The L&C Journal's 10 most-used words --- Prince Maxmilian's journals reissued ...___ Lewis_ and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation I www.lewisandclark.org August2011 Volume 37, No. 3 W As ''OLD ToBY'' Losr? REVISITING THE BITTERROOT CROSSING How Blacksmiths Fed the L&C Expedition Prince Madoc, the Welsh, and the Mandan Indians Contents Letters: 10 most popular words in the L&C Journals 2 President's Message: Proceeding on from a challenging spring 4 Was Toby Lost? s Did the Shoshone guide take "a wrong road" over the Bitterroot Mountains, as Captain William Clark contended, or was Toby following a lesser-known Indian trail? By John Puckett Forging for Food 10 How blacksmiths of the Lewis and Clark Expedition saved the Corps from starvation during the winter of 1804-1805 at Fort Mandan By Shaina Robbins Was Toby Lost? p. 5 Prince Madoc and the Welsh Indians 16 When Lewis and Clark arrived at Fort Mandan President Jefferson suggested they look for a connection between the twelfth-century Welsh prince and the Mandan Indians. Did one exist? By Aaron Cobia Review Round-up ' 21 The first two volumes of newly edited and translated North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wjed; the story of Captain John McClallen, the fi~st _U f..S. officer to follow the expedition west in By Honor arid Right: How One Man Boldly Defined the D estiny of a Natio~ . Endnotes: The Stories Left Behind 24 The difficult task of picking the stories to tell and the stories to leave behind in the Montana's new history textbook Forging for Food, p. 10 By Krys Holmes On the cover •' ~ Lewis and Clark at Travelers' Rest at L@lo Creek, 1805, by Edgar S. Paxson, 1913, oil on linen, (5 1h by 10 inches). Picture commissioned for the Missoula County Courthouse. Courtesy of the Missoula Art Museum. On September 9, 1805, the Corps of Discovery turned west from the Bitterroot River and headed up a stream they named "Travelers' Rest Creek." The western artist, Edgar S. Paxson, depicts this meeting between the Lewis and Clark party and three Nez P erce Indians at a heavily used Indian campsite about a mile or so above the mouth of the creek. George Drouillard was introducing Captain Lewis to the three Nez Perce Indians whom Private John Colter met while hunting · somewhere up the creek. Lewis made the universal open-handed gesture of welcome. Clark's servant, York, at Lewis's right, was dressed in blue as befitted a personal slave at that time. "Old Toby," the Shoshone guide whom the captains had hired to lead them across the Bitterroot Mountains, is seated at Lewis's left hand, displaying a map he had drawn for the captains on deer skin. Behind Lewis are Captain Clark, Sacagawea-who is cradling her seven-month-old son, Jean Baptiste-and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau. Prince Madoc and the Welsh Indians, p. 16 Letters Count Them: The 10 Most Frequently Used August 2011 •Volume 37, N umber 3 We Proceeded On is the official publication Words in the L&C Journals of the Lewis and Clark Tr ail Heritage Foundation, Inc. Its name derives from Your readers may be interested in the the other Indians who guided the captains a phrase that appears repeatedly in the following information I developed while through their lands. Bakeless is especially collective journals of the expedition. © 2011 writing an afterword for the recently tough on Sacagawea's husband, Toussaint E. G. Chuinard, M.D., Founder published Signet Classics reissue of The Charbonneau, whom he dismisses as a ISSN 02275-6706 Journals of Lewis and Clark, originally "worthless .. squaw-man." His judg­ edited by John Bakeless in 1962. Bakeless ments about "treacherous redskins" can Interim Editor and Designer Caroline Patterson, [email protected] was a polymath-an author, historian, re­ grate on modern ears. Eric Hanson, [email protected] searcher, journalist, soldier, spy, and hor­ Of more interest to us now, Bake­ ticulturist. Based on the 1904-05 Thwaites less provided the explorers with what Volu.nteer Proofreaders edition, Bakeless's version reflects his he called the "present" of correcting H. Carl Camp• Jerry Garrett • J. Merritt scholarly erudition, editing skill, and the their erratic spelling and grammar. He Cold War character of his times. Born at eliminated all the fearless misspellings Printed by Advanced Litho Carlisle Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsyl­ Great Falls, Mont. like "musquetors" and "mockersons" vania, Bakeless grew up on the campus that spilled every day from the captains' EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, pens, especially Clark's. James J. Holmberg, Chairman · where his father was dean. Educated at In doing so, Bakeless gives us an Louisville, Ky. Williams College, he earned a doctor­ unexpected present. By standardizing ate at Harvard and wrote a biography the spelling, Bakeless makes it possible Dr. H . Carl Camp Dr. Jay Buckley Omaha, Neb. Provo, Utah of Daniel Boone before he served in the to accurately count the individual words Barb Kubik Robert C. Carriker Vancouver, Wash. Spokane, Wash. Dr. Robert Moore, Jr. Glen Lindeman St. Louis, Mo. Pullman, Wash. David Nicandri Tacoma, Wash. Membership Information Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. is open to the public. Information and applications are available by writing Membership Coordinator, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, P.O. Box 3434, Great Falls, MT 59403. We Proceeded On, the quarterly magazine of the Foundation, is mailed to current members in February, May, August, and November. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. An nual Membership Categories: Student: $30 Military Intelligence Division of the War most frequently used by the captains. (The Individual: $49 Department in WWII on a secret mission enlisted men's journals are not included in Individual 3-Year: $133 Family/International: $65 in Greece behind German lines. Among his edition.) Using a computer-generated Trail Partner: $200 his later books was a biography of George "word cloud," we can gain new insights Heritage Club: $100 Rogers Clark. into the captains' priorities. Consider the Explorer Club: $150 Bakeless's editing of The journals fact that the ten words that appear most Jefferson Club: $250 produces a seamless narrative and reveals often in the captains' journals are, in order Discovery Club: $500 his eclectic interests in military proce­ of frequency: river (by a large margin), Lifetime: $995, $2,500 and $5,000 dure, botany, ornithology, and cultural men, Clark, Lewis, Indians, miles, great, The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foun dation, Inc. ephemera. Curiously, given his rearing captain, party, and horses. is a tax-exempt nonprofit corporation. Individual at the Carlisle School, his narrative treats We might anticipate the self-describ­ membership dues are not tax deductible. The portion of premium dues over $40 is tax deductible. Indians poorly. He includes relatively ing nouns, such as the captains' last little about Sacagawea and even less about names, men and party~ The all-important 2 ~ We Proceeded On August 2011 Advertise your Indians are never far from their thoughts. - And we now see in sharper relief how L&C products intimately they are bound to the face of the land (river, miles), their most and services critical means of transportation (horses), and the unimaginable scale of the West in WPO! (Great Falls, great numbers of buffalo, Great Shute). One is surprised only that AD RATES "mosquito" did not finish higher in the ranking. Inside black & w hite: Every generation looks at Lewis and Clark with different eyes. To John Bake­ Full pg.: (7.25 X 9.25): $400 less, the captains exemplified exceptional 1/6 2/ 3 vert. (4.75 X 9.5 in.): military leadership and manly enterprise. $300 WE PROCEEDED ON To revisionist Western historians, Lewis 1/2 horiz. (7.25 X 4.625 in.): $250 (Back issues, 1974 - current) and Clark were agents of empire, bit play­ 1/ 3 vert. (2.25 X 9.5 in.): $150 ers in a larger drama of imperial conquest 1/ 3 sq. (4.75 X 4.625 in.): $150 All back issues of our quarterly and colonization. To Native Americans, 1/ 6 vert. (2.25 X 4.625 in.): $75 histo1ical journal are available. Some the arrival of white men "with faces as of the older issues are copier reproductions. Orders for a collection pale as ashes" represented the destruc­ Color: of all back issues receive a 30 percent tion of their cultures and the loss of their Full pg., back cover: $600 discount. Order your missing issues homelands. Today we celebrate a multi­ to complete your set. cultural Corps of Discovery, as if it were Full pg., inside cover: $500 Call 1-888-701-34 34 or order a prototypical World War II platoon. Double spread, inside: $800 online at [email protected]. At the inauguration of President John $5 copier reproductions F. Kennedy in 1960, the poet Robert Address inquiries to: $10 originals Frost was unable to read his original [email protected] $4 shipping & handling poem in the glare of that bright January morning. Instead, he recited "The Gift I Outright," a poem more about the old frontier of Lewis and Clark. "This land was ours before we were the land's," Frost wrote of the triumphant young na­ Explorations tion "vaguely realizing westward." Two hundred years after Lewis and Clark, Americans still feel the pull of a people into the vaguely realizing westward. What embodies our ideals as a so­ ciety more than the lessons we draw World of from Lewis and Clark? Their journey has become our defining national epic.