had responses to our requests I decided to read more about paw­ corded that year) frequently wip­ for financial assistance. We have paws in an attempt to learn if this ing sweat from their eyes. And in received two substantial grants for fruit could have caused the distress­ doing this, any allergens on their which we h ave expressed our grati­ ful symptoms mentioned in the hands would be transferred to the tude: journals. The pawpaw, found from far more vulnerable area of their eyes. The Montana Power Company, New York to Nebraska and south­ Butte Montana, has contributed ward, h as the botanical name Inflammation caused by the men Asimina triloba and belongs to the handling pawpaws and then con­ $3000. custard apple family. The small veying the allergens to their faces The Lucius N. Littauer Founda­ tree grows in wooded valleys, pre­ and eyes may explain the "singu­ tion, New York, New York, has ferring the rich soil along streams. lar disorder" Clark writes of, espe­ contributed $3000. Its leaves are very large, and in cially when we recall that for sev­ the spring there are maroon flow­ eral days they were gatherin g "Frenchy" Chuinard ers in two sets of three-lobed large quantities of the fruit and Home After layers. eating nothing else. The hypothe­ Heart Surgery sis is, I suppose, unprovable. The Edgar Denison in Missouri Wild­ intriguing question remains: Was Like the hardy men of the Expedi­ flowers says that "the fruit is ob­ it the pawpaws? tion, Past President Dr. "Frenchy" long, 3" to 5" long . . . [and] con­ Chuinard is convalescing at his tains a delicious custard." As de­ Tigard, Oregon home after by-pass scribed by Oliver Perry Medsger in Funds Needed To Print heart surgery. Late in January he Edible Wild Plants, the fruits, NPS L. & C. Brochure entered Portland's Emanuel hos­ which mature in autumn, "resem­ pital (where he had practiced ortho­ ble stubby bananas," while "the Foundation members of record re­ pedic surgery for many years) for sweet edible pulp is bright yellow ceived with the mailing of the No­ six hours of open heart surgery. vember issue of We Proceeded On All the reports are that he is on and surrounds the large brown a copy of the full color National seeds." Medsger adds that "on the the road to recovery and that he return journey of Lewis and Clark Park Service Lewis and Clark Na­ has had no complications. ... an abundance of papaws grew tional Historic Trail brochure. The "Frenchy" was one of thirteen who on the banks of the river and sup­ two column box enclosed text titled met in St. Louis in 1970 a n d plied them with nourishing food." "About the Enclosure" on page 35 formed our Foundation. In 1974, of the November issue of We Pro­ when our Foundation boasted fifty But the possibility that discover­ ceeded On provided readers and or sixty members and our publica­ ing "an abundance of papaws" members with information about tion h ad its beginning, he ob­ may have been a mixed blessing is the Foundation's interest, develop­ tained several grants to fund the suggested by other studies. In Wild ment and printing of the initial early issues. When we were search­ Edibles of Missouri, Jan Phillips quantity of 10,000 copies of th e ing for a name, "Frenchy" suggest­ says that pawpaws, although edi­ brochure. ed We Proceeded On, a n almost ble, "are a source of allergic reac­ The purpose of the Foundation's daily expression in the explorers' tions to certain individuals as a journals. result of either eating or touching funding for the first 10,000 print­ them." John Tampion in Danger­ ing was specifically for the pur­ Greetings can be sen t his way at: pose of publicizing the item and to 15537 S.W. Summerfield Lane, Ti­ ous Plants lists the fruit among interest "plants causing dermatitis," usual­ states along the Lewis and gard, Oregon 97224. ly characterized by a redness, swell­ Clark Trail to enclose the brochure ing, and itching of the skin. In a in their tourist promotional mail­ Washington Meeting book entitled Poisonous Plants of ings. Previously several Trail (co n't from page 11) the United States, Walter Conrad States have printed their own bro­ activities are underway. Historic ch ures describing local Lewis and Muenscher warns: "Although the Clark sites, landmarks, and the celebrations are planned along fruits are edible, susceptible per­ explorers' trail route. the route. Since the TREK closely sons have developed a dermatitis follows the in south­ from handling them." Such "poi­ The initial printing of 10,000 is eastern Was h.in gton, and then the soning by contact" can be "minor now depleted. Readers will recall Columbia River from Pasco (Saca­ and temporary irritation or a pain­ that it is necessary, because of lim­ jawea State Park) to th e Pacific ful irritation and inflammation." ited Federal (NPS) funds, for the Ocean, th e route is rich in Lewis Foundation to seek private funds and Clark history. The Washing­ These studies suggest that the men or grants to cover the printing and ton State Lewis and Clark Commit­ of the Corps of Discovery could distribution costs of additional tee will have the important assign­ have experienced allergic reactions printings of the brochure. The ment for interpreting the Expedi­ from gathering pawpaws or even proposal is to print one-half mil­ tion's history. from touching the fruit while eat­ lion copies at the cost of approxi­ ing it. The fact that the irritation mately $50,000. The n ext meeting of the Washing­ seems, according to Cl ~rk's jour­ ton Committee will be at Long nal, to h ave been confined to the To accomplish such a printing it Beach, April 4, 1987.

-18- We Proceeded On, February 1987 St. Louis Welcomes and Toasts the Lewis and Clark Expedition

A Newly Discovered 1806 Newspaper Account

By James P. Ronda1

"I think the list of toasts alone is worth the price of admission! And the toasts do indicate the sense of pride in the expedi­ tion and at the same time some uncertainty about its significance." This pertinent observation is from Dr. Ronda's letter to the editor which accompanied his transmittal of the article.

When the Lewis and Clark Expedition returned to St. Louis on September 23, 1806 William Clark recorded that the explorers were "met by all the village and received a harty welcom from it's inhabitants." [Thwaites, ed., Original Journals, 5: 394.] Just how "harty" that welcome was became clear when two days later prominent St. Louis citizens celebrated the expedition's return with a grand dinner and ball. The event was held at the inn operated by William Christy, a noted city businessman, politician, and someone Clark described as "my old acquaintance." Because St. Louis did not have a newspaper until 1808, the only report of the festivities appeared in the Frank­ fort, Kentucky Western World for October 11, 1806. It is here reprinted for the first time since 1806. I would like to thank my good friend James Holmberg, Curator of Manuscripts at The Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky, for helping me obtain a copy of this very rare issue of The Western World. * * * Arrival of Captains Lewis and Clark At St. Louis This desirable and unexpected ficulties they must have encoun­ the least benefit that we may de­ event, took place on Tuesday, the tered in their expedition of dis­ rive from this painful and perilous 23rd of this instant, about the hour covery. But the citizens of St. expedition. of 10 o'clock in the morning. On Louis, anxious to evince fully their 4. The hardy followers of Cap­ Monday evening the news reached joy at this event, (which cannot tains Lewis and Clark -May they this place, that Captains Lewis but be considered as very interest­ be rewarded by the esteem of their and Clark had arrived at the can­ ing to every American) united in fellow citizens. tonment; near the mouth of the celebrating their arrival by a splen­ Missouri; and the great concourse did dinner at Christy's Inn, on the 5. The United States - Whilst of people that lined the bank of the 25th, which was succeeded by a they tolerate a spirit of enquiry, river at the time of their landing Ball in the evening. The respecta­ may never forget, that united they at this place the next day, must be ble number of persons who attend­ stand - but divided they fall. considered as a strong evidence of ed both the dinner and ball, given the respect entertained of those on the occasion, together with the 6. The Territory of Louisiana - gentlemen for the danger and dif- unanimity which prevailed through­ Freedom without bloodshed, may out the company, cannot but be es­ her actions duly appreciate the 1. Foundation Director James P. Ron­ teemed an honorable testimony of blessing. da needs no introduction to Foundation the respect entertained for those 7. The memory of Christopher members and western history enthusi­ characters who are willing to en­ Columbus - May those who imi­ asts. His recent volume Lewis and Clark among the Indians (University counter, fatigue and hunger for the tate his hardihood, perseverence of Nebraska Press, 1984, reviewed in benefit of their fellow citizens: but and merit, never have, like him, to WPO, Vol. 11, No. 2); his lectern pres­ what is not due to those who pene­ encounter public ingratitude. ence and address at the Foundation's trate the gloom of unexplored re­ 8. The Federal Constitution - 13th Annual Banquet, Helena, MT, gions, to expel the mists of ignor­ 1981, (transcribed in WPO, Vol. 7, No. ance which envelope science, and May the Eagle of America convey 4); and his article "Frazer's Razor: The overshadow their country? it to the remotest regions of the Ethnohistory of a Common Object" We globe; and whilst they read they Proce('ded On (Vol. 7, No: 3), reveal his The following were the Toasts cannot but admire. deep study of the Lewis and Clark Ex­ drank at the Dinner: ' pedition. A productive writer, Dr. Ron­ 9. The memory of the illustrious da is the author of five full-length 1. The president of the United Washington, the father of America books, many scholarly papers and es­ States - The friend of science, the - May his guardian spirit still says, and a frequent reviewer of books polar star of discovery, the philos­ watch over us, and prove a terror relating to western history. He is a opher and the patriot. to the engines of despotism. popular and dedicated professor of his­ tory at Youngstown State University, 2. The Heads of Department - 10. The Capitol of the United Youngstown, Ohio. In addition to a The pillars that support the States - May the goddess of liber­ busy teaching schedule, Dr. Ronda's world's best hope. ty, never cease to preside there. new book titled: Astoria and Empire is nearing completion and is to be pub­ 3. The Missouri expedition - 11. Peace with all nations; but lished by the University of Nebraska May the knowledge of the newly submission to none. Press. explored regions of the West, be (continued on page 20)

We Proceeded On, February 1987 -19- 12. The Commerce of the United heartening to see such excellent ing artifacts and cultural differ­ States - The basis for the political news media coverage as provided ences, and perhaps even to include elevation of America. by Edward W. Stepanek in the a small 'dig' at a known site of Salmon Recorder-Herald following historical or prehistorical activi­ 13. Agriculture and Industry - our meeting. We also made it on ty." The farmer is the best support of the radio in Salmon prior to the government. Another Idaho-related Lewis and meeting. Other items lately have Clark news item - "Smithsonian 14. Our fathers who shed their appeared in the Lewiston Tribune. Tour Program to sponsor L&C blood and laid down their lives to To wit: tour" - can be found on page 23 purchase our independence - May The Lewis-Clark Economic Develop­ of this issue of WPO. we emulate their actions, and in­ ment Corporation would like to see herit their virtues. a L&C museum built at the conflu­ 15. The Missouri - Under the ence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers. A hotel-convention center auspices of America, may it prove developer has offered a parcel of a vehicle of wealth to all the na­ land for the project, and a Spokane tions of the world. architectural firm has volunteered 16. Our National Council - its services. May the baneful influence of pri­ [The price of the facility is placed at vate ambition and political in­ $500,000, with much of it to be trigue; be ever expelled thence by raised through grants. The planners the genuine spirit of republican­ think it could be self-supporting ism. once in operation. They also envi­ sion "signboards all along the 4,500- 17. The fair daughters of Louisi­ mile trail advertising . . . the muse­ ana - May they ever bestow their um" which they think would be "the smiles on hardihood and virtuous first of its kind along the trail." valor. Neither Idaho L&C committee has been invited to participate in the After Capts. Lewis and Clark planning of the project.] Change of Address retired: Clearwater Forest Plan A costly part of the distribution 18. Captains Lewis and Clark - and mailing of our quarterly pub­ Their perilous services endear Updating chapter and committee lication, WE PROCEEDED ON them to every American heart. members on the Clearwater Na­ is the administration and han­ tional Forest Management Plan, .dling of mailed-out copies of the Fazio writes: "Word from Jim publication that are returned be­ Bates, supervisor of the Clearwater cause the addressee has moved. National Forest, is that the Forest Whether or not members have Plan is now scheduled for comple­ left a forwarding address with tion next June. Delays have been their post office when they News from Idaho caused by a number of factors, but moved, WPO is returned to the the main one is a hold put on the Foundation. We mail our maga­ Chapter Meeting Scheduled planning process by the assistant zine on a Non-Profit-Organiza­ The Idaho Chapter of the Lewis Secretary of Agriculture to study tion bulk mail permit (a reduced and Clark Trail Heritage Founda­ 'cumulative effects' of forest plans rate type of Third-Class Mail, at tion will gather May 2, 1987, in in Idaho 'on the timber supply and about .052 to .08 per issue depend­ Orofino for its spring meeting, ac­ the potential impacts on local com­ in·g on the numper of pages, in­ cording to chapter president and munities.' Also, responses are be­ serts, and total weight). This Foundation director James R. Fa­ ing prepared by the Forest Service type of mail is not eligible for zio. The primary agenda item for to 3250 letter-writers who ex­ forwarding and is returned to the the meeting will be to "develop a pressed opinions on proposed man­ sender (the Foundation). When it skeletal plan" for the 1990 annual agement of the Clearwater. The is returned we are assessed "Post­ meeting of the Foundation which final plan will be of considerable age Due" at the regular single­ will be hosted by the chapter. significance to the future of the piece Third-Class Rate (any­ Lewis & Clark Trail route through where from .56 to .98 depending Governor's Committee Idaho." on weight). If and when we have your'new address (sometimes pro­ In his newsletter to the chapter vided members and to the Governor's U of I to Repeat L&C Course by the post office), we mail Lewis and Clark Committee, Fazio "Encouraged by the success of last out the returned issue to you and commented on the rise of public year's summer course titled 'On this postage costs us the same as interest in the Lewis and Clark the Trail of Lewis and Clark,' the the "Postage Due" fee when it Trail and its importance to Idaho University of Idaho will again was returned. The total cost of tourism: "There is no question that hold the week-long program in such transactions, therefore, public interest in the Lewis & August of 1987," Fazio writes. "On costs the Foundation anywhere Clark Trail route is on the rise. It behalf of the L&C Trail commit­ from $1.12 to $1.96. is a goal of the governor's commit­ tees, I wrote a letter of support for If you are about to move, it would tee to foster this interest because archaeologist Priscilla Wegars who be much appreciated if you would of the direct link to increased tour­ is applying for a grant to add a provide us with your new address ist income for the state. It is also a special dimension to the 1987 (the USPS has a card for this way to h elp protect the trail route course. Ms. Wegars has proposed purpose, their Form 3576) - it will from the encroachment of roads, that she accompany the other in­ save the Foundation money as logging or developments of one structors and include discussion well as administration time. kind or another. Therefore, it is about archaeology, ethics involv- -20- We Proceeded On, February 1987 St. Louis Mayor Proclaims September 23, 1986, "Lewis & Clark Homecoming Day"

On September 23, 1986, the 180th anniversary of the day the return­ ing boats of the Corps of Discov­ ery were greeted by cheering St. Louisans, six members of the Office of~ the Mayor Foundation's St. Louis Chapter gathered in the Mayor's office to l I receive a proclamation honoring the Lewis and Clark Expedition. C i ty o f Saint Louis The proclamation (right) notes that "during the twenty-eight months since their departure under the command of Lewis and Clark, the men traveled over 7000 miles successfully carrying out the or­ ders of President Jefferson." More­ over, the journals of the Expedi­ tion "would provide a storehouse of information about the land, riv­ ers, Indians, animals and plants they had seen." In the years that followed, their accomplishment made St. Louis "The Gateway to HEl£.\li, uf'!Th•' ,,. tu Ir.Ml. h-t 1w.. \.\"'!·'~" ri.~ ,,.,... L'1 M u-.:.' '" i.'·· CVtrl'fC\ J,"UMW 171 l•llf't\~f~"\ CJ :of tlJf """\ !""( fll~,'flQ •lt'f (•tft IN a t411.r the West that they had opened for g MA'l'llt rt..W :i.'-h• ,,. ,~._,, 1"sYf\f. hf f.,lfh .,, ~·l f\"TC r. .. , 4\: • · f'Q.U, MPt I• I r •.:nJJ ti II.I ,,,i..: Sl\..1 flitJt rtrAl't:,iJf f,..,,,""."t,, '"" , ... , ..., 10.s \\, ~'""· Americans." n.:t.. tit\ ;'V.r;'ftff t'Vli: 'ftl 'llf'l ~Yf'51!.il A;it>f'I t\rT r,1, ~t.-'tS ~'f rtf~l;l\1 .'fllt \, Cdlil'tll•.A~U fo..4fll"l..l.f rtt."Vl.t A 0.''lt~ ••, ?\f(l.::MlZC\ Mi'CT r,.1 ,.-,,, • 1: •. u . :\fl.. \~· . In the lower ill us tr a ti on: Jack A!tlMAL.l "'\'!l r&.A.\15 ltth rrAI

to St. Louis Mayor Vincent Schoe­ '4'\>, Ttrtl'O+l\'', 1. fll«1lrll' t . ...°"' J~ 1, '¥. , Wh,,- Jll IP1 •l"' " µf\t I ;:, .. l;f.U~ mehl, met for the proclamation rtt'CL.l.ijj ~'11,,•t ;•, l'h, 4<1 presentation ceremony with six members of the Metro St. Louis f\. ;l\.tU .,>!~•"· ; t ~.tft1V Chapter. Chapter members (left to I.,~ ... ~~\,,.,._(!'' (&fl;•t ~ \l.'flltf(;r- "'"!\1t.?, right) are: Anite Meyer, Chapter tt1,$.(, ~ "" ......

Oregon [Governor's] L. & C. Trail Committee and Lewis & Clark College Host Christmas Party

On Friday, December 12, 1986, Oregon Lewis and Clark Committee members (the Governor's Committee); members of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Heritage Foundation; Super· .intendent Franklin Walker and several staff members, National Memorial, Astoria, Oregon; and Lewis and Clark College President James A. Gardner and faculty mem­ bers joined with their wives and guests for a fine Christmas Party. A delicious turkey (with all the trimmings) dinner was served the fifty individuals who gathered in an attrac· tively decorated room in the Lewis and Clark College's Templeton Center. Stephen Dow Beckham, professor of his- . tory, Lewis and Clark College, acted as master of cere­ monies. Dr. Chuinard, chairman of the Oregon Committee presided for a brief committee meeting and introduced guests. Special guests were H. John Montague and Mrs. (Di­ ana) Montague, Marietta, Georgia. (John is 1st vice presi­ dent of the (national) Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation.) (Dennis is professor of music at George Fox College, New­ Pictured above at the head table are: (from left) Dee and berg, Oregon and is working on the development of a Lewis Malcolm Buffum (Malcolm is President of the Oregon Lewis and Clark pageant with the Clatsop County Historical and Clark Heritage Foundation, and is a Director of the na· Pageant Association). tional Foundation); Dr. Stephen Beckham (History Depart· ment, Lewis and Clark College); Lewis and Clark College Following dinner, the group adjourned to the Council President James A. Gardner; and Committee Chairman Chamber where Dr. Beckham showed slides and told the "Frenchy" Chuinard and Mrs. (Fritzi) Chuinard. In the low· gathering about his history classes' annual spring learning er right hand picture Dennis and Jan Hagen provided enter­ experience tours which follow the Lewis and Clark Trail tainment and led the group in several Christmas carols from Astoria, Oregon to the Lolo Trail in Idaho.

-22- We Proceeded On, February 1987 are not at all as enthusiastic about Fort Clatsop will benefit directly scribers only. This will be the first the governor's plan as are the from the new fees, for example, by such tour in Idaho. proponents. One opponent ex­ being able to offer more ranger The Smithsonian began advertis­ pressed his disappointment with programs over a longer period of ing the Lewis and Clark Trail the plan by saying that "The en­ the year and improve other park Ride in its January issue of Smith­ tire right-of-way will become a operations. sonian Magazine, which has an trail. The only question is when." Walker explained that in 1984, en­ international circulation of over Others are not quite so pessimistic. trance and user fees in the Na­ two million. The institution has Lowell Mahler, executive director tional Park System amounted to also produced a brochure describ­ of the Missouri Farm Bureau pre­ ing the trip in detail. dicted that the two trail segments $21 million or less than 3% of the (if developed) will be "as far as it National Park Service budget for Smithsonian tours include a study goes." that year. According to Secretary tour leader, a nationally recog­ of the Interior Don Hodel, "I think nized expert on the region or topic The Lewis and Clark Trail Herit­ we can do better than that since, of the tour. Study tour leader for age Foundation has gone on rec­ as a nation, we must face the real­ the Lewis and Clark Trail Ride ord as supporting trail develop­ ity of the need to balance the fed­ will be Dr. Herman Viola, Director ment, and a recent letter from eral budget within this decade. of the National Anthropological President John E. Foote to Peter Raising park entrance fees would Archives at the Smithsonian Mu­ Harnik of Rails to Trails Conserv­ be a very small, but measurable, seum of Natural History. Dr. Vio­ ancy in Washington, D.C. reiter­ contribution to that effort. It would la, author of Exploring the West ates the Foundation's support. put us all on record in support of a (to be published by the Smithson­ * * * reasonable payment for a very NPS to Collect Visitor's Fees ian Press in August) is a specialist special experience and a willing­ on Native American cultures. Dur­ Superintendent Frank Walker an­ ness to support those places and ing the trail ride he will give a ser­ nounced that Fort Clatsop Nation­ activities that provide direct and ies of lectures and campfire al Memorial intends to begin col­ personal enrichment." talks on the Lewis and Clark Ex­ lecting an entrance fee beginning * * * pedition, and Salish cul­ this spring. Walker explained that tures and the flora and fauna of the United States Congress is pres­ Smithsonian to Sponsor L&C the Bitterroot Mountains. ently deciding which of the 134 Tour additional National Park Service Lewis and Clark State College is The Smithsonian Institution, offering a college credit option to sites will either begin collection Washington, D.C. has announced fees or raise their entrance fees all Smithsonian Associates partic­ that it has contracted with Triple ipating in the trail ride. This will this year. Approximately 60 of the "O" Outfitters of Pierce, Idaho, to 337 National Park Service be the first Smithsonian tour with begin the operation in August 1987 a college credit option. areas currently charge entrance or of a summer horseback ride and admission fees. tour over the Lewis and Clark For those interested in this special The proposed daily fee at Fort Trail (the Lolo Trail) as part of the horseback trail ride but unable to Clatsop would be $1.00 per person Smithsonian's Associate Study make this year's tour, you will be and would be collected at the vis­ Tour Program. interested to learn that the Smith­ itor center. Walker explained that sonian generally runs each of their The tour will start on August 8, tours at least three years in a row. visitors under the age of 12 or 62 1987, in Lewiston, Idaho, with years old or over as well as educa­ dinner at a local restaurant. Sun­ For more information about the tional field trips by school groups day morning after brunch at Lewis Lewis and Clark tour contact Pru­ would be exempt from the fees. and Clark State College campus,1 dence Clendenning, Program Man­ There would also be an annual $3 the tour will proceed to the Nez ager, Smithsonian Domestic Tours, per person Fort Clatsop pass Perce National Historical Park, 1000 Jefferson Dr. SW, Washing­ available primarily for area residents near Spaulding; visit Dworshak ton, DC 20560. which would admit the cardholder National Fish Hatchery, near Oro­ any time during the calendar year. fino; stop at the Lochsa River for * * * Visitors will also be able to pur­ lunch, near Kamiah; and eventual­ Missouri River Trip chase the federal Golden Eagle ly arrive at Lochsa Lodge, at the There have been several inquiries Passport to all National Parks and Powel~ Ranger Station. Forests and these passes will be regarding the availability of Mis­ honored at the Memorial for entry. The next six days will be spent al­ souri River trips through the scen­ The Golden Age and Golden Ac­ ternating between horseback and ic and primitive segment of the cess Passports will also be availa­ van travel as the group follows the "Missouri River Breaks" in north­ ble at the Memorial free of charge. Lewis and Clark Trail and visits central Montana. The interest is actual campsites described in the for a trip that would be prior to the Although Fort Clatsop has never Expedition's journals - such as 13 August 2-5, 1987, 19th Annual had an entrance fee since its es­ Mile Camp, Snowbank Camp, Full Meeting at Billings, Montana. As tablishment in 1958, the primary Stomach Camp, and Horse Steak a service to members we have in­ reason for this new fee is to help Meadows. The group will return to formation that Foundation mem­ offset at least a small portion of Lewiston the following Sunday. ber Bob Singer, Fort Benton, Mon­ the costs of operating the National tana, who operates "Missouri Riv­ Park Service site. Congress has The Smithsonian Associates Tour er Outfitters'', has a three day appropriated special funds this Program started in 1970 and now river trip scheduled, July 29, 30, year specifically for improvements offers tours worldwide. The tours and 31, from Fort Benton to Ju­ in park interpretive programs, re­ are for Smithsonian Magazine sub- dith's Landing. Bob and Idella source management and research 1. Lewis and Clark State College, Lewiston, Singer are regular attendees at activities. The fee revenues will Idaho. Not to be confused with Lewis and Foundation Annual Meetings and help offset these new increases. Clark College, Portland, Oregon. are active members of the Founda-

We Proceeded On, February 1987 -23- tion's Portage Route Chapter, opened up the western half of our ipate in Dr. Carriker's Lewis and Great Falls, Montana. For further nation. This region, in turn, has Clark seminar will receive a sti­ information write: Missouri River contributed enormously to the de­ pend of $2,000 to cover travel, Outfitters, P.O. Box 1212, Fort velopment of American culture books and living expenses. Benton, Montana 59442, or tele­ and standards." phone (406) 622-3295. For a full description of the Lewis * * * and Clark seminar contact: Dr. * * * Gonzaga University L&C Robert C. Carriker, Gonzaga Uni­ Seminar versity, Spokane, WA 99258. St. Charles L&C Center Receives NEH Grant "The Search for Knowledge in 19th Century America: Coues's His­ Foundation Gift A cash grant of $2850 has been tory of the Expedition Under the awarded to the Lewis and Clark Command of Lewis and Clark" is Memberships Center of St. Charles by the Mis­ the title of a July 6-31, 1987, sem­ If you have someone on your souri Committee for the Humani­ inar to be held on the campus of gift list who is interested in ties, the state-based arm of the Gonzaga University in Spokane, American history and the National Endowment for the Hu­ Wash. Conducting the 4-week sem­ contribution of the Lewis and manities. inar will be Foundation member Clark Expedition to our na­ The grant will be for scholarly re­ Dr. Robert C. Carriker. tion's westward expansion, a membership in the Founda­ search leading to the creation of The Lewis and Clark seminar is an exhibit of "The Men of the tion, which includes the quar­ one of fifty-one seminars that will terly issues of We Proceeded Lewis and Clark Expedition" to be be offered at Gonzaga on a variety on permanent display at the mu­ On, would be an appreciated of texts in the huma.nities. The gift. seum devoted to the expedition. It seminars are sponsored by the Na­ will be matched by in-kind dona­ tional Endowment for the Human­ The Foundation has an attrac­ tions of services and materials by ities and will all be held during· the tive gift membership card the Lewis and Clark Center total­ summer of 1987. which will list you as the ing $2900. All MCH grants must sponsor of a membership. be matched by cash, in-kind serv­ The seminars are designed for Send your gift membership fee ices or a combination of the two. teachers in grades 7-12 in public, together with the name. of the private and parochial schools, but gift recipient and the occasion Helen C. Jackson, project director all school personnel in K-12 are and director of the Center, de­ (friendship, birthday, gradua­ eligible to apply by March 2, 1987 tion, or holiday) you wish to scribed the exhibit as four individ­ (except participants in the NEH ual men dressed in clothing typical honor to the Membership sec­ summer seminars of 1985 and retary whose address appears of the expedition personnel in a 1986). three dimensional setting. Tools of on page two. their trade will also be included. Fifteen teachers selected to partic- The objective, according to the grant application, is "to demon­ strate how a diverse group of men of various nationalities, speaking St. Louis Chapter different languages, and practicing a variety of trades blended these Works to Preserve Segment of Trail differences in cooperation and friendship to bring the expedition (Relates to "News Note" on Page 21) to a successful end." The Metro St. Louis Chapter has organization was allowed only one Consultants for the project will be taken special interest in the efforts speaker. Winifred George spoke for Father William Barnaby Faherty, to create a recreational trail that the Lewis and Clark Trail Her­ Professor Emeritus of History, follows much of the Lewis and itage Foundation, and Ann Rogers Saint Louis University; George A. Clark route across Missouri. spoke as author of a book on Lew­ Feltz, Curator, St. Charles Histori­ The proposal involves converting is and Clark in Missouri. Both cal Society; and Evangeline R. stressed the value of preserving Groth, museum exhibits designer. about 200 miles of abandoned Missouri-Kansas-Texas (KATY) this trail and of calling attention It is expected that the exhibit will Railway corridor into a biking and to its historic significance. go on display in March, 1987. hiking trail. Most of the right-of­ Progress has been made. The De­ Dr. Walter C. Daniel, Columbia, way parallels the Missouri River, partment of Natural Resources . MO, MCH Chairperson, said the making the plan especially appeal­ and the administration of Gov. award was given to facilitate the ing to those interested in the Lewis John Ashcroft have decided to "humanizing of the many diverse and Clark Expedition. Environ­ turn two sections of the roadbed, personalities who contributed to mentalists are also interested in a totaling about 60 miles, into paths the successful conduct of this im­ route that goes through a particu­ for hiking, bicycling and perhaps portant episode in American histo­ larly beautiful area of Missouri, even cross-country skiing. and bikers are eager to ride a rec­ ry. But the Metro St. Louis Chapter reation al trail that could be a "We hope that this will help stu­ model for the nation. Opposition to plans to meet with other interested dents and the public generally to the plan comes from landowners groups for the purpose of coordinat­ better appreciate the humanistic who express concern about vandal­ ing efforts to have the entire 200- mile corridor turned into a recrea­ values and the participants ism and trespassing on their land. brought to this unprecedented un­ tional and historic trail, one that dertaking," he said. "In effect, the A public hearing in St. Charles follows the trail of Lewis and Lewis and Clark Expedition drew such a large crowd that each Clark.

-24- We Proceeded On, February 1987