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Translitterering Och Alternativa Geografiska Namnformer

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Translitterering Och Alternativa Geografiska Namnformer TRANSLITTERERING OCH ALTERNATIVA GEOGRAFISKA NAMNFORMER Version XX, 27 juli 2015, Stefan Nordblom 1 FÖRORD För många utländska egennamn, i första hand personnamn och geografiska namn, finns det på svenska väl etablerade namnformer. Om det inte finns någon sådan kan utländska egennamn dock vålla bekymmer vid översättning till svenska. Föreliggande material är tänkt att vara till hjälp i sådana situationer och tar upp fall av translitterering1 och transkribering2 samt exonymer3 . Problemen uppstår främst på grund av att olika språk har olika system för translitterering och transkribering från ett visst språk och på grund av att orter kan ha olika namn på olika utländska språk. Eftersom vi oftast översätter från engelska och franska innehåller sammanställningen även translittereringar och exonymer på engelska och franska (samt tyska). Man kan alltså i detta material göra en sökning på sådana namnformer och komma fram till den svenska namnformen. Om man t.ex. i en engelsk text träffar på det geografiska namnet Constance kan man söka på det namnet här och då få reda på att staden (i detta fall på tyska och) på svenska kallas Konstanz. Den efterföljande sammanställningen bygger i huvudsak på följande källor: Institutet för de inhemska språken (FI): bl.a. skriften Svenska ortnamn i Finland - http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/ Iate (EU-institutionernas termbank) Nationalencyklopedin Nationalencyklopedins kartor Interinstitutionella publikationshandboken - http://publications.europa.eu/code/sv/sv-000100.htm Språkbruk (Tidskrift utgiven av Svenska språkbyrån i Helsingfors) Språkrådet© (1996). Publikation med rekommendationer i term- och språkfrågor som utarbetas av rådets svenska översättningsenhet i samråd med övriga EU-institutioner. TT-språket - info.tt.se/tt-spraket/ I de fall uppgifterna i dessa källor inte överensstämmer med varandra har det i enskilda fall varit nödvändigt att väga, välja och sammanjämka namnförslagen, varvid rimlig symmetri har eftersträvats. Om man inte får svar i ovanstående källor, kan man ofta utgå från den engelska eller franska namnformen och anpassa den till det svenska systemet. Detta görs efter bestämda principer beroende på vilket språk som translittereringen till engelska och franska har gjorts från. Dessa principer redovisas i det följande materialet. 1 Överföring tecken för tecken till ett annat skriftsystem (i svenskans fall från ett annat än det latinska), t.ex. Jurij Gagarin (svenska) eller Youri Gagarine (franska, varvid dock är att märka att den franska modellen inte är en renodlad translitterering utan en modell lätt influerad av franskans uttal) för Юрий Гагарин (ryska). Vid translitterering kan man därmed alltid med stor säkerhet rekonstruera den ursprungliga formen. 2 Här: överföring till ett annat skriftsystem med strävan att återge originalspråkets uttal, t.ex. Gamal Abdel .(som skulle translittererats Jamāl 'Abd al-Nāsir) جمال عبد الناصر Nasser för 3 Geografiska namnformer som i skrift avviker från formen på det eller de inhemska eller officiella språken på platsen och som inte bara är en translitterering eller transkription. Exempel: Bryssel (svenska) eller Brussels (engelska) för Bruxelles (franska) eller Brussel (nederländska). 2 Som en sista utväg kan man också - om man inte skulle få vägledning på ovanstående sätt och behöver ha en svensk namnform omgående - göra en sökning i Google och välja den källa som bedöms som tillförlitligast. En framkomlig väg är att utifrån sin erfarenhet pröva sig fram och söka på troliga svenska namnformer eller göra en kontextuell sökning, t.ex. söka på "den ryske utrikesministern" eller "Pakistans president" och förhoppningsvis få upp namnet på köpet. Detta dokument är resultatet av ett interinstitutionellt samarbete med representanter från den svenska översättningsenheterna vid rådet (ministerrådet), kommissionen och parlamentet samt vid Europeiska ekonomiska och sociala kommittén och Regionkommittén. Särskilt värdefulla bidrag har lämnats av Michael Kevin (bl.a. om det kyrilliska alfabetet och Nuts 2-områden) och Anna Maria Gull (grekiska alfabetet), båda översättare vid Europeiska ekonomiska och sociala kommitténs och Regionkommitténs svenska översättningsenhet, samt av Gustaf Hansson (genomläsning av hela materialet med många förslag till förbättringar), översättare vid rådets svenska översättningsenhet. Eftersom syftet med materialet i första hand är praktiskt ombeds läsaren att överse med de förenklingar och utelämnanden som förekommer. Jag tar gärna emot synpunkter på nedanstående sammanställning och rättar till eventuella felaktigheter som kan förekomma. Bryssel den 27 juli 2015 Stefan Nordblom Översättare vid rådets (ministerrådets) svenska översättningsenhet, Generalsekretariatet vid Europeiska unionens råd e-post: [email protected] Från den 1 augusti 2015 hänvisas eventuella synpunkter till [email protected] och [email protected] 3 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING INLEDNING Sida Vad är translitterering?……………..…………………………………………………………………….…11 Vad är alternativa geografiska namnformer?……………………………………………………………….13 Allmänt påpekande om diakritiska tecken och tilläggstecken………………………………………….…13 Bruksanvisning……………………………………………………………………………………….……14 DEL I. TRANSLITTERERING FRÅN OLIKA SKRIFTSYSTEM Sida Amhariska ......................................................................................................................................... ……49 Arabiska ..................................................................................................................................................... 38 Arabisk skrift .............................................................................................................................................. 38 Armeniska .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Azerbajdzjanska ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Bengali ....................................................................................................................................................... 52 Bulgariska ................................................................................................................................................... 27 Burmesiska ................................................................................................................................................. 53 Devanagari.................................................................................................................................................. 49 Divehi ......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Dzongkha ................................................................................................................................................... 49 Etiopisk skrift ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Georgiska ................................................................................................................................................... 49 Grekiska ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 Hebreiska .................................................................................................................................................... 51 Hindi ........................................................................................................................................................... 49 Japanska ..................................................................................................................................................... 53 Kazakiska ................................................................................................................................................... 31 Khmer ......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Kinesiska .................................................................................................................................................... 52 Kirgiziska ................................................................................................................................................... 32 Komoriska (comoro) .................................................................................................................................. 12 Koreanska ................................................................................................................................................... 53 Kurdiska ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 Kyrilliska alfabetet ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Lao .............................................................................................................................................................. 53 Makedonska...............................................................................................................................................
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