T HE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK T RAIL H ERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 12, NO. 3 AUGUST 1986

Fort Clatsop, Lewis and Clark's 1805-1806 Winter Establishment "Living History" Demonstrations Feature for Visitors to National Park Facility

Photograph by Andrew E. Cier, Astoria, Oregon

Replica of Fort Clatsop, Near Astoria, Oregon - See Story on Page 3 - President Wang's THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Message HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. Thank you's are due at least four Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption different groups of Foundation Certificate No. 501(C)(3) - I dentification No. 51-0187715 members for the efforts put forth by them these past twelve months. OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE First, I am most thankful for the President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President excellent support that has been L. Edw in Wang John E. Foote H. John Montague provided by Foundation officers, 6013 St . Johns Ave. 1205 Rimhaven Way 2864 Sudbury Ct. directors, past presidents, and all M inneapolis. MN 55424 Billings. MT 591 02 Marietta. GA'30062 other committee members. Second, I am much indebted to the 1986 Edrie Lee Vinson. Secretary John E. Walker. Treasurer P.O. Box 1651 200 Market St .. Suite 1177 Program Committee, headed by Red Lodge. MT 59068 Portland. OR 97201 Malcolm Buffum, for the tre­ mendous effort they have put forth Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary. 5054 S.W. 26th Place. Port land. OR 97201 to arrange one of the finest-ever annual meeting programs. Third, I DIRECTORS am so grateful for all that is ac­ Harold Billian Winifred C. George James P. Ronda complished by Bob and Ruth Villanova. PA St. Louis. MO Youngstown. OH Lange whose work on behalf of the Robert Bivens Gary E. Moulton Ralph H . Rudeen Foundation I commented on in the Great Falls. MT Lincoln. NE Olympia. WA May issue of WPO. Finally, I ap­ Robert C. Carriker Donald F. Nell Arthur F. Shipley Spokane, WA Bozeman. MT Bismarck, ND preciate having been given the Roy D . Craft Charles C. Patton Robert L. Taylor opportunity to serve as President Stevenson. WA Springfield. IL Washington. DC of the Foundation. My only regret William P. Sherman immediate Past President is a Foundation Director in that regard is that an especially heavy business schedule, during PAST PRESIDEN TS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO these last twelve months, has pre­ Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Gary Leppart, 1974-76 Bob Saindon. 1979-80 vented me from devoting as much St. Louis. Missouri Butte, Montana Helena, Montana time as I had planned for Founda­ E.G. Chuinard, M.D.. 1971 Wilbur P. Werner, 1975-76 Irving W . Anderson. 1980-81 tion activities. Tigard, Oregon Cut Bank, Montana Portland. Oregon John Greenslit, 1 972 Clarence H . Decker, 1976-77 V. Strode Hinds. 1981-82 Lansing. Mic higan East Alton, Illinois Sioux City, Iowa As the Foundation membership Lynn Burris, 1972- 1973 Gail M . Stensland. 1977-78 Hazel Bain. 1982-83 Topeka. Kansas Fort Benton. Montana Longview. W ashington continues to grow, its need for Robert E. Lange. 1973-74 Mitchell Doumit. 1978 -79 Arlen J . Large. 1983-84 administrative services increases Portland, Oregon Cathlamet. Washington Washington. D.C . accordingly. In order to meet that William P. Sherman. 1984-85 growing need, some members have Portland. Oregon suggested that the Foundation should consider employment of a ABOUTTHEFOUNDAnON part-time Executive Secretary. It is The purpose of the Lewis and C lark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., is to stimulate nationally: public interest believed that such a person may be in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions to American history made by the expedition members; and events of tim e and place concerning and following the expedition which are of already serving on a part-time ba­ historical import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs. and suooorts activities which enhance the enjoyment and understandina of the Lewis and Clark storv. The scope: sis for two, or more, other non­ of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse. and include involvement in pursuits which. in the profit organizations similar to our judgment of the Directors are. of historical worth or contemporary social values, and commensurate with the heritage ot lewis and Clark. The actiyities of the National Foundation are intended to compliment and Foundation. Other members have supplement those of state and local Lewis and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement in the broad field of indicated they believe it to be nec­ Lewis and Clark historical research; writing; or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of essary for the Foundation to asso­ activities of the Foundation. Membership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including Federal, State, and local government officials. historians. scholars. and others ciate itself with a college or of wide ranging Lewis and Clark interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The university that could serve as a re­ Annual M eeting of the Foundation is traditionally held during A ugust. the birth month of both M eriwether Lewis and W illiam C lark. The meeting place is rotated am ong the States. and tours generally are arranged to pository for manuscripts and other visit sites in the area of the Annual Meeting which have historic association w ith the Lewis and C lark Expedition. documents of historical value which are presently owned by the Foundation or may come into its WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD. M .D .• FOUNDER possession_ Still other persons be­ We Proceeded On is the official publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, lieve that arrangements should be Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase w hich appears repeatedly in the made in the near future for the collective j ournals of the famous Expedition. planned succession of an Editor of PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE We Proceeded On, when Bob Lange, presently serving in the Robert E. Lange. Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S.W. 26th Place. Portland. OR 97201 twelfth year in that capacity, may choose not to devote his full-time to Irving W . Anderson E.G . C huinard Box LC-196 Lewis & C lark College 15537 S. W . Summerfield Lane the effort. At present the financial Portland, OR 97219 Tigard. OR 97223 condition of the Foundation is bet­ ter than ever due primarily to the Paul R. Cutright Donald J ackson Gary E. Moulton 312 Summit Avenue 3920 Old Stage Road Love Library - Univ. Nebraska generous bequest made by the late Jenkintown, PA 19046 Colorado Springs, CO 80906 Lincoln. NE 68588 Foundation Past President and Bob Saindon Wilbur P. W erner Treasurer Clarence Decker. Your 172 Briarwood P.O. Box 438 Foundation Board of Directors will Helena, MT 59601 Cut Bank, MT 59427 be discussing these and many oth­ er matters at its next annual meet-

-2- We Proceeded On, August 1986 President's Message - continued from page 2 ing which is scheduled for Friday, cussed some ways . and possible many persons at chapter or local August 15, 1986. means by which the Foundation levels have invested so much of and the Girl Scouts might work to­ their time and talent in a way that, Much, if not most, of the Founda­ tion's work is conducted by either gether in some kind of common ef­ when a meeting is concluded, al­ its committee members or by Bob fort that would be beneficial to most all who attended believe it to and Ruth Lange, who, inciden­ both organizations. If encouraged have been one of the best. In tally, also serve on committees. by our Board of Directors, I believe addition to the meetings' connota- that such a common effort could . tion to the historical and local as­ The work of the Foundation presi­ dent, at least as I have performed bring about an increased aware­ pects of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ it, is largely that of a communica­ ness of the Foundation and possi­ dition, there is the conduct of tor, coordinator, and sometimes bly a substantially increased mem­ necessary Foundation business. motivator. I believe that is as it bership as well. I was delighted to Beyond the program and business ought to be. Sometimes, however, learn something that probably of the annual meeting, there is an occasion arises which makes it many of you know, that several provided also an excellent opportu­ possible for the Foundation presi­ Girl Scout Councils use the name nity for fellowship. Along with the "Sacagawea". dent on your behalf to open a "new renewal of friendships past, may I door" of opportunity. I believe such Whether an annual meeting of the suggest that persons who have a door may have been opened Foundation is held in the east, been members and "regulars" for recently. On June 20, 1986, at the middle west, west, or far west, the several years, identify and visit national headquarters of Girls programs provided have been of with individuals who are in Scouts of the U.S.A., in New York great interest to, and much plea­ attendance at their first annual City, I visited with its National Di­ sure for, persons in attendance. meeting of the Foundation. rector, Frances Hesselbein, and Foundation members have been three of her associates. We dis- fortunate year-after-year that so L. Edwin Wang, President

About the Cover Illustration

The illustration on the cover of down the river ... in surch of an el­ thickly Covered with lofty pine.1 this issue of We Proceeded On, in igible place for our winter residence this is certainly the most eligable addition to providing an accurate and accordingly set out early this situation for our purposes than any and excellent rendition of the rep­ morning in a small canoe accompa­ in the neighbourhood." lica of Fort Clatsop, reveals the nyed by 5 men. Drewyer, R. Fields, NPS rangers in several of their in­ Shannon, Colter & labiesh .. ." It Presently the Fort Clatsop Na­ terpretive " Living History" activi­ was not until December 5th that tional Memorial is a unit of the Na­ ties - tanning hides, splitting Lewis and three of the men re­ tional Park Service. There is, how­ ever, an interesting history of the shakes, building furniture, cook­ turned. Clark's journal for that ing, and standing guard. Other date reads: "Capt Lewis's long site prior to its acquisition by the popular demonstrations carried on delay below, has been the sorce of Park Service. What follows is ex­ by the buckskin-garbed rangers no little uneas[i]ness on my part of cerpted from a paper presented during the busy summer months his probable Situation and Safety." July 22, 1972, by Al Stonestreet, (some 150,000 people visit the Me­ Later in the same entry he reveals Chief Ranger, at that time, for the morial annually) are: the firing of that: "Capt Lewis returned with 3 National Park Service's Fort Clat­ the flintlock rifles; construction of men in the Canoe and informs me sop National Memorial.2 The occa­ a dugout canoe; making tallow that he thinks that a Sufficient sion was the First Annual Wash­ candles, clothing and moccasins, number of Elk may be pr[o)cured ington-Oregon Lewis and Clark and lead bullets; and the starting convenient to a Situation on a Symposium held in Astoria, Ore­ of a fire with flint and steel. As Small river [the Netul - see map) gon. Chief Ranger Curt Johnson ex­ which falls into a Small bay a Just prior to the Expedition's de­ plains: "These living history pro­ Short distance below ..." The jour­ parture for the return journey on grams invite our visitors to im­ nal for December 7th reads: "Some March 23, 1806, the installation merse themselves in history. While rain from 10 to 12 last night, this was given by the Captains to the we cannot duplicate history, we try morning fair, have every thing put Clatsop Indian Chief Comowool, to set the mood where our visitors on board the Canoes and Set out to and he and members of his tribe oc- ·will reflect about this magnificent the place Capt Lewis had viewed odyssey." The interpretive center and thought well Situated for win­ 1. Clark, and on occasion Lewis, tended to building houses a museum and a ter quarters.. . ." Upon arriving at refer to all needle trees as "Pine Trees". In a conversation the editor had with Park small theater that reveal the story the site, Clark comments: " ... we Ranger Stephen Henrikson at the Fort Clat­ of the entire twenty-eight month assended a river [the "Netul" - to­ sop National Memorial, it is apparent that exploring enterprise. day's Lewis and Clark River] the predominant needle trees in the vicinity which falls in on the South Side of of Fort Clatsop and the Lewis and Clark When the Expedition arrived and River are: Douglas fir, grand fir, Sitka this Bay 3 miles to the first point of spruce, western hemlock, and western red established a temporary camp on land on the West Side, the place cedar, and not pine trees. The "habitat/ dis­ their "Point William" (today's Capt Lewis had viewed and formed tribution" maps in Richard J. Preston Jr's. Tongue point - see map on page in a thick' groth of pine1 about 200 North American Trees (The Iowa State Uni­ 8) Captain Lewis's journal for versity Press, 1965) confirms the above yards from the river, this situation listing. "November 29th, 1805", states: "I is on a rise about 30 feet higher determined therefore to proceed than the high tides leavel and (Footnote 2 on page 4) We Proceeded On, August 1986 -3- cupied it sporadically until it fell maintenance, mostly by local civic the new facility. Without funding into ruin. Beginning with the ar­ groups. for a permanent caretaker, a wire rival of the Astorians in 1811, the fence was built around the restored site was an object of interest to After World War I, the Clatsop structure. travelers, and as late as the 1860s, County Historical Society assumed much of the burden of mainte­ In 1956, the Astoria Lions Club it was occasionally visited by joined in the effort to provide vol­ sight-seers. The site was included nance. In 1947, for instance, volun­ unteer labor towards grounds and in a donation land claim during teers from tliat organization cleared road maintenance. But the real im­ the 1850s and the remains of the much of the over-growth provement was the provision for a fort were obliterated by farming op­ and debris from the grounds and full-time caretaker for the site dur­ erations. arranged for the local police to make "frequent" checks to prevent ing the summer months. This was Between 1899 and 1901, there was the result of action taken by the fires and vandalism. Both the lo­ Oregon Historical Society and the a renewed interest in the site on the cal Society and the Oregon His­ part of historians, and at least two torical Society were concerned Clatsop County Historical Society. independent attempts were made to about the condition of the ·site, but Soon, there was interest toward ob­ establish the exact location. The were able to accomplish few im­ taining national recognition and memories of early settlers in the re­ provements due to lack of funds. assistance to further the develop­ gion formed the basis of these iden­ Relief came in the fall of 1953, ment and preservation of this his­ tifications. when the newly organized Astoria toric site. The approach for such In 1899, the Directors of the Ore­ Junior Chamber of Commerce federal assistance for development gon Historical Society, which was agreed to clean up and maintain and administration for the site was then one year old, requested the So­ the property. During an intensive not new. As early as 1905 and 1906, ciety's committee on memorials to three-week project, the Junior the Oregon Development League of proceed as soon as practicable to Chamber and the Clatsop County Astoria and the Oregon Historical determine the exact locations of Historical Society cleared the Society sponsored legislation for a certain places of historic interest in grounds; erected a flag pole; re­ Congressional appropriation to Oregon, including the " .. . site of stored the bronze marker, which purchase additional land at the site the Lewis and Clark encampment had been in storage since early dur­ and for the erection of a suitable near Astoria." The object of this ing the war; repaired the access monument to commemorate the move was to permit the Society to road, improved the parking area, Lewis and Clark Expedition. A bill acquire land at these sites " ... for and made plans to install picnic fa­ requesting an appropriation "of up the purpose of erecting monuments cilities. to $10,000 to erect a fitting mon­ upon them" - whenever funds ument" was introduced in Con­ could be obtained. During the next summer the local gress toward the end of 1906, but it activities continued and plans were did not pass. Another approach After much negotiation the Oregon being made for the Lewis and was made in 1936, when the Asto­ Historical Society, in 1901, pur­ Clark Sesquicentennial Celebra­ ria Chamber of Commerce pro­ chased a three acre tract which the tion which was scheduled for 1955. posed that several sites in the Asto­ pioneer settlers pointed out was the In early 1954, it was decided by civ­ ria area be designated by the site where the winter establish­ ic leaders and organizations in As­ Secretary of the Interior to be of ment of Fort Clatsop previously toria that the city's participation in national historic interest. When the stood. The area was covered by the celebration would center Advisory Board of National Parks, brush and second-growth timber. around the Fort Clatsop location. Historic Sites, Buildings and Mon­ For a number of years, as far as The Clatsop County Historical So­ uments met in 1937, the Board rec­ records show, relatively little was ciety and the Astoria Junior ognized the Fort Clatsop site " ... done to care for the property or pro­ Chamber of Commerce, with the as having historical significance vide facilities for the visiting permission of the Oregon Histori­ ... "but recommended it " ... for de­ public. Efforts did continue to­ cal Society, organized a joint proj­ velopment at the State level, inas­ wards the raising of funds to ect to erect a replica of the original much as it seemed to have more lo­ preserve and mark the site. Fort Clatsop on the site, and to im­ cal than national value." A marker was placed on the site in prove the grounds further by the 1912, and from that time the prop­ installation of a well, pump and The matter of federal support rest­ erty seemed to receive sporadic sanitary facilities. ed until after World War II. The burden of preservation, mainte­ Logs for the replica were donated (Fn. 2 relates to page 3) n ance, and lack of funds and deep by the Crown Zellerbach Corpora­ concern prompted the Clatsop tion and came from their Columbia County Historical Society, in 1948, 2. Al Stonestreet, Houston, Texas, continues Tree Farm. After being peeled, cut to maintain his membership in the Founda­ to pass a resolution calling upon tion, and presently is employed, and has to the correct length, and notched, Congress to make the Fort Clatsop been for nine years, with Travelplus, a the logs were treated to resist in­ site a National Monument. This Houston travel agency. Al is manager of one sects and rotting. Local artisans resolution apparently had little ef­ of the firm's five offices. In a recent letter to volunteered many long hours to ac­ the editor he wrote: "I really miss the Pacific fect beyond stimulating further at­ Northwest, and I still keep up with my inter· complish the construction, and the tempts to positively identify the est in the National Park Service, my Lewis project was completed and dedicat­ site. and Clark book collection, my stamp collec­ ed in August 1955 as part of the tion, etc. I always look forward to receiving Sesquicentennial Celebration of The national monument movement the new issues of WPO. It is good to see fa. miliar faces and names." Al was Chief the Lewis and Clark Expedition. really began to gain momentum in Ranger at the Fort Clatsop Lewis and Clark Improvements for the grounds 1953, the year the Astoria Junior National Memorial in the 1970s, and played were accomplished during the con­ Chamber of Commerce became in­ an important part in the initiation of the struction, but once the work was terested in the site. In October of National Park Service's "Living History Programs'', which have become a part of the ended, it became apparent that ad­ that year representatives of inter­ system's on site interpretive activities. ditional protection was required for ested groups met in Astoria and -4- We Proceeded On, August 1986 formulated plans for renewed inter­ couterments in the replica struc­ again on the return journey on est and for a persistent letter writ­ ture. April 15, 1806. (See WPO, Vol. 4, ing campaign to the Secretary of No. 1, pp. 10-11; Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 9.) Each passing year adds to the fine the Interior, and to Congressmen. and continued development of the Appropriate Trail Markers for in­ During the observance of the Lew­ facility and the interpretive en­ is and Clark Sesquicentennial ad­ stallation at the two parks ac­ deavors by the dedicated staff of companied Gilbert's letters. ditional groups and individuals Park Rangers and by the added became interested in the matter of funding from the sale of books, Communities, civic bodies, organi­ Federal assistance. A proposal to photographs, pertinent souvenirs, h ave the site developed and adnrin­ zations or agencies desiring infor­ etc. by the Fort Clatsop Historical mation about the National Trail istered at the state and local level, Association (a lay organization with the federal government pro­ System Act (Public Law 90-543) whose activities support the memo­ should make inquiry to: Thomas viding the financial resources was rial in a variety of ways). endorsed by the Oregon Historical Gilbert, Regional Coordinator, Society and local groups. This view NPS, Midwest Region, 1709 Jack­ was brought to the attention of the son Street, Omaha, NE 68102. late Oregon Senators Wayne Morse, and Richard Neuberger and Beware the Apocrypha other Oregon Congressmen. By Irving W. Anderson1 Having a strong personal interest in the Lewis and Clark saga and A major function of the Lewis and other historical matters, Senator Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Neuberger was particularly recep­ Inc., is to preserve and perpetuate tive to the involvement of the Na­ the integrity of Lewis and Clark tional Park Service and the estab­ history. Through our own Audio­ lishment of a National Memorial Visual-Video offerings which are status for Fort Clatsop. With the being developed, and constructive, cooperation of other senators he in­ critical reviews of both print and troduced a bill " ... to provide that electronic media releases, we can the Secretary of the Interior shall strive, over time, to convert the investigate and report to Congress National Park Service injustices of mythology to unembel­ as to the advisability of establish­ Certified Site Update lished documentation of the Lewis ing Fort Clatsop as a National and Clark saga. Meanwhile, Monument." The bill was passed Information received from Thomas through the voice of We Proceeded by Congress and was approved by L. Gilbert, Regional coordinator, On we can continue to point out to the president in June of 1956. Lewis and Clark National Historic educators responsible for purchas­ After a great deal of discussion, re­ Trail, NPS, Midwest Region, Oma­ ing teaching aids and library mate­ search and effort, a bill authoriz­ ha, Nebraska, advises of an rials, the lasting influences of se­ ing the Fort Clatsop National Me­ addition to the listing of Certified riously flawed portrayals of our morial as part of the National Lewis and Clark National Historic nation's history. Park System passed both the Trail Sites. The powerful grip of mythology House and Senate and was signed A copy of a letter sent to WPO and surrounding the life of the Sho­ into law on May 28, 1958, by Presi­ addressed to Mr. Doyle D. Adams, shoni Indian woman member of dent Eisenhower. Superintendent of State Parks, Io­ the Lewis and Clark Expedition wa Conservation Commission, Gil­ has now reached into the merchan­ bert informed Mr. Adams that Io­ dising realm of audio and video A stipulation of the bill was that of wa's Lewis and Clark State Park cassettes. For sale as teaching aids the proposed 125 acres in the Me­ has been certified as a Lewis and for elementary school classroom in­ morial, 100 acres must be in feder­ Clark National Historic Trail Site. struction are audio and video al ownership before the Memorial The State Park is located just west "dramatizations" developed from could be officially established. of the community of Onawa on In­ distorted, and even fictional ac­ Some months later, additional terstate Highway 75 (about half­ counts of Sacagawea's role with land, adjacent to the original three way between Omaha, NE/ Council the Expedition, and her life after­ acres held by the Oregon Histori­ Bluffs, IA, and Sioux City, IA). ward. cal Society, were acquired and do­ The construction of a full-scale (co ntinued on page 6) nated by the Oregon Historical So­ replica of the Lewis and Clark Ex­ ciety, the Clatsop County Histo­ pedition's keelboat is underway at 1. Twelfth president (1980-1981) of the rical Society, Clatsop County, and the Iowa State Park (see WPO, Vol. Foundation, and secretary (1973-1979), Irving the Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Anderson, is a keen reviewer of books, period­ 11, No. 4, pp. 24-25.). icals, and now the new media of electronic to meet the 100 acre federal owner­ material related to the Expedition. Anderson ship requirement. is recognized nationally for his research, in­ A similar copy of a letter went to terest, and extensive experience in searching Lewis and Clark students and en­ Judge William L. Hulse, Wasco out, interpreting and evaluating archival doc· thusiasts who have had the County Court House, The Dalles, uments. His principal efforts have been con· opportunity of visiting the Fort Oregon. Gilbert's letter informed cem ed with biographies of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, his mother Sacagawea, and Clatsop National Memorial know Judge Hulse that the site of the his father Toussaint Charbonneau - all of of the National Park Service's de­ Expedition's "Rock Fort" campsite, Lewis and Clark fame. The popularity of the velopment of the site: the Adminis­ near the Port of The Dalles, has famous Indian woman has recently been ells· tration and Interpretive Center been certified as a Lewis and Clark covered by the electronic teaching aid mar­ keters with the result that, their failing to building; the trails; plant identifi­ National Historic Trail Site. The tum to available council, he is finding prod­ cation signing; the canoe landing; site was used by the exploring uct that deals in excessive aggrandizement and the furnishing of historical ac- party, October 25-28, 1805, and and lacks historical accuracy.

We Proceeded On, August 1986 -5- In a video cassette related to the ern California firm also proved to ry". There is no dispute that Saca­ Expedition, a southern California be disappointing. One cassette re­ gawea is deserving of this honor, entrepreneur, in addition to a mis­ lates mainly to the Expedition: the but the magazine credits her with leading script, has made no at­ other, titled "Sacajawea" (sic) por­ numerous biographical attributes tempt to authenticate Expedition trays Sacagawea along with other for which there is controverting, or period clothing, dugout canoes, actual historical persons, but then no primary documentation. bedding, etc. Instead, present day indiscriminately merges them with Similarly, a recently published ju­ army fatigues, simulated birchbark fictional characters. Both tapes venile novel has also, according to canoes, duck hunter's boats, white create conjectures and situations its promotional release, incorporat­ bedsheets, and even a black Labra­ that are totally contradicted by ar­ ed the interminable fantasies sur­ dor dog, in place of a Newfound­ chival records. rounding Sacagawea. To quote land, were substituted. Geographic from the release: ". . . the book re­ dislocations of several Expedition Nor is today's print media exempt tains its grip on the reader to a sites, such as Three Forks and from Sacagawea mythology. In­ fine-honed finish, when Sacagawea Lemhi Pass, are carelessly por­ deed, even Ladies' Home Journal, abandons her romantic feelings for trayed. This presumably education­ in its July 1986 issue, has fallen Clark and returns to her people." al device sells for slightly less than victim to assumed factual accounts one hundred dollars. of the Shoshoni woman. Ladies' All of the above, unknowingly or Home Journal has selected Saca­ not, have been influenced by the The opportunity to review two au­ gawea as one of "The 25 most im­ legacy of fabricated history con- dio cassettes produced by a north- portant women in American histo- (continued on page 14)

Editor's Note A Controversy! - The "End" of the Lewis and Clark Trail?

"Termination or ending applies to the end of time, or ... of something that is brought to a close as having set bounds or being completed or no longe·;:purposeful. .. " "To come to an end: reach a final or ultimate point." Webster's Third International Dictionary

"To your own descretion therefore must be left the degree of danger you may wish to risk, and the point at which you should decline, only saying we wish you to err on the side of your safety, and to bring back your par­ ty safe even if it be with less information.. .[editor's underline] "Should you find it safe to return by the way you go out, after sending two of your party round by sea, or with your whole party, if no conveyance by sea can be found, do so; making such observations on your return, as may serve to $Upply, correct or confirm those made on your outward journey." President Thomas Jefferson's "Letter of Instructions" to Lewis - 20th day of June ~803.1'' "Sir: It is with pleasure that I announce to you the safe arrival of myself and party at this place [St. Louis] on the [blank space in manuscript] with our papers and baggage. .. .In obedience to your orders we have penetrated the Continent of North America to the Pacific Ocean and sufficiently explored the interior of the country to affirm that we have discovered the most practical communication which does exist across the conti­ nent by means of navigable branches of the Missouri and Columbia Rivers . .. " Letter: Meriwether Lewis to President J efferson, "St. Louis, September 23rd 18062" 1. In Jackson's Letters ...: Letter 47, pp. 61·66. In Thwaites': Original Journals, Vol. 7, pp. 247-252. 2. In Jackson, Ibid., Letter: 207, pp. 319-324. In Thwaites: Ibid, Vol. 7, pp 334-337.

Let us read again Jefferson's "Letter of Instructions", and Lewis's letter to his president advising him that he had returned and that the president's orders had been carried out. It seems unmistakable to this writer that the Lewis and Clark enterprise's traverse of the Transmississippi West began on May 14, 1804, at its "Camp Wood" (present-day Illinois, across the Mississippi River from the mouth of the Missouri River), arrived and wintered at their "western objective" on the Pacific Northwest Coast (November 1805 - March 1806), and ended when it arrived on September 23, 1806, at St. Louis. As Dr. Chuinard's monograph, on the facing page and the pages that follow, indicates there are numerous communities or locations on the Washington and Oregon shores of the Pacific Ocean and the Columbia River's estuary that lay claim to being the "End of the Lewis and Clark Trail". He is to be commended for his verbiage "The Western End" which he carefully applies to each of the important sites described in his dissertation. The arrival of the Expedition at the Pacific Northwest Coast certainly accomplished one of the primary tasks assigned it, but in all reality the enterprise was only half completed. What if their travel had ended at the Pacific shores, and they had not returned with their precious journals and maps to tell us where they had been and what they had seen? In the editor's opinion, in lieu of "End", a more accurate designation for describing the locations visited or occupied by the Expedition (at the Pacific shore) might be the reference to "The Western Objective" or "The Most Western Point" or "A Most Western P,oint" attained by the Expedition.

-6- We Proceeded On, August 1986 The Western End1 of the Lewis and Clark Trail By E.G. "Frenchy" Chuinard, M.n.2

It is the purpose of this review to bring these various historical sites to the attention of visitors to the Pacif­ ic Northwest, who are interested in details of the Lewis and Clark saga; certainly it is not the purpose to promote or demote any claims for certain sites. The various sites which are advanced with priority by local communities should be looked upon by the vis­ itor as they are by the local citizens: a reflection of interest and pride in their association with one of our country's great historical events.

The Eighteenth Annual Meeting of Although Jefferson did not firmly explorers reached the region of Pil­ the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage instruct Lewis to seek a connection lar Rock, in the upper estuary, on Foundation in Oregon, in August with the Columbia River tributary November 7, 1805: "Ocian in View! 1986, suggests that some historical system, he does at one point in his O! The Joy."5 attention to the "western end" of instructions mention that the Clark, however, was probably the Trail might be worthy of spe­ upper reaches of the Missouri River viewing the high waves in this part cial interest and concern. was " ...convenient as is supposed of the estuary of the Columbia.6 to the waters of the Colorado & In his letter to Meriwether Lewis 4 The party had been following inviting him to act as his private Oregon or Columbia... " along the north shore of the river, secretary, Jefferson tells Lewis There is little doubt, however, that and they still faced the strenuous that "I write my own letters."3 Jefferson and Lewis definitely had and hazardous miles around their There is no more interesting and in mind finding a portage over the "Blustery Point" (present-day fitting example of this practice of "Shining Mountains" (the Rocky Point Ellice) and other dangerous Jefferson's, than the lengthy and Mountains) to connect the Missouri areas of the shoreline, before they detailed "Letter of Instructions", and Columbia waterways. The dis­ reached the coast. for what was to become the Lewis covery of the mouth of the Colum­ Lewis and Clark's First Camp­ and Clark Expedition, to his own bia River by the American Robert private secretary who lived with site on the Pacific Coast (See Gray in 1792, and the continental Map and Figure 1): him. "Given under my hand at the crossing by the Scottish explorer city of Washington, this 20th day Alexander MacKenzie in 1793, of June 1803." 4 were very much in the minds of If reaching the Pacific Ocean was the object of the Expedition's jour­ The charge to Lewis is succinctly Jefferson and Lewis. The journals of the Captains show that they ney according to Jefferson's in­ stated by Jefferson in a compar­ structions, then their Chinook atively brief paragraph in his were seeking this desired transit to the Pacific Ocean. Point (on the estuary of the river, lengthy letter of instructions: several miles from the open ocean) The object of your mission is to The mouth of the Columbia River, might be considered as the western explore the Missouri river & such then, where it debouched into the end of the Lewis and Clark Trail. principal stream of it, as, by it's Pacific Ocean, was the contemplat­ They arrived here on November 16, course & communication with the ed western end of the Lewis and 1805, and were at this location waters of the Pacific Ocean, may Clark Trail - indeed, once on the until November 25. They were offer the most direct & practical Columbia River, the destination of water communication across the exposed to the blustery weather the Corps of Discovery was in­ from the direction of the open continent, for the purposes of com­ evitable. merce.4 ocean and the estuary. From this The Expedition made good time in point they reconnoitered the sur­ 1. See: Editor's note on facing page. its dugout canoes as it reached the rounding terrain as far to the west as Cape Disappointment and as 2. Eldon G. "Frenchy" Chuinard, M.D., western end of its journey; the Tigard, Oregon, is a long time student and "Great River of the West" carried far north to the region of the com­ enthusiast of the Lewis and Clark Ex· them along effortlessly on its munity of present-day Long Beach, pedition. He has been a regular contributor to November current. Washington. We Proceeded On and other historical periodi­ cals. His full length (444 page) book Only Samuel Coleridge said that: "The The site of their Chinook Point One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the wish is to the thought", and there camp is maintained as a small Lewis and Clark Expedition (A. H. Clark Co., Glendale, CA, 1979),is a major contribution to is a good example of this in the (text continues on page 10) the literature about the Expedition. In 1971, usually tactiturn Clark, when he Dr. Chuinard was elected (the second) presi· exclaimed exuberantly as the 5. Thwaites, op. cit., III: 207, fn. l; (Manu­ dent of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage script Journals, Codex "H", p. 147.210); III: Foundation. He serves the Governor of Ore· 210. gon as chairman of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee. Similar to the theme 4. Transcription of Jefferson's "Instructions" 6. It has been conjectured that perhaps Clark of his present article, regarding the "Western will be found in: did see the ocean from Pillar Rock. If he End" of the Trail, he has written previously climbed this precarious rock (that rises from Reuben Thwaites (Editor). Original Journals the bottom of the river) which was consider· concerning the eastern end of the Trail, see of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, his "Where Did the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ ably higher in 1805, before the U. S.· Coast tion Start?", (WPO, Vol. 8, No. 2). Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904-1905. Reprint Guard removed its top for the installation of editions: Antiquarian Press, N.Y., 1959; Arno a navigational light, he may have had a view 3. Donald Jackson (Editor), Letters of the Press, N.Y., 1969. Vlll: 247-252. of the distant ocean. It is also possible that Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Jackson, op. cit., 1:61-66. he may have climbed a tree along the north Documents. ·1783-1854, Univ. of Illinois Press, (Washington) shore of the river in order to Urbana, 1962. (Two volume enlarged edition, Bernard DeVoto (Editor), The Journals of have a better view to the west. There is no 1978, same pagination}. Jefferson's letter to Lewis and Clark, Houghton, Mifflin, Boston, statement in the journals to support either William B. Burwell. Page 3, fn. 1. 1953. Pages 481-487. supposition. (See map.) We Proceeded On, August 1986 -7- ("Western End of the Lewis and Clark Trail" text continues on page 10.)

NGTON Lfl11.1is & C lark WASH I Mamoria.l/. Park LONG E3EACH Gray 's Bay Baker Ba y ~ort C onby Stoto a rk Le'"'is & C ark I nterpretive.Center~ ·~ Cope Oisoppoin~ Pillar Rock ~ Lewis a nd Clark"s Chinook'~~t Camp S~ RIVER ESTUARY Chinook Poi~ \\ Point E:llice •• •• CC>LLJME3IA • Tongue Poi ';lt • - I n T h i n A r e a - •• • Leui9 & Clark National Wildll£e Refuge •• •• Seal Isla nd, Karlson I slend, Marsh f-'ort Stevens • • Tidelands . Sand Bars

PACIFIC

N

~ 0 REG 0 N . Cul l&~LDko

Younzo Rlvor F al l a Viul, t;o d by Sa~. Go.a.e

0 CE AN

SE.c.s> X CJE ' Lewis and C1ark/'" e \ Salt Works•

Today "s Nomenclature Expedi.t.ion "s Nomenclature

Bakers Bay Haley's Bay Cape Disappointmen t Cape Disappointment Chi nook Point not named Ti.llwaook Head '\ Ecola Creek Ecola Creek ( Whale Creek)• (Clark's Mounta in & Point oF VleY) <'o..,.,.t- Grays Bay Shallow Bay t,..~t. John Day River Ke- ke- mar- que River• '&~ Karlson Island Seal or 11 marshey bottom" Island · '\ Knappa. Village oe Calt- har- mers Indians , Lewis 8 Clark River Ne-tul River• Ma~sh Island Seal or 11 marshey bottom" Island Point. Adams Point Adams Point Ei'lice Blustery Point Salt Works Salt Works or Salt . Maker's Camp Seal Island Seal or "marshey bottom'' Island Tillamook. Head Clark' s Mountain 8 Point 0£ View Tongue Poi nt Point William Youns:s Bay Meriuether Bay Youngs River Kil-hou-a-nah-kle• River

* Indian nomenclature transcribed in the Expedition's Journals. -8- We Proceeded On, August 1986 FIG. 2. Aerial view of the Washington State Parks & Recreation Commission's Lewis & Clark Interpretive Center. FIG. 1. Washington State Parks & Recreation Commission Both the Cape Disappointment Lighthouse and the Interpre­ historical marker at Chinook Point the site of the Expedi­ tive Center are located on the rocky escarpments some 200 tion's camp, November 16 - 25, 1805. feet above the ocean breakers. The above picture was taken in 1976 on the occasion of the dedication of the center. Audience and participants for the dedication gathered for the ceremo­ nies on one of the now abandoned Fort Canby gun emplacements adjacent to the Interpretive Center building.

THIS MONUMENT MARKS THE APPROX. LOCATION OF A TREE ON WHlCH CAPT. CLARK OF THE LEWIS ANO CLARK EXPED. CUT HIS INITIALS NOV. l't.1805 IT IS THE MOST WESTERN PT REACHED BY THE PARTY.

FIG. 3. This original sign at Long Beach, Washington's, Lewis and Clark Memorial Park is no longer in place. A similar sign will be a part of the renovated park presently FIG. 4. The Expedition's Salt Works location is at Seaside, under construction (see text). Oregon. Originally acquired by the Oregon Historical Society, it is now protected and maintained as a satellite site of the NPS Fort Clatsop National Memorial. Interpretive signs tell of the Saltmaker's activity at this place.

FIG. 5. The Turn-Around at the ocean shoreline in Seaside, Oregon, where the historical marker and legend board Fig. 6. Ecola (Indian word for whale) Creek, near its dis· indicate the Oregon Legislature's designation "End of the charge into the Pacific Ocean and present-day Cannon Lewis & Clark Trail". The 1136 foot high headland, Beach, Oregon. It was in this vicinity that Clark and his Tillamook Head, (the Expedition's "Clark's Mountain and party found and bartered with the Indians for blubber and Point of View", with a cloud hanging over its summit, oil from the whale that had stranded on the ocean beach or extends into the ocean south of the city). shore of the creek (Thwaites, III:324-325). We Proceeded On, August 1986 -9- park by the Washington State Clark's party, in their reconnoiter­ the previous marker into a new Parks and Recreation Commission, ing the area north of Cape Disap­ wall. Local wood-carvers have fab­ and displays an attractive inter­ pointment, essentially in search of ricated from cedar logs lifesize pretive monument with a legend game for food, followed along the three dimensional images of Cap­ which reads: sandy beach to the location of pre­ tains Lewis and Clark which will sent Long Beach, Washington. stand in the park. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark records in his journal that he Clark with members of their Expedi­ (The National Park Service) tion, camped in this area from 16 to again " ... marked my name on a small pine, the Day of the month Fort Clatsop National Memor­ 25 November, 1805. ial - the Expedition's Winter & year, &c . .. " From this point they saw the break­ Establishment from December 7, 1805 to March 23, 1806 (See ers of the Pacific Ocean and knew In a small Memorial Park, a:t the that they had completed the mission Map and Cover Illustration): assigned to them by President Tho­ corner of South Third and Pacific mas Jefferson. Streets, a monument was dedicated The exposure to the severe weather on August 26, 1932, by Washington Their overland journey established on the north (Washington) shore at State's Governor Roland Hartley. this time of the year; the scarcity a new claim for the United States in The occasion was the completion this region. of game, combined with informa­ of the Ocean Beach Highway that tion provided by the local Indians Cape Disappointment (See Map followed the north (Washington) and Figure 2): that there was plenty of game on shore of the Columbia River from the opposite shore, caused the The Captains carved their names Longview to Long Beach. The Captains to explore for a more on trees in this area, which is theme of the monument was more favorable site than was afforded about 11 miles west from their Chi­ directed to the Lewis and Clark by the Chinook Point location. nook Camp. The name Cape Disap­ Expedition, having grouted into it With reluctance to trust themselves pointment had been previously a collection of rocks, inscribed with in their dugout canoes to a cross­ applied to this headland by the the names of communities and cit­ ing through the high waves of the English explorer and fur trader, ies along the Lewis and Clark estuary, the party headed eastward Captain John Meares. In 1788, Trail from Wood River, Illinois (14 and hugging the north shore Meares, while seeking an entrance miles north of St. Louis) to Long returned upriver to the vicinity of to a suspected river, missed seeing Beach. Pillar Rock. There they crossed the Columbia River's entrance The site for the monument was through the protecting islands to and, on his maps, which were chosen because of the legend on the south (Oregon) shore and to an familiar to the Captains, gave the the interpretive sign which was in Indian village on "an eminence" name Cape Disappointment to the place in the park, which read: near the present-day community of prominence on the north side of Knappa, Oregon.10 the river's entrance. THE END OF THE TRAIL, LONG BEACH, WN, NOVEMBER 19, Moving westward to their "Point In 1976, the Washington State 1805. William" (today's Tongue Point), Parks and Recreation Commission This monument marks the approx. the party established a temporary dedicated its $750,000 Lewis and location of a tree on which Capt. camp, while Lewis and five men Clark Interpretive Center on Cape Clark of the Lewis and Clark Exped. explored farther westward for a Disappointment. The impressive cut his initials Nov. 19, 1805. It is suitable location for a winter estab­ Center is erected on an abandoned the most western pt. reached by the lishment. By December 7, 1805, the coastal defense gun emplacement party.9 entire party was together again at of what was Fort Canby.7 It is set By a few degrees it is the most a site chosen by Lewis on land on high atop a rocky prominence from western point reached by the ex­ the west shore of the Indian's "Ne­ which there is a spectacular view plorers, and because of the Lewis tal" (today's Lewis and Clark) Riv­ of the Pacific Ocean. Inside the and Clark Expedition's time and er. This location was elevated several levels of the center the vis­ extensive traversing of the area above river flooding and tide itor will find exceptionally fine from its Chinook Point camp from water, and in a thick grove of trees interpretive displays related to the November 16 to 25, 1805, it would for protection from the winds. The Lewis and Clark Expedition.a seem to justify a claim to this Captains wrote in their journals Lewis was the first to frequent the being the western end of the Lewis that, in addition to hunting game Cape Disappointment area with a and Clark Trail. for food, there were two immediate objectives: . the building of their part of the exploring party on As this is written, the sign November 17, 1805. Clark followed "huts", and locating a place to described above has been tempo­ make salt. Their Saltmakers would with other members of the party on rarily removed and the Memorial November 18, and on the next day extract salt by the process of boil­ Park is undergoing a complete ren­ ing ocean water. traveled north for about four miles ovation. New stones and rocks are to: being collected from along the The men eagerly started an orga­ Long Beach, Washington (See Lewis and Clark Trail and will be nized effort to get themselves out Map and Figure 3): installed along with the rocks from of the cold rain and their rotting clothes and leather tents. Con­ 9. Clark wrote in his journal for November struction was started for their quarters - trees were felled, split 7. Ft. Canby, a coastal defense installation, 19, 1805: " I ... proceeded on a sandy coast 4 was established in the 1860s, and abandoned miles and marked my name on a Small pine, into planks for flooring and roof­ in the 1940s. The site became Washington the Day of the month & year ..." Clark was ing and bunks. Two rows of cabins State's Fort Canby State Park in 1957. See: usually accurate with his estimates of dis­ were joined by upright pointed Marshall Hanft, The Cape Forts: Guardians tance. According to Roy G. Gustafson of the of the Columb,ia, Oregon Historical Society, Peninsula Visitor's Bureau of Long Beach, 1973. Washington, "The location of the tree was 10. These islands (labeled on modern maps said to be somewhere near Tinker's Hotel in as the Marsh Islands) are now within the 8. See: We Proceeded On, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 1, Long Beach." - this would put it near the Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge. 3-4. (Aerial illustration on page 1.) Memorial Park. (See map on page 3, WPO, Vol. 12, No. 2.)

-10- We Proceeded On, August 1986 posts and gates, to form a fifty-foot ed their Expedition to winter on place as being 100 paces from the square fort.11 The rooms were pro­ the Pacific Coast and all return ocean, but in the 181 years that vided with fireplaces, and the together,14 and after considerable have elapsed, the action of the spaces between the outside log exploration and voting on a win­ ocean has built a much wider walls were caulked with mud. tering site, the location where Fort sandy beach. Clatsop was constructed was The reasons for the salt-making The Captains' quarters were com­ chosen, and it being the nidus of operation being so far from Fort pleted so that they could be occu­ their raison d' etre, gives weighty Clatsop are: the need for fresh pied by Christmas eve, and soon substance to the claim that Fort drinking water from a stream after all personnel were in their Clatsop was the western end of the (today's Necanicum River);16 game cabins. The men were busy with Lewis and Clark Trail. for food; rocks and stones for con­ various assigned duties: hunting, The Salt Works (or Salt Mak­ structing the fireplace; a plentiful fileting the meat, fishing, making er's Camp) - often designated supply of firewood; and a distance clothing and moccasins, and trad­ as the Salt Cairn15 (see Map not too far from the ocean for the ing with the local Indians. The and Figure 4): supply of ocean (salt) water. The Captains engaged in observing the exposure to the elements during flora and fauna, the countryside, The site of the Salt Works is locat­ the winter months (December to and the Indian culture. All of their ed on the ocean shore in present­ February, 1805-1806); the around observations were recorded in their day Seaside, Oregon, and is the the clock work of cutting wood, journals. Clark organized and elab­ place where "the Saltmakers" maintaining the fires under the orated on the many piece-meal extracted salt by boiling ocean kettles, carrying salt water from sketch maps he had made along water. The explorers had shorted the ocean; and the loneliness from the journey. The Captains digni­ themselves of their supply of salt companionship and other diver­ fied their establishment with the when they left too much of it at sions; took a severe toll on the salt name of Fort Clatsop - named their last cache at the Great Falls ma.kers. 17 They produced 20 gal­ after the local, helpful and friendly of the Missouri River (Montana). lons of salt during the two months Clatsop Indian tribe. The men needed salt to make their of uninterrupted toil. often spoiled meat palatable, and On March 23, 1806, the Expedition to replace electrolytes (body salts) The land containing the Salt departed Fort Clatsop for the re­ lost by sweating from hard work in Works was deeded in 1910 by the turn journey, intact, and in reason­ buck-skin garments. Charlotte Moffett Cartwright fami­ ably good health except for one ly to the Oregon Historical Society man.12 Captain Clark wrote in his The Salt Works, a clearing in the for "historical purposes only". The journal: "Altho' we have not fared trees and the fireplace where the Seaside Lions Club constructed a sumptuously this winter and kettles of ocean water were boiled, replica of the fireplace ("cairn") spring at Fort Clatsop, we have like Fort Clatsop, fell into decay and over the years have given per­ lived as comfortable as we had any and became covered with vegeta­ 1 petual care to the site as a civic reason to expect we should. .." 3 tion. Both sites have been authen­ project. A protective iron fence The fort had been their "home ticated and replicas have been encloses the replica. away from home" on the Pacific constructed. The location of the Coast; it was their headquarters Salt Works is about 15 miles south­ The Salt Works site was given by from which they carried on varied west from Fort Clatsop. The jour­ the Oregon Historical Society to and dispersed activities, the place nals describe the furnace or fire- the National Park Service in cere­ where they were "settled in", and monies held on June 23, 1979, thus making the "orphaned Salt the point of departure when they 14. There has been considerable discussion started their return journey to the about Jefferson's failure to dispatch a ship to Works" officially a part of the United States. return all or some of the party from the Pacif­ (NPS) Fort Clatsop National Mem­ ic Coast, particularly because of his definite orial. This was accomplished The fact that the Captains expect- instructions and "Letter of Credit" to Lewis through the persistent effort of the to make use of passage on a foreign vessel for two or all of the party, if deemed advisable. Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail This "eminence" now has a house on it. That The Captains had planned, but never dis­ Committee, and federal legislation it is an authentic site (noted in the Expedi· cussed this with the men, to send several men sponsored by Oregon Senator tion's journals as the location of an Indian back to St. Louis from somewhere near the Mark 0. Hatfield.1B village) may be confirmed by the great headwaters of the Missouri (in Montana), but number of Indian arrowheads that are found by July 4, 1805, they had decided to keep the The fact that the salt making oper­ in the area. entire corps intact. This might be a clue to ation was an essential and integral why the Captains made no mention (if they 11. The exact size and layout of the Fort is knew) of the American Brig Lydia being in part of the Fort Clatsop operation, known from Clark's drawing on the inside of the estuary of the Columbia while the corps and one of the explorers' heroic the elk skin cover of one of his pocket Field was at Fort Clatsop. (See: "The Brig Lydia (note) Books. The item is in the Clark accomplishments fifteen miles be­ Misses a 'Rendezvous with History'", WPO, Collection of the Missouri Historical Society, yond the fort, are reasons ad- Vol. 3, No. 4.) St. Louis. 15. Recently the Oregon Lewis and Clark 12. Private William Bratton, one of the salt Trail Committee recommended to the makers, became so sick that he had to be car· National Park Service that the term Salt 16. Most of the coastal streams in the area ried back to Fort Clatsop. The journal Works be used in lieu of the previous run parallel to the ocean shore and empty accounts indicate that he probably had an designation Salt Cairn. The journals uni­ into the Columbia. The Salt Makers chose infected intervertebral disc. His problem con· formly use the term Salt Works (and on occa­ their site on the first fresh-water stream that tinued, {Thwaites, op. cit., IV:l95) and neces­ sion Salt Maker's Camp). In the 1900s the they encountered that emptied into the sitated his having to be carried on horseback term "cairn" was used to designate the place Ocean. (See Map.) on the return journey as far as "Camp Chop­ of the Expedition's salt making. Most likely punish", near present-day Kamiali, Idaho. 17. The three men designated as the Salt this was due to the pile of stones found at the Here he was greatly improved after treatment makers were: William Bratton, Joseph Field, site and the dictionary's definition of cairn: by a traditional Indian sweat bath. (Thwa­ and George Gibson. others frequently visited "A heap of stones piled up as a memorial or ites, V:60·63). (See also: "William the site, hunted in the area, and helped with op. cit., as a landmark." Excellent photographs of the Bratton: One of Lewis and Clark's Men", the salt making operation. Salt Works have appeared in WPO. See: Vol. WPO, Vol. 7, No. 1,) 1, No. 1, p. 11; Vol. V, No. 1, p. 11; and Vol. 18. See: WPO, Vol. 5, No. l, p. l; Vol. 5, no. 3, 13. Thwaites, op. cit., Vol. IV, p.197. 12, No. 2, p. 20. pp. 6-7.

We Proceeded On, August 1986 -11- vanced by those who feel that the appropriate legend, will be promi­ nity to describe with his inimitable Salt Works is truly the extended nently displayed in the park. spelling the spectacular view to the western end of the Lewis and While the Expedition wintered at north and south from this high ele­ Clark Trail. Fort Clatsop, a whale was washed vation above the ocean. His The Turn-Around at Seaside, ashore on the beach at the mouth reporting this panorama to Lewis Oregon (See Map and Figure 5): of Ecola Creek. When word of this prompted the latter to give the reached Captain Clark at Fort promontory the name of "Clark's The City of Seaside is one of the Mountain and Point ofView".21 earliest coastal resort communi­ Clatsop, he set out with a party of 13 for the purpose of trading with The Whale Site is not often serious­ ties, and enjoys one of the longest the Indians at the whale site for and most used beaches on the Ore­ ly put forth as the western end of some whale oil and blubber. The gon-Washington portion of the the Lewis and Clark Trail. It is, route was via the Salt Works, and Pacific Coast. A concrete seawall however, a very historical site and and promenade on the city's ocean then to the south and over the 1136 the locale of a most interesting foot high headland known today episode in the Lewis and Clark front extends for about a mile, as Tillamook Head (see map). His north and south from a built-out, saga, about 25 miles southwest of party camped overnight near the curved, turn-around at the ocean Fort Clatsop. summit on January 6, 1806. end of Broadway, the city's main Public Law 95-625: "The Lewis street. In the center of the turn­ Arriving the next day at the and Clark National Historic around is a green area about beached whale, they found that the Trail": twenty feet in diameter, with a cen­ Indians had dismembered the huge tral flag pole, and two commemo­ mammal, and had supplies of oil When the United States Congress rative markers - a stone on which and blubber. Clark was able to made this law in November 1978 to is engraved the lettering "END OF obtain some of these supplies amend the National Trails System THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL", before setting out to return to Fort (continued on facing page) and a colored legend board on Clatsop. He gave the name of which the lettering reads: Ecota20 to the creek, which means "whale" in the Chinook Indian jar­ 21. Thwaites, op. cit., III:333. "THE END OF THE LEWIS & gon. The arduous trek over the It would be satisfying to Lewis and Clark CLARK TRAIL, designated by the enthusiasts to have the name Clark's Moun· headland, fortunately in good tain and Point of View officially applied to Oregon State Legislature marking weather, gave Clark the opportu- Tillamook Head, but the headland is locally the farthest west camp [the Salt historical as the name of the Indian Tribe Makers' camp] of the Lewis and 20. Early settlers in the area, having no that frequented the Oregon coast in this area, Clark Expedition. 1805-1806. knowledge of the name Clark gave this and is known world-wide to mariners. The stream, applied the name Elk Creek, National Park Service, however, has agreed There is dispute about this claim, apparently because of numerous elk in the to place "Clark's Mountain and Point of area. The Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail View" in parenthesis under "Tillamook both from Washington and Oregon Committee recommended to the Oregon Geo· Head" in all NPS publications. The Oregon sites claiming the same designa­ graphic Names Board that the name Ecola be Geographic Names Board and the U.S. Geo­ tion. There is legal status, howev­ restored. The Board acted favorably in 1974 logic Survey has agreed to only designate the er, to such a claim - at least in and Clark's name Ecola was reinstated. headland on maps with an "Object Symbol". Oregon Law. In the Oregon Legis­ lative Session of 1923, some enter­ prising legislators sponsored the Act (House Bill 133), with the OREGON LEGISLATIVE SESSION OF 1923 result that it was enacted into law:19 The verbiage of the act is CHAPTER20 reproduced as Figure 7. AN ACT Thus the City of Seaside is correct [H.B.133] Designating the end of the Lewis and Clark Trail at the point where Broadway street in the in displaying its claim. By Oregon city of Seaside, Oregon, meets the Pacific Ocean. law, the tum-around is the official western end of the Lewis and Whereas much of the early history of the Pacific northwest is linked with the Lewis and Clark expeditions and hardships endured by these pioneer explorers Clark Trail, and has been for over of the territory now known as the Columbia River basin; and a half century. Whereas the last permanent camp of the Lewis and Clark expedition was The Whale Site, Cannon Beach, made at or near what is now known as the extreme west end of Broadway street Oregon (See Map and Figure 6): in the municipality of Seaside, Oregon; and Whereas this camp was made for the purpose of evaporating salt at a cairn for This site is within the city limits of the preservation of other food supplies for their return journey to the states; and Cannon Beach, Oregon, about Whereas the Oregon Historical Society has acquired a parcel of land near said eight miles south of Seaside on U. camp and has set the same aside as the Lewis and Clark salt cairns, and said S. Highway 101, and is located in a land has been officially dedicated by the said Oregon Historical Society, the dedication thereof made a part of their official records; and city park (the Les Shirley Park) Whereas it is both fitting and proper that this last permanent camp of Lewis which is being developed on the and Clark should be perpetuated in the history of Oregon; and north side of Ecola Creek. A Lewis Whereas the city of Seaside has expended a considerable amount of money in and Clark historical marker, with the building of a foundation at the location mentioned herein, on which a monu­ ment to these historical pioneers is to be erected; now, therefore, Be It Enacted by the People of the State of Oregon: 19. It is interesting and ironical that the 1923 Section 1, Hereafter that portion of Broadway street in the city of Seaside, Oregon Legislature passed a companion bill Oregon, which meets the Pacific Ocean, shall be known as the end of the Lewis providing that the: "Old Oregon Trail" and Clark Trail. should be designated as the highway " . .. commencing at the Idaho State line at Onta· Approved by the Governor February 6, 1923. rio, Oregon [and passing through several Filed in the office of the secretary of state, February 7, 1923.•• named cities] and ending at Seaside on the (Fig. 7) Pacific Ocean ..."

-12- We Proceeded On, August 1986 Act by adding the category of Anecdote - From The ers meet to form the Missouri Riv­ National Historic Trails to the Journals and Literature er. Therefore, we can consider existing Scenic Trails and Recre­ James' telling of "Colter's Run" to ational Trails, it provided for: "The Related to the.Expedition be, as he says, "precisely as he Lewis and Clark National Historic Foundation member Jean Hamil­ [Colter] related it to me." Lewis Trail, a Trail of approximately ton, Marshall, Missouri, always on and Clark's George Drouillard three thousand seven hundred the lookout for Lewis and Clarkia­ ("Drewyer" or "Druyer") was also miles, extending from Wood River, na, has directed the editor's atten­ a member of the fur trading adven­ Illinois, to the mouth of the Colum­ tion to a literary reference to the ture, and all of the horribly grue­ bia River in Oregon . .. " (Italics Expedition's Sergeant Nathaniel some details of his death in an ours). Pryor. 1810 skirmish with the Blackfeet in the Three Forks region are con­ This law poses two historical in­ Jean is preparing to edit a Santa tained in James' narrative. This, compatibilities: Fe Trail Journal. She came across even to the extent that Drouillard First, it is inconsistent with the the reference related to Pryor, did not heed Jam es' warning that 1923 Oregon Law which desig­ while researching collateral mate­ the Indians were in the area and nates the Turn-Around at Seaside, rial in: General Thomas James, that it would be dangerous for him Oregon as the official western end Three Years Among the Indians to visit his beaver trap line. and Mexicans, Printed at the of the Lewis and Clark Trail. The Students of the Lewis and Clark Seaside Turn-Around is some ten Office of the "War Eagle", Water­ loo, Illinois, 1846.1 Expedition are familiar with the miles from the mouth of the Expedition's Sergeant Nathaniel Columbia River. General2 Thomas James (1782- Pryor's post-expedition activities And second, by using the phrase 1847) pioneered on two widely sep­ - his military assignment, in "in Oregon", Public Law 95-625 arate frontiers. He was a member 1807, as Ensign Pryor to command disregards the fact that the Expe­ of the St. Louis Missouri Fur Com­ the escort party of about forty dition spent its first three weeks at pany and was engaged in that United States troops to return Jefferson's designation, "The enterprise's expedition to the head­ Mandan Indian Chief Shehaka to Pacific Coast", on the north side of waters (Three Forks) of the Mis­ the lower Mandan village. (In 1806 the Columbia River's estuary, in souri River in 1809-1810. Later in The Indian chief, his wife, and son, what is now the state of Washing­ 1821-1823, he was a trader with the accompanied Lewis and Clark ton. Santa Fe and Comanche Indians from the Mandan country to St. and traveled the route of the old Louis, and eventually to Washing­ To correct this oversight, the Santa Fe Trail from St. Louis to ton for a visit with President J ef­ National Park Service's Lewis and Santa Fe. A descriptive writer ferson.) Pryor's party, on the way, Clark National Historic Trail about what he saw and where he met the Arikara Indians who at­ Advisory Council22 recommended traveled, his narratives about the tacked, killed ten of the soldiers, unanimously in 1981, "That the west occasionally refer to the Lew­ and forced the party to return to National Park Service take the is and Clark Expedition and those St. Louis without accomplishing proper steps to have the National men of the 1804-1806 exploration their mission.s Trails System Act amended to that returned to the west with the state that the western terminus of fur trade entrepreneurs. Many of Pryor's military and civilian career the Lewis and Clark Trail be: ' ... James' experiences were exciting involved both triumph and misfor­ the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of episodes and his recital, and per­ tune. His business venture with a the Columbia River' " - thus delet­ haps embellishment, of them pro­ trading post near Galena, Illinois, ing the words "in Oregon". This vide vivid and detailed writings. was destroyed during an 1812 at­ has not been done to date. tack by Winnebago Indians. He re­ In the volume referred to we find joined the army in 1813 and served 22. The "Advisory Council" is sponsored by graphic references to Expedition as a Captain under Andrew Jack­ the National Park Service and is made up of son at New Orleans in 1814. Re­ lay individuals from the eleven Trail States, member John Colter's 1808 en­ who are interested in the history and heritage counter and often recounted run turning to the Indian trade, he of the Expedition and the preservation of the from the Blackfeet Indians near married an Osage woman and Trail. Members of the Council are recom· the Three Forks of the Missouri from 1820 lived with that tribe in mended by Trail State governors, and their Oklahoma Indian Country. appointment is confirmed by the Secretary of River. Both James and Colter were the Interior. When funding permits the Coun­ together as members of the When Jean Hamilton was reading cil meets with NPS personnel at some loca· 1809-1810 Missouri Fur Company's tion on the Trail. The most recent meeting General James' narrative, par­ was held in Great Falls, Montana, in 1984. expedition to establish a trading ticularly about his adventures as a Foundation Past President Irving W. Ander­ post at the location where the Gal­ trader with the Indians, and his son, Portland, Oregon, is presently serving as latin, Madison, and Jefferson Riv- travels as one of the first Ameri­ Chairman of the Council. cans to traverse and describe the southwestern area between St. 1. Reprint editions: Missouri Historical Society, 1916; and The Citadel Press, N.Y., Louis and Santa Fe, she came up­ 1966. on an entry in James' narrative 2. Regarding the title "General": In 1815 telling of his encounter with Pryor James settled in Harrisonville, Monroe in August 1821. James and his par­ County, Illinois. (The community was ty were trading with the Osage washed away during a flood of the Mississip­ pi River in 1840.) In 1825, having the confi­ (continued on page 14) dence and respect of his neighbors, they elected him to the Illinois State Legislature, 3. Students of the Lewis and Clark saga will and in the same year he was elected General recall that the Expedition's George Shannon of the Second Brigade, First Division of the was a member of Pryor's party, and received Illinois Militia. He retained and used the title a severe leg wound that later necessitated the of "General" throughout the remainder of his amputation of his leg. See WPO, Vol. 8, No. life. 3, pp. 10·15.

We Proceeded On, August 1986 -13- Indians near the junction of the Ci­ A NEW SUPPLEMENTARY PUBLICATION; marron and Arkansas Rivers. He describes his meeting with Pryor, WPO PUBLICATION NO. 2A and from what he writes, it would Call Him a Good Old Dog, appear that Pryor, during the time But Don't Call Him Scannon they were together, related his dis­ pleasure with the United States By Donald Jackson government. He must have told Attractively reprinted from the August 1985 issue of We Pro­ James about his feelings regarding ceeded On, this Supplementary Publication features historian his military career and a claim he Donald Jackson's investigation relating to the name of the was pursuing which involved his Expedition's Newfoundland dog "Scannon". While researching loss of the trading post and its contents in 1812 due to the mili­ geographical names associated with the Lewis and Clark Ex­ tary's failure to warn of an attack pedition, Jackson's "detective" work discovered that a beauti­ by Chief Tecumseh and the Winne­ ful stream in west-central Montana was documented by the bagoes.4 James writes about his journalists, and on one of Clark's sketch maps, as "Seamans meeting with Pryor as follows: Creek", and was probably named after the dog. Donald Jack­ [James had sent three of his son's monograph (which includes reproductions of the journal­ men to an Osage Indian village ist's handwriting, maps, and illustrations of present-day Mon­ for the purpose of establishing ture Creek) provides evidence that earlier historians misin­ trade.] terpreted the Captains' and Sergeant Ordway's journal hand­ writing and applied the nomenclature "Scannon" for the dog. "In five or six days these men returned to me with forty This is a companion publication to WPO, Publication No. 2, Osages and a Capt. Pryor, for­ published in 1977, and titled "Our Dog Scannon - Partner in merly of the United States Discovery", by historian Ernest S. Osgood. Lewis and Clark Army, I mentioned him in the enthusiasts will want this new supplementary publication, and first chapter as the commander _ if they do not already have the Osgood publication, will wel­ of the escort of the Mandan come this opportunity to acquire both publications at the spe­ Chief Shehaka. He was a Ser­ geant in the Lewis and Clark's cial two-publication price noted here: Expedition and a Captain at the WPO, Pub. No. 2 and No. 2A (both reprints) $2.50 Battle of New Orleans. On the reduction of the army after the When purchased separately: war, he was discharged to make WPO, Pub. No. 2 (the Osgood reprint) .75 way for some parlor soldier and WPO, Pub. No. 2A (the Jackson reprint) $2.00 sunshine patriot, and turned out in his old age upon the 'world's Prices include postage and handling. Direct your order and wide common'. I found him here make checks payable to WPO Publications: 5054 S.W. 26th among the Osage, with whom Place, Portland, OR 97201 he had taken refuge from his country's ingratitude, and was living as one of their tribe, where he may yet be unless death has discharged the debt his country owed him."

4. For additional information concerning Pryor's grievances, see: Donald Jackson (Edi­ tor), Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ tion with Related Documents, 1783-1854, pp. 640-643.

Apocrypha (continued from page 6) If You Are A Collector of Lewis and Clark Literature You Will Wish to Add a Copy of the Foundation's trived by Grace Raymond Hebard Supplementary Publication in her volume, Sacajawea, A Guide and Interpreter of the Lewis and WPO PUBLICA'.l'ION NO. 6 Clark Expedition. . .. published by "CONTRIBUTIONS OF PHILADELPHIA TO LEWIS AND CLARK HISTORY" Arthur H. Clark Co., 1932, and By Paul Russell Cutright, 52 pages, illustrations enlarged upon by a continuing pa­ Dr. Cutright provides in his "Prelude" all of Captain Meriwether rade of other authors. Admittedly, Lewis's activities in the Philadelphia area while the Expedition was real life, factual events and deeds, being organized and supplied in 1803. Of equal interest is the post-ex­ when interwoven with fictional ac­ pedition business, revealed in his "Postlude", which describes the vis­ counts produce realistic, fascinat­ its of both Captain Lewis and Captain Clark to Philadelphia during ing stories. But the sad effect of the years 1807-1814. Litterateur Nicholas Biddle's contribution toward creating false impressions in the seeing to the editing and first publication of the Captains' journals is minds of readers, especially Ameri­ included in Dr. Cutright's fine monograph. ca's youth, is that such beliefs will be almost impossible to overturn, Order from: WPO Publications, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR even after later exposure to the 97201. Enclose $4.00 to cover publication costs and postage. truth. -14- We Proceeded On, August 1986 A Visit to a Military The Military History Institute col­ Branch, to be most knowledgeable Library, Carlisle, PA lects, preserves and provides for about the Lewis and Clark epic researchers source materials of and its relationship to our nation's By Harold B. Billian1 American military history. The Re­ history. He was a gracious guide search Collection holds more than in my study of the Lewis and Foundation President Ed Wang's a million catalogued items relating Clark material in the library. If "President's Message" in the re­ to military history brought togeth­ you are in the area and plan on a cent March issue of We Proceeded er from the holdings of The United visit to the Institute's Library a On told of his visit to a naval base States War College, The National letter or phone call would be ad­ library on the Hawaiian Island of War College and the General Staff visable (phone 717-245-3611). A Oahu. He indicated his disappoint­ College. New material is being visit would be worthwhile for any­ ment that among all of the books added constantly. one "exploring" the "Eastern Por­ in that military library he found tion of the Expedition's Trail". only one2 relating to the Lewis and Lewis and Clark students and en­ Clark Expedition (a military enter­ thusiasts who visit the Institute 5. For a listing of the books in the Carlisle prise). I'm pleased to report that I Institute's Library, send a stamped, self ad· found a different situation when I will find Mr. John J. Slonaker, dressed, size 10 envelope to Harold B. Billi· visited the library at the Military Chief of the Historical Reference an, 1246 Page Terrace, Villanova, PA 19085. History Institute at the Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, A Notebook Sketch Among the Lewis & Clark Papers home of the United States Army War College. Because of the Carlisle military es­ tablishment's involvement3 with the pre-Pittsburgh phase of the "Eastern Portion of the Expedition Trail", I began my 1985 retrace of the eastern segment of the Trail4 with a visit to the Carlisle Bar· racks and was most pleased with what I discovered. Additional knowledge relating to the recruit­ ing of men to join Captain Lewis in Pittsburgh by Lieutenant Hooke was scarce. There is, however, in the library at the Institute, a fine collection of over twenty of the best references relating to the Ex­ pedition, including the multi­ volume Thwaites' and Coues' works, and other important mate­ rial. In the library's rare book room are copies of the 1811 Biddle edition (with the maps) and an 1808 edition of Sergeant Patrick Gass' Journal (the McKeehan par­ aphrase). In the periodical sec­ Reproduced with permission from the Joint Collection, Western Historical Manuscript Collection and State His· tion, I found material related to torical Society of Missouri Manuscripts, Ellis Library, University of Missouri, Columbia. the Expedition and papers about the Expedition written by War In 1960, when historian Donald Jackson was researching at the University of Missouri Library, he noted the above pen and ink sketch on the back College attendees. I would be 1 pleased to provide WPO readers cover of the Meriwether Lewis Astronomical Notebook. Later in 1980, he with a complete listing of Lewis had a copy made for possible use at some future time. and Clark books in the lnstitute's Recently Dr. Jackson has sent along the copy of the sketch with the sug­ library.5 gestion that it would be of interest to the editor and to We Proceeded On readers. In his transmittal letter he commented: 1. Foundation Director Billian resides in Vil· lanova,PA. "This is a copy of the pen and ink sketch which appears on the back cover 2. Gerald S. Snyder, In the Footsteps of Lew­ of an astronomical notebook carried to the Pacific by Lewis and Clark. I do is and Clark, National Geographic Society, not speculate about the origin of the drawing which, depicting the Zife of Washington, D.C., 1970. country gentlemen in perhaps Virginia or Kentucky, might well have been 3. See: Donald Jackson (Editor), Letters of made by either of the explorers. The original is in the Western Historical the Lewis and Clark, Expedition with Relat· Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri. ed Documents, 1783-1854, Univ. of Illinois Press, 1962, Second Edition 1978, Letter 59, "I have a vague recollection of seeing the drawing reproduced in the quar­ pp. 101-102; Letter 75, p. 112; Letter 84, pp. terly of the Missouri State Historical Society, Columbia, some years ago. I 119-120. believe it appeared without comment, and with nothing to indicate its 4. In July-August 1985, "Hal" Billian set out connection with Lewis and Clark." on his tour to visit as many eastern locales as possible, which relate to the Expedition, We are indebted to Don Jackson for his comments and for his sharing this as he traveled to the Foundation's 17th An· unique pen and ink sketch with us. nual Meeting in St. Louis. Additional reports and observations, similar to this one, may 1. Not to be confused with Codex "O", Original Manuscript Journals at the American Philoso· appear in forthcoming issues of WPO. phical Society, Philadelphia.

We Proceeded On, August 1986 -15- Lewis and Clark in New England (Memorabilia at the Peabody Museum, Boston Atheneum, and the Beinecke Library) By Walter Marxi

By some standards the Lewis and Clark Expedition . exploring enterprise. With Lewis's death in 1809 and ended on September 23, 1806, when the Corps of Dis­ Barton's death in 1815, the natural history volume covery landed their vessels at St. Louis, for them, a was never produced. Two of Peale's drawings, howev­ veritable mecca of civilization after their two years, er, are extant and are in the collections of the Ameri­ four months and 10 days in the western wilderness. can Philosophical Society located adjacent to Yet, the Corps' members had many years of life before Independence Hall in Philadelphia. By happy coinci­ them, and items collected during the Expedition would dence one of these drawings is of the Lewis wood­ require time to reach their ultimate places of safe keep­ pecker (see illustration A) most probably made from ing. Following the return of the Expedition only Ser­ the specimen now preserved at the Harvard Museum geant John Ordway returned briefly to his New Hamp­ of Comparative Zoology.5 shire home prior to returning in 1809 to Missouri and the life of a farmer.2 If other members of the exploring The ornithological specimens in the Peale collection party never reached New England, many things remained together, despite the institution's odyssey brought back by the Expedition reside in the northeast about downtown Philadelphia, until its final dissolu­ or New England. The key lies in the fact that in that tion in 1850, when the entire natural history collection part of the United States, at the time of the explorers' was purchased and divided between the renowned P . return, there were long-standing institutions with T. Barnum for his New York Museum and Moses Kim­ facilities to house such artifacts and memorabilia. ball for his Boston Museum. Barnum's entire part of the collection was destroyed by a fire on July 13, 1865. The 1982 14th Annual meeting in Philadelphia - the Kimball's collection occupied a Corinthian-columned Foundation's first such event in the east - magnifi­ building on Tremont Street in downtown Boston fac­ cently proved to all why the "City of Brotherly Love" ing the Old Granary Burying Ground in sight of the should attract people interested in the Lewis and Common.6 Despite a fire in May 1899 in the Boston Clark Expedition, not only out of historical piety, but Museum, little damage was done to the exhibit halls, also because of the multitude of Expedition memora­ but consequent remodeling doomed the exhibits. bilia preserved there. Paul R. Cutright's monograph3 distributed at the meeting continues to reinforce the Still intact and supplementing a small gift in 1893, theme (especially in Part III titled: "Locations in Phil­ Peale's bird collection was given to the Boston Society adelphia of Lewis and Clark Related Material") but of Natural History (later to evolve into the present his final page invitingly shifts the scene to Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology, in 5. Cutright, op. cit., illustrations pp. 19, 42. Cambridge, north of Harvard Yard. 6. For the earliest history of the collection see: Proceedings of the Bos· ton Society of Natural History, XXVI, (1894) pp. 275-276. The bird skin of a Lewis woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewis), illustrated on that last page, was in all probability brought back by Lewis in late 1806 to the artist Charles Willson Peale for study and preserva­ tion. Items sent back from the Mandan (North Dako­ ta) country in April 1805 went directly to Jefferson at Monticello. Peale stuffed and labeled the skin at his museum,4 first publicly located in 1784 in the (upper floor) Long Room of Independence Hall (the room where the National Parks Service hosted 14th Annual Meeting attendees so fittingly in 1982). The purpose of all this was to preserve the specimen so that Peale would be able to render the best possible illustration. Peale was to provide the illustrations of new animals, birds, and other natural history objects seen and collected by the explorers for a companion volume to be edited by the Philadelphia botanist, B. S. Barton, which would accompany Nicholas Biddle's two vol­ ume paraphrase of the Captains' accounts of the

1. Editor's note: Foundation member Walter H. Marx, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, is an educator/classicist headquartered in Boston. After reading the Foundation's 52 page Supplementary Publication (WPO, Publication No. 6), Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History, by Paul R. Cutright, he decided to locate and find out more about the Lewis and Clark artifacts and memorabilia that are in safekeeping in historical institutions in New England. The mono­ graph beginning on this and continuing on the following pages is Walter's report from Boston. 2. Charles G. Clark, The Men of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, The Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, California, 1970, pp. 37-72.

3. Cutright, op. cit. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 4. See: Charles C. Seller's Mr. Peale's Museum, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1980. Illustration A -16- We Proceeded On, August 1986 Museum of Science). The collection occupied one of There matters stand birdwise to the present day: the their exhibit rooms on Berkeley in Boston's Back Bay Asyndesmus lewis specimen in solitary splendor (MCZ section. In February 1900, a dealer in natural history .No. 67855 and Peale Museum No. 2020) and the Peale specimens, C. J. Maynard, acquired this mounted bird drawing, also advocated by Witmer Stone, almost a collection. The Peale/ Boston Museum's labels were century go, as Lewis's original specimen and the only still intact. Maynard then carried on correspondence one still left. with Witmer Stone, Curator of Birds at Philadelphia's Upon its dissolution, the Boston Museum gave directly Academy of Natural Sciences,7 and then exhibited them in his barn in Newtonville, a few miles outside of to Harvard its valuable ethnological collections. C. H. 8 Willoughby, American Indian expert and later director Boston. When this collection was reclaimed by the of Harvard's Peabody Museum, and in 1905 its first Boston Society for Natural History a few years later, reporter,11 felt that three other items in the Peabody the birds were wrenched from their mounting and holdings related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. stands, and all labels were removed and placed in an The artifacts had reached Cambridge from William envelope that shortly disappeared. In 1914, Harvard's Clark's St. Louis Museum,12 and consisted of two Chi­ Peabody Museum received the collection in its nadir. nook Indian cradles and a wooden splitting wedge. Almost immediately zoologist Walter Faxon, after Many of the items in Clark's Museum arrived in St. conversation with Maynard, definitively reported on Louis with Clark when the Expedition returned in Sep­ 53 of the 243 birds in the old Peale/ Boston Museum tember 1806. Other items may have traveled via the collection,9 and reported only one specimen to be con­ keelboat when it departed Fort Mandan on April 7, nected to the Lewis and Clark Expedition (see 1805, in charge of Corporal Warfington , for the illustration B). Yet Faxon felt inclined to assign his downstream journey to St. Louis.13 It is also possible choice of 53 (more than %) of the old Peale collection that some of Clark's artifacts may have first arrived as the very models or types for some of artist Titian in the famed back room of Peale's Museum. Wil­ Peale's extant drawings, or for artist Alexander loughby acknowledged as being present at Peabody Wilson's American Orthinology (1808-1814). Wilson the following: two Sioux Indian ravenskin badges of produced 71 illustrations of birds from the Peale collec­ office with Peale labels still extant. (No. 53049-51); a tion for the 1825-1833 revised and supplemental edi­ Sauk Indian otterskin medicine bag (No. 53502): the tion of American Ornithology prepared by Charles L. renowned painted Mandan Indian buffalo robe (with­ Bonaparte.10 out Peale's label), but tallying to the journal catalogue that accompanied it to Jefferson at Monticello (No. 7. See: Paul R. Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists, 53121, Illustration C); and two Cree Indian womens' Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1969, pp. 390-392. dresses (Nos. 53046-70). All of the above Willoughby 8. See the brief account in the Boston Evening Transcript, April 13, pictured in his 1905 catalogue of items, which he titled: 1901. "A Few Ethnological Specimens". Since 1905, the list 9. "The Relics of Peale's Museum", in the Bulletin of the Museum of has fortunately grown. Comparative Zoology in Harvard University, LIX (1915), No. 3, Cam­ bridge, pp. 119-148. In the most recent report of Peabody holdings,1 4 J.P. 10. The plates from this publication were recently reprinted (paper­ Brain, a later curator, more fully documents all of the bound) by Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Chinook Indian items from Clark's St. Louis Museum, and adds to Willoughby's "few specimens" an elkhorn bow backed with sinew (No. 52946) from the Crow Indians (despite Lewis and Clark's crediting the item to the Mandans). Brain cautiously adds 13 Calumets (or pipes) used for ceremonies by the Mandans (Nos. 53099-100) and the Sioux, Winnabago, Fox, Saux, and Iowa Indians (Nos. 53105-6, 53109-12, and 53115). There is no mention of many of these items in the explores' journals, and it is of interest that the Pea­ body accession catalogue shows their source as from the Boston Museum, and the latter institution does not attribute the pipes or calumets to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. (continued on page 18)

11. "A Few Ethnological Specimens Collected by Lewis & Clark", in American Anthropologist, VII, No. 4, (1905), pp. 633-641. 12. See: J . C. Ewers', "Clark's Indian Museum", in A Cabinet of Curi­ osities, 1907. 13. See: Reuben G. Thwaites, (Editor), Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804·1806, Dodd, Mead, & Co., N.Y., 1904-1905, Eight Volumes. Reprint Editions: Antiquarian Press, N.Y., 1959; Amo Press, N.Y., 1969. Clark itemized the items packed at Fort Mandan, for return to St. Louis on the keelboat, see his entry for April 3, 1805, I: 280-282. Lewis's journal for April 7, 1805, reports on the departure of the keel­ boat ("barge") to St. Louis. See also: Bernard De Voto (Editor), Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Houghton, Mifflin, Boston, 1953 (a condensation of the Thwaites Edition, op. cit.), "Appendix III", pp. 493-494; pp. 91-92, and fn. 2, p. 91. 14. "The Lewis & Clark Expedition", in Symbols (a publication of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Peabody Museum & Department of Anthropology at Harvard Univer­ Illustration B sity), Winter, 1981, pp. 6-8. We Proceeded On, August 1986 -17- From the Chinook Indians of the Pacific Northwest, journey (No. BA-48G5.1)15, and was probably made Lewis and Clark acquired a second group of specimens during the winter, 1805-1806, at Fort Clatsop, and in 1806. These items reside at Peabody and are there is a reference to this in both Captains' journals described as: a woven skirt made of shredded cedar for February 14, 1806.16 The manuscript original bark (No. 52990); a woman's hat of basketry (No. appears to have been lost, and the Boston Atheneum 53080, Illustration D); and a twined woven basket (No. copy, ordered by Jefferson, must have been made by 53160) credited to the Wasco or Pishquitpah Indians the cartographer Nicholas King in early 1807. There is who resided on the south (Oregon) side of the Colum­ mention of this map in Lewis' September 23rd 1806 let­ bia River. With the above listings the records of items ter, to Jefferson, written from St. Louis. The fact that held by the Peabody Museum ends, as it did with the Lewis stated that he was unwilling to entrust the map bird or ornithological specimens, but in Brain's hear­ to the mails would indicate that he carried the map tening comment: "The items discussed above probably and delivered it to Jefferson in person,17 and that Jef­ are not a complete list of the Lewis and Clark speci­ ferson, having the advanced notice of the map, had mens which presently reside within our walls. already decided to have the map copied by King. 1s An Undoubtedly, there are others which came to us added feature of the map is that dominant bodies of through so many hands that authentication of pedi­ water ·are tinted blue, and some Indian tribal names gree is too tenuous to affirm on the basis of present are lettered in red. evidence." How this treasure got from Washington to Boston, All of this was easily seen in Room 15 of the Peabody where it appeared in 1866, is not known. The Acces­ Museum, in the Hall of the American Indian, until sion Book of the Boston Atheneum would probably massive renovation work began there a few years ago. have it among several maps purchased from Leonard If enough funding accumulates to complete the remod­ eling, the Hall will be open to visitors sometime in 1987. 15. For a reproduction and description of this map see: Gary E. Moulton (Editor) Atlas of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, -2- University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Map No. 123. Moulton describes this map in some detail in: "Another Look at William Clark's Map of 1805" , in We Proceeded On, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 21 (bottom of Column 2, Column 3). and p. 22 (part of Column 1). Across the Charles River from Cambridge, on Boston's Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Transmississippi West. The Institute of Beacon Hill, is located the Boston Atheneum, a private Historical Carthography, San Francisco, 1957-1963, Six Volumes, Vol. library founded in 1849. Many treasures are preserved II (1958), pp. 43-44; 208; Map Reproduction No. 284, following, p. 50. in this institution's collections. Among these is a map 16. Thwaites, op. cit., IV:68. 37% X 26112 inches, mounted on line, in 24 sections, 17. Donald Jackson (Editor), Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ that was not published until after the Expedition's tion, with Related Documents, 1783-1954, University of Illinois Press, return in 1806. This cartography is a copy of a manu­ Urbana, (2nd edition, two volumes) 1978, Vol. I, pp. 322-323. script original by Clark and reveals the Lewis and 18. See: Moulton, op. cit., We Proceeded On, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 21, column Clark Expedition's route for the 1804-1805 outbound 3. Peabody Museum Item No. 53121 Peabody Museum Item No. 53080

Peabody Museum Harvard University - Photographs by Hillel Burger

Illustration D. A woman's basketry hat collected by Lewis fllustration C. Indian Buffalo Robe with numerous painted and Clark in December 1805 or January 1806 at some locale designs. Its length is 84 inches. Lewis and Clark collected near the mouth of the Columbia River or at Fort Clatsop. this item during the winter 1804-1805 while in the Mandan The Peabody Museum catalog listing applies the nomencla­ country. Returned to St. Louis via Corporal Warfington and ture "Dome- Topped Hat" and indicates that these hats the keelboat in April 1805, it came to the Peabody Museum probably originated on present-day Vanocuver Island, Brit­ by way of Peale's Museum in Philadelphia. ish Columbia.

-18- We Proceeded On, August 1986 & Co. of New York, but there are indications that this for the "Atlas Volume" (Vol. 8) of his eight volume was not so. An educated guess is that it came north work. with some of the papers of Thomas Jefferson, shortly after the sale of Monticello. For Ellen Randolph, The story of how these priceless maps eventually Jefferson's arrived for safe keeping at Yale's Beinecke Library is granddaughter, grew up at Monticello and interesting and involved. When Mrs. Voorhis died, the in 1825 married Joseph Coolidge of Boston. If Ellen Randolph Coolidge brought the map with other papers provision of her will directed that the journals, letters to Boston, and her son in 1898 turned the papers over and other documents were to go to the Missouri Histor­ 1 ical Society, St. Louis, and they reside at that institu­ to the Massachusetts Historical Society, 9 he could tion today. The valuable collection of Clark's maps, have possibly given the map, at the earlier date, 1866, surprisingly, were willed to Mrs. Voorhis' attorney. On to the Boston Atheneum. The map has been given the his death they passed to his wife, and soon after she title: "Lewis and Clark's Map of 1806". offered them for sale. The Library of Congress was one of the bidders, but the Old Print Shop, in New York -3- City made the best offer. In turn, that enterprise sold the collection to Edward Eberstadt & Sons, a Our quest now takes us from the area of Harvard to its well-known bookseller and dealer in Western America­ traditional football rival Yale, in New Haven, na, who in turn sold the map collection to the collector, Connecticut. In Yale University's Beinecke Library (in William Robertson Coe. In 1951 Coe presented the the William Coe Collection) are the collection of unique and priceless collection to Yale University.20 Clark's 60-plus manuscript route or sketch maps. Lewis and Clark students and enthusiasts are familiar These maps together with a great wealth of Clark with the maps which range from single eight-inch papers including: correspondence, journals, field notes, square sheets to attached irregularly-shaped letter weather records, drawings, an Orderly Book, and a sheets forming charts often eight feet long. They por­ wealth of other material, were discovered in August tray the outbound 1804-1805 journey and the return 1903 by Reuben G. Thwaites, as he was editing and journey in 1806, and indicate the location of campsites preparing the eight volume edition of the Original along with historically valuable marginal annota­ Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, tions. 1804-1806, for publication by Dodd, mead, & Co. New York, 1904-1905. Thwaites found the above in the pos­ Renewed interest in these cartographic treasures has session come about with the publication in 1983 of the fine of Clark's granddaughter Julia Clark Voorhis Atlas Volume (Volume One) of the new edition of the of New York City. After considerable negotiation Journals of Lewis and Clark edited by Gary E. Moul­ Thwaites' publisher was able to arrange for Thwaites' ton, and being published by the University of Nebras­ use of this material for his editorial work.20 Thwaites, ka Press, Lincoln. 21 in the "Introduction" to his Volume One, pages li-liii, provides the details of his discovery and contact with Thus, Lewis and Clark and a part of the Expedition's the Voorhis family, and comments that the "The Voor­ collected items are "alive and well" in New England - his collection of Lewis and Clark material is of surpris­ a place rightly construed as distant turf for them. Yet ing richness ...", and included a listing of the written America's destiny, like Canada's motto, should be ab manuscript materials and states that the maps, he mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea"). After the considered to be "most important". (see also his renovated American Indian Hall at Harvard's Pea­ "Newly Discovered Personal Records of Lewis and body Museum opens again in the near future, Lewis Clark", Scribner's Magazine, June, 1904.) Thwaites and Clark enthusiasts may come to New England and reproduced the maps from this collection by the best (with the guide provided above) may see the extent of known photographic process at the time (1904-1905) the Lewis and Clark memorabilia that has found safe­ keeping and a final resting place at Harvard's 19. Some of the drawings from these Jefferson papers have been Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard's Peabody reproduced and published by the Massachusetts Historical Society in Museum, the Boston Atheneum, and Yale's Reinecke their Picture Book series, as Thomas Jefferson's Architectural Draw· ings, with commentary and a check list by F. D. Nichols, Third Edi· Library. tion, 1961. 21. See; "The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Beginning 20. Paul R. Cutright, A History of the Lewis and Clark Journals, Uni· Again", by Gary E. Moulton, in We Proceeded On, Vol. 6, No. 4 versity of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976, pp. 124-126. (November 1980), pp. 14-16.

J. · ~.

The Editor and the Foundation's Publications Committee welcome manuscripts dealing with the many aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for publication in We Proceeded On. Manuscripts (typewritten-double spaced) may be forwarded to the Editor or to any member of the Publications Committee (addresses are listed in the Publisher's Plate on page 2). As a non-profit entity, neither the Foundation nor We Proceeded On is in a position to offer honorariu~s for published manuscripts. Contributors will receive ten copies of the issue in which their article is published.

We Proceeded On, August 1986 -19- Lewis & Clark and the Filson Club - Louisville, Kentucky By Bill Sherman1

Several years ago, while tracking down family roots in Kentucky, I discovered, and joined, the Filson Club in Louisville, Kentucky. For 102 years, the Filson Club has been searching out Kentucky and Kentucky related histories and rec­ ords, cataloging and preserving them. Gradually, over the years, urban renewal clearance left the original mansion that housed their collec­ tions, standing in an isolated, de­ pressed area. To meet needs for space, location, modernization, etc., the club members initiated a major fund drive and they have just completed a move to their new headquarters in a beautifully re­ stored and prestigious mansion at 1310 South Third Street (Zip 40208) in an historic old Louisville neigh­ borhood. The Beaux Arts-style mansion was constructed in 1905 and originally belonged to the in­ dustrialist Edwin Hite Ferguson (see illustration). With our Foundation interests in mind, I had asked Director James R. Bentley for a guide to Lewis and Clark related materials in their col­ lections. What follows has been extracted from a friendly letter re­ ceived from Frederick W. Bell, Fil­ son Club, Museum Project Direc­ tor. Truly a Historical Society, the Fil­ son Club is proud of its depart­ early settlers in Jefferson County, ily, these journals provide brief ref­ ments and programs which in­ Kentucky, the Filson Club has erences and comments regarding clude: a research library with over maintained a long and strong in­ the Lewis and Clark Expedition's terest in William, George Rogers, departure from Louisville on Octo­ 50,000 volumes specializing in ber 26,1803, and the exploring par­ Kentucky history and genealogy; and all other members of the Clark ty's return, (September 23, 1806, at the Manuscript Department con­ family. Some of this material in­ St. Louis) and because of the time re­ taining over one million items; a cludes: quired for news of their return to museum of Kentucky art and arti­ The Horn of a Rocky Mountain Big­ travel, not noted in a journal entry facts; the Filson Club Quarterly, a horn Sheep: one of the rare natural until November 5, 1806. scholarly journal currently in its artifacts collected during the Lewis 60th year of publication; the oldest and Clark Expedition, this horn was First Edition Publications (related lecture series in the state; and a given by William Clark to his sister to the Lewis and Clark Expedition): Fanny Thruston following his the library owns most of the first newly formed Department of Pho­ edition copies of publications related tographs and Prints. The Filson return. This item is on permanent display in the Museum. to the Expedition - and these Club has a membership of over include The (1814) Biddle/ Allen nar­ 3,200, both local and nation-wide, The 1794 Journal of Lt. William rative based on the original manu­ and the headquarters (mansion) Clark: a day-by-day account docu­ script journals, and the (1807) pa­ building is open (admission free) to mentation by William Clark during raphrastic (McKeehan) version of the public for research and visits the 1794 Indian campaign of Gener­ Sergeant Patrick Gass's journal. al Anthony Wayne. It details (9:00 AM to 5:00 PM Mondays William Clark Portrait; a handsome through Fridays, and 9:00 AM to Clark's army life and his participa­ tion in the "Battle of Fallen oil portrait of William Clark painted noon on Saturdays). Timbers''. in 1819 by Joseph Bush. The por­ trait is on permanent display in the Because the family of John and Jonathon Clark's Journal: a record Filson Club Museum (see illus­ Ann Rogers Clark were important of the daily activities of General Jo­ tration). 1. Editor's note: William P. "Bill" Sherman, nathon Clark, William Clark's elder Portland, Oregon is a past president brother, kept from 1770 to 1811. A Rogers Clark Thruston, a descend­ (1984-1985) of the Foundation. fascinating record of the Clark Fam- ant of William Clark's sister Fran- -20- We Proceeded On, August 1986 William Clark, by Joseph Bush, 1819 Meriwether Lewis's Letter To President Jefferson About William Clark The concluding paragraph of Capt. Wm. Clark on this expedition I Meriwether Lewis's September 23, 1806, cannot say too much, if sir, any credit letter to his President, announcing the be due to the success of the arduous en­ return of the Expedition to St. Louis, terprize in which we have been engaged reveals this tribute to William Clark: he is equally with myself entitled to the consideration of yourself and that of our "With respect to the exertions and serv­ common rountry." (From original mau­ ices rendered by this estimable man script in the journals - Codex S.)

L. and C. Activity at Long Beach, Washington

Filson Club photograph ces Clark Thruston, served for many years as the President of the Filson Club. Because of his long in­ terest in his family history, Mr. Thruston accumulated a compre­ hensive study of the genealogy of the Clark family. His extensive notes and genealogical informa­ tion are available to researchers. Any Lewis and Clark student or enthusiast having the good fortune to be in Louisville, will enjoy a vis­ it to this fine historical institution and to the beautifully restored mansion that serves as its new home.

Back-issues of We Proceeded On are available for purchase. Some early issues are paper plate, photo-offset reproduc­ tions of the original publica­ tions and the quality of the il- 1us tr at ion s are s lightly depreciated. Present day print­ ing and mailing costs require that back-issues be supplied at Photograph by Roy Craft's camera. $2.00 each to Foundation members, and at $2.50 each to Long Beach, Washington's little Lewis and Clark Memorial Park is under­ non-members. You may request going extensive renovation. Completed and in place are the wooden statues a copy of a "WPO Feature Story of the Expedition's Captains. Carved with a chainsaw by local cra~sman Prospectus", which lists the Fred Baro, the work has been fabricated from a double spruce tree (two tree titles, etc., of feature stories trunks growing from a single base). Additional development of the park that have appeared in We Pro­ will include a wall containing natural or fabricated stones from along the ceeded On and in WPO Supple­ route of the explorers from Illinois to Long Beach. The interpretive sign mentary Publications. A raca­ which stood for many years at this same site (said to be near the place pitulation of book reviews that where William Clark carved his name on a tree in 1805) is to be reinstalled have been published in We Pro­ (see Figure 3. page 9). ceeded On is also included in The Washington State [Governor's] Lewis & Clark Trail Committee held its this prospectus. recent quarterly meeting at Long Beach on July 12, 1986. Members of the Address requests for specific committee and their guests assembled in the park for the above photo­ back-issues, or for the "WPO graph. At left of statue, from left: Ken Heckard, Long Beach; Jim Meredith, Feature Story Prospectus" to: Roche Harbor; Jack Ritter, Vancouver; Don Holm, Port Townsend; Vi For­ 5054 S. W. 26th Place, Portland, rest, Walla Walla; and Martin Plamondon, Vancouver. At right of statue OR 97201. Remittances should first row: Laura Krieg, Skamania; Gracie Craft, Stevenson; Jackie Rudeen, be made payable to the Founda­ Olympia; Roy Craft, Stevenson; second row: Ralph Rudeen, Olympia; tion. Hazel Bain, Longview; and Esther Snowden, and Marilyn Gudmundson, Grays River; in the rear: Dick Krieg, Skamania. We Proceeded On, August 1986 -21- Montana Chapters Join above. Historian Donald Jackson section). Thwaites in the "Intro­ makes an interesting observation duction" in his Volume One, (lviii­ For Picnic/Field Trip about Majors' monograph. Readers lix) includes several paragraphs This issue's "Recent Meeting" Col­ will note, as did Jackson, that edi­ under a sub-heading "Acknowledge­ umn reports on the anticipated tor Majors in every instance refers men ts" with t he statement; joint picnic and field trip involving to the Indian woman (Sacagawea) "Emma Helen Blair, A.M. editorial the Foundation's Portage Route by the Hidatsa·name Tsakata Mia. assistant . . . . assisted materially Chapter (Great Falls, MT) and the Also in his text, when citing Reu­ upon a majority of the annotations Headwaters Chapter (Bozeman, ben Thwaites (who edited the Orig­ [in the Original Journals . ..]. MT). We can now report that the inal Journals of the Lewis and Copies of the April-May, Volume 7, activity did take place on Satur­ Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 in Nos. 30 and 31, issue of Northwest day, July 12, 1986. Fourteen 1904-1905), Majors uses the abbre­ Discovery are available for $12.00, members of the Headwaters Chap­ viation "ThB" for "Thwaites­ from Northwest Press, 1439 East ter met twenty members of the Blair" (the latter designation ap­ Prospect Street, Seattle, WA 98112. Portage Route Chapter at the pears in his "Source Material" Gates of the Mountains excursion boat dock (16 miles north of Hele­ na) and enjoyed a leisurely two Washington State Memorial to Archie Graber hour cruise through this pictur­ esque segment of the Missouri Riv­ ( er as it makes its way through ' Montana's Big Belt Mountains. Don Nell, president of the Head­ waters Chapter, read excerpts from the Expedition's journals which related to the explorer's travel in this area. Returning from the cruise, participants journeyed to Headwaters State Park at Three Forks where the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Rivers meet to form the Missouri River. In addition to a picnic lunch, interpretive talks con­ notated to the area and to the Lew­ is and Clark's Expedition's activi­ ties in this region.

Updating Lewis & Clark In Recent Periodicals Readers of We Proceeded On will be interested in the April-May 1986, Volume 7, Nos. 30-31, issue of Northwest Discovery - The Journal of Northwest History and Natural History, printed by the Northwest Press, Seattle, Wash­ Photograph by Roy Craft ington. This periodical is edited by Harry M. Majors, and Richard Washington State Lewis and Clark Trail Committee members paid tribute McCollum, consulting editor, and to the late Archie Graber, who served the CSalmon WA, was involved in the brief ceremony. Cape Disappointment, the light­ River I August 30 - September 3, house, and the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center are visible in the upper 1805", is the title of material in­ right hand corner and the north jetty extends westward into the Pacific cluded in the 120 page issue cited Ocean . . -22- We Proceeded On, August 1986 Fifth Year for Cut Bank, Montana's Lewis & Clark Pageant

You just can't keep a good thing Although on occasion the actors do hard work involved with organiza­ from happening again. Since 1984 speak, the oral story is told by nar­ tion, rehearsals, and the final pre· (see WPO, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 16-17) rators Wilbur Werner and Larry sentation. He writes: "We had citizens of Cut Bank, Montana, Epstein, as the performers provide perfect weather, no wind, no rain, have provided an example of a the visual aspects of each historic no noisy trains going by (Cut Bank community activity that has given incident. Director Brown further is on the main Amtrak line of the pleasure and historical interpre· described this aspect of the pag­ Burlington Northern, previously tation to participants as well as to eant by saying: "It's fun and inter­ the Great Northern). I thought that residents of Cut Bank and sur­ esting, watching what everybody's perhaps people would be getting rounding communities. Sponsored doing and all that's going on. No­ tired of these annual performances, by the Glacier County Historical body really has any lines." Some of but each year we can term our ef­ Society, this year's Fifth Annual the actors appear year after year, forts a success, and people come Lewis and Clark Pageant, held on but many are new or are playing a back for another 'helping' of Lewis July 26th, attracted well over 500 different part. and Clark history." people and was termed to be the Best of all it does involve many cit­ "huge success" that it has been in izens in a worthwhile community previous years. Consisting of five Wilbur Werner's enthusiastic letter to the editor describes the fun and project. scenes depicting incidents related to the Expedition, and a cast of more than twenty-five, the produc­ tion was directed by Stan Brown. Cut Bank, Montana, Pageant Participants Joy MacCarter and Wilbur Werner served as co-directors. By the time rehearsals are completed another seventy-five individuals are in­ volved with music, costumes and props, make-up, lighting and sound systems, horse handlers, ushers, etc. Each year additional scenes have been added and this year saw the addition of a scene relating to "An Expedition Court Martial". Other scenes are titled; "Our Dog Scannon [Seaman]"; "The First Fourth of July in Montana"; "The First Meeting with the Shoshone"; "The Reunion of Sacagawea and Cameahwait"; and "The Fight on the Two Medicine River". The lat­ ter subject dealing with Captain Lewis, Drouillard (Drewyer), Jo­ seph and Reuben Field and the skirmish with the Blackfeet Indi· ans only a few miles from present­ day Cut Bank. In 1984 the local historical society and interested individuals called on William Kershner, an assistant professor of drama at the Univer­ sity of Montana, for developing the three scenes for the 1984 produc· tion. In subsequent years Founda­ tion Past President Wilbur Werner, Cutbank, an avid Lewis and Clark enthusiast, has written the script Photograph by Portraits by Bus, Cut Bank, MT for the three additional portrayals, and for a little vignette that has (Left): Foundation Past President Wilbur P. Werner, Cut Bank, Montana, been added where President Thom­ one of the writers and narrators for the six scene, Cut Bank, (fifth annual), as Jefferson appears to wonder Lewis and Clark Pageant (Center): "Captain Benjamin Portage", usually about the whereabouts of the ex­ called "Ben", is owned by Foundation members Bob and Ruth Burns who plorers who were carrying out his operate the Portage Kennels east of Great Falls, Montana (see WPO, Vol. 7, dream of western expansion.1 No. 2, p. 16). Newfoundland "Ben" is familiar with his portrayal of the Ex­ pedition's famous dog, since, in addition to his Cut Bank pageant portray­ al, during the Foundation's Portage Route Chapter's 1984 reenactment of the Expedition's 1805 portage around the series of Missouri River Falls, he 1. Based on an excerpt from Lewis and was an important part of that activity (see WPO, Vol. 10, No. 4, p. 32). Clark: Voyage of Discovery, by Dan Murphy. (Right): James Spotted Eagle, Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Browning, K.C. Publications, Las Vegas, NV, 1977. (See Montana, portrays Sacagawea's brother the Shoshoni Indian Chief Ca­ WPO, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 7.) meahwait. We Proceeded On, August 1986 -23- Marshall J. Johnson riencing and he did indicate that 1946-1986 Foundation Gift he felt that it would be best for Memberships him to relinquish the presidency of Just as this issue of We Proceeded the Idaho Chapter. More distress­ On was about to go to press, a com­ If you have someone on yo~r ing was the word from him that munication from Robert Bivens, gift list who is interested m American history and the work on his full length book must the charter president of the Portage be discontinued, at least for the Route Chapter, Great Falls, Monta­ contribution of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to our na­ present. The book, with a projected na brought the lamentable news tion's westward expansion, a title "Beyond the Barrier", has co~tained in a part of his letter been an on-going "labor of love" that follows: membership in the Founda­ tion, which includes the quar­ for Ottis for the past several years, and will deal with the Lewis and "We deeply regret to have to inf~rm terly issues of We Proceeded the many friends and acquamt­ On, would be an appreciated Clark Expedition's encounter with ances of Marshall Johnson that on gi,ft. the Rocky-Bitteroot Mountains and their time in the region that is July 25, 1986, Mar~hall took his The Foundation has an attrac­ presently the state of Idaho. own life at his home m Great Falls. tive gift membership card Although he appeared to several of which will list you as the Ottis' many friends in Idaho, his friends to be deeply troubled, sponsor of a membership. members of the Washington and the circumstances which led to his Send your gift membership fee Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail tragic and untimely death may Committees (he has attended and together with the name. of ~he never be known. gift recipient and the occas10n represented Idaho's commit~e at several meetings), and nat10n~l "Those of us who were present at (friendship, birthday, gr.adua­ tion or holiday) you wish to Foundation members send their the Foundation's 1984 Annual regards and best wishes for his ad­ Meeting experienced Marshall's hon~r to the Membership sec­ retary whose address appears justment to the misfortune that brilliant organizational abilities has beset him. and his unsurpassed wit and hu­ on page two. mor. The loss of this young human dynamo to our Foundation ~s Recent Meetings: immeasurable. He left a huge void in the Foundation's Portage Route The minutes for the recent July 12, Chapter (of which he was presi­ 1986, meeting of the WASHING­ dent), in the city of Great Falls, TO N STATE [GOVERNOR'S] and in the State of Montana. As LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL manager of the state-wide Red COMMITTEE had not been re­ Cross programs his leadership was ceived as this issue of We Proceed­ widely recognized and appreciated. ed On goes to press. A communica­ His last official act was to hold a News Notes: tion, however, from Roy D. Craft, planned board meeting of the Por­ Stevenson Washington, who has tage Route Chapter at noon on the Idaho Historian Retires served as ~hairman of the commit­ day of his death. In retrospect, to We have word that Dr. Merle W. tee for the past three years, ad­ the board members present, Mar­ Wells, Boise, Idaho, Idaho. Sta~ vises that longtime Lewis and shall appeared to have known Historian, Idaho State Hist.one Clark enthusiast and Washington what was about to happen. Preservation Officer, former Direc­ Committee member Cliff Imsland, "Dr. Marshall J. Johnson was a tor of the Idaho Historical So~i~ty, Seattle Washington, was elected and former Idaho State Archivis.t, chairm~n of the committee. Viola man of action and instant decision. Forrest Walla Walla, Washington, Whenever he considered a course of retired June 30, 1986. Dr. Wells is ' . ' action to be the correct one he al­ a member of th e Idaho [Gover­ will serve as the committee s new ways followed through, and quick­ nor's] Lewis and Clark Trail f!om­ vice chairman. Both Cliff and Vi, ly. It was undoubtedly this charac­ mittee. Members of the committee in addition to being active mem­ teristic which caused him to seek have expressed the hope th~t Dr. bers of the national Foundation, no counsel in his most troubled mo­ Wells will continue to remam .on have attended a majority of Foun­ ment. the committee and take an active dation annual meetings. Addition­ interest in Lewis and Clark mat­ al news related to the July 1986 "May we all remember this most ters. Washington Committee's quarterly special young man for the way he meeting will be found on pp. 21, 22. lit up our lives for a brief time and Misfortune for Ottis Peterson forgive him for denying us the con­ Ottis Peterson, Boise, Idaho, ~res­ tinued pleasure of his presence." ident of the recently org'.lmzed * * * * * * * Idaho Chapter of the Lewis '.lnd Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, As reported in the May issue of We Inc., h as had the great misfor_tune Proceeded On, both the IDAHO of suddenly losing his _eyesight. [Governor's] LEWIS AND CLARK Involved with inflammation of th~ TRAIL COMMI'ITEE, and the temporal artery and _other compli­ IDAHO CHAPTER OF THE cations he has been mformed that LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERI­ the con.'dition is irreversible. Mem­ TAGE FOUNDATION were to bers of the Chapter have urged hold meetings in Boise, Idaho, May him to continue as their leader .. In 3, 1986. From the reports received a recent telephone conversation by WPO, both meetings were busy, successful sessions. with the editor, Ottis discu~sed the readjustment problems he is expe- At the meeting of the IDAHO -24- We Proceeded On, August 1986 LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Expedition's journals (September should develop a criteria by which COMMITTEE discussions in­ 14, 1805, and June 17, 1806) as site significance can be determined. cluded: The committee's decision to "Colt Killed" creek. It was in this 3. The Council should consider fac­ support the wilderness status of the area that lack of 'game and the tors such as sites which are in some Hungry Creek/ Fish Creek drain­ hunger and dysentery of the men way threatened, the need to preserve ages where there is a long stretch forced them to kill a colt. Ms. sites, and sites which are historical­ of unaltered trail route. The area Boone has filed the necessary form ly significant, accessible and need­ has recently been involved in what to the U. S. Board on Geographic ing signage. is known as "the Mex Mountain Names, for their consideration of Timber Sale". Committee Chair­ the name change. Support of this * * * * * * * man Fazio is to convey the commit­ project will be discussed at the Sep­ tee's decision to the Supervisor of tember meeting. Chairman Margaret Warden ap­ the Clearwater National Forest, pointed two committees to meet and Idaho's congressional delega­ At the evening meeting, following during the lunch hour and to re­ tion. The committee expressed its dinner, Duane and Barbara port to the Council's afternoon resentment that it was not notified Opdahl showed color slides of their session , Bill Sherman, Bob Sain­ nor included in the draft plan for enterprise which conducts tours don, Marshall Johnson, Gladys the Bonneville Power Administra­ along the Lolo/Lewis and Clark Silk, and Don Hyppa were selected tion's request to have a transmis­ Trail. The presentation was titled: for the committee "For Criteria for sion line corridor reserved. This "Along the Lolo Trail - 180 Years Appointing Council Members". would parallel the Lewis and Clark After lewis and Clark". John Willard, Wilbur Werner, Mar­ Trail, and the request was reported­ shall Johnson, and Margaret War­ ly agreed to by the U.S. Forest Ser­ den were named to the "Committee vice. It was also pointed out that * * * * * * * for Site Selection". the Idaho State Historical officer At the Council's afternoon session, received no notification. The com­ The MONTANA [Governor's] Bill Sherman reported for the mittee agreed that it would oppose LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Committee on Council Member Se­ vigorously any action to reserve ADVISORY COUNCIL met in lection, with six specific recom­ this corridor, and will communi­ Helena, Montana, June 12, 1986. mendations. John Willard speak­ cate this stand to the Clearwater Montana Governor Ted Schwinden ing for the Site Selection Commit­ National Forest, the Idaho con­ joined nine council members for tee presented seven important gressional delegation, and to bring the morning session. The governor considerations that would be re­ the matter to public attention via emphasized the importance of the quired when selecting Lewis and newspaper and periodical publici­ Lewis and Clark Trail to the histo­ Clark Sites. ty. A feature article: "Power Line ry of Montana and pointed out its Route on Lewis-Clark Trail Decried potential to tourism, and to its Prior to adjournment the Council by Panel", appeared in the Sunday, obvious tie-in with Montana's recognized the outstanding work May 18, 1986, issue of the Lewiston statehood centennial celebration in Bob Saindon has done on all as­ [Idaho} tribune. 1989. The Governor also indicated pects of the Council's activities, the need for the Council to assist but especially his fine and exten­ with the identification of a "Lead sive compilation: A Lewis and Agency" to liaison with the Na­ Clark Trail Signing Guide for * * * * * * * tional Park Service's development Montana (a thirty-three page, 11 x of the Lewis and Clark National 17 inch, study). "Draft" copies of The Issue No. 2, June 1986 News­ Historic Trail program, and to Saindon's work were distributed to letter of the IDAHO CHAPTER OF coordinate activities with other Council members for their review. THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL governmental agencies. Before the HERITAGE FOUNDATION, ad­ morning session adjourned a * * * * * * * vises of the plans for the Saturday, motion was made, seconded, and There is never a dull moment for September 27, 1986, joint meeting approved, that Bob Archibald the PORTAGE ROUTE CHAPTER of the Governor's committee, to be (Montana Historical Society), Don OF THE LEWIS & CLARK held in Salmon, Idaho. The state Hyppa (Montana Department of TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDA­ committee will meet on Friday Fish, Wildlife, and Parks), and TION (Great Falls, Montana). The evening, September 26th. The Sat­ John Wilson (Montana Depart­ minutes of the Chapter's April 28, urday activities will also involve ment of Commerce) would meet to 1986 meeting reveals the following: the Lemhi County Historical Socie­ discuss and recommend in writing Information related to the July 12, ty, and will feature a visit to Lemhi to Governor · Schwinden a state 1986, field trip and picnic (a joint Pass (where the Expedition crossed agency to be designated as the activity with the Headwaters the Continental Divide in August "Montana Lewis and Clark Lead Chapter, Bozeman, MT - see re­ 1805). An invitation has been sent Agency". port of this activity on page 22, this to the Headwaters Chapter (Boze­ issue of WPO); notice that Ella Mae Governor Schwinden specifically Howard has accepted the program man, Montana) of the (national) charged the council to establish Foundation inviting them to attend chairmanship for May - August, priorities in several Lewis and and that Bob Doerk will assume. the meeting in Salmon and the '. Clark Trail-related areas as fol- field trip activity. the same duty beginning in Sep­ lows: tember; notice that Bob Doerk has A Moscow, Idaho resident and re­ 1. The Council should keep in mind written an article to appear in the tired linguist, Lalia Boone, has tak­ in all of its deliberations and deci­ June issue of Aurora Magazine en the first steps to restore Lewis sion making that the historicity of a about "Physical Locations Asso­ and Clark nomenclature to the given site is its primary qualifica­ ciated with Lewis and Clark in the small tributary of the Lochsa River tion. Great Falls Area". Ella Mae now called White Sand Creek. This 2. Rather than immediately select­ Howard is preparing an article for is the waterway designated in the ing important sites, the Council a future issue of the same publica- We Proceeded On, August 1986 -25- tion concerning the Expedition's in 1976 as a bicentennial project gether with the legend for the in­ "Iron Boat"; further discussion for the state of Montana (see WPO, terpretive sign under construction concerning a project for a brochure Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 8-13). for Portland's Kelly Point Park for a self-guided tour of Lewis and were attachments to the published Clark sites in the Great Falls area, minutes of the June 7th meeting. and for a pamphlet containing a * * * * * * * transcript of the Expedition's jour­ Prior to adjournment, Chairman nals, June 11 - July 4, 1805 (the Seventeen members of the ORE­ Chuinard reported that invita­ dates involved with the portage GON [Governor's] LEWIS & tions/ solicitations were being cir­ around the series of falls in the CLARK TRAIL COMMITTEE met culated for raising the $45,000 Great Falls area); A report concern­ for a quarterly meeting on June 7, needed to create a statue of Cap­ ing a $29.50 tour offered (May 15 1986. Kathleen A. McMillan, Cas­ tain Clark, his black servant York, through Sept. 15) by The Best of cade Locks, recently appointed to and an Indian guide, for installa­ Montana Co. the Tour is titled: the committee was introduced. tion on the campus of the Univer­ sity of Portland. "Lewis & Clark Journey and Chairman Chuinard reported on Historic Fort Benton" - the opera­ the committee's "Lead Agency" The next meeting of the Oregon tors of the tour are requesting input liaison with the National Park Committee is scheduled for Septem­ from the Portage Route Chapter; Service. Applications for NPS cer­ ber 13, 1986. discussion concerning the Great tification for Oregon sites as part Falls Missouri River Task Force of the Lewis and Clark National * * * * * * * proposal that service clubs or other Historic Trail program are in organizations accept the responsi­ preparation for six communities, bility of keeping clean the grounds for parks that are a part of Ore­ and overlook platforms at the sev­ The minutes of the SAKAKAWEA gon's State Park System, and for CHAPTER OF THE LEWIS & eral Missouri River falls overlook several Clatsop County locations. facilities - it was determined that CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FOUNDATION (Bismarck, North the "Lewis and Clark Overlook" is preparing applications which would be a good facility for the Por­ Dakota) advises of an organiza­ will be submitted directly to the tional meeting held on March 15, tage Route Chapter to adopt; and .. National Park Service. the announcement that arrange­ 1986. Temporary Chairman Sheila ments have been made for the Committee member Malcolm Buf­ Robinson presided at the meeting Chapter to merchandise color print fum, who is also General Chair­ and the agenda included a presen­ reproductions of Olaf Seltzer's man for the national Foundation's tation of the organization's by-laws painting of Black Eagle Falls. 18th Annual Meeting, provided the and for the nomination and elec­ committee with an updated report tion of chapter officers. In addition to all of the above, Bob for the meeting. Scheduled for Au­ Doug Prchal, Chairman of the By­ Doerk announced that cartograph­ gust 16-20, activities will take laws Committee, presented the sug­ er Bob Bergantino, Butte, Mon­ place in Portland, Seaside, Fort gested by-laws for the chapter, and tana, has produced a document Clatsop, Oregon, and Cape Disap­ after discussion and several addi­ related to his recent research that pointment Pacific County, Wash­ tions and minor changes moved for provides an updated hypothesis ington, and the Washington/ Ore­ their adoption. His motion was sec­ concerning the location of the Ex­ gon Columbia River Gorge (see onded by Eugene Krenz, and pedition's camp and cache location WPO, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-4). carried. Foundation Director Ar­ in the White Bear Island area. A report from Larry Espey, chair­ thur Shipley, Chairman of the Of special interest was the an­ man for a sub-committee to review Nominating Committee consisting nouncement that Western Legacy, sites for an Oregon Lewis and of Russell Stuart, Dave Enyart, Inc. is sponsoring and promoting Clark Interpretive Center included and Marilyn Kipp, presented a the design and sculpture of a hero­ presentation of the "pros and slate of officers and directors. It ic size statue related to and honor­ cons" for three locations under was moved and seconded that the ing the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ consideration. It was pointed out nominations be closed and a unani­ tion's 1805-1806 time in the Great that funding will need to be raised mous ballot be cast for the individ­ Falls area. The statue, sculptured to cover the cost of building an uals nominated. Elected were; Pres­ by Montana's famous artist Bob appropriate structure(s) once a lo­ ident John Von Rueden; President Scriver, will be installed in Great cation is chosen. The three sites Elect Allen Fisk; Secretary Dina Falls' Broadwater Overlook Park, are: Lewis and Clark State Park, Butcher; Treasurer A. W. "Doc" and its dedication will be an event east of Portland, on the east shore Hill; Three Year Directors, Sheila during Montana's statehood cele­ of the Sandy (the Expedition's Robinson and Olaf Opedahl; Two bration in 1989. Fund raising for "Quicksand") River; Cascade Year Directors, Lucille Gullickson the statue, estimated at $300,000, Locks, on the Columbia River, up­ and Ed Gannon; and One Year Di­ will be by the sale of limited edi­ stream from Bonneville Dam, rectors, Helen Lang and Father tion, miniature replicas of the where the Expedition transited the William C. Sherman. President heroic size work. Western Legacy, Cascade Rapids, or their "Great Von Rueden announced committee Inc. has asked the Portage Route Shute" (the rapids have been in­ appointments. Following the busi­ Chapter for "your talents and your undated by the water impounded ness meeting, Sheila Robinson pre­ labors" toward furthering the by the dam); and Portland's Kelly sent a short program and slides project. Point Park, at the confluence of related to past annual meetings of the Columbia and Willamette (the the (national) Foundation. Lewis and Clark enthusiasts, Expedition's "Multnomah") River. Foundation members, and readers At a luncheon, on May 23, 1986, of We Proceeded On will recall The wording proposed for the Foundation Second Vice President that Bob Scriver was the sculptor legends for a Cannon Beach H. John Montague met with mem­ for the Lewis and Clark statue (whale site) sign, and for an inter­ bers of the Sakakawea Chapter. "Decision at the Marias" dedicated pretive sign at Cascade Locks, to- Among a variety of topics dis- -26- We Proceeded On, August 1986 c_ussed were the plans for the (na­ contemplated the events of July tional) Foundation's 20th Annual 20-23, 1806. The explorers had been looking for several days for trees Change of Address Meeting to be h eld in Bismarck. large enough for constructing August 7-10, 1988, are the tentative canoes. George Gibson had a punc­ A costly part of the distribution dates that have been selected for ture wound in his thigh, received and m ailing of our quarterly pub­ the meeting.- when he fell from his horse onto a lication, WE PROCEEDED ON snag after shooting a deer. Overland is the a dministration and h a n­ * * * * * * * travel was slow, and Clark was anx­ dling of mailed-out copies of the Cheryl Farmer, Secretary for the ious to make use of canoes for faster publication that are returned be­ HEADWATERS CHAPTER OF travel on the river. Since scouting cause the addressee has moved. THE LEWIS AND CLARK down the river from this location failed to find any larger trees, Clark Whether or not members h a ve TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDA­ left a forwarding address with TI 0 N (Bozeman, Montana) h as decided on this location for their canoe building camp. We assumed t heir post office when they provided WPO with the details of moved, WPO is returned to the the chapter's field trip to the Expe­ that many of the large trees present­ ly in this vicinity are " descendents" Foundation. We mail our m aga­ dition's 1806 canoe construction of the cottonwood trees used for their zine on a Non-Profit-Organiza­ camp on the Yellowstone River canoes. During one of the nights, the tion bulk mail permit (a reduced near present-day Park City, stealthy Crow Indians, who had rate type of Third-Class Mail, at Montana. What follows is excerp­ been observing the party from a dis­ about .052 to .08 per issue depend­ ted from Cheryl Farmer's report: tance, stole most of their horses. ing on the numper of pages, in­ This made the canoe construction, serts, a nd total weight). This On Sunday, May 18, 1986, at 8:30 · for travel on the river, all the more urgent. We are grateful to Jack Fel· type of m ail is not eligible for A.M., fifteen members of the Head­ forwarding and is returned to the waters Chapter left Bozeman and, lerhoff and Bob Bergantino for pin­ travelling eastward by car caravan, pointing this significant location. sender (the Foundation). When it they followed Captain Clark and his The balance of our field trip activity is returned we are assessed "Post­ party's route over Bozeman Pass was rounded out with visits to little age Due" at the regular single­ and thence along the Yellowstone known and once famous: Indian piece Third-Class Rate (any­ River. Chapter member Jack Feller­ Agencies, Hunter Hot Springs (once where from .56 to .98 depending hoff coordinated the outing. Feller­ a posh resort) and the site where pio­ on weight). If and when we h ave hoff and Foundation member and neer John Bozeman was killed by Indians in April 1867. your new address (sometimes pro­ professional cartographer Bob Ber­ vided by the post office), we mail gantino, Butte, Montana, have been out the returned issue to you a nd researching and mapping Clark's The Headwaters Chapter is to be return route along the Yellowstone commended for their continuation this postage costs us the same as River. They were able to take us to of their fine field trip activities, the "Postage Due" fee when it locations where the Expedition and we appreciate having Chapter was returned. The total cost of camped. We saw scenery similar to Secretary Cheryl Farmer's report s uch transactions, therefore, that witnessed by the explorers in of this recent "adventure". costs the Foundation anywhere 1806: cliffs; river bottom land from $1.12 to $1.96. (although the river has altered its course over the years); and cotton­ Editor's Note: If you are a bout to move, it would wood trees (none of which were large We would like to include in each issue be much appreciated if you would enough for constructing canoes). At of WPO, news items detailing current provide us with your new a ddress Park City, we were met by Founda­ or forthcoming activities related to (the USPS has a card for this tion First Vice President John Foote, purpose, their Form 3576) - it will Billings, Montana. Due to John's the Lewis and Clark Expedition in each of the eleven trail states, or for save the F oundation money as efforts of getting permission from a · well as a dministration time. local landowner, and his transport­ that matter, any activity anywhere ing us via his pick-up truck, we were that would be of interest to members able to cross a wide creek to the loca­ and readers. To accomplish this, we tion where Clark's party constructed must rely on our Directors, their des­ their canoes. ignated reporters, and other Lewis As we enjoyed our leisure time and and Clark enthusiasts, to provide us picnic lunch in this large clearing in with this information. We would be the Yellowstone River bottom, we pleased to hear .from you.

THE FOUNDATION NEEDS THE CONTINUED INTEREST AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEWIS AND CLARK ENTHUSIASTS ON A NATION-WIDE BASIS. WE HOPE, IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY A MEMBER, THAT YOU WILL CONSIDER LENDING YOUR SUPPORT TO THE FOUNDATION. IF YOU REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, A PROSPECTUS DESCRIBING THE FOUNDATION, TOGETHER WITH A MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION, WILL BE FORWARDED PROMPTLY. ADDRESS YOUR REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY.

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase whicli appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the Expedition: - "this mo ming we set out early and proceeded on ... " Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805. " ... wind from the S. W. we p roceeded on ... until 6 oClock . .. " Capt. William Clark, May 14, 1805. " . .. the fog rose thick from the lwllars we proceeded on ... " Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1806. "We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes ... " Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. "We set out early proceeded on p ast a Island on the S. Side. .. " Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, 1004. " . . . douiJed up .. . We proceeded on under a fine breeze ..." Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 1805.

We Proceeded On, August 1986 -27- WPO SUPPLEMENTARY PUBLICATIONS These publications bring to members of the Foundation and others, special items of interest, and on occasion, reprints of out-of-print publications that are not otherwise available.

WPO Publication No. 1, October 1976 $2.00 WPO Publication No. 5, August 1981 .75¢ "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting, August "Thirteenth Annual Meeting - Visit to the Missoula 15-18, 1976, Great Falls, Montana" County Courthouse - The Edgar Samuel Paxson Murals", compiled by Robert E. Lange. Contents: "President's Message", by Wilbur P. Werner; "Sta­ tus of Missouri River Breaks Wild and Scenic River Legis­ The visit to the Missoula, Montana, courthouse was an event lation", by Edwin Zaidlicz; "Sacagawea and Sacagawea during the Foundation's Annual Meeting. This publication Spring", by E.G. Chuinard, M.D.; "The Expedition's Journals provides biographical information about Montana artist - Captain Lewis's Discovery and Description of the Great Edgar Paxson, and descriptions of two of the eight Paxson Falls of the Missouri River", by Robert E. Lange; "The White murals in the courthouse that depict incidents related to the Pirogue of the Lewis and Clark Expedition", by Bob Saindon. Expedition in the Missoula Area.

WPO Publication No. 2, July 1977 .75¢ WPO Publication No. 6, July 1982 $4.00 "Our Dog Scannon - Partner in Discovery" "Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark His­ tory", by Paul Russell Cutright. 52 pages, illustrations. Ernest S. Osgood's monograph about the Expedition's New­ foundland dog. A delightful perspective of the canine member Dr. Cutright provides an in-depth study of activities related to of the exploring party. Reprint from Montana the Magazine of t he Expedition in Philadelphia, both before (1803) and after Western History, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, Summer 1977. (1807-1814) the explorers' return. Litterateur Nicholas Biddle's contribution toward seeing to the publication of a narrative based on the Captains' journals is included in Dr. Cutright's fine monograph. WPO Publication No. 2A, March 1986 $2.00 "Call him a Good Old Dog, But Don't Call Him WPO Publication No. 7, May 1984 $4.00 Scannon", by Donald Jackson. Reprint from We Pro­ ceeded On, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1985. Lewis's Woodpecker - Clark's Nutcracker This is a companion publication to WPO, Publication No. 2, Color portraits of birds whose names memoria lize the sur­ Ernest S. Osgood's monograph about the dog member of the names of Captains Lewis and Clark. Reproduced from color Expedition. Historian Donald Jackson, while researching geo­ paintings by Marie Nonnast Bohlen through the courtesy of graphical names related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Fawcett Publications and publisher Prentice-Hall, Inc. discovered that a beautiful stream in west-central Montana was named "Seaman Creek", and suspected that it was Two 8 X 10 inch portraits with descriptive captions on fine named after the Expedition's Newfoundland dog. Dr. J ack­ paper stock in authentic color, and suitable for framing. son's "detective" work provides evidence that earlier histori­ For more information concerning the ornithology of the Lewis ans had misinterpreted Captain Lewis's, Captain Clark's, and Clark Expedition, see We Proceeded On, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & and Sergeant Ordway's journal handwriting and applied the 3, May 1984. nomenclature "Scannon" for the dog. This is a twelve page publication with maps, handwriting reproductions from the journals, and illustrations of present-day Monture Creek. WPO Publication No. 8, November 1984 Please note that a special price of $2.50 applies when both $3.00 the WPO, Pub. No. 2 and WPO, Pub. No. 2A are purchased "Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the Dis­ together. Specify: WPO, Pub. Nos. 2/ 2A. covery of Montana", by Harry W. Fritz, 32 pages, maps. This is an unabridged transcript of a paper presented a t the 16th Annual Banquet of the Foundation, Great Falls, Mon­ WPO Publication No. 3, July 1978 $1.50 tana, August 8, 1984. Dr. Fritz in his fine speaking a nd writing "Beacon Rock on the Columbia: Legends and Tra­ style, and backed by his extensive knowledge, has produced ditions of a Famous Landmark", by Henry J. Biddle. this review of the purpose, organization and personnel of the exploring enterprise. In addition it presents a fine recapitu­ A reprint of Biddle's 1925 monograph concerning the acqui­ lation of the Expedition •s documentation of their experiences sition and preservation of the 800 foot high landmark on the and discovery of what is today the great state of Monta na. It Columbia River. Lewis and Clark described the geologic for­ was in Montana where the explo1;ng party spent the most mation in 1805-1806. Annotations by Robert E. Lange. "traveling" days while traveling the most miles, overcame one of their greatest obstacles to their favorite river travel (the Great Falls of the Missouri), and established their most nu­ WPO Publication No. 4, December 1980 merous night encampments. $2.50 "Three Papers Presented at the Foundation's 12th An­ nual Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska, and Sioux City, Iowa, August 20-22, 1980" Prices for the above publications include postage and cost of production only. Contents: "Sergeant Floyd and the Floyd Memorial at Sioux City, Iowa", by Edward Ruisch; "Some Thoughts on the Death Order from: WPO Publications, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, of Sergeant Charles Floyd", by E.G. Chinard, M.D.; "Ex­ Portland, OR 97201. Make checks payable to the pa nsion of the Fur Trade Following Lewis and Clark", by Foundation. Postage stamps are acceptable in lieu of Charles E. Hanson, Jr. checks.

-28- We Proceeded On, August 1986