ŋguloŋ 317 -ŋgun

We did not make big ones that need to be Aŋgun zeere was, teu, manioka, mi tuumbu. carried on a pole by two people. —I planted aibika greens, sugarcane, ŋguloŋ N manioc, and wild sugarcane. XXgecko (brown in colour) -ŋgun kumbu- mbukuunu Ŋguloŋ iro nomoŋ, mi aŋtirke i ma itop su XXkneel (Lit. ‘plant one’s knees’) lene. —A gecko grabbed on to my hand, -ŋgun talŋa- pa but I shook it off. XXlisten carefully to someone or something ŋgumgumŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup (Lit. ‘stick one’s ear to’) XXcrippled and curling hands, legs (not Nio aŋgun talŋoŋ pini. —I listened to him able to move them) carefully. Ni namaana ŋgumgumŋana. —He has -ŋgun ute crippled hands with curling fingers. XXstand on one’s head XXdull, blunt, ruined (cannot be fixed again) Ŋgun utem isula toono mi kumbum isala. Buza tana mataana ŋgumgumŋana. Isaana —Stand on your (SG) head, with your (SG) kat. Irao tuurpe mini som. —The blade of feet up in the air. that knife is ruined and dull. It is really XXhead first bad. We (INC) cannot fix it anymore. Ni iŋgun uteene mi iloondo kat bekena ise ŋgumim N londi ka seŋgaaŋa. —He runs with his XXmillipede head down [=tries to really run quickly] Teege su pa ŋgumim, to ka miaŋ ma iluli. —If in order to reach the finish line of the race. you (SG) reach down and touch a millipede, -ŋgungun V_Tr Redup then it will be fearful and roll itself up. -suŋgun V_Tr Kumbuulu ŋgumim pepe, kokena iser siŋiini XXput something to stand, stand something ise kulim to ineene. —Do not bother the up millipede lest it squirt its liquid on Suŋgun siel isu tana. —Put the rafters to your (SG) skin and burn you. stand there. ŋgumim siŋiini —poison that millipedes ŋgunŋa- N_Inal_Stative spray XXplanted, implanted ŋgumirmir N Redup Ke tiŋgi ndomŋana som. Iŋgi ŋgunŋana. XXinchworm, small millipede —This tree has not come up on its own. ŋgumtur N_Event This has been planted. XXanxiety, worry that causes a person to -ŋgun2 V_Tr just sit quietly XXprevent someone from doing something, Lelem ipata mi ŋgumtur ikamu paso? —Why hold someone back are you (SG) so troubled and anxious? Nu ŋguni rimos. Kami ma ila ki hausik. ŋgumur N —Quit holding him back. Take him to the XXplant type, wild yam (grows by riversides, hospital. can be eaten in times of hunger) Ŋgun moori tiŋga ma molo pepe. Ila ki -ŋgun1 V_Tr waene. —Don’t hold that woman for a XXstand something up vertically by long time. She should go to her husband. implanting it in the ground, stick into the Tiŋgun galiki tana ma imbot ruumu leleene ground (not too deep), plant something men. Iyooto som pa puulu ta. —They kept by sticking it into the ground that first-born daughter inside the house. Nio aŋgun ke isula ti. —I stuck a stick She did not go out for a month. XX down [in the ground] here. keep something, reserve, preserve Ni iŋgun mbalia mi ikam kini biibi. —He def. Aŋkam mbulu sa, bekena koroŋ tio imbot stood up a table and arranged a big feast. ambai ma irao ka nol ipet. —I do something Tiŋgun kulombo be tikam ŋge. —They set up so that something of mine stays safe until sharp sticks [in a trap] in order to get a pig. the time for it [to be used] comes. Niam amgun silou pa biidi. —We (EXC) stuck Aŋgun ŋge tio ma irao ka ze ila ma sik, to sticks into the ground to support the yams. kanŋana. —I will keep my pig until its a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ŋgunpalyaara 318 ŋgure-

tusks are fully grown, and then [will be similar: -ŋgursek the time for] eating [it]. -ŋguraŋ V_Tr -ŋgun moori XXrub, scrub XXperform magic on someone in order Ŋguraŋ kuuru pa magargaara. —Scrub the to cause them to lose their interest in pot with sand. marriage or prevent them from giving Ŋguraŋ soolo pa ni ka kupunpun. —Scrub birth the floor with a coconut husk. Zin tiŋgun moori tana. Tikam konoŋai pini, Ŋguraŋ kat kawaala ila pat, to muk ila lene. tabe mburaana pa ula som. —They made —Rub that cloth well against stone and the woman disinterested [in her spouse/ then the dirt will come off. fiancée]. They performedkonoŋai magic -ŋguraŋraŋ V_Tr Redup on her, and so she is no longer interested Ŋge iŋguraŋraŋ itunu ila kitiimbi. —The pig in marriage. rubbed itself against the post. Zin tiŋgun moori tana, tabe imender ma see also: -ŋguuru ‘wash, scrub’ molo. —For a long time they prevented ŋgure- N_Inal that woman from bearing children. XXthroat, neck -ŋgun muuŋgu Ŋgureŋ katŋana. —My neck is short. XXbehave in certain ways to display grief Ŋgureene worwooroŋana. —He has a long (for example by not cutting one’s hair, not neck. shaving, or obeying certain food taboos.) kumbu- ŋgureene Ni iŋgun muuŋgu pa tiziini, ta iyal kezeene XXankle som. —The reason he is not shaving is that nama- ŋgureene he is mourning for his younger brother. XXwrist area -ŋgun ute- ŋgure- sumbuunu XXlet one’s hair grow long as a sign of sorrow XXupper part of the oesophagus (Lit. ‘hole similar: -potom of the throat’) -ŋgunkaala V_Tr ŋgure- mbukuunu XXmark something as being restricted/ XXAdam’s apple reserved (for example by tying a leaf ŋgure- bulbul pa around it) XXdisgusted by a bad smell, nauseated by Nio aŋgunkaala ni tio. —I put a mark on something my coconuts to reserve them. Aŋyoozo te ma ŋgureŋ bulbul pa. —I smelled -ŋgunpalyaara V_Intr the excrement and was nauseated by it. XXdive head first ŋgure- ikam ŋuk(ŋuk) Ni iŋgunpalyaara sula yok. —He dove XXmake a low-pitched noise of disapproval headfirst into the river. def. Ituru toso sua ma A. ŋgureene ikam ŋuk -ŋguŋ V_Intr piti. Iso “Mm.” Ni niini gesges pa sua kiti XXcough ma isombe ipeteke ti. —The two of us (EXC) Ni iŋguŋ mete. —He coughs too much. speak and A. makes a low-pitched noise in Nu ŋguŋ na, pakaala kwom! —When you (SG) his throat. He says “Mm.” He doesn’t like cough, cover your mouth [with something]! what we are saying and wants to stop us. -ŋguŋguŋ V_Intr Redup XXmake a low-pitched noise, coo ŋguŋi N_Event Ŋgureene ikam ŋukŋuk kembei ta XXcough mbalmbal. —He is cooing like a dove. Ŋguŋi ikam kat yo. —I have a bad cough. ŋgure- ikam pus similar: ŋe XXget one’s voice back after loosing it -ŋguraaza V_Tr (Literally: ‘throat does opening’) XXscrape so that the skin breaks ŋgure- ikam pus pa mboe Aŋsala ni ma aŋguraaza kumbuŋ. —I went XXgood singer who can sing high notes well up a coconut palm and scraped my leg(s). ŋgure- kerekere Ke iŋguraaza yo ma siŋ ireere. —A stick XXthirsty, throat is parched (Lit. ‘throat is scraped my leg and the blood flowed. dry’) ŋgursa- 319 ŋgursa- ŋgure- kiskiiziŋa- throat’) XXcreaky voice, hoarse voice ŋgure- kutkut pa Ni iwin yambon ma ikam ŋgureene. —He XX drank the soup and it tasted good to him. hungry for meat, wanting to eat meat, -keene ŋgure- desire to eat meat (Lit. ‘throat is beating XXhang oneself (Lit. ‘catch one’s throat’) for’) -kuru ŋgure- Ŋgurem kutkut pa kini kizin pepe. —Do not XXclear mucus and blood from a baby’s get attracted by their food. ŋgure- mamaaza throat after birth (Lit. ‘put through the XX throat’) thirsty (Literally ‘throat has dried out’) XX ŋgure- imbeeze able to sing any note (because one’s XX throat has cleared well) throat feels better after having drank -mbit ŋgure- water (after having been very thirsty, XXhang somebody Lit. ‘throat is soft’) ŋgure- mbeeze pa Timbit ŋgureene ma imbiŋbiŋ sala ke. —They hung him [Lit. ‘tied his neck’] and XXenjoy a certain food (Lit. ‘throat is soft he was hanging up in the tree. for’) -pasiksik ŋgure- ŋgure- imun XXcrave for more food or drink (Lit. XXget out of breath (Lit. ‘throat is closed’), ‘provoke the throat’) choke -patuntun ŋgure- Pikin itaŋ itaŋ ma ŋgureene imun. —The XXcrave for more food or drink (Lit. ‘stir up child cried and cried until it ran out of the throat’) breath. -ur ŋgure- ŋgure- pa XXtalk like, have the same intonation, XXdesire certain kind of food, meat ŋgure- isaana pa speak the same dialect as someone else Nio aŋur ŋgureŋ kei ta zin Ŋguuru. —I XXhungry for meat, really wanting to eat spoke like the Gauru people do. meat or drink something (Lit. ‘neck -yembut ŋgure - deteriorates for’) XX ŋgure- sirkiŋa- cut off someone’s head (Lit. ‘cut the XX neck’) one who laughs easily -zuuru ŋgure- note: Northern dialect form XX ŋgure- itautau taste really good (Lit. move/push the throat a bit further) XXdry mouth Takan ye tana na, izuuru ŋgurende. —When def. Ŋgureene itautau, tabe kauziini we (INC) ate that fish, it tasted really good idadaada (=ipet som, imamaaza). Bela to us. iwin yok, tona ambai. —He has a dry ŋgursa- N mouth, and so his saliva is dried out and XXslime (in intestines, on fish, eels, gummy. He must drink [some] water, and jellyfish, some root crops etc.) then he will be okay. ŋgure- iwidit Ŋge kopoono kopoono leleene ŋgursaana. Tuŋguuru ma ila lene muŋgu. —The XXsore throat ŋgure- iwizis pa intestines of a pig are slimy. We (INC) wash that away first. XXdesire a certain kind of food strongly ka- ŋgure- Swiili ye ŋgauliini, to ŋguuru ŋgursaana ila ne. —Scrape off the scales of the fish, and XXsomething good to eat then wash off the slime. Kanda ŋgurende sa, som som? —Is there Teneene manioka, to tono ŋgursaana/ something good for us (INC) to eat, or not? -kam ŋgure- lumbuunu/ŋaono ila lene muŋgu, mana ilas. —When we (INC) roast manioc, we XXsatisfy the need for meat, taste good first scrape off its slime, and then it is to, have a pleasing taste (Lit. ‘get one’s roasted. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ŋgursek 320 -ŋguutu

similar: marwoono, ŋaono, umbuunu, ŋguuluŋa- N_Inal_Stative lumbuunu XXlazy, lethargic, lacking vigour -ŋgursek V_Tr To tana ŋguuluŋana. —That fellow is lazy. XXscrape, scratch (the skin off of Ŋguulu rimos! Maŋga mi la pa uraata. something) —Quit being lazy! Get up and go to work. Aŋmel ma aŋgursek kumbuŋ mbukuunu. —I Sombe peteli, to iŋguulu. —If he is hungry, fell and scraped my knee. then he must be lazy. ŋguruŋ ŋguruŋ N_Event Redup see also: -maol, mbura- pa uraata som, XXlow pitched sound, rumbling sound (as -ŋgwol of falling water or a distant motor) ŋguumu N Yok ndunduŋana ta ikam ŋguruŋ ŋguruŋ XXhermit crab (walks with its shell, lives a. —It is a waterfall that is making the near the seashore, =Tok Pisin guma) rumbling noise over there. Zin moori tipera Gebuzu be tiyo ŋguumu be Wooŋgo ka masin ikam ŋguruŋ ŋguruŋ a. tikan. —The women went out to Gebuzu —The ship’s engine was making a rumbling to collect hermit crabs to eat. noise over there. Ŋguumu tiwwa raama putuunu. —Hermit -ŋguruumu V_Tr crabs walk around with shells. XXbend and break ŋguuru1 N Ŋguruumu koŋ teu suruunu sa imar. XXtree type (has rough leaves which are —Break me off a section of sugar cane used for scrubbing pots) and bring it here. Kikin ŋguuru be kopot kuuru pa. —Pick Yesu ipas bubuŋana mi iŋguruumu ka ŋguuru leaves with which to scrub the pots. bolboolo. —Jesus gave up his breath/ Ŋguuru2 N_Proper spirit and bowed his head and died. XXGauru village or the people who live there similar: -seboogo, -bokat zin Ŋguuru —people who live in Gauru -ŋgutguutu V_Intr_Stative Redup village, Gauru villagers alt. -ŋgunguutu -ŋguuru3 V_Tr XXstand up straight, be in standing XXrub against, wash, scrub clean position, be vertical, steep Aŋguuru nomoŋ. —I washed my hands. Wooŋgo ka palyaara iŋgutguutu. —The Waeŋ iŋguuru mburu ma iŋgeeze. —My wife canoe’s mast is standing straight. washed the clothes and got them clean. Aŋpiri ke ma ila iŋgunguutu. —I threw a Nio aŋguuru motoŋ. —I washed my face. stick and it landed in a vertical position. Posi iŋguuru i la kumbuŋ pa ka kini. —The ŋgutŋguutuŋa- N_Inal_Stative cat was rubbing against my leg [hoping to XXsteep, sheer, precipitous get some] food to eat. Ruumu uteene ŋgutguutuŋana. —The roof Ke iŋguuru ke toro, mi ikam kalŋaana of the house is steep. ŋekŋek. —A tree rubbed against another abal uteene ŋgunguutuŋana —steep tree and made a creaking noise. mountain -ŋgurŋguuru V_Tr Redup -ŋguulu V_Intr_Stative -parŋguuru V_Middle XXdried out and wrinkled XXrub against each other Serembat imbot imbot ma iŋguulu kek. Ke ru tiparŋguuru zin, ina tapaata be Kipiri ila lene. —The sweet potatoes have parambel. —When two trees rub against been around for a long time and they each other, that kind of noise we call have dried out and become wrinkled. ‘parambel’. Throw them away. ŋguuruŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXlive in need because of being lazy or Mburu ti ŋguuruŋana kek. —These things lethargic have been washed already Ni iŋguulu pa ka kini, pa ikam uraata som. tutu ki namanda ŋguuruŋana —a law —He lacks food, because he did not do concerning hand washing any work. -ŋguutu V_Tr XXhit walls of something (canoe or a slit ŋgwaara 321 -ŋin ŋgwolŋa- N_Inal_Stative drum, in order to inform other people dial. var. lugoogoŋa- (Gauru) about something) XXinefficient, unproductive, sluggish, lazy, Zin tiŋguutu ŋgaraama, pa tomtom imeete/ not accomplishing anything, idler pa naroogo. —They hit the slit drum, Tomtom ŋgwolŋana na, mbura somŋana. because somebody died/ because of the —A sluggish man is one with no strength/ dance. will [to work]. Tiŋguutu wooŋgo leleene, pa tikeene ye ma Nu mbesooŋo sananŋom, mi ŋgwolŋom kat. wooŋgo bok. —They hit the insides of the —You are a bad and very unproductive canoe, because they had caught so many servant. fish that the canoe was full [of them]. see also: beleegeŋa-, lugoogoŋa-, -maol, -ŋgunguutu V_Tr Redup ŋgwaara mbura- pa uraata som, -ŋguulu N -paŋgwol XXcopra, coconut (dry, smoked) XXcause others to be lazy def. Ŋgwaara, ina ni mazaana ta tukut ma -ŋgwor V_Intr ikeke. —Copra, that is coconut flesh that alt. -gwor we (INC) have smoked and is hard. construction: kopo- iŋgwor Ŋgwaara taiŋgi igorok kek. Irao isula bek. XXgrowl, make noise, rumble (used of —This copra has dried. It can go down in stomachs) the bag. Ko aŋzemu, pa kopoŋ iŋgwor. —I will leave XXcandle (made out of a piece of dried you (SG), for my stomach is growling. coconut) -ŋgworŋgwor V_Intr Redup Kutun ŋgwaara mi tere: Serembat inoi kek ŋgworŋgworŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup some zen? —Light some dry coconut flesh ŋiizi Adv_PredP and we’ll see whether the sweet potatoes XX have started to boil or not. when? Ŋiizi mi nu zem mbulu tana? —When are ŋgwaata N you (SG) going to quit doing that? [You XXgrub (edible, found in dead, rotting trees have done it long enough!] and at the base of mangroves) Imar ŋiizi? —When did he come? def. Kaimer iwe magum. —Later it becomes Ŋiizi na uulu yo? —When will you (SG) a magum beetle. help me? Zuk ŋwaata ma tuumbu. —Cover the grubs Ko pataŋana ti imap ŋiizi? —When will this with leaves and roast them. problem come to an end? ŋgwatŋgwaataŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XX -ŋin V_Tr having many grubs XX Kun na, ŋgwatŋwaataŋana. —A breadfruit stick something into/onto something tree has many grubs. else (decoration, mark) Nio aŋin pesel tio. —I stuck my backside ŋgwalum N decoration on. XXcaterpillar (edible, found in the Zin tiŋin iili sala uten. —They stuck following trees: karame, sorwor, bou. feathers on their heads as decorations. Later it becomes a blue butterfly.) Ŋin mermeere isula nomoŋ. —Stick the Zuk ŋgwalum pa rom ma tuumbu. —Cover Victory leaf down onto my arm. the caterpillars with rom leaves and roast Ŋin ye tiroono isala kooto be wal tire. them. —Stick the fish bone up in the thatch, so -ŋgwol V_Intr_Stative people will see it [and thereby know we XXbe stagnant, not flowing are interested in getting some fish]. Yok iŋgwol. —The river/water is stagnant. Ŋin buza lae pa palaŋ, kokena iŋgal zin XXbe sluggish, lazy, unproductive and not pikin. —Stick the knife between the accomplishing anything planks lest it jab the kids. Wal maolŋan na, tiŋgwol kat. —The lazy -ŋinŋin V_Tr Redup ones are truly unproductive. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ŋirŋir 322 ŋono-

-parŋin V_Tr XXbody Kaparŋin aigau tiom! —Put on each other’s Nio ŋonoŋ biibi. —My body is big./ I have a decorations! large body. ŋirŋir V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup Ŋge ŋonoono na, amkam ma ila. Mi ka construction: zoŋo- ŋirŋir mamus na, isu pizin moori. —The main XXshow one’s teeth in a smile or grin part of the pig, we (EXC) took it away. But Duubu zoŋo ŋirŋir. — The waves are the other parts went to the women. smiling [=there are whitecaps]. Tomtom tana, ni iurur som. Ire men mi similar: -sir sombe pat imbot la ŋonoono, na ikam men ŋirŋirŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup tau. —That man does not hesitate. He just Tomtom ti zoŋo ŋirŋirŋana. —This person looks and if he has some money with him, is always smiling. then he just gives it. XXwhitecaps XXedible part of a fruit, nut, tuber, Duubu zoŋo ŋirŋirŋana. —There are shellfish, fruit, nut, kernel whitecaps. we, kun, kaŋar ŋonoono —mango fruit, you ŋirŋirŋana breadfruit fruit, galip nut XXblazing fire ke ŋononŋan matakiŋa —many kinds of You ŋirŋirŋana, ina ibilbil ma biibi, mi fruit and nut trees ibayou kat. —A blazing fire, that is Ni, liliibi, we, ip, kaŋar tipiyotyooto ŋonon. flaming and big and very hot. Mi peege, guava, puke, rok, papaya -ŋit V_Tr tipiyotyooto pwon. —Coconuts, talis nut XXbite trees, mangoes, ip nut trees, and galip Bidbiidi iŋit ti. —Bedbugs bite us (INC). nut trees produce their kind of fruit. And XXbite and pull off (used of the skins of betel-peppers, guavas, Malaysian apples, nuts and fruits) walnut trees, and papaya trees produce Nio aŋit mbolkai. —I bit off the skin of a their kind of fruit. [note: Different terms betel-nut. are used for the fruits and nuts of the two XXbite to test groups of trees: ŋono- and pwo-] Ŋit we mi re. Mazaana, som som? —Bite the Takan ŋgeele ŋonoono, mi putuunu ila ne. mango and see whether it is ripe or not. —We (INC) eat the clam creature, and the Ŋit mbolkai. Imbol, som som? —Bite the shell [is thrown] away. betel-nut. Is it hard or not? XXcontents Teu tarkatŋana, aŋur su tana. Kam ma ŋit. Tinpis ti ŋonoono imbot, som putuunu men? —The chopped up sugarcane, I put [it] —This tin of fish, is there anything in it, down there. Take it and bite off the skin or is it just an empty container? with your teeth. Ŋonoono imbotmbot. —It has contents (i.e. -ŋo V_Tr it is not empty). XXchew on, gnaw on, crush in one’s mouth Ni tiŋgi, ŋonoono, som pugor? —This Ŋo pe kini, to teene. Won pepe. Kokena coconut, does it have edible flesh inside, ileege ŋgurem. —Chew the food properly or is it without? and then swallow [it]. Don’t gulp it down XXresult, product, consequences lest it get stuck in your throat. Uraata kizin ka ŋonoono, ta iti tere kek. Nio aŋo mbu kuliini. —I chewed on the skin —The results of their work, we (INC) have of the betel-nut. seen them. Ni iŋo teu. —He chewed on a piece of ula kizin ka ŋonoono mataana kana —the sugarcane. first product/ fruit of their marriage [i.e. Ŋo mermeere tio uunu bekena imbeeze. their first-born child] —Chew the stem of my Victory leaf to -ur/ -piyooto ŋonoono soften it. XXbe fulfilled, produce results, bear fruit, -ŋoŋo V_Tr Redup come true, real ŋono- N_Inal Sua kini iur ŋonoono. —His talk came true. XXmain part, most important part ŋonoite 323 ŋonoono

Uraata kizin iur ŋonoono. —Their work ŋonoono2 N_Stative XX bore fruit/ had results. true, truth, real, reality, basis Pai kini ko iur ŋonoono, som som? —Will sua ŋonoono —true talk, truth his trip produce results, or not? lutum ŋonoono —your (SG) true child Toono ipiyooto kini ŋonoono. —The land Oo, ina ŋonoono kat! —Oh, that [is] so true! brings forth the food crops. ŋonoono ma ŋonoono kat —really true XXimportant tool for one’s everyday work, Kini kini ŋonoono kat tau yagoŋ, pin, mi main tool papaya. —Its real [i.e. favourite] foods Komputer na, nu ŋonom, mi pail ma buza are corn, bananas and papaya. na niam ŋonoyam. —The computer is your Sua tana ka uunu ŋonoono, som som? (SG) main tool, whereas a file and a bush —Does that talk have any truth/ basis to knife are our (EXC) main tools. it, or not? -teege ŋono- Ŋgar ambaiŋana uunu ŋonoono ta kembei... XXhave sex with (Lit. ‘hold the body of) —The true beginning/ basis of the ŋonoonoŋa- N_Inal_Stative wisdom is… XXproductive, producing fruits, bearing Ina mbulu ŋonoono ki toŋmatiziŋ. —That is fruits, having results the true behaviour of brothers. XX Sua kini ŋonoonoŋana. —His talk produced truly valuable, precious results. Aŋre kembei koroŋ tio ŋonoono kat na… —I ŋono somŋa- consider that my most valuable/ precious XXfruitless, useless, futile, in vain, having thing is… XX no results capable Sua kizin ŋono somŋana. —Their talk had tomtom ŋonoono —true/ capable man no results. moori ŋonoono —capable woman [For the Urlaŋana kizin ŋono somŋana. —Their faith Mbula people, this is a woman who is a is useless [i.e. it does not produce any hard worker and serves her in-laws well.] practical fruit/ changes in their lives.) Ur zin wal tau malmal kan ŋonoono. ŋonoite N —Appoint men who are truly good at XXmain part of some event fighting. XX Naroogo ŋonoite zen. Buri kumbuunu isu just, just about toono i. —The real dancing has not taken buri ŋonoono —just now place yet. It is just now starting. neeri ŋonoono —just yesterday uraata ŋonaite, sua ŋonaite —main part Rimen ŋonoono, mi aŋtop pa urlaŋana tio. of the work, most important part of the —I just about fell away from my faith. / I discussion almost fell away from my faith. XX dial. var. ŋonaite (Marile, Birik) hard, difficult (used of work) ŋonoŋ ŋonoŋ N_Event Redup Soolo na, uraata ŋonoono som. —Making XXnoise, disturbance made by mouth the floor is not hard work. Pikin tikam ŋonoŋ ŋonoŋ boozo mete. —The dial. var. ŋonŋono (Kampalap) mata- ŋonoono children are making too much noise. XX Kam ŋonoŋ ŋonoŋ paso? —Why are you (SG) surpassingly good at doing something making noise? (Lit. ‘eye fruit/ true’) XX similar: orooro capable, strong, the best def. Imuŋmuuŋgu pa koroŋ —He/ She/ It ŋonoono1 Adv_Pred0&1&NP XXvery, really, truly habitually surpasses in something. pataŋana biibi ŋonoono —a truly big Ni mataana ŋonoono pa malmal. —He is difficulty/ problem the best in fighting. Lutuŋ tamen ŋonoono ta ti. —I have only Me mataana ŋonoono tana ila iŋa ŋge na, ŋge this one child. irao ila som, isu. —When that very best wal rimen ŋonoono —a truly small group hunting dog went and got hold of a pig, the of people pig could not get [away], it went down. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ŋonoono … mi/ tamen 324 -ŋooŋo mbotŋana ŋonoono ta ki Anutu i -mbot ŋoobo XXeternal life (true life that comes from XXbe in need, lack necessities God) Ni imbot ŋoobo pa ka kini. Asiŋ ko ikam similar: mbotŋana mata yaryaaraŋana pini? —She is in need of food. Who will ŋonoono … mi/ tamen3 give some to her? Conjunction -pa ŋoobo XXeven though, although XXbe inaccurate Ŋonoono, iwal biibi taŋga, zin zorzooroŋan Sua ku ipa ŋoobo. Nio aŋso ta kembena kat. Tamen lelem isaana piam mi muŋai som. —Your (SG) talk is inaccurate. I did yam. —Even though/ [It is true] that not say that. crowd over there, they are really -pal ŋoobo rebellious. But have compassion on us XXcut inaccurately, miss (EXC) and have mercy on us. dial. var. -palrau (Northern), -palŋau (Marile) ŋoŋi N_Event -paŋoobo pa XXquarrel, quarrelling, conflict, upset XXdiverge from, not follow properly Zin tikam ŋoŋi paso? —Why are they Zin tipaŋoobo pa sua ki Anutu. —They quarrelling? don’t follow God’s word properly. Ŋoŋi ku ka uunu sa? —Is there a reason for ŋobŋoobo Adv_Pred0&1 Redup XX your (SG) quarrelling? incorrectly, improperly Kam sorok ŋoŋi piam paso? —Why are you Ni ikamam ŋobŋoobo mbulu. —He is always (SG) quarrelling with us (EXC) for no reason? behaving incorrectly/ improperly. Ŋoŋi imbotmbot la mazwan. —There was a -la ŋau/ -la ŋoobo quarrel between them. XXmiss -piyooto ŋoŋi, -pei ŋoŋi —cause quarrelling Ni isombe itaara ke, mi ila ŋau. —He was -punmeete ŋoŋi —cause a quarrel to calm intending to cut a tree, but he missed it. down, resolve a quarrel ŋooŋo1 N_Event see also: -ŋooŋo ‘quarrel’ XXcold (runny nose, watery eyes) ŋoobo Adv_Pred0&1 Ŋooŋo ikam yo. —I have a cold. alt. ŋau -ŋooŋo2 V_Intr XXwrong, incorrectly, improperly, by XXquarrel, argue, be upset and complaining mistake Niamŋan Misek amŋooŋo. —We are -leŋ ŋoobo —hear incorrectly quarrelling with Misek. Ni iso ŋoobo ta kembei… —She spoke Nio aŋŋooŋo, pa tipun ŋge tio. —I incorrectly like this… complained, because they killed my pig. Ni ipekel ŋoobo sua. —He answered -ŋoŋooŋo incorrectly. Zin wal tana tiŋoŋooŋo len sorok. —Those Nu kam ŋgar ŋoobo. —You (SG) are thinking people are always quarrelling for no reason. incorrectly. Tinoknok zooroŋana mi tiŋoŋooŋo. —They -kam ŋoobo keep on rebelling and quarrelling. XXmistreat, treat unfairly, do wrong to, ŋoŋooŋoŋa- N_Inal_Stative treat poorly XXalways quarrelling, quarrelsome, Ni ikam ŋoobi. —He mistreated her./ He contentious treated her unfairly. Tomtom tana, takam koroŋ kini, iŋooŋo, Toroŋ, nio aŋkam ŋoobu som. —My friend, takam koroŋ kini iŋooŋo. Ni ŋoŋooŋoŋana I have not done anything wrong to you. kat. —That man, if we (INC) take his things, -kam ŋoobo mbulu (pa) he quarrels, [if] we take his things, he XXtreat unfairly, do wrong to, do quarrels. He is really quarrelsome. incorrectly, do improperly -ŋooŋokaala V_Tr Tomtom tana ikam ŋoobo mbulu pio. XXprotect by complaining, make a fuss over —That man treated me unfairly/poorly/ something incorrectly. Ni iŋooŋokaala guava kini. —He complained about his guavas in order to protect them. ŋooro 325 ŋunuŋ ŋunuŋ ŋoŋi N_Event Tomas ipasaana lutuunu Yoan moni kini, mi XXquarrel, conflict ipekel som. To Yoan iŋu ma iko ma ila lene. ŋooro N XX Igarau tamaana mini som. —Tomas wasted nose decoration (goes into pierced noses, his son John’s money and did not replace made of boi seashell, spire shaped, with it. Then John got upset and ran away. He black and white spots, not worn any more) does not come close to his father anymore. Ni ikam ŋooro milmilŋana ma iur la Rebeka ŋuŋuŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup kuzuunu. —He took a golden nose XXeasily offended, easily upset decoration and put it on Rebeka’s nose. Ni tomtom ŋuŋuŋana. —He is someone who ŋor V_Intr_Uninfl is easily offended. XXfall into a deep sleep -ŋu3 V_Tr Ni isu ma ŋor ma ila lene. —He fell off into XXkeep water in one’s mouth a very deep sleep. Zin mbia tiŋu tai. —The bats carried alt. ŋorok saltwater in their mouths. similar: -zem itu- Mooto ŋarap tiŋu tai mi yok. —Python -ŋor kaibiim V_Intr XX snakes keep saltwater and freshwater in pretend to be young and pretty again, their mouths. try to make oneself attractive (used of Ŋu yok ma pures. —Keep water in your older women) mouth and spit it out. Ni iŋor kaibiim ma tau! Ikam aigau ma -ŋuŋu V_Tr Redup imbonboreen, mi zin pakan na tilala ŋue Pronoun tikaam uraata. —She has really tried to XXyou (singular), you (SG), (second person make herself attractive. She has put on singular nominative pronoun) nice decorations and is just staying around dial. var. niu (Gauru), nu ~ niwi (Central), doing nothing [like pretty young girls do], ŋu (Kampalap) while other [women] go [and] work. ŋuk N_Event Ni iŋor kaibiim, mi ikarakiti i be iwoolo construction: ŋgure- ikam ŋuk mini. —She is making herself attractive XXmake a low-pitched noise of disapproval like a young woman in order to get (because one is tired of hearing married again. something) ŋos V_Intr_Uninfl XX def. Ituru toso sua ma A. ŋgureene ikam ŋuk slip away without notifying anybody piti. Iso “Mm.” Ni niini gesges pa sua kiti Ni ibeleu ma ŋos. —He just slipped away ma isombe ipeteke ti. —We two (EXC) speak similar: -beleu ma pos, ma pis, -pas and A. makes a low-pitched noise in his ŋu1 Pronoun XX throat. He says “Mm.” He doesn’t like you (singular), you (SG), (second person what we are saying and wants to stop us. singular nominative pronoun) XXmake a low pitched noise, coo dial. var. niu (Gauru), nu ~ niwi (Central), Man mbalmbal ŋgureene ikam ŋuk. —A ŋue (Kabi, Sakar) pigeon makes the noise “ŋuk.” see also: pu ~ piu ~ pue, ku ~ kiu ~kue, -m ŋunruk N -ŋu2 V_Intr XX XX pandanus type (has a red, edible fruit) be offended, sulk, be upset (and Makele ila ikeende ŋunruk mazaanaŋana. therefore avoid someone) To waene inoi ma tikan. —Makele went Tikam mbulu sa ma ipasaana leleene, ta and twisted off a ripe pandanus fruit. ikami ma iŋu pa. —It was because they Then his wife boiled it and they ate it. did something that upset him, that he got ŋunuŋ ŋunuŋ N_Event offended. XXmurmuring, complaining, grumbling Tikam sua boozo pio, tabe aŋŋu pizin, mi Koso ma kalŋoyom biibi som? Kakamam aŋko ma aŋla leŋ. —They said a lot of ŋunuŋ ŋunuŋ paso? —Why don’t you (PL) [unpleasant] things to/about me, so I got speak up? Why do you keep murmuring? upset with them and ran away. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ŋuŋ 326 ŋwa-

Tire mbulu tana na irao lelen som. Tabe runny nose. tikam ŋunuŋ ŋunuŋ pa. —When they saw Ŋuruunu isu ma imamaaza, to ka that behaviour, it was not pleasing to mbakereene imbot se ka yok. —When them. So they murmured about it. the mucus runs down and dries up, then ŋuŋ1 N the dried up mucus is left on the area XXinsect type (big, black, found in sago between the nose and mouth. palms, the three stages of its life cycle XXsap are: 1. welŋan, 2. kiri, and 3. ŋuŋ) meene ŋuruunu —sap of a sago palm ŋuŋ2 V_Intr_Uninfl -ŋuru V_Tr XXthud, thump, make a low-pitched XXstraight towards (only occurs in thudding noise compounds) Likati ma ŋuŋ su imbot. —Hit him hard and -koŋuru V_Tr he will thump down and stay. XXgo/come straight toward, go directly ŋuŋuŋ N_Event Redup Nio aŋkoŋuru atoŋ, pa tiso tipun yo. —I went construction: -kam ŋuŋuŋ straight to my older brother [for help], XXbuzzing sound (made by mosquitoes, because they were intending to hit me. flies, and some other insects) -loondoŋuru V_Tr Nomnom timar mi tikamam ŋuŋuŋ ila XXrun straight towards somebody talŋoŋ. —Mosquitoes came and were Zin boogo ru tiloondoŋuru yo. —The twins buzzing in my ears. ran straight towards me. ŋurŋur1 N_Event Redup -paŋuru V_Tr XXgrowling XXwalk straight towards, walk directly, Me ikam ŋurŋur pa me toro/ piti tomtom. walk right towards —The dog is growling at the other dog/ Ni ipaŋuru naala ki Lazarus ma ila. —He us (INC) people. walked straight towards Lazarus’ grave. -ŋurŋur2 V_Intr Redup ŋuzu- N_Inal XXgrunt at, growl at (used of pigs and dogs) XXback part of the head Ŋge naana iŋurŋur pa lutuunu bizin. —The Aŋpa ki ŋuzuŋ. —I walked backwards. mother pig was grunting at her piglets. Aŋmalaala, mi aŋtut ŋuzuŋ isala pat. —I Ŋge sa iŋurŋur lela mbaŋbaŋ taŋga. —A pig fell over backwards and hit the back of is grunting inside that thicket over there. my head on a stone. Tiŋurŋur kembei me ta ikamam be ikan XXblunt side of an axe or knife tomtom. —They growl like a dog that is nakabasi/ buza ŋuzuunu—blunt side of an about to bite a person. axe knife XXcrackle (of fire) kumbu- ŋuzuunu You ikan mbooro ma iŋurŋur. —The fire XXheel consumed the coconut shells and was Isou kiskis toono kumbuunu ŋuzuunu mi isu. crackling. —He was holding tightly to his brother’s Paala pinpin ke pepe. Kokena ilela you to heel, when he was born. ŋurŋur baram. —Don’t split the wood too ŋwa- N_Inal small. Otherwise, when it is put onto the XXtop of something, on, over someone or fire it will burn too quickly. something ŋurŋurŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Ni iur namaana isalakaala tomtom tana XXcrackling ŋwaana. —He put his hand on that man. You ŋurŋurŋana tana isu, to ye isala ineene. Liŋ yok isala ŋwaana. —Pour water over him. —Once the fire stops crackling, then the Tipiri mburu siŋsiŋŋana sala ŋwaana. —They fish can go on top of it and roast. threw a piece of red clothing on him. ŋuru- N_Inal Tamaana imeete, to itop sala ŋwaana mi XXmucus of nose, snot itaŋ. —When his father died, then he Mus ŋurum! —Wipe off the mucus [from threw himself on top of him and cried. your (SG) nose]! Pat itoptop zalla Setepan ŋwaana. —Stones Ŋurum mbeumbeu. —You (SG) always have a were falling on Stephen. O 327 ogeoge

Pataŋana biibi isala ŋwoŋ, tana aŋpa kar pa uraata som. —If I am still sick, I won’t keteene som. —I have a big problem come to work. [weighing] on me, and therefore I do not o yae Intj walk around in the village. XXIf only!, Oh my! (expresses longing, Zin ndiili tiral sala ye ŋwaana=tiralpandeeŋe frustration, sorrow, wishing, sympathy) ye. —The ndiili birds soared in circles over O yae, waende bizin timbot, so ambai… —If the fish.=They rounded up the fish. only our (INC) friends were here… -ur sala ŋwa- O yae, nio loŋa amar, so niamŋan amla XXstack up Karapo. —Oh, if only I had come quickly, Ur ke toro isala ke toro ŋwaana. —Put a piece then I could have gone together with of wood on top of the other piece of wood. them to Karapo. -sala ŋwa- O yae, muŋgu wal pakan titut yo. Mi padei XXhave sexual intercourse, copulate with ta aŋleŋ la kalŋan som? —O my, before (lit. ‘go on top of’) some people gave me advice. But why did I not listen to them? def. Nu twer pa koroŋ. —You (SG) long for O something. O1 Adv_S o yalei Intj alt. go XXOh if only... (expresses longing for XXREM (remote, completed action), has something that is not possible) already happened, -en O yalei, begeŋ sa kembei man mbalmbal, so Ni ila o. —He has already gone. ndabok! —Oh, if only I had wings like a o2 Conjunction dove, it would be great! XXor (used when listing some, but not all of def. Iti lelende pa koroŋ sa, tamen irao takam the envisioned possibilities) som. —We (INC) want something, but we Me ko tikam kanda moozo, o ŋge, o wok, are not able to get it. o… —The dogs will get us a bandicoot, or XXOh sorry! (expresses sorrow, sympathy) a pig, or a wallaby, or [something else]. O yalei, kembel kat yom. Pa mbu som. —Oh Nu sombe kam sanaana pa lutuŋ moori bizin, sorry, you (PL) are really in trouble. For o woolo moori pakan, na kozo re u.—If you there are no betel-nuts. (SG) mistreat my daughters or marry other XXfrustration women, then you had better look out. O yalei, mbulu mi tutu boozmen ta O3 Intj ipombolmbol mbotŋana ambaiŋana, ta iŋgi XXattention getter, vocative tomtom tipasaana ma isaana kek. —Oh, all O biibi tio,.. —Oh my master/lord/boss,… the customs and laws that encourage good XXoh!, hey!, express sudden comprehension living, now people have destroyed them. “Now I know this!” or surprise ogaoga N Redup O, Akep ta itunu ti. —Hey, here is Akep XXheaddress type worn in Sia dances himself. Tipo ogaoga, pa tiso tirak Sia. —They made O, malmal biibi ta iŋgi be ipet i. —Hey, a ogaoga headdresses because they want to big fight is about to happen. dance the Sia dance. def. Ina tomtom iute som, mi buri be iute. def. Tipo pa teene, tisese ruŋ ila, mi tiŋgal man —With this, a person did not know ruunu ila, to tipun mos pa ma iwe ogaoga. something, but right now is coming to similar: naol know it. ogeoge N_Event Redup o ina ko Conjunction XXcarry many things at the same time alt. ina ko, nako def. Moori imbeli pa mburu. Ipoi ke, to kini XXthen (in conditional apodoses) isala, to pikin isala, mi iteege kuuru mi buza Nu sombe leŋ sua tio som, o ina ko aŋpunu. ma nogo, ina ogeoge tau. —A woman has a —If you don’t listen what I say, I’ll hit you. lot of cargo. She carries firewood hanging Sombe mete tio inmbot men, o ina ko aŋmar a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z oi 328 oraa oo, from her head, then food is on top of Intj XX that, and a child is on top of that, and she expresses realisation of something is holding a pot, and knife, and axe, in Oo, ŋonoono kat, ituru siŋ tamen. —O yes, doing that, she is doing ogeoge. it is really true, both of us are from the Moori ta ogeoge ma ila ga. Mi waene iŋgi same family (Lit. ‘blood’). namaana men mi leŋleŋ ki pai ma ila. Oo imap. —Oh that is it, it is finished. —The woman over there is carrying a lot Oo buri na, ŋgar tio ipet mi aŋkilaala. of things as she goes. And her husband —Oh, now I understand. has nothing in his hands and is just Oo kenako, aŋla mi aŋre i. —If that is the happily strolling along. case, then I will go and see him. XX oi Intj Hey (said to attract attention) XXOh no! (expresses dismay) Oo Dabit lutuunu, muŋai yam lak! —O Son Oi, ŋge ta ila a. —Oh my, the pig got away. of David, please have mercy on us! opapo def. Aibike ilu marakete be iŋgal ŋge. Mi Intj tamen marakete ila ma ikam supuuru, mi note: Marile form ŋge iko ma ila ne. To imar ma iso sua tana, dial. var. opopop (Central)

mi B. ileŋ. Pa leleene be ŋge ila lene pepe. opas N_Stative XX —A. throws a spear at a pig. But the spear medium-sized pig goes and misses/ only goes partly into the ŋge opas pig, and the pig gets away. Then he comes similar: ŋge baadaŋana and says this expression, and B. hears. For note: not widely known he did not want the pig to get away. opopop Intj XXresponse when one is called alt. opapo XXdef. A. iru B. To A. iboobi na, B. iso sua XXOh no!, I knew this would happen! tana (ina kembei itur tau) Mi B. iso: “Nio (expresses dismay that something bad ituŋ ti.” Tona A. ila kini. —A. looks for has happened even though you have B. Then when A. calls to him, B. says this warned people about the possibility of it expression. (It is like he is responding.) happening) And B. says: “I myself am here.” After Opopop, aŋso aŋso ma som, talŋan that, A. goes to him. pampam. —Oh no, I knew this would ois Intj happen! I kept warning them, but they XXWhat a pity!, Darn!, Rats! (expresses were obstinate/ refused to listen. dismay or disgust at not having done Opapo, wal ti talŋan som! —Rats, these something correctly) people have no ears! [i.e. they don’t listen def. Sombe kam supuuru koroŋ, to so “Ois!” and act on what they hear] XX —If you (SG) do something only partially Watch out! (expresses fear that [i.e. unsuccessfully], then you say “Ois!” something bad is going to happen) Ois, ye ta aŋkami som ma ila! —Darn/Rats, Opopop, kam ta kembena pepe! —Watch the fish that I caught got away! out, don’t do that! olib N oraa Intj XXolive alt. oora/ eraa XX loan from: Tok Pisin, English poor [thing/ man/ woman/ person/ ke olib —olive tree. child] (expresses sympathy and sorrow Abal Olib —Mount of Olives for someone else) olib lene —olive garden Oraa, imeete kek. —Poor fellow, he is dead. ooi Intj Oraa, tila som. —O sorry, they did not go. XX XXOh sorry! (expresses pity/ sympathy) woe to Abaraam iso pini: “Ooi lutuŋ, motom la Oora niom Korazin koyom!. —Woe to you pa mbotŋana ku ta kam su toono na.” people of Korazin! —Abraham said to him: “Oh my son, think def. tumuŋai tomtom —We (INC) feel of your (SG) life that you had on earth.” compassion for a person. see also: raa orka- 329 pa orka- N_Inal preposition encodes a wide variety XXside, straight edge of something of oblique semantic roles in the tebol orkaana —edge of the table clause including: Goal—inanimate, XXside of the body, hip Source, Location—inanimate, Time, Moori imbisiŋ lutuunu ila orkaana. —The Instrument, Benefactive, Malefactive, woman carried her child on her hip/ on Cause, Addressee, Circumstantial, and her side. Experiential Stimulus) ke orkan orkan XXto (inanimate Goal) XXdice Zaala ta ila pa Lablab na, molo som orka- orka-ŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup katŋana? —The road that goes to Lablab, XXsquare-shaped is it long or short? Kasap kitiimbi orkan orkanŋana. —Hew Ziru tilela pa su. —The two went into the square shaped posts. forest. orooro N_Event XXat, in (inanimate Location) XXnoise, commotion (verbal) Zin timbot pa Karapo. —They live at Orooro biibi isala. —There was a big noise. Karapo. malmal ka orooro —commotion, noise of a XXat, in (Time) fight Ni imar pa mbeŋ. —He came at night/ in -kam orooro the night. XXmake noise Ni ipeebe pa Septemba. —She gave birth in Tikam orooro pa zaala ma timar a. —They September. were making noise as they came along the XXto (Addressee) road. Ni iso pa waene. —He spoke to his spouse. -yo orooro XXfor, to (dative, benefactive, recipient) XXmake noise (Lit. ‘pull noise’) Nio aŋkam uraata pini. —I worked for him. Ziŋoi ta tiyo orooro ma timar? —Who are Nu kam pio sorok, som aŋgiimi? —Are you the ones making noise and coming? (SG) giving it to me for nothing (free), or ou Intj am I to buy [it]? XXHey!, “Listen to me!” XXabout, concerning Ou, tala tere kolman. —Hey, let’s go and Nio aŋmiu pini. —I dreamt about him. see the old man. Nio aŋkam ŋgar boozo pini. —I thought/ Ou, mbotmbot? —Hey, are you (SG) there? worried about him a lot. Zin tiuulu yo pa uraata tio. —They helped me with my work. P Zin tiso pini. —They spoke about him [also could mean ‘They spoke to him.’] pa1 Conjunction XX XX because, for (causal), on account of, of because, for (expresses reasons, grounds) (causal) Ni leleene be imbot su lele tana som. Pa Nu so mini, pa nio aŋleŋ kat som. —Say it imoto kana. —He did not want to stay in again, because I didn’t hear it well. that place. For he was afraid. Tikam mbulu tana pa uunu toro. —They did Wai, nio aŋute koroŋ tana som. Pa muŋgu that for another reason. nu so yo som tau. —Hey, I did not know Koŋ miaŋ pa ituŋ. —I am ashamed of myself. about that. For you (SG) did not tell me Nu lelem pa yok? —Would you (SG) like about it. water? (Lit. ‘Are your insides for water?’) pa 2 Preposition XXfor (temporal duration/ extent) see also: pio, pu ~ piwi ~ piu ~ pue, pini Nio aŋbot pa ndaama lamata. —I stayed ~piin, piti ~ pindi, piam, piom, pizin [there] for five years. (Referent pronouns formed with pa) XX similar: irao to, at, from, for, concerning, about, XXfrom, out of (Source) with, because of (The referent a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pa 330 -pa -pa ki Titatke yo pa uraata ki misin. —They took XXfollow the behaviour of one’s parents (or me out of the mission work. close relatives), do as one’s parents do, Nio aŋko pini. —I ran away from him. follow in the footsteps of one’s parents Ni keteene su pa uraata kini. —He rested Pikin tana ipa ki tamaana. —That child from his work. follows his father’s ways. Anutu iut mat pa zugut. —God separated -pa ki mos light from darkness. XXwalk quietly XXin Pa ki mos, kam kuruŋ kuruŋ pepe. —Walk Ni tomtom ambaiŋana pa Anutu mataana. quietly, don’t make noise. —He is a good man in God’s eyes/sight/ -pa ki ndeme-/ -pa ki ŋuzu- opinion.++ XX XX walk backwards with (instrumental) -pa le- Nio aŋtaara ke pa nakabasi. —I cut the tree XXwalk or live following one’s own desires down with an axe. Nu pa ki tomom som. Nu pa ndel. Pa lem Wok ikowo pa kumbuunu mi namaana, mi ki asiŋ? —You (SG) are not following your ikeltapaara pa wiini tomini. —The wallaby father’s behaviour. You behave differently. flees using its front and back limbs, and In following your own desires, whose springs with its tail also. behaviour are you following? Tire pa/ki matan. —They saw [it] with -pa ndel pa their eyes. XX pa + Numeral diverge from, be different from, not the same as, miss XXonce, twice, never, times Lutum tana ipa ndel pa mbulu ku. —That Ni ikam pa tamen. —He did it once/ one child of yours (SG) diverges from your way time. of living. Ni ikam pa ru. —He did it twice/ two times. pa sa zen Mbulu tiom ipa ndel pa Anutu sua kini. —Your (PL) way of life is different from XXnever [the way of life pictured in] God’s word. Nio aŋre i pa sa zen. —I have never seen him. -pa ndeme-/ -pa kere- -pa V_Intr 3 XXwalk close to someone in front of them/ XXwalk, travel, wander, move, come behind them Ni ipa ma ila. —He walked along. Pikin lautabe, o tomtom yaambaŋana, na Zin tipa toono. —They travelled by/on land. irao tapa kouluŋana su kereene uunu Miiri ipa pa re ma imar. —The wind came pepe, tapa kolouŋana pa ndemeene uunu from the southeast. pepe. Topou pini. —A first-born child or a Pa lak! Pa iŋgi zoŋ mataana isula kek. sorcerer, we (INC) must not walk too close —Start walking! For the sun has already to him, either in front of him or behind started going down. him. We must show respect for him. Tipeeze wooŋgo ma tipa ndapet ma tibeleu kosasa ipa ndeme- som kur ndemeene. Tipa pa ndapet a. —They XXnothing is impossible for someone (i.e. paddled their canoes and moved out they are strong, wise, capable, Lit. towards the sea and went around the area ‘nothing walks/moves behind someone’) of the reef where the waves break. They Anutu, kosasa irao ipa ndemeene som. travelled along further offshore. -pa pa —God, nothing is impossible for him. XXknow and properly follow all the rules of XXwalk throughout ceremony, do everything properly Kapa pa lele ta boozomen. —Go and visit Ni ikam mailaŋ na, kosa sa ipa ndemeene every place. som. —When he put on the feast, he XXhave a close relationship properly followed all the customs and Ziru tipa. —They are having a close laws associated with it. relationship/ an affair. -pa pai mos -pa kaimer XXlive prudently, circumspectly XXwalk behind, come behind, come later -papaala 331 paaga

Putuundu yam. Naso ampa pai mos men, mi verbs more ‘intense’—i.e. it indicates amsosor som. —Strengthen us (EXC). Then greater force or care in doing the we will walk/live truly prudently and not action or increases the valence of the do wrong. verb. Note that the vowel frequently -pa pakaana harmonises with the first vowel in the XXbe located along one side of something following root.) Yok Taroobo iut ma Salapoŋgo ipa pakaana, XXconverts intransitive verbs to transitive Kipiili ipa pakaana. —The Tarawe river ones divides the land, with the Salaponggo clan’s -pabayou (pa+-bayou ‘be hot’) — heat up land being along one side and the Kipiili ‘make hot’ clan’s land being along the other side. -pasaana (pa+-saana ‘deteriorate, be bad’) -wwa, -wawa V_Intr Redup —destroy, harm, injure, ruin, ‘cause to alt. -wawa deteriorate’ Pikin iwwa kek. —The child is walking -pomon (pa+-mon ‘sink’) —make sink, already. cause to sink -wwa le- -pombol (pa+-mbol ‘be strong’) XXstroll for pleasure, walk without having —strengthen, encourage, fortify ‘cause to a clear purpose or goal be strong’ Niom kala swoi? Soom. Niam amwwa -pandel (pa+ndel ‘be different’) —cause leyam men. —Where are you (PL) going? someone to go astray, mislead Nowhere in particular. We (EXC) are just -pumun (pa+-mun ‘be closed’) —close up, having a pleasurable stroll. fill ‘cause to be closed’ -wwa le- sorok -pelek (pa+-lek ‘fold up’) —make shorter, XXgo one’s own way, follow one’s own more concise [immoral] desires, be promiscuous -pasom (pa+som ‘not’) — scorn (Lit. ‘cause Moori tana iwwa le sorok, ta iŋgi kopoono i. not’) —It is because that woman followed XXexpresses that an action is done with her own sensual desires that she is now greater force or intensity pregnant. -pakaaga (pa+kaaga ‘open’) — force open, -pawa V_Tr Redup manage to get open ‘cause to open’ XXhelp to walk XXexpresses that an action is done with Ni ipawa lutuunu, pa ni itoombo pai. —He greater care is helping his child to walk, for the child -pamboro — escort/guide carefully (Lit. is trying to learn how to walk. ‘cause look after’) Teteegi mi tapawa i ma tala. Pa ni mata -pitiiri — ‘examine carefully’ (Lit. ‘cause- pisŋana. —Let us (INC) hold his hand and examine’) help him walk along. For he is blind. XXincrease valency of transitive verbs Kumbuunu ipawa i ma ila. —His feet lead -powoolo — marry someone to someone/ him along. officiate at a wedding, pollinate -paki V_Tr -paute (pa+-ute ‘know’) —teach ‘cause to XXwalk carrying something know’ Aŋkwaara pikin mi aŋla aŋpaki mi naana -piwin (pa+-win ‘drink’) —make to drink, iteege you. —I carried the child and walked offer a drink to someone around with him, while his mother was -pakan (pa+-kan ‘eat’) —feed someone, get cooking. someone to eat something poisonous -papaala V_Tr -pagaaba (pa+-gaaba ‘accompany’) — join XXbreak/ crush by stepping on oneself to -pa-/ -pV-4 Prefix paaga N XXcause, make (causative prefix, usually construction: ka paaga changes intransitive verbs into transitive XXshavings, woodchips (left over after ones, but also makes some transitive hewing or cutting wood with an axe) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z paagapuk 332 -paala

Tataara ke, to ka paaga itoptop su toono. just hanging around doing nothing. —When we (INC) cut a tree, then the Koroŋ matakiŋa ki toono ipalpaala matan. shavings drop down on the ground. —Different things of the world are Ke matum iur pini som. Tana ni ikan kini captivating their thinking. pa ka paaga, mi ilulu. —Matum wood -palpaala ŋgar ki does not suit him. So when he ate using a XXconfuse thinking, captivate (Lit. ‘be chip of it, he vomited. [Some people are splitting someone’s thinking’) allergic to this particular kind of wood.] Pat ipalpaala ŋgar kizin. —The money paagapuk Quantifier captivated/ confused their thinking. XXa lot, more than would normally be paalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative/ N_Inal_Event expected XXsplit, broken, breaking Su pini ma paagapuk ta kembena? (ro biibi) Ke tiŋgi paalaŋana kek. —This timber is —Why did you (SG) give her as much as split up already. that? (You gathered up a lot [of salt].) -mapaala V_Intr Mbu tiam kureene siŋaanabi ta pikin ti isu XXbreak, burst pa ma paagapuk ma ila pizin Mutu, mi Wooŋgo imapaala. —The canoe broke up. niam koyam ri taiŋgi. Amso sua som, pa ni -mapalpaala V_Intr Redup ta kembeiŋana. Namaana ti iuri. (=Ikam alt. -mawalwaala biibi kat ila pizin.) —The huge betel-nut Pat popoŋana isala you ma imapalpaala ma branch of ours (EXC), this child gave most muunu men. —The new [cooking] stone of it to the island people, and there is just went on the fire and broke up into lots of this little bit of it left for us. [But] we did tiny pieces. not say anything, for he is just like that. -pamapaala V_Tr His hand causes him to do it. (=He gave a XXaccidentally break something, break by very large amount to them.) accident similar: -re ki som, ikam biibi Ni ipamapaala kombom/ kuuru. —He -paala1 V_Tr accidentally broke a drum/ pot. XXsplit into pieces lengthwise (both men Other compound verbs containing –paala: and women can cut things this way) -kelpaala (meene, kun, toono) V_Tr Nio aŋpaala ke pa nakabasi. —I split the XXbreak up using a sharp stick or knife wood with an axe. (sago, breadfruit, earth/ground) Paala pinpin ke pepe. Kokena ilela you to -kinpaala (wooro, teene, muzil) V_Tr ŋurŋur baram. —Don’t split the wood too XXbreak off with one’s fingers (rope, cane, small. Otherwise, when it is put onto the muzil cane) fire it will burn too quickly. -kotpaala (ni, pa buza) V_Tr XXsplit/ cut open XXbreak in half (coconuts, with a bush Tipaala ni. —They split open coconuts. knife) -palpaala/ -walwaala V_Tr Redup -ŋgorpaala (mbu) V_Tr Palpaala ye ma ka kopoono isu lene. —Cut XXbreak open by biting (betel-nut) open the fish and remove the entrails. -papaala V_Tr Mi mbili ta imeete na, ziru ko tipalpaala ma XXbreak something by stepping on it ni kana ni kana. —And the animal that Popoŋana kini sa ko ipapaala utem. —One has died, they will cut it up into pieces of his offspring will step on your(SG) head and share it between them. and break it. -palpaala mata- Kumbum sala ko mi papaala. —Step on the XXcaptivate, fascinate, get caught up with, bamboo and break it. confuse (Lit. ‘be splitting someone’s eyes’) -petepaala V_Tr Moori aigauŋana ipalpaala tomtom tana XXbreak by throwing mataana, tabe ikamam uraata som, -roupaala V_Tr mi imborene. —The woman who was XXsplit in half by striking (done to bigger decorated, captivated/fascinated that man, logs to provide firewood for smoking and so he was not doing any work and was coconuts or cocoa) -paala 333 -paata

Amroupaala ke pa nakabasi ma iwe ru. -paara2 V_Tr XX —We (EXC) split the log in half with an axe. look after a rejected child or an orphan Zin tomooto men irao tiroupaala, pa ke Iti tapaara pikin ti ma iwe kolman. —We (INC) bibip. To tikwaara tataŋa ma timar. looked after this child until he grew up. —Only men are able to split big logs in similar: -mboro half, for [they are] big pieces of wood. -paara3 V_Tr Then they carry them back one by one. XXsmoke, dry (on a wire grid over a fire) -supaala V_Tr Iti tapaara ye/ koi. —We (INC) smoke fish/ XXcut in half with a knife tobacco over a fire. Tisupaala ŋge ma iwe ru. —They cut the pig similar: -kut in half. paaraŋa- N_Inal_Stative -tarpaala (mbu, peege kiini, soolo) XXdried, smoked XXsplit up into small pieces Koi paaraŋana. —dried tobacco -tutpaala V_Tr -tunpaara V_Intr XXbump into something, knock against XXhave a steam bath, steam treatment Nio motoŋ sanaana pa uraata ma aŋre ke (done for some illnesses) som, mi aŋtutpaala kumbuŋ ila. —I was -paata V_Tr concentrating on the work and didn’t see XXread, call the stick and hit my leg on it. Raaza pepe, pa nio aŋpaata zen. —Don’t -paala2 V_Tr tear it, because I haven’t read it yet. XXwalk in a river Nio aŋpaata sua. —I read the text. Ni ipaala yok. —He walked in the river. Paata ma kalŋom biibi! —Read it in a loud Paala yok pepe. Kokena kom muk isula. Pa voice! zin tiwinin yok ta ndapet. —Don’t walk in Pasaana nio zoŋ mi paata sorok pepe. —Do the river lest your (SG) dirt get into it. For not do ruin my name and call it in vain. they normally drink the water downstream. XXname (give a name to someone or XXmove across, walk across (the village) something) Atai ipaala kar keteene. —Atai walked Naŋgoŋ ipaata zoŋ Salme. —My mother across the village. named me Salme. paanda N Adam ipaata zin zan zan makiŋ. —Adam XXpandanus (=Tok Pisin karuka, scientific named them all. name: Pandanus sp., leaves are sewn into Mat tana, ni ipaata be aigule, mi zugut be sleeping mats, fruits are edible) mbeŋ. —That light, he called day, and the Paanda pwoono, iti takanan, mi paanda darkness, he called night. ruunu na iwe mi. —The pandanus fruit, XXconsider we (INC) eat, and the leaves are made into Tomtom takena, niam ampaati be tomtom sleeping mats. ambaiŋana. —A man like that, we (EXC) paara1 N consider him a good person. XXplatform, shelf on which food items are Wal tipaata yom be biibi kizin pepe. put —People should not call you (PL) Kom kini ta ise paara na, kam su to kan. [=consider you to be] their masters. —Your (SG) food that is on the shelf, take it Nio ko aŋpaata zin be wal tio. —I will call down and then you can eat [it]. them my people. XXstructure for pulling a big log across a -paata ten river XXguess Tipo paara be tiyaaru wooŋgo. —They built -paata ka- a bridge over which to pull the log for the XXplan to do something to someone canoe. XXintend, mean, do on purpose parpaara N Redup Nio aŋpaata kana, tabe aŋpuni ma imeete. XXshelf —I intentionally killed him. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z paaza 334 -pabeleu

Nio aŋpaata kom, ta aŋmar i be re leŋ ŋge paazaŋa- N_Inal_Stative/N_Inal_Event sa pa bugoŋ. —I have been planning to XXplanted, planting see you (SG), and that is why I came. I Tisula Nakayobi paazaŋana, mi tiru mbu want you to look for a pig to give me so ma som. —They went to the area old I can satisfy my ceremonial obligation. Nakayo had planted to look for betel-nuts [said to a guraaba ‘trading partner’] but did not find any. Mooto tina ipaata kom be iketo u. —That nio paazaŋoŋ —my planting, my snake intends to chase after you (SG). plantation, thing(s) I planted -watwaata V_Tr Redup Mazwaana ki biidi paazaŋana na ila kek. paataŋana N_Inal_Event —The time for planting yams has already XXreading passed. paataŋana mi beedeŋana —reading and -pabarau V_Tr writing XXtame, cause to be unafraid Ni kwoono imbeeze pa paataŋana. —He is a Iti irao tapabarau zin mbili, to matan isu good reader. mi tiute iti. —We (INC) are able to tame paaza1 N animals, then their eyes go down [=they XXtree type (very long-lasting, prized for are no longer afraid] and they know us. house posts) see also: barauŋa- ‘tame’ Kala kasap paaza pa kitiimbi. —Go and -pabayou V_Tr hew paaza tree wood for house posts. XXheat up something, warm up -paaza2 V_Tr Pabayou ri, to tooro ma win. —Heat [it] up dial. var. -paas (Gauru), -paza (Northern) a bit, and then mix [it] and drink [it]. XXplant, put into ground …aŋur lela koukou mi aŋdou you, to def. Kel toono mi koroŋ isula (ni, mbu, pin, ipabayou koroŋ tina. —I put it into the ŋgalam, mok, yagoŋ iweene.) —Dig a hole white ashes and stir up the fire, and then into a ground and [put] something down it heats that thing. [‘Thing’ here is a fetish into it (coconut, betel-nut, banana, taro, used for working magic on someone.] corn seeds, etc.) see also: -bayou, you, -lo, -kailes, Aŋpaaza mok. —I planted taro. -kaazakaala Aŋpaaza kitiimbi. —I planted the house -parpabayou posts in the ground. XXwarm each other Sombe lende koi iweene, som yagoŋ iweene, Tulup ti mi tikeene, naso taparpabayou ti. Pa to timbit se you mataana bekena you/ka lele ilomo. —Let us (INC) sleep together, then koi iŋgalŋgal (=ikudut). Mi tuurpe muriini we will warm each other up. For it is cold. makiŋ, tona tuputke su ma tala tapaaza. -pabeleu V_Tr Sombe yagoŋ, na tapaaza pataaŋa. Mi XXrearrange the position of things (so that sombe koi, nako tala titiyaara, ma perper to something moves from front to back, or tala tupuru mi tapaaza. —If we (INC) have back to front), swap places, change the tobacco seeds or corn seeds, then we hang order of something, do something in a them up above a fire so that the fire/smoke different way, change a plan dries them. Once we have prepared a place Ni ipabeleu yo ma aŋla ndemeene, mi ni [to plant them], then we undo them and imuuŋgu, kokena tipun yo. —He and I go [and] plant them. If it is corn, then swapped places, and I went behind him we plant [the seeds] right away. And if it and he went in front [of me] so that they is tobacco, then we go [and] scatter [the would not hit me. seeds], and when they start to come up, we XXtake another route (for purposes of pull them up and replant them. secrecy), sneak away, slip away -waswaaza, -wazaas, -pazaza V_Tr Redup Tiuri sula nakaral, mi tipabeleu i pa siiri Waswaaza kom kini. Naso kan seeŋge. ndemeene na titu i isula. —They put —Keep planting food. Then you (SG) will him into a basket and slipped him over continue to be able to eat. the fence and lowered him down to the ground [by rope]. -pabil 335 padei

XXswap things secretly, switch secretly, slip the Lord’s talk. something to someone Pabogboogo sua pepe. Sua pakan ila igaaba Tipabeleu mbolkai pini, tabe iseŋ mi imeete. pepe. —Don’t confuse the talk. Other talk —They slipped the [poisoned] betel-nut to should not accompany it. him, so he chewed it and died. Zin tipabogboogo ŋgar pa mini, tabe ambai XXswirl, turn forcefully (used of water) som. —They confused the issue again, Wo mburaana ipabeleu ke, som tomtom, ina and so it is not good. tapaata be belut. —When the power of see also: -boogo a flood forcefully swirls trees, or people -padaada sua V_Tr [and carries them], we (INC) call it the XXargue back and forth over something, force of churning water. wrangle over words, have a dispute (Lit. XXroll around, put around something ‘intensely pull talk’) Pabeleu wooro pa ke. —Put the rope around Timbutul pa sua karakitiŋana, mi tipadaada the tree. sua, ma sua sa iŋgeeze som. —They sat -pabeleu mia- down for a meeting to straighten some XXdistort, misrepresent (because of mixing talk, and argued back and forth so no talk in one’s own ideas to what is reported) got settled. Nu pabeleu miom pa sua. —You (SG) are -padaaga V_Tr distorting/ misrepresenting the talk. XXstep on something -pabeleu sua Re, ko padaaga te! —Look out lest you (SG) XXchange topic, confuse a discussion step on the excrement! Nu pabeleu sua rimos! —Quit confusing the Nio aŋmar ma aŋpadaaga mooto. —I came discussion! and stepped on a snake. XXedit -padagdaaga V_Tr Redup Niam ampabeleu sua, bekena iŋgeeze pa XXtread on tomtom talŋan. —We (EXC) rearranged/ Bapalo ta so ikamam uraata pu mi edited the wording, so that it would be ipadagdaaga kini wit,... —A buffalo that fluent to people’s ears. is working for you (SG) and treading on -parpabeleu V_Tr wheat [=threshing wheat],... XXswap, switch dial. var. -panda (Northern), -pandaa XXgo past each other (Gauru) -pandaaga (Marile) Kaparpabeleu yom! —Swap places!/ Switch -padaban V_Tr places! Go past each other in different XXfill up completely, put more and more directions. into something see also: -beleu Tapadaban serembat ku isula ŋgamar ma bok -pabil V_Tr kat. —Let us (INC) put your sweet potatoes XXwave at, wave back and forth, swing into the basket and fill it up completely. back and forth Ruumu leleene bok, mi nu padaban mini. Tipabil naman pini. —They waved their —The interior of the house was full and hands at him. you (SG) made it even fuller. -pabilbil V_Tr Redup Yosep iwe mboroŋan mi iŋgiimi zin kini mi Amkam kawaala pakaana, mi ampabilbil ipadaban zin ruumu kini kan ma bok kat. mi menmeen yam ma ampakur Anutu. —Joseph became a leader and bought —We (EXC) took a piece of cloth, and were food and filled the food storage houses waving it and rejoicing and praising God. until they were really full. see also: -bil see also: -daban -pabogboogo V_Tr Redup padei Adv_Pred1 XXconfuse, mix up, twist (used of talk, alt. parei thinking) XXwhat? Tipabogboogo sua ki Merere. —They twisted Ni ikam padei? —What did he do? a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -padubup 336 -paguruk

be padei Ni ipagege i pa natabu mi irak. —He put XXhow? natabu beads on over his shoulder and Ko aŋkam be padei? —How should I do it? under his other arm and danced. padei ta -pagerger V_Tr XXwhy? XXcalm down by making certain noises, Padei ta ni ila som? —Why did he not go? talk, sing songs or try to divert attention (a more polite way of asking ‘why?’ than by giving something hold or see, soothe paso, which tends to imply criticism, Lit. Pagerger pikin ma imaane. —Soothe the ‘How is it that he did not go?’) child down and get him quiet. padeiŋa- N_Inal_Stative see also: -nene, -panene ‘rock a baby to sleep’ XXwhat kind? -pagesges V_Tr Sua tana, sua padeiŋana? —What kind of XXirritate, disturb, annoy talk is that? XXwear out, make tired of -padubup V_Tr Aiss, pagesges yo paso! —Why are you (SG) XXstep into something soft (like mud) disturbing me! Opopop, aŋso ma som, mi ni ipadubup Kokena pagesges zin, to kam ma lelen be tire kumbuunu isula tiiŋgi kek. —Oops, before I u mini som. —You (SG) might wear them could tell him, he had already stepped in out, and then they would not want to see the mud. you again. see also: -dubup see also: -gesges, ni- gesges -pagaaba V_Middle/Tr -paguluk V_Tr XXjoin, put something together with XXloosen a bit (a knot, bond, loop) something else Paguluk wooro pa ŋge kumbuunu. Pa ibibiizi Nu koroŋ ku na, inmbot ndel. Pagaaba la mete. —Loosen the rope a bit around the koroŋ kizin pepe. —Your (SG) things should pig’s feet. It is too tight. stay apart. Don’t join them with their Paguluk tuugu risa mi yo ke pakan isala. things. —Loosen the rope a bit and collect more Nio ko aŋpagaaba yo la kizin som. Pa niam wood on top of it [i.e. the tied up bundle uyam toro. —I will not join in with them. of wood]. For our (EXC) lineage is different. -pagulukguluk V_Tr Redup Pagaabu la ki tom bizin ma niomŋan see also: golok ‘become loose’ kakam. Naso irao pa kar biibi. —Join -paguruk V_Tr your older brothers in doing it XXmove something aside a bit [=preparing a feast]. Then there will be Paguruk tebol ma ilae rimen. —Move the enough [food] for the whole village. table aside a bit. Nu tina pagaaba kulim sorok imar tio paso? Kapaguruk kitiimbi ri. —Move the post a bit. —You (SG) there, why are you associating XXrush and therefore do carelessly yourself with me? You have no basis to Kapaguruk uraata pepe. Kakam kat. do so. —Don’t hurry the work unnecessarily. Do XXput against something it carefully. Ziru tila tipet Anutu kereene uunu, mi XXstartle, frighten, alarm ipagaabi ila kataama, to ikam kiruuŋu mi Kapaguruk yo paso? —Why did you (PL) iro to tana talŋaana. —The two of them startle me? are to go into God’s presence, and he is Kapaguruk kar pepe. Kokena motoŋana to put him [=the other person] against a ikam zin tomtom. —Do not alarm the door, and then he is to take a nail and put village lest people get fearful. it through that fellow’s ear. XXloosen see also: -gaaba Paguruk wooro ri, to ambai. Pa iŋgi ibibiizi -pagege V_Tr mete. —Loosen the rope a bit, and then it XXput something over one’s shoulder will be okay. For it is too tight. and under the opposite arm (like a see also: -guruk, -golok, -guluk, -pagolok bandolier) pai 337 paka- (pakaana) pai1 N_Event Ut kooto be moori tipai, mi tomooto tiŋgal be XXjourney, trip isala. —Cut sago leaves so that the women Amkam pai molo. —We (EXC) had a long trip. can take off the midribs and the men can Ko pai kini iur ŋonoono, som som? —Will sew [them onto sticks for thatching], so his trip produce results, or not? [they can] go up [on the roof]. Maŋga pa pai! —Get going! XXwake someone up from sleep by shaking Mbuulu itum pa pai pepe. —Don’t bother them, poking them, or making some noise going. Nio aŋpai zin pikin. —I woke up the children. Ni imbel pai. —He had a really long trip. Pai i pepe! —Don’t wake him up! Pa aigule toro, to pai. —For the next day, XXraise from dead, resurrect then it would be time to leave on the trip. Mbeŋ Kaimer, Anutu kola ipai zin wal Niini isaana pa pai kek. —He was already meeteŋan. —On the Last Day (Lit. ‘night’), exhausted from the trip. God will resurrect dead people. XXwalking, way of walking similar: -pamaŋga, -paŋga, -pei pai londi —a fast walk -payai V_Tr Redup Ampa leyam pai ambai men. —We (EXC) had -paigeege V_Tr a good walk, trip. XXwake up a number of different people Pai ise! —Let’s go faster! painap N Amkilaali pa pai kini. —We (EXC) recognised XXpineapple (scientific name: Ananas sativas) him from his way of walking. Painap tio boozo, buri be tiur ŋonon. XXconduct, behaviour, way of life —Many of my pineapples are just now Pa pai ku ma ambai men pa Anutu beginning to produce fruit [i.e. red flowers mataana. —Live your (SG) life in a way and small fruits have begun to appear]. that is truly good in God’s eyes. loan from: Tok Pisin, English -kunkun ki pai pak N_Event XXwalk bent over construction: -kam pak Moori tana ikunkun ki pai. —That woman mata- ikam pak walked bent over. XXwake up, open one’s eyes kumbu- paipaiŋa- Iŋgi mataana ikam pak kek. Tama lak! XX walker, someone who walks a lot —His eyes have opened. Let us (INC) go. Ni tomtom ki buzur ruŋana mi kumbu lele ikam pak paipaiŋana. —He was a hunter and a XXbecome clear (of weather, after rain has walker. stopped) -pa pai mos Yaŋ izzu men ta amzza i. Lele ikam pak, to XX live prudently, circumspectly amla. —Because it just keeps raining, we Putuundu yam. Naso ampa pai mos men, mi (EXC) are waiting. Once the weather clears, amsosor som. —Strengthen us (EXC). Then then we will go. we will walk/live very prudently and not paka- (pakaana) N_Inal do wrong. XXpart, portion -pai2 V_Tr Paradigm: pokoŋ, pokom, pakaana, XXpluck/take out, pick off, pull off, remove pokoyam, pakanda, pokoyom, pakan Pai kom kweeŋge sa ma kan. —Take out a Peete mburu tana ma iwe pakaana laamuru. shellfish from its shell and eat [it]. To pakaana ta ila ki Merere. —Divide similar: -kelko, -kelpet, -kelwai, -wailep those things into ten portions. Then one XX pull off the midrib from a sago palm portion [=a tenth] is to go to the Lord. leaf to make the leaf flexible so it can be XXhalf folded and used for thatching Ni ndaama kini ta mi pakaana. —He is one Zin moori tipai kooto pa Akep ruumu kini. and half years old. —The women pulled off the midribs Tai pakaana ru tana timender kembei ta from sago leaves so they could be used as siiri. —The two halves of the sea stood up thatching for Akep’s house. like a fence. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pakaaga 338 -pakaam

XXblood relative -pakaala V_Tr XX Nu mar, mi pokom ila parei? —You (SG) have obstruct, block, be in the way, hinder, come, but where did your relative go? prevent someone from doing something Pakanda bizin pakan timbot su Birik, mi Pakaala muriŋ paso? —Why did you (SG) pakan timbot su Kampalap. —Some of our take my place? (INC) relatives live in Birik, and some live Mbeŋ/ Yaŋ/ Wo ipakaala yam. —Night, the in Kampalap. rain, a flood hindered us(EXC). lele pakaana Mutu tana ipakaala miiri. —That island XXregion, area, province blocked the wind. lele pakaana ki Morobe —Morobe province Nu pakaala motoŋ ma aŋre video som. —You Timbot lele pakaana ta mbuleene kat. —They (SG) are blocking me from seeing the video. live in a region that is really far away. Kosa sa ipakaala yom pa Anutu mini som. Ni izem kar kini, mi ila imbot lele pakaana —Nothing obstructs you (PL) from God toro. —He left his [own] village and went anymore. [and] lived in another region. XXmagically prevent someone from bearing pakaana pakaana children XXboth halves, both sides, one side and the Tamaana bizin tipakaali be ipeebe som. other side —Her fathers worked sorcery on her so Tisupaala ŋge ma pakaana, pakaana. she would not get pregnant. —They cut the pig in half. similar: -ŋgun Yok pakaana mbaagi, yok pakaana mbaaga. XXcover, protect, enclose —This [near] side of the river, that [far] Amkam bandaid ma ampakaala zaaba side of the river. kwoono muriini. —We (EXC) took a bandaid Sombe zin lamata, nako tel timbot pakaana, and covered the wound. mi ru timbot pakaana. —If there are five Iti tapakaala kulindi. —We (INC) cover our of them, then three will be on one side, bodies [i.e. with clothes]. and two will be on the other side. Tire len koroŋ sa ipakaala zin som, to kan -pa pakaana miaŋ. —When they saw that they had XXbe located along one side of something nothing covering them, then they were Yok Taroobo iut ma Salapoŋgo ipa pakaana, ashamed/embarrassed. Kipiili ipa pakaana. —The Tarawe river Tipamender soŋsooŋgo, bekena tipakaala divides [the land], with the Salaponggo lele pa naroogo. —They stood up a wall clan’s land being along one side and the made out of coconut fronds in order to Kipiili clan’s land being along the other enclose an area for dancing. side. -pakalkaala V_Tr Redup XXpiece see also: kaala Mi tire len ke pakan pakan ta duubu ikiili -pakaam V_Tr pa wooŋgo i. —And they looked for some XXlie, pretend, trick, deceive pieces of the boat that the storm had Ni ipakaamu. —He tricked you (SG). broken off. -pakamkaam V_Tr Redup pakan Quantifier pakaamŋa-/ pakamkaamŋa- XXsome (other) N_Inal_Stative/Event Zin pakan na, mbulen su mi tikan kini, mi XXliar, lie, dishonesty, deception, falsehood pakan na timender. —Some of them sat Nu pakamkaamŋom! —You (SG) are a liar! down and ate, and some others were Ni ikam pakaamŋana pio. —He deceived me. standing. Tikaam pakaamŋana pa urlaŋana kizin. -pakaaga V_Tr —They are hypocrites (Lit. ‘They do XXget open, open with effort, manage to deception regarding their faith’) get open, unscrew To tana, ni le pakaamŋana sa som. —That Pakaaga tin. —Get the tin open. fellow, he has no deception [in him, i.e. see also: -kaaga he is very honest, truthful]. Zin lelen bok pa pakaamŋana. —Their -pakaara ka- 339 -pakap

hearts (Lit. ‘insides’) are full of falsehood. child took the crayons and messed up the XXdishonest, deceptive, lying, false book [i.e. he scribbled all over it]. sua pakaamŋana —false talk/ lie XXconfuse (talk) mbulu pakaamŋana —deceptive behaviour Tipakalaulau sua ma isaana kat. Kosasa Ni iute pakaamŋana kizin kek. —He izal som. —They really confused the talk. already knew/recognised their dishonesty. Nothing is straight [now]. merere pakaamŋana similar: -yandelele sua, -piŋgis sua XXidol, false god see also: -pakaukau ‘tangle up’, ‘jumble up’ Tiurpe merere pakaamŋana ruŋguunu. pakan1 Quantifier —They made an idol. XXsome, several -pakaara ka- V_Tr Wal pakan tipera Koobo. —Several people XXhave bad consequences went out to Aramot Island. Kam mbulu tana pepe. Ko ipakaara kom pa koroŋ pakan —some things kaimer. —Don’t do that. It will have bad aigule pakan —several days consequences for you (SG) later. mazwaana pakan —sometimes def. Sombe kam mbulu sa, to iwe uunu pu XXsome more ma ndeeŋe pataŋana. —If you (SG) do Kini ti irao som. Kam kini pakan imar. something, then it becomes a cause of —This food is not enough. Bring some your experiencing hardship/ difficulty. more food. -pakaibiim V_Tr -pakan2 V_Tr XXdecorate, put decorations on, make XXfeed, make to eat, get to eat something attractive Moori taŋga ipakan lutuunu pa kini, pa Mi ruumu ku na, tipakaibiim pa aigau peteli. —That woman fed her child, for he matakiŋa. —And your (SG) house, they was hungry. have made it attractive with different XXpoison, get someone to eat something kinds of decorations. poisonous see also: kaibiim Zin Koobo tipakani ma imeete. —The inner -pakaka V_Tr island people poisoned him and he died. XXget people to believe something that is not -pakan3 V_Tr true, deceive or trick people into believing XXtune a drum (by making sure the spots something that is false, dupe, fool of beeswax are positioned correctly and Zin wal tana timar ma tipakaka zin tomtom tight on the drumhead), tune a guitar pa sua boozo. Kaimer ko kosasa som. Pakan gita ku. Pa aŋleŋ itaŋ kat som. —Those people came and truly duped —Tune your (SG) guitar. For I [can] hear it the people with all kinds of talk. Later does not sound right. nothing will come of it. -pakankan V_Tr Redup def. Ikam sua, tamen ni ka koroŋ sa som. Ni ipakankan kombom. (=Ikam bigil ise Ikam ma tomtom tiur matan sorok. —He kombom.) —He was tuning the drum. talks, but doesn’t have any way [to bring (=He put beeswax on the drumhead.) about what he has said]. He causes people -pakankaana V_Tr to hope [lit. ‘put their eyes’] in vain. XXconfuse, fool Sua kini ipakaka zin tomtom. —His talk Asiŋ ipakankaana ŋgar tiom? —Who has fooled the people. confused you (PL)? -pakaka itu- Merere itooro kalŋan, bekena ipakankaana XXact important, pretend, bluff zin. —The Lord mixed up their languages -pakalaulau V_Tr Redup in order to confuse them. alt. -palaulau see also: -kankaana XXmess up, foul up (writing, talk) -pakap V_Tr Wai, pikin tana ikam crayons, mi XXattach something to something flat, put ipakalaulau buk ma isaana. —Hey, that onto, join together, put back into its place a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pakarra 340 -pakiiri

Pakap bigil ila kombom. —Put beeswax —That guy tangled up my fishing line and onto a drum (to tune it). now it is bad. Aŋpakap plasta ise mbeete. —I put the XXspeak unintelligibly plaster on the sore. Ni ipakaukau sua. —He is speaking Neeri, ampakap man ki Namele, be gaaga to unintelligibly. iyooto. —Yesterday we attached the various see also: -kau pieces to Namele’s bird headdress, so that pakaukauŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup tomorrow it can come out in the open. sua pakaukauŋana XXcover the surface of something with XX confused/ unintelligible talk something XXspeaking in tongues (in the Bible) Koror tana, tiurpe pa ke mi tipakap gol ila -pakeke V_Tr leleene mi mat kana tomini. —That box XXhold firmly, make firm [=Ark of the Covenant], they made it of Pakeke nakabasi, kokena itaaru. —Hold the wood, and covered it with gold on the axe firmly lest it cut you (SG). inside and also on the outside. Pakeke nomoŋ be aŋdaada peene naana similar: -sekap kekeŋana. —Make my hand firm so that I -pakarra V_Tr can draw the stiff bow. XXmock, shame see also: -keke Tise kombom ma tipakarra tomtom tana pa -pakeloogo V_Tr mbulu kini sananŋana. —They hit their XXbend (iron, knife etc.) drums, mocking that man for his bad Aŋpakeloogo ain be iwe palweezeŋana behaviour. muriini. —I bent a piece of iron to be a Zin urum taŋga tipakarra zin urum taiŋgi, hook for hanging things. pa mailaŋ kizin iur ŋonoono som. —That see also: -keloogo clan over there mocked this clan, because -pakeŋ(keŋ) kumbu- V_Tr their feast did not succeed. XXalarm a group of people, cause a group XXmake somebody upset, angry of people to be afraid, upset, frighten similar: -pamalmal kete- Ni ipakeŋ kumbun pa sua ŋasasaaraŋana. -pakat V_Tr —He frightened them with harsh, scolding XXkick, strike with the sole of the foot talk. Nio aŋpakat me ma ikam kauk. —I kicked Ni iso sua pizin, mi ipakeŋkeŋ kumbun kat. the dog and it yelped. —He talked to them and really alarmed/ Nio aŋpakati ma imel su. —I kicked him upset them. and he fell down. similar: -pamoto XXkick off -paki V_Tr Naŋgaŋ isala ni, mi ipakat koyam sur XXwalk carrying something ma isu. —The young man went up the Aŋkwaara pikin mi aŋla aŋpaki mi naana coconut and kicked down some green iteege you. —I carried the child and walked drinking coconuts for us (EXC). around with him, while his mother was -pakatkat V_Tr Redup cooking. XXbe kicking inside mother’s womb, strike Ni iteege ke mi ipaki. —He walked carrying at mother’s womb a stick. Pikin ipakatkat lela naana kopoono. —The XXleave space between things child is kicking inside its mother’s womb. Zin tiŋgun ke pa kakau na koloulouŋan Pikin kumbuunu mi namaana ipakatkati. kat. Tana aŋpeleele zin pa ma aŋso: —The child’s feet and hands were striking “Ee, kozo kapaki ri.” —When they put her [in her womb]. sticks standing in the ground for the similar: -muzik, -zoogo lele, -mbulbuuli cocoa plants, they were really close. So dial. var. -pandakat (Gauru) I criticised them for it and said, “Uh-uh, -pakaukau V_Tr Redup put a bit more space between them.” XXtangle up, entangle, snarl, jumble -pakiiri V_Tr To tana ipakaukau yaaba tio ma isaana. XXkeep in line, keep in place, keep in order -pakilaala 341 -pakpak

XXguide -pakiliŋ V_Tr Ke ta ise bapalo ru ŋguren na, ina be XXpush down, throw down, wrestle down ipakiiri bapalo ru tina be tipa raraate men. Ni iso ipun yo, tabe nio aŋsou i ma —The stick [=yoke] that is placed on the aŋpakiliŋi isu toono. —He was about to necks of two buffaloes, it is to keep them hit me, so I grabbed him and wrestled in place so that they will walk together in him down to the ground. the same direction. Nio aŋsou ŋge saŋsaŋŋana ma aŋpakiliŋi Iti takam sua ki Merere be ipakiiri iti pa mboti su toono. —I grabbed the wild pig and kiti isu toono. —We (INC) received God’s wrestled it down to the ground. word to guide our (INC) lives here on earth. -pakoikoi V_Tr Redup Nio ituŋ ko aŋpakiiri yom pa mbulu tio. Naso XXconfuse, disorient, cause to do odd itiŋan tapa raraate. —I myself will keep you things (SG) in line [=guide you] with my behaviour. Kosasa ise mataana ma ipakoikoi i ma ila Then we (INC) will walk the same way. saŋsaŋ. —Something confused him and Pun ke tana ila be ipakiiri ruumu. Kokena caused him to get lost. imbot ŋoobo. —Nail that piece of wood XXfrighten, cause to be jumpy/ nervous to the house to steady it and keep it from Wal sananŋan, zitun mbulu kizin ta ipakoikoi becoming unsquare. zin. —Bad people, it is their own behaviour XXsustain, fortify, strengthen, support that makes them jumpy/ nervous. Petel ti, to takan kini be ipakiiri iti ma takam see also: koi, mata- koikoi uraata. —When we (INC) are hungry, then -pakokoogo V_Tr Redup we eat food to sustain us and enable us to XXmake curvy, crooked, complicated work. Ni ipakokoogo zaala kizin ma tindeeŋe Miiri ipamuzu teu ma isu, to tiŋgun ke isu pataŋana boozo. —He makes their ways mi tipo teu ila ke be ipakiiri i ma imbol. crooked and they experience many —The wind made the sugarcane fall over, difficulties. so then they put a stick into the ground see also: -koogo and tied the sugarcane to the stick in pakpak1 N Redup order to support it and [make] it strong. XXfish type similar: -palot, -pombol def. zuruunu katŋana mi kezeene molo -pakilaala V_Tr pakpak2 N_Event Redup XXteach, help to understand construction: -kam pakpak Pakilaala zin tomtom pa sua. —Help the XXpopping noise, cracking noise, pop, people to understand the talk. crack similar: -paute Sombe tapa ukar lene, nako teleŋ keembe see also: -kilaala ikam pakpak. —If we (INC) walk in -pakilalan V_Tr a mangrove area, then we will hear XXsignify to, be a sign to someone about shellfish making popping/cracking noises. something Sombe tapa sala met ŋaono, to ikam Sombe tumbut saŋgia pa zaala, to pakpak. —If we walk on top of a jellyfish tapakilalan zin wal pa zaala… —If we medusa, it makes a popping noise. cut a leaf marker for the road, then we Zin naŋgaŋ titun pul ma ikam pakpak. signify to them which way to go. —The young men burned bamboo and it XXbe an omen/ portent to someone made popping/cracking noises. Neeri niam ambot mi kosa sa ipet ma -pakpak3 V_Intr/Tr_Stative Redup ipakilalan yam pa Akum imel pa mbu. XXbe bitter, taste bitter —Yesterday we were together and Marasin nomnom kana, aŋwin na ipakpak something happened that was a portent kat/ ipakpak kwoŋ. —The malaria that Akum had fallen down from the medicine, when I drank it, it was very betel-nut palm. bitter/ it tasted bitter in my mouth. see also: -kilaala, kilalan a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pakuluŋ 342 -pal

Ye kusuunu, sombe takan na, ipakpak honoured his first-born child. kwondo. —The gall of a fish, if we (INC) eat Ni ipakur yo ma ikam leŋ ŋge. —He it, then it tastes bitter in our (INC) mouths. honoured me and gave me a pig. Kaŋar ikeene ma molo, to ipakpak ten. —If -pakur itu- galip nuts are kept for too long, then they XXboast, brag, show off get somewhat bitter. Pakur itum pepe. —Don’t brag/ show off. Kaimer, mbotŋana ku ko isaana ma ipakpak. pakurŋa- N_Inal_Stative —Later your (SG) life will be bad and bitter. Ni ikam (mbulu) pakurŋana biibi mete. pakpakŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup —He did too much bragging/ boasting XXbitter, bad-tasting (behaviour). marasin pakpakŋana —bitter-tasting mboe pakurŋana —song of praise medicine see also: kor ‘above’ Zeere kemyo uteene na, pakpakŋana. —The -pakuru V_Tr tips of kemyo ferns are bitter-tasting. XXpush a plant into softened ground (like Ke pwoono pakan pakpakŋan, pakan ambai. sweet potato or banana starters) —Some fruits/nuts are bad-tasting, others Taara toono mi pakuru yuugu sula. —Break are good. up the ground and push/ plant the taro kete- pakpak shoot into it. XXfurious, really angry, (Lit. ‘liver [is] XXcarefully put something through a hole bitter’) Nio aŋpakuru tret ila sor sumbuunu. —I put Parzooroŋana/ Ŋoŋi ikam ma keten the thread through the eye of the needle. pakpak. —The dispute/ quarrel made see also: -kuru them furious. -pakuruuzu V_Tr similar: kete- malmal kat XXslide something by pushing it mbura- pakpak Kapakuruuzu ke tana ma isula pa loobo. XXstruggle, work hard (Lit. ‘strength bitter’) —Push that log down into the low area/ similar: mbura- papiriizi pa, -kam kinkiini pa valley. nama- pakpakŋa- Zin pikin tipakuruuzu katen ma iwe kei ta XXone who makes food items bitter when wooŋgo pizin. —The children pushed a she handles them (said of some women cardboard box and it was like a canoe for who, when they pick tulip leaves and them. prepare them for eating, the food ends see also: -kuruuzu up tasting bitter, Lit. ‘bitter handed’) -pal V_Tr Ni nama pakpakŋana, mi ikin kaiwos. Tana XXslice, cut tomtom lelen be tikan kaiwos tana som. Nio aŋpal ŋge pa buza. —I cut up the pig —She is ‘bitter handed’ and picked the with a knife. kaiwos leaves. Therefore people don’t Pal ŋge tana leleene ma isu. —Cut off the want to eat those leaves. insides of that pig. -pakuluŋ V_Tr XXcut the foreskin, circumcise XXput something small into something big Tipal zin naŋgaŋ. —They cut the foreskins Pakuluŋ pikin isula kaari kunaanabi tana of the young boys. paso? —Why did you (SG) put the baby to similar: -reete sleep in such a big netbag? -pal lembe- Pakuluŋ serembat sula kuuru biibi tana paso? XXcastrate Kam sula musaari som? —Why did you (SG) Tipal ŋge lembeene ma isu. —They cut off put the sweet potatoes into that big pot? the pig’s testicles/ castrated the pig. Why not put them into a small one? -palal V_Tr Redup -pakur V_Tr palŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXexalt, honour, praise Mberet ti, palŋana pataaŋa. —This bread is Iti tapakur Merere zaana. —Let us (INC) already sliced/ cut up. exalt God’s name. -palrau V_Tr Ni ipakur lutuunu muŋgamuŋga. —He XXcut incorrectly, miss -palaala 343 -palamuuzu

Kurkur ipalrau Morkok lutuunu ma imeete. see also: -kalkal —Kurkur cut Morkok’s son incorrectly -palakoikoi V_Intr_Stative Redup and he died. XXbe darkly overcast, be black (used of the similar: -pal ŋoobo, -pal supuuru sky and clouds) -palaala V_Tr Saamba ipalakoikoi (=zugut tenten, yaŋ XXpull aside, lift off (used of cloth, fabric, ko imar). —The sky is overcast and dark blankets) (=somewhat dark, rain will come) Palaala kawaala pa miiri kwoono be tere Miiri tiene igabgap, ina toso lele ipalakoikoi. lele. —Pull the curtain away from the —When the clouds are black, then we (INC) window so that we (INC) can see out. say the weather is dark and overcast Palaala kawaala ma tere mataana. —Lift You biibi ka koi isala ma ipalakoikoi. off the cloth [covering a dead person’s —The smoke from the fire went up and face], so we (INC) can see his face. darkened the sky. see also: -laala similar: -tungap palaeŋa- N_Inal_Stative palakuutu N construction: mata- palaeŋa- XXmid-day, noon, noontime XXdistinctive (in positive sense) in colour aigule palakuutu —noon or shape, unusual in appearance Palakuutu kek. —It is noon now! Pat tana mataana palaeŋana. —That stone similar: aigule palmaŋ has a distinctive colour. palam1 N To tana, ni mataana palaeŋana. Pa kuliini XXbowstring bedbeedeŋana kat. —That person is Iti takam kiri ka teene ma iwe palam. different looking. For his skin is really —We (INC) use cane from a kiri vine to light-coloured. make bowstrings. [The island people use -palailai V_Tr Redup bamboo for the same purpose.] XXcut or pull out weeds and vines from Ni iur peene lutuunu ila palam be iser. —He garden site to get it ready for planting, placed/fitted the arrow on the bowstring and then let them dry in the sun in order to shoot [it]. Nio aŋpalailai lele tio kunduunu ma isu pa Peene ti, palam imet ma le uraata sa mini zoŋ be ikan. —I pulled out weeds in the som. —This bow, the bowstring has end of my area for the sun to dry them out. broken and has no more use. similar: -kintai palam2 V_Intr_Uninfl palak Adv_S XXjoin a group without being asked XXquit doing, stop doing Zin wal pakan tomini palam se kizin ma def. petekeŋana tila. —Some others also joined in and Witapaara palak! Sua ta aŋso ma leŋ kek went with them. na. —Stop asking the same thing again def. -gaaba sorok and again. I have said what I have said alt. baram se (Marile) and you have heard it. palambo N Nu nok palak! —Stop it! XXvine type (thorny, leaves are rubbed Pun tizim moori palak! —Quit hitting your onto sprained ankles to relieve pain) (SG) little sister! Lo palambo ruunu ma ise kumbum sarŋana. Taŋ palak! —Stop crying! —Heat some palambo leaves and [put similar: rimos, pepe them] on your (SG) swollen leg. -palaklak V_Tr Redup -palamuuzu V_Tr XXblow away, send flying, cause something XXstep on and crush with one’s foot, crush thin to flap by stepping on Miiri ipalaklak mburu ta tiparaaza se wooro Palamuuzu kiibi. Kokena iko ma ila ne. na. —The wind was blowing the clothes —Step on the cockroach and crush it. that they had hung out to dry. Otherwise it will get away. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z palaŋgan 344 -palrau

-palamusmuuzu V_Tr Redup palmaŋ N Aŋpalamusmuuzu zin ma tiwe ululu. —I XXmid-day, noon, noontime crushed them with my feet and they aigule palmaŋ —mid-day, noon became dust. Iti ketende su ri. Pa aigule palmaŋ. —Let us similar: -padaaga ‘step on’ (INC) rest a bit. For it is noontime. palaŋgan N similar: palakuutu XXleaf (long), page, loose piece of paper palmbiaŋa- N_Inal Koi palaŋgan sa imar! —Bring a tobacco XXsomething that is half-eaten by a bat leaf here! kaŋar/ we palmbiaŋana —half-eaten galip palawa N nut/ mango XXflour, baked goods made of flour -palomo V_Tr loan from: Tok Pisin, English XXkeep cool, make cool -palel sua V_Tr Zin titwi serembat kizin sula naala be imbot XXchange talk ambai. (Toono ipalomo serembat kizin.) To tina ipalel sua mini. —That fellow —They buried their sweet potatoes down changed the talk again. in a hole so that they would last well. (The similar: -peleele ground keeps their sweet potatoes cool.) palkat(kat)ŋa- N_Inal_Stative (Redup) XXcool, ease pain, relieve pain XXstriped (broader stripes) Palomo kuliŋ pa yok sa. —Put some cold Terteere palaŋgaari na, mooto ta water on my skin to ease my fever/ pain. palkatŋana. Ka mos palkatkatŋana. similar: -paluumu —The terteere palaŋgaari is a snake that is see also: -lomo striped. Its pattern is striped. -palot V_Tr Mburu kiti pakan palkatkatŋan. —Some of XXsupport, strengthen, make steady our clothes are striped. Nio aŋpalotu pa mailaŋ ku ta uriizi. —I see also: parrisŋa- ‘striped (narrow stripes)’ supported you (SG) in your recent feast. -palkeete V_Tr Yembut ke sa imar be aŋpalot yo pa, mi aŋdu XXthrow down, cast down, knock down yok, mi aŋlae mbaaga. —Cut me a stick Miiri ipalkeeti ma itop su toono. —The wind with which to steady myself, so I can go knocked it down to the ground. across the river to the other side. Ni ipalkeete we pa ke. —He knocked down Palot yo mi tatke yo pa pataŋana taiŋgi. mangoes with a stick. —Strengthen me and deliver me from this Bubuŋana sananŋana imaŋga pini mini ma hardship. ipalkeeti su toono mi ikadat. —The demon loan from: Mutu language attacked him again and threw him down similar: -pakiiri, -pombol, -we silou pa, -silou on the ground and he was shaking. palpaaŋga N Kusula kuŋguuru mburu, na kapalkeete siot XXfrond of a palm tree tio pepe. Ko imaraaza. —When you (PL) go Ni ka palpaaŋga ikam pok ma isu. Ke down (to the river) to wash clothes, don’t namaana na, ipol. —Coconut fronds come slap my shirt onto the stones. It might tear. loose and fall down. Branches of a tree -palketkeete V_Tr Redup break off. Kapalketkeete we popoŋan paso! —Why are similar: sulpaaŋga you (PL) knocking down the new mangoes! see also: mbu ka kolou, mbereeme ka kil -palketaanda V_Tr -palrau V_Tr XXoverturn, turn upside down XXcut incorrectly, miss Miiri biibi ipalketaanda wooŋgo ma imon. Kurkur ipalrau Morkok lutuunu ma imeete. —The wind overturned the canoe and it —Kurkur cut Morkok’s son incorrectly sank. and he died. Yesu ipalketaanda mbalia kizin. —Jesus note: Kampalap form overturned their tables. dial. var. -pal ŋoobo, -palŋau, -pal supuuru -palketantaanda V_Tr Redup (Central) -palut 345 -pamaata

-palut V_Tr Palyaara ki wooŋgo, ina be tutu le isala, mi XXcut off a small piece of something using takam peeze ma toko ma tala pa Koobo. a small knife —The mast of the canoe, that is for us Iti tapalut namanda kukunkukun. —We (INC) (INC) to hoist the sail up on it, and then we cut our fingernails. do steering and run to the inner islands. Palut koŋ ŋge suruunu ma imar. —Cut me pam N off a small piece of pork and bring it here. XXpalm type (very strong, black, used for Palut wooro. —Cut a piece of rope. making spears) see also: -pal, -ut izi pam —spear made from a pam palm -paluumu V_Tr Muŋgu, kolman tizabzap pam ma iwe izi. XXcool off, cause to become cool —In the past, the old people used to carve Kiwin yok lomoŋana be ipaluumu leleyom. [the wood of] pam palms into spears. —Drink water to cool off. -pa-ma- ~ -pa-mV- Prefix Zin ŋge tila tipun zubup be ipaluumu zin. XXaccidentally or involuntarily do —The pigs went to wallow in the mud to something cool off. -pamapaala —accidentally break XXmoisten, water -pamiliŋ —accidentally spill Tolou ipalumluumu kini. —The dew is -pamekewe —accidentally break off watering/ moistening the food crops. -pamekeende —twist off, remove by Kam koŋ yok sa ma aŋpaluumu ŋgureŋ. wiggling —Give me some water so I can moisten -pamuzu —cause to fall down my [dry] throat. -pamaala V_Tr XXease, relieve (pain) XXdisplay publicly, show, put out on Talŋaana iyoyou, mi aŋkam marasin pini ma display iwin be ipaluumu talŋaana. —His ear was Pamaala mburu be zin wal tire ma tiŋgiimi. hurting, and I gave him some medicine —Display the clothes for people to see and he drank it to ease the pain in his ear. and buy. see also: -luumu Pamaala itum se mat ma tire u. —Show -paluumu lele- yourself out in the open and they [will be XX placate, appease able to] see you. Yakop iurpe koroŋ pakan be ipaluumu Isau see also: -maala leleene. —Jacob arranged some things (to -pamaata V_Tr give) in order to placate Esau’s insides. XXstay awake, keep awake similar: -urpe lele- Pikin ti ikeene pa aigule, mi ipamaata XX give inner peace, pacify, cause to calm pa mbeŋ. —This child slept during the down daytime, and stayed awake at night. Yesu ipaluumu leleyam. —Jesus gives us Mbeŋ tomini, aŋpamaata mi aŋkamam ŋgar. (EXC) peace in our hearts. —At night also I stay awake and keep -palweeze V_Tr thinking. XXhang up XXsit around, watch through the night, stay Nio aŋpalweeze kaari ise. —I hung up a up at night (When someone is sick or netbag. dies, the community usually gathers at Naana ipalweezi lae ke tuunu. —His mother the home of the immediate family and hung him/ her [i.e. a baby in a netbag] up spends several nights sitting with them, on a tree stump. and singing songs.) -palwesweeze V_Tr Redup Awoŋ ikamam be imeete, tana ampamaata palyaara N pini pa mbeŋ. —My maternal uncle was XX mast about to die, therefore we (EXC) stayed with Wooŋgo ka palyaara imender. —The canoe him keeping watch through the night. mast is standing.

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pamai 346 -pambaara

Uri imar ta neeri, tabe mbeŋi ampamaata ‘skin’] of mine? ki i. —The [dead] body came yesterday, see also: -raaza therefore we (EXC) stayed awake all night -pamarra V_Tr around him. XXease one’s weight onto something else, see also: -maata lean on, balance oneself -pamai V_Tr Kolman tipamarra zitun pa tete mi tiwwa. XXprovide people with something they —Old people shift some of their weight need onto [their] walking sticks and walk. Ni ipamai yam pa kini ma ambot ambai. XXlay down something carefully —He provided us (EXC) with food and [so] Pamarra pikin isu ikeene. —Carefully lay we were all right. the child down to sleep. Muriyam som, tabe ni ipamai yam pa Kam ŋglas ti ma pamarra isu toono. Piri, ruumu. —[There was] no place for us [to o pundu pepe. Ko ipol. —Take this glass stay], so he provided us with a house [in and carefully put it down on the ground. which to stay]. Don’t toss it or hurl it. It would break. Meene ipamai iti pa peteele. —Sago takes XXease, make something easier, help care of our needs during times of hunger. Ni ipamarra zaala pizin. —He made the see also: -mboro, -kampe road easier for them. -pamalaŋ V_Tr Nio aŋpamarra pataŋana tiom. —I eased XXclear off so as to make visible your (PL) hardships. Nio neeri aŋlela Korobal na, aŋpamalaŋ zaala see also: -marra tio yok kana. —Yesterday I went to Korobal -pamasak V_Tr and cleared off my path to the river. XXmultiply, add, cause to become many see also: -malaŋ Ni ipamasak mbili kini ma tiwe boozo kat. -pamalmal V_Tr —He caused his animals to multiply and XXprovoke, anger, make angry they became very numerous. Tipamalmal Yooba keteene mini. —They see also: -masak made Yahweh angry again. pambaara1 Adv_Pred0&1 see also: -malmal, kete- malmal, -pas kete- XXacross, crossed -pamaŋga V_Tr Kozo ur ke ma imbot pambaara. —You (SG) XXget someone to do something must put the stick across it. Ni imbotmbot, mi Lukas ipamaŋga i pa pai, Tuŋgun aiwol kumbu, ina ke ru ta tuŋgun ta ila Ŋguuru. —He was staying [behind], pambaara ma topo. —When we (INC) make but because Lukas got him walking, he a crossed frame, this is [made of] two went to Gauru. sticks that we stick into the ground so Pamaŋga zin be tila titaara ke. —Get them they cross each other and tie. moving to go cut the trees. -pambaara V_Middle/Tr2 XXwake someone up XXput something across something else Pamaŋga i paso! Pa ni buri ta ikeene na. XXlie crossways —Why did you (SG) wake him up! For he Keene kena pepe! Pambaaru. —Don’t lie only just now fell asleep. that way. Lie crossways. XXraise from the dead -pambaara sua dial. var. -paŋga (Northern) XXconceal one’s meaning, speak about see also: -maŋga, -pai, -pei something indirectly, speak obscurely, -pamapaala V_Tr speak in parables, speak using figurative XXbreak accidentally language Ni ipamapaala man kutuluunu. —He broke Ni ipambaara sua pa itunu. —He spoke the egg by accident. about himself indirectly. -pamaraaza V_Tr Ni ipambaara sua ma ipet malaŋŋana/ mat XXtear accidentally, unintentionally tear som. —He concealed the talk and [the Iŋgi asiŋ ta ipamaraaza kuliini tio ti? meaning] did not come out in the open. —Who has torn this piece of clothing [Lit. -pambal 347 -pambulel/ -pambuleele

-pambarmbaara V_Tr Redup Aiss, iŋgi ko aŋpambiriizi zin wal ta Nu pambarmbaara sua rimos. So kat sua! boozomen. —That’s it, I am going to —Quit speaking figuratively. Speak plainly! destroy everyone. mata- pambaara see also: -mbiriizi XX make signs with one’s eyes, eyes move -pamboro V_Tr sideways (usually to stop someone from XXescort, lead, guide, direct doing something) Nio aŋpamboro zin ma tila ruumu tana be Ni mataana pambaara pini (petekeŋana). keten su pa malmal. —I escorted them to —He signed to her with his eyes [to not that house to rest from the fighting. do something] Zin malmal kan tipamboro Yesu ma tila ki XXlook away from, not look directly at a Kaipas. —The soldiers escorted Jesus to person (because of being angry) Caiaphas. Kain mataana ipambaara pa tiziini Abel, Tipamboro Kiri ma lutuunu bizin ma tila ma ila ma puni ma kup. —Cain would not tikeene ta Namele bizin. —They directed look directly at his younger brother Abel, Kiri and her children to go sleep with and went and killed him. Namele’s folks. ke pambaaraŋana N_Inal_Stative see also: -mboro XX cross pambukaalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Yesu imeete sala ke pambaaraŋana. —Jesus alt. pambuŋa- died on a cross. XXdull, not sharp sua pambaaraŋa- Buza ku ti mata pambukaalaŋana kat. XX riddle —This knife of yours has no sharpness/ is -pambal V_Tr very dull. XXpush by accident causing something to similar: ndutŋa-, mata- somŋa- fall, knock accidentally -pambukil V_Tr Nomoŋ ipambal yok ma imiliŋ. —My hand XXcause to move back and forth, rock, accidentally pushed the water and it spilled. wiggle Aŋpambal ke ma itop. —I accidentally Ni ikam ke mi ipambukil pat ma itop la knocked down the stick. muriini. —He took a stick and wiggled Kumbuŋ ipambal lam ma imeete. —My foot the stone back and forth until it fell back accidentally hit the lamp and it went out. in to its place. -pambiŋbiŋ V_Tr -pambukilkil V_Tr Redup XXimpel, push, drive, push back and forth, Nu se mon na, pambukilkil pepe. Ko moori rock tana itop. —When you (SG) get on the canoe, Miiri mi duubu ipambiŋmbiŋ wooŋgo don’t rock it lest that woman fall down. mataana ila kena, ila kena. —The wind -pambukil sua and waves pushed the bow of the canoe XXupset an agreement back and forth. Sua, tuurpe ma ambai kek. Mi ni ipambukil, Pambiŋbiŋ pikin be ikeene. —Rock the child ta isaana mini. —The talk, we (INC) had so it will fall asleep. already settled it. But because he upset -pambiŋbiŋ sua —bring up different things, the talk is again unresolved. subjects for discussion instead of keeping def. Piŋgis sua bekena pasaana tomtom lelen. to the current topic —You (SG) twist words in order to upset Sua ta toso ma imbol to imbot. Mi people. pambiŋbiŋ sua pa mini pepe. —The talk -pambulel/ -pambuleele V_Tr that we have discussed it and it has been construction: -pambulel mbuŋi- settled, should remain that way. Do not XXgo to a different place for awhile to get bring other issues into the discussion again. refreshed -pambiriizi V_Tr Zem kar mi la lele toro be pambulel mbuŋim. XXdestroy, cause to disappear, eradicate, —Leave the village and go somewhere else annihilate, wipe out a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pamburri 348 -pamiaŋ

[for awhile] to put your (SG) body excretions -pamender V_Tr there [=in order to get refreshed]. XXcause to stand, make to stand dial. var. -pambulelke (Central) Tipamenderi ila zin wal matan. —They -pamburri V_Tr Redup made him stand in front of the people. construction: -pamburri mata- XXinstitute legal proceedings against, take XXdistract, confuse, get mixed up legal action against Tapamburri zin pikin matan, to tereete zin. Tipamenderi (pa sua). —They instituted —We (INC) distracted the little kids (by legal proceedings against him. carrying them around), and then we XXinstall, put into office circumcised them. Ampamenderi pa uraata mboroŋan. —We XXcause to be dazed or feel faint (EXC) installed him as an elder. see also: mata- mburri Tapamender lende tomtom sa be ikam -pameke V_Tr komiti muriini. —Let us put someone to XXremove something which is only replace the present village councillor. partially attached XXestablish again, re-establish, restore XXpull out, knock off Uraata kizin moori imeete kek. Tapamender We mazaana kek. La mi pameke zin. —The mini. —The women’s work has died. Let mangoes are already ripe. Go and knock us (INC) re-establish it / get it going again. them off. XXerect, stand up, build Pikin zoŋoono tui kana imiriri, to naana Tipamender beeze/ siiri. —They erected/ ipameke su lene. —When a child’s baby built a shelter/ fence. tooth [Lit. ‘milk tooth’] is loose, then his/ Tapamender tank muriini mini. —Let us her mother pulls it out. (INC) put up the tank stand again. Pamekewe ni ka sulpaaŋga/ palpaaŋga ma XXstop someone who is walking tisu len. Kokena nomom iteege sulpaaŋga Ni mataana iŋgal pai kini, mi aŋpamenderi. tana to top. —Break off the loosely —He was concentrating on his journey hanging coconut fronds and let them drop and I stopped him. XX down. Otherwise your (SG) hand might stand up something as support grab at them [when climbing the coconut Pamender ke ila pin be iwe silou pa. —Stand palm], and then [they might break lose up the stick [underneath] the banana to causing] you to fall down. be a support for it. Pameke ŋge zoŋoono pa ŋge ka keskeeze ma dial. var. -pander (Marile) isu. —Finish pulling out the pig’s tooth see also: -mender from its jaw. -pamesek V_Tr see also: -meke, -pamekeende XXscratch accidentally, scrape accidentally -pamekeende V_Tr Ni imel ma ipamesek kumbuunu. —He fell XXremove, wiggle off, wiggle out, take and scraped/scratched his leg. out, take off, cause to come loose (by see also: -sek, -mesek twisting a bit, some effort required) -pametmeete V_Tr def. Namanda ipamirri muŋgu. —Our (INC) XXput somebody into a deep sleep, give hand jiggles it first. anaesthesia to, anaesthetise Pamekeende pikin zoŋoono isu lene. Pa Merere ipametmeete tomtom tana ma ikeene popoŋana ise kek. —Wiggle out the child’s ma izemke i. —God put that person into a tooth. For a new one is already coming up. deep sleep. Pamekeende kanda sur. —Twist off [some] Sombe dokta tipal zin tomtom, tipametmeete drinking coconuts for us (INC). zin muŋgu, mana tikam uraata pizin. similar: -pameke, -pamirri —When doctors operate on people, they see also: -keende, -mekeende anaesthetise them first, and after that -pamelle V_Tr Redup they work on them. XXcause to wither, cause to dry out see also: -meete similar: zoŋ iŋgalaata, -mbeles -pamiaŋ V_Tr see also: -malai, -mele XXmock, scorn, cause to be disgraced, -pamiliŋ 349 -pamoto

caused to be ashamed no reason. It would not be good if she was Tipamiaŋ yo ila iwal biibi matan. —They so afraid that she did not go. disgraced me in everyone’s eyes. see also: -pamoto, parru- lele-, ŋgar kini iwe ru Tipamiaŋ zitun, som tipamiaŋ kusin bizin. -pamormor V_Tr —They cause shame to themselves, or to XXdivert someone’s attention from their their spouses. troubles, calm down, soothe, pacify, Biibi, sua ta piri na, ipamiaŋ yam tomini. comfort —Lord, the talk you (SG) threw puts us Moori tana leleene ipata pa kusiini ta imeete. (EXC) to shame also. Tanata zin mboroŋan tila tipamormor pamiaŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative leleene. —That woman was very sad about XXshame, disgrace, humiliation her husband who had died. That is why XXhumiliating, shameful, disgraceful the elders went to comfort her. sua repiiliŋana mi pamiaŋŋana —mocking def. Tomtom sa leleene ambai som, mi and humiliating talk nu toombo be kami ma leleene ambai. Tamen pamiaŋŋana tana, ni inin som. —But —Someone is not feeling good, and you that humiliation, he was not concerned (SG) try to make him/her feel better. about it. XXtame, calm down Tikam mbulu ta pamiaŋŋana biibi. —They Tipamormor ŋge kizin ma isu ikeene, to practise behaviour that is very shameful. timbiti. —They calmed down their pig and see also: miaŋ it lay down and slept, and then they tied it -pamiliŋ up [in order to be able to kill it later]. XXaccidentally spill -pamorsop V_Tr Pamiliŋ kini ki tom na? Motom su som? —Did XXstartle, surprise, happen unexpectedly to you (SG) spill your older brother’s food? Ni ko ipamorsop yom kembei ta kilis. —He [Why] didn’t you look more carefully? will startle you (PL) like a trap/snare. see also: -liŋ, -miliŋ Meeteŋana ipamorsopi, mi imeete karau -pamirri V_Tr men. —Death surprised him, and he died XXblow something back and forth, sway very quickly. back and forth in the wind see also: -pamurur ‘to surprise’ –morsop ‘be Kere sokorei? Me wiini ta miiri ipamirri i? startled’ —What did you (PL) see? A dog tail plant -pamoto V_Tr that the wind was blowing back and forth? XXfrighten, make afraid, threaten Miiri isala ke ta timirri. (=Miiri ipamirri Tipamoto zin moori pa Nakanmut, tana tila ke.)—It is because the wind is up in the kar som. —Because they threatened the trees that they are swaying back and women with the Nakanmut, they did not forth. (=The wind is causing the trees to go to the village. sway back and forth.) Nu rao pamoto zin sorok, mi kam koroŋ XXcause to move back and forth, jiggle, kizin pepe. —You (SG) should not frighten/ wiggle threaten them for no reason and take their Pamirri zoŋom mi tere, igolok kat kek? things. —Jiggle your (SG) tooth and let’s see, has it Tipamoto zin kat ma riŋriŋ ikam zin. become really loose? —They really frightened them and great similar: -pamekeende fear took hold of them. -pamoriri V_Tr Redup -pamototo V_Tr Redup XXfrighten, make nervous, scare Ni iseseeze kat motoŋ mi ipamototo yo. Pamoriri i pepe. Mbot mi ikes ke ma ilae. —He has been afflicting me badly and —Don’t make him nervous [for example frightening me. by saying “Watch out, you might fall!”]. pamotoŋa- N_Inal_Stative Wait until he has crossed the log. XXthreatening Pamoriri i sorok paso! Kokena imoto ma ila som. —Why are you frightening her for a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pamozooro 350 -pandelndel sua pamotoŋana XX compassion’), soften (someone’s threat resistance) Ni ikam sua pamotoŋana pizin. —He made Ni imar ma ipamuŋai leleyam, tabe amkam threats at them. pini sorok. —He came and made us (EXC) see also: -moto, -pamoriri feel sorry for him, so we just gave it to

-pamozooro V_Tr him for free. XX level off ground, level out see also: -muŋai Zin naŋgaŋ tipamozooro toono mbukuunu -pamurur V_Tr ma raraate. —The young men levelled off XXstartle, surprise the hump and made the ground level. Ako ike lae mi nio aŋla, to ni ipamurur Pamozooro naala ta tina be tuur lende yo. —Ako hid and when I went, then he loloomo. —Level out the heaps there so surprised me. we (INC) make a clear place to walk [inside Neeri aŋbot mi mete ipamurur yo, tabe aŋko a planted area] XX pa uraata. —Yesterday I suddenly got spread out money (coins) sick, so I left the work. Pamozooro pat mi tinin. —Spread out the Zin wal kuumbuŋan ko tipamurur zin. money and we (INC) will count it. —The thieves will surprise them. see also: -mozooro similar: -pamorsop pampam1 N Redup pamururŋana N_Inal_Event construction: -kel pampam XXsurprise, a sudden, unexpected happening XX token brideprice (for widowed woman Timar kembei pamururŋana. —They came who gets remarried. It is much less than as a surprise. what is normally paid.) Uruunu imar kembei pamururŋana, tabe nio Sombe moori sa iwe noora, mi tomtom ki nomoŋ men mi aŋmar i. —The news came urum toro isombe iwooli, to ikel pampam as a surprise, so I came empty-handed. ma imiili ma ila pa tomooto kuliiŋiŋan. see also: -murur Sombe ikel pampam som, na ire i. Irao -panaata V_Intr iwoolo noora tana som. —If a woman XXwait a bit becomes a widow and a man from Bob, loŋa la mi urpe lam. Nio ko aŋpanaata different clan wants to marry her, then he ten. —Bob, quickly go and fix the lamp. I needs to pay a token brideprice back to the will wait. dead man’s brothers. If he does not pay the Panaata ten muŋgu mi tere. Ko imar, som token brideprice, he had better watch out. som? —Wait for a little while and let us He will not be able to marry that widow. (INC) see whether he comes or not. pampam2 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup similar: -naama rimen, -naama ten construction: talŋa- pampam panapana N Redup XX be disobedient, be unresponsive, act like XXpoor-sounding (too tight, used of drums) one is ‘deaf’ when told to do something Kombom panapana, ka ŋger (o kalŋaana) Belo itaŋ kek. Talŋoyom pampam, ta keleŋ ambai som. —A drum with a tight drum som mi konok lele zoogoŋana na? —The bell head, its sound is not good. (PL) has already rung. Are you deaf that you panapanaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup haven’t heard it and just keep on playing? XXvery big, huge (used of people) Zin na, matan imun mi talŋan pampam. tomtom panapanaŋana —a very big person —As for them, their eyes are closed and similar: magor kat their ears do not hear. -pandelndel V_Tr Redup pampamŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXconfuse, disturb thinking, lead astray, Niom talŋoyom pampamŋoyom. —You (PL) mislead are habitually disobedient, unresponsive Ni ipandelndel ŋgar ku. —He confused your people. (SG) thinking. -pamuŋai lele- V_Tr XX Aŋleŋleŋ sua boozo, ta ipandelndel yo. get someone to feel pity/ sorry for —I am hearing so many [conflicting] you (Lit. ‘cause the insides to feel opinions that it confuses me. -pandenden 351 paŋaeŋae

Ni ipandelndel zin tomtom ma tizem zaala ki Zin menderŋan tana na, paŋpaŋa timbot la sua ŋonoono. —He misleads people and uunu tataŋa. —Those guards, there were causes them to leave the way of truth. four in each group. XXmake excuses and therefore not talk paŋa- N_Inal forthrightly, not talk frankly Paradigm: poŋoŋ, poŋom, paŋaana ~ paŋaan Tipandelndel sua, pa mburan som tau. ~ paŋana, paŋanda, poŋoyam, poŋoyom, —They are not speaking frankly, because paŋan they do not want to do [what they were XXside of face, cheek asked to do]. Zoŋoŋ ikam ma poŋoŋ isar. —My tooth similar: -ur sua ila kena ila kena caused my cheek to swell. see also: ndel Tipeeze paŋaana mi tipamiaŋi. —They -pandenden V_Intr_Stative Redup slapped him on the side of his face, and XXbe leaning against something humiliated him. Ni ipandenden lae gungun. —He is leaning Ni ipeŋeene paŋaana se tete kini. —He against a stud. leaned his cheek on his walking stick. dial. var. -patenten (Marile) Sombe tomtom tipeeze poŋom woono, na -panene V_Tr Redup tooru mi tipeeze poŋom ŋas tomini. —If XXrock a child to sleep people slap you (SG) on your right cheek, Ur pikin se nomom ka peeŋge, mi panene i be turn yourself so that they can slap the left ikeene. —Take the child in your (SG) arms one as well. and rock it so it will go to sleep. Ŋge ka ze ilamlaama paŋaana, to ikurum see also: -nene kuliini ma tuŋ la keskeeze uunu. —The panpan N Redup pig’s molars rub against its cheek, and XXwoven mat made of coconut leaves then break through the skin, and go all def. ni ruunu ta tewe kei ta mi —coconut the way to the base of the jaw. leaves that we (INC) weave like a pandanus paŋa- yooro mat. XXbadly scarred on one’s face Kam panpan tiŋgi be didikaala urum. Kokena Nio tumbuŋ moori paŋaana yooro, pa mbeete miiri ikam kolman taiŋgi. —Take this biibi muriini imbot la paŋaana. —My woven mat to use as walling for the men’s grandmother was badly scarred, for she house lest the wind blow on this old man. had the scar of a big sore on her cheek. panpan ki kataama XXused in the following idioms to insult XXmat type (woven mat used as a door, and indicate laziness and weakness, one side is woven) uselessness panpan kumbin paŋa- beleege XXmat type (flat, one side woven) paŋa- bais/ balisŋa- panpan par paŋa- leeze/ leezeŋa- XXmat type (woven on both sides) paŋa- melle (=mataana mburaana som) see also: mi ‘pandanus mat’ Padei ta poŋoyom melle mi kakam uraata paŋ1 N biibi som? —Why are you (PL) so lazy and XXbench do not do much work? Niam mbuleyam isu paŋ taiŋgi be amleŋ sua lele paŋaana XX Sande kana. —We (EXC) sat on this bench side of a hill, slope to listen to Sunday’s talk. Toono paŋaana ri ti, to wek sala ndomoono. paŋ2 Quantifier —[Once you get up] this little slope, then XXfour you will be up on top of the hill. -we paŋ pa —become the fourth paŋaeŋae N Redup paŋpaŋa Adv_Pred1 Manner XXloiterer, one who wanders around XXby fours, in fours aimlessly Niom paŋpaŋa mi kamarmar. —You (PL) Tomtom tila Lae ma tiwe paŋaeŋae ma come in fours. timbombooren sorok. —People go to Lae a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -paŋarai 352 -paŋoobo

and become loiterers and hang around Titeege wooro tumbuun ru tana, mi doing nothing. tipaŋgiliiti. —They hold the two ends of Tisu ma tiwe paŋaeŋae sorok pa lele molo. the rope [of a sling] and swing it. —They ended up becoming loiterers in far -paŋgiriŋ V_Tr away places. XXwaste, squander, throw around carelessly def. Iwwa le sorok, bilbil. Paŋgiriŋ koroŋ ku pepe! —Don’t throw your -paŋarai V_Tr (SG) things around carelessly! XXcall out a message loudly, proclaim Ni ipaŋgiriŋ koroŋ kini ta boozomen ma def. So sua ma kalŋom biibi be iwal tileŋ. imap. —He squandered everything he had. —You (SG) speak in a loud voice so that a Nu tina, paŋgiriŋriŋ moniŋom. —You (SG) large group can hear it. there are habitually wasteful with money. Ni ipaŋarai sua pizin pa uraata/malmal. similar: -pasaana pat, -piri sorok pat —He called out to them concerning the see also: -ŋgiriŋ ‘dodge, evade’ work/ fight. -paŋgutŋguutu V_Tr Redup Ni ipaŋarai Merere kalŋaana pizin. —He XXguide, lead someone to do or find proclaimed the word of the Lord to them. something good Gorgori iwwa lene mi ipaŋarairai kalŋaana. Le saaza bizin tipaŋgutŋguuti, tabe indeeŋe —He is always walking around aimlessly ka buzur. —His ancestor’s spirits guided and yelling in loud voice. him, and so he found a lot of game. similar: -soyaara Bubuŋana Potomŋana ipaŋgutŋguutu Yesu -paŋerŋer V_Tr Redup ma ila pa lele bilimŋana. —The Holy Spirit XXupset, disturb, cause to be afraid, cause led/guided Jesus into the wilderness [lit. to cry ‘empty/uninhabited place’]. Zin kolman kunun tipaŋerŋer zin pikin ma -paŋgwol V_Tr titaŋtaŋ. —The ghosts of the old people XXmess up by mixing something caused the children to be upset and cry. Paŋgwol yok pepe. Ko tiwin so? —Do not Zin nes tiŋgal zin pikin ma tipaŋerŋer zin. mix [mess up] the water. What will we —The nurses gave the children shots and (INC) drink? caused them to cry. Ni ikerrut painapol ma inoi ma ipaŋgwol -paŋga yambon ma isaana. —She cut up some XXget someone to do something, wake up, pineapple and boiled it and messed up the resurrect from the dead soup and ruined it. note: Northern dialect form Paŋgwol ŋgar pepe (=pasaana pepe). —Do dial. var. -pamaŋga (Central) not mix up [people’s] thinking (=don’t see also: -maŋga, -pai, -pei destroy/ruin it). paŋgaara N_Stative -paŋoneŋ V_Tr alt. paŋaara XXmix up something with liquid XXfemale animal Paŋoneŋ kini pa pikin! —Mix up some ŋge paŋgaara —female pig watery food for the child! Ŋge tomooto tino zin paŋgaara. —The male Nio aŋpaŋoneŋ kini pa me lutun lutun be pigs mated with the females. tikan. —I mixed up some food for the Kam ruruŋa men. Tomooto ta, paŋgaara ta. pups to eat. —Take only two [of each kind]. One male, XXjump to different topics of talk one female. Nu paŋoneŋ sua rimos! Toso sua ta ma paŋgarŋgaaraŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup imap muŋgu, to tala pa sua toro. —Quit Tana iyake sipsip paŋgarŋgaaraŋan. —So jumping around to different topics! Let he took away the female sheep. us first discuss one talk/topic thoroughly, -paŋgilliti V_Tr Redup and [only] then move on to another topic. XXswing around in a circle, spin around similar: -ŋgeeme Mbeŋ na, moori tipaŋgilliti you, mi tila tiyo -paŋoobo V_Intr we. —At night the women were swinging XXdiverge from, deviate from, stray from, fire as they went to collect mangoes. go astray, err, take a wrong road, -paŋuru 353 par

wander off from the path/track lele ta ipapiliu kar biibi —the area that Zin tipaŋoobo pa zaala ma tila mokleene ki surrounds the city tomtom toro. —They wandered off from the Tipamender siiri ma ipapiliu beeze tana. path and went to someone else’s garden. —They erected a fence around that Motom mbelele sua tio pepe, mi paŋoobo temporary building. pepe. —Do not forget my words, and do -mender papiliu not deviate from them. XXstand around something Zin tipaŋoobo pa tutu ki Anutu. —They see also: -liu deviated from God’s law. papiriizi V_Intr_Uninfl -paŋobŋoobo V_Intr Redup construction: mbura- papiriizi Zin tipaŋobŋoobo pa zaala ambaiŋana. XXtry hard, strive, struggle —They are always going astray from the Mburoŋ papiriizi pa mbutmbuutu good way [of living]. sambarŋana. —I am struggling to cut the -paŋuru V_Tr grass. XXstraight, directly, go straight/ right Mburan papiriizi pa puze. —They struggled towards someone or something hard in [their] paddling. Tire i ipanuru zin ma imar. Tabe timoto. similar: mbura- pakpak pa, -kam kinkiini pa —They saw him coming right towards papirik Adv_Pred1 them. So they were afraid. construction: -ko papirik Ni ipaŋuru zin ma ila, mi iwi zin. Iso: “Niom XXscatter, move away in different kuru asiŋ?” —He walked straight to them directions, disperse, diverge and asked them, “Who are you (PL) looking Lupŋana imap, to tomtom tiko papirik. for?” —When the meeting was over, people similar: -koŋuru dispersed in different directions. paoŋa- N_Inal_Stative -ko papirikŋa- XXclumsy in walking or running, not agile XXscattered ones Amako, ni kumbu paoŋana, tabe ipun sapup Zin tau tiko papirikŋan i. —Those who (=mbal) ma izal som. —Amako is clumsy, scattered. therefore he did not kick the ball straight. similar: kiŋa, kiŋakiŋa, leŋaleŋa, pirik -papaala V_Tr par1 N XXbreak/ crush by stepping on XXstingray Popoŋana kini sa ko ipapaala utem. —One par wiini —tail of a stingray [It is very of his offspring will crush your (SG) head painful, and rips the flesh. In the by stepping on it. Nakanmut ceremony it was used to punish see also: -pa, -paala young people.] -papepe V_Tr Tila titun ma par wiini iŋgal Kuri, tana XXdo midwifery, help someone to give timiili ma timar mini. —They went fishing birth (The woman giving birth sits at night with lights and Kuri was struck on the midwife’s lap and the midwife by a stingray’s tail, so they came back. massages her stomach.) Tiŋgun par wiini su mbu uunu, pa tikemem Moori tana ipapepe i be ipeebe. —The mbu tau. —They stuck a stingray’s tail in woman helped her to give birth. the ground at the base of the betel-nut Ataibi, ni ipapepe moori boozomen kek. palm [to protect it], because [people] are —Old Atai, she has helped many women stealing the betel-nuts. to give birth. par2 N_Stative see also: -peebe, pepe XXwide/flat -papiliu V_Tr meene par XXgo around something, walk around, XXvery big and wide sago cake that is surround wrapped up Tipapiliu ruumu. —They went around the parŋa- N_Inal_Stative house. kuzu- parŋana —flat, broad nose a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -par- 354 -paramut

-par-3 Prefix toono. —He subdues them and stamps XX reciprocal prefix, each other their throats down onto the ground. -parpekel —exchange see also: -raama -parkam sua —argue, discuss with each other -paraaza V_Tr -parmbot molo pa —stay apart/away from XXput out/ hang out clothes to dry each other Paraaza mburu se wooro be imaraaza. Tiur lelen par pizin. —They love each other. —Hang out the clothes on the line to dry. Leleyom ambai par piom. —Be happy/ Ŋguuru mburu makiŋ, to la ma paraaza se contented with each other. ke pataana. —After you (SG) have washed Kakam mbulu raraate par piom. —Treat the clothes, then go and put them out to each other in the same way. dry on a log. Tikam sua pakaamŋana par pizin. —They XXannounce, speak publicly, divulge, lied to each other. reveal something secret, disclose

-paraama1 V_Middle Kala kaparaaza sua ti isu karkari pepe. XX prepare/equip oneself, provide oneself —Don’t go [and] reveal this talk in the with villages. Taparaama ti pa mburu, kini mi buza, tona Ni iparaaza sua tana. —He publicly tala. —After we (INC) equip ourselves with disclosed that talk. clothing, food, and machetes, then we see also: -raaza will go. param param N_Event Redup XX eat well ahead, fortify oneself with food XXstamping on the floor Mankwoono, nu paraamu pa kini makiŋ, Zin kon tikam param param su soolo. to la pa uraata. —In the morning, after —Ghosts stamp on floors. you (SG) have fortified yourself with some parambel1 N food, then go to work. XXcreaking noise Ni iparaami ma tuŋ, mana ila. —He ate def. Parambel, ina ke namaana ru well and after that he went. tipartoŋgooro zin, ma kalŋaana.

-paraama2 V_Intr/Tr —Creaking noise, that [is when] two tree XX step on something to hold it in place branches rub against each other, and Nio ko aŋparaama wooro be daada. —I will make a noise step on the rope so you (SG) [can] pull it Amleŋ parambel ma amso ko ŋge iweeze. tight. —We (EXC) heard a creaking noise and XX stand on thought that perhaps a pig squealed. Iŋgi kumbuŋ iparaama toono mbolŋana. dial. var. paramben (Marile) —Now my foot is standing on solid ground. parambel2 N Namele, paraama yo sula yok, bekena XXinsect type (They come in large aŋpeene ye. —Namele, hold me down swarms and are attracted to light. They under the water, so I can shoot [some] fish. commonly appear before a big rain. ) XX stamp on something Zin tiku yo ma sik kembei parambel. —They Nio aŋparaama kitiimbi uunu be imbol. —I completely surrounded me like parambel stamped around the base of the post to insects. make it stand up firmly. -paramut V_Tr XX stand firm XXstamp on, tread on, hurt by stepping on, Kaparaama yom ma kombot. —Stand firm step on and crush and wait. XXstep on something stationary, walk on Niam ko amparaama ma tuŋ mi amender top of something mbolŋana. —We will establish ourselves Re, ko paramut kumbuŋ! —Watch out lest firmly and stand strong. you (SG) step on my foot! Pakan tiko, mi nio aŋparaama. —Some ran Paramut posi wiini pepe! —Don’t step on away, but I stood firm. the cat’s tail! -paramraama V_Intr/Tr Redup Koto loloomo, kokena kaparamut kini! Ni ikototo zin mi iparamraama ŋguren sula —Follow the path through the garden so -paraŋraŋ 355 parei

that you (PL) don’t step on the food plants. mburu biibi mete, to ipata pu tau. —Take -paramutmut V_Tr Redup a moderate amount of things. If you (SG) Ni ko ikoto zin mi iparamutmut zin ma take too much, it will be heavy for you. mburan imap. —He will subdue them and XXenable, make easier, make less difficult stamp on them and their power will be Paraurau kwoyam ma irao amso sua. finished. —Enable our (EXC) mouths to speak. see also: -paraama, -padaaga Paraurau ŋgar tiam ma imbeeze, be amkilaala -paraŋraŋ V_Tr Redup sua ku uunu. —Enable our (EXC) thinking XXprepare, get/make ready, make to be soft [=receptive], so that we can preparations for understand the meaning of your (SG) talk. Nio aŋparaŋraŋ koroŋ tio, beso mbalus XXprepare, get ready imar, to aŋse ma aŋla. —I got all my Paraurau ŋge ma zeere ma koroŋ ta things ready, so that when the plane boozomen pa kini kamŋana. —Get the comes, then I can get on it and go. pigs and leafy vegetables and everything Tiparaŋraŋ kini ma koroŋ ta boozomen. [else] ready for the feast. —They prepared the food and everything -parbalak V_Middle else. XXbe divided Tomtom ta sombe ipamatmaata mi Iwal biibi tiparbalak zin ma tiparzorzooro pa iparaŋraŋ itunu ma iurpe i lup, nako imbot Yesu. —The crowd was divided [in their ambai. —The person who keeps watch opinions] and were arguing about Jesus. and gets himself ready and completely see also: -balak straightens out his life, will live well. parei Pronoun Adv_Pred1 -parao V_Tr alt. padei XXprovide someone with something XXwhat? Tomoyam iparao yam pa toono ma irao Niom kakam parei? —What have you (PL) yam. —Our (EXC) father provided all of us done? with land. Miiri imar ki parei? —From what direction XXenable does the wind come? O Tomoyam, parao kwoyam be amso urum. Iso parei piom? —What did he say to you (PL)? —O our (EXC) Father [=God], enable our XXWhat is it? How is it? mouths to proclaim your fame. Lutuŋ, parei? —What is it, my son? -parap V_Tr Padei, pataŋana sa? —What is it, [is there] XXput two things together some problem? Tirou kiruuŋu molo ta iparap kumbuunu ru. (be) parei —They hit a long nail which joined the XXhow? how come? two legs together. Parei, zin tiyok? —How [was it], did they Ni iparap mburu ru. —He put on two agree? different pieces of clothing. Ko koroŋ tiŋgi imar be padei? —How did Parap ke ru. —Carry/ Handle two logs at this thing come about? the same time.. Tanako parei piti? —How then will it be Nu kam leŋ ŋge aikuba ta. Mi aŋpimiili, to with us (INC)? aŋparap pa ŋge wiiniŋana ru. —Give me Sua ku tana, ko aŋurla be parei? —That one pig without a tail. And when I repay, talk of yours (SG), how can I believe it? then I’ll give you two pigs with tails. Amkam mbulu ti be parei? —How do we XXreduplicate (words) (EXC) do this? Taparap sua so, na iwe zozo. If we (INC) (uunu) parei ta reduplicate the word so, it becomes zozo. XXwhy?, how is it that, what is the reason -paraurau V_Tr Redup that (more polite form than paso, which XXlighten, make less heavy, take a often implies criticism) moderate amount Uunu parei ta keteyom malmal pio? —Why Paraurau itum pa mburu. Kokena kam is it that you (PL) are angry with me? a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -parikrik 356 -parmaata parkapi N_Event Parei ta nu kam mbulu tiŋgi piam? —How is XXsexual guidance for newly-wed couples that you (SG) have done this to us (EXC)? def. Parkapi ka zaala: Moori naana musaana similar: paso ire la pa keeneŋana ki ula popoŋan: Ko XXwhere? keeneŋana kizin kembei ta zin ulaŋan, som Ni ila parei? —Where did he go? som? Zin kolmannan tikamam parkapi. Mi Sombe leleŋ be aŋko molo pu, nako aŋla ki zin tiŋgiimi parkapi ki moori tana. —The parei? —If I wanted to run far away from way of sexual guidance: The woman’s you (SG), where would I go? aunt looks at [i.e. checks on] the sleeping Wal tana timbot ki parei, ta timar i? of the newly-weds: Are they sleeping like —Where have those people been who are a married couple or not? [This is done to coming now? make sure they are engaging in normal similar: swoi/ sugoi sexual relations. She gently corrects them pareiŋa- Pronoun N_Inal_Stative if they are not doing it correctly.] The XXwhat kind? older women do this guidance of sexual Me pareiŋana? —What kind of a dog? behaviour. And the woman is paid for her Ni tomtom pareiŋana? —What kind of guidance. person is he? -parkat nama- V_Tr pareipareiŋa- Pronoun N_Inal_Stative Redup XX XXwhatever shake hands Mbulu pareipareiŋana ta so ipet… Taparkat namanda muŋgu, to kala. —Let us —Whatever happens… shake hands first, and then you (PL) [can] go. -parkuuzu V_Intr -parikrik V_Tr Redup XX construction: -parikrik mata- splash water on each other XXdisturb, distract Zin tiparkuuzu ma yok ka duboolo imbuk Ni imar iparikrik motoyam pa koroŋ boozo kembei ta duubu i. —They were splashing ma irao amkam kat uraata som. —He each other and the waves on the river swelled up like waves of the sea. came and distracted our (EXC) attention -parleŋ V_Middle/Tr with many things, and we were not able XX to work properly. hear each other, understand each other -pariuriu le- V_Intr Redup Ni ipakankaana zin ma irao tiparleŋ kalŋan XXplay house, play by pretending to do the mini som. —He confused them with the things that adults do result that they were no longer able to Zin munmun tipariuriu len pa pikin understand each other’s languages. -parlup V_Middle kamŋana, kini noiŋana. —The little ones XX are playing house pretending that they join together (intimately), do things are looking after babies and boiling food. together, associate with each other -parkam V_Middle/Tr Ni ziru kusiini tiparlup zin ma tiwe tamen. XXshare, do something to each other —He and his wife will join together and Tiparkamam malmal. —They kept fighting become one. with each other. Zin Yuda ziŋan zin Samaria tiparluplup zin Zin urlaŋana kan tiluplup zin mi som. —The Jewish people and Samarians tiparkamam zin ma ambai. —The do not do things together/ do not believers kept meeting together and associate with each other. -parlup lele- sharing with each other [their food and XX other possessions]. be of one mind, united mbulu ki taparkamam ti —the behaviour of Wal urlaŋana kan tiparlup lelen. —The sharing hearts of the believers were united. -parmaata V_Middle/Tr -parkap V_Intr XX XXsleep together, have sexual intercourse stretch, pull from different ends Ziru tiparkap zin pa keeneŋana. —The Nio aŋparmaata yo. —I stretched myself. two of them slept together [had sexual Nio aŋparmaata wooro. —I stretched out intercourse]. the rope. -parmbot 357 -parpekel

Parmaata blanket. —Pull the blanket tight Parooro pat pa ruumu zilŋaana. —Line up from its corners [to make it lie straight on stones along the edge of the house [as a the bed]. decoration]. V_Intr Ro tana tilul mi tiparooro bigil lamata mi XXcohere, gluey, (holds together, not ru ise kwopiriini. —That leaf/letter, they crumbly) rolled it up and arranged seven beeswax Ni pirŋana ka tam ikam ma meene seals along its edge. iparmaata/ ibigilgil. Mi muunu som. XXarrange around something Takan na inamut kat. —The [oily] Iti taparooro iti se mon kezeene mi tepera pa nucellus of a sprouting coconut makes Tuam. —We (INC) arranged ourselves on sago bread cohere well. It is not crumbly. the sides of the large dugout canoe and When we (INC) eat it, it tastes really good. went out to Tuam Island. parmaataŋa- N_Inal_Stative Iti taparooro iti pa mbalia zilŋaana. —We XXgummy, stretchy (like chewing gum), (INC) arranged ourselves around the edge elastic of the table. PK, ina parmaataŋana. —Chewing gum is similar: -mbutul papiliu elastic/gummy. see also: -rooro meene parmatmaataŋana —sago that parpaara N Redup coheres well XXshelf, elevated storage platform in a house see also: -maata Ni indou mbio kini sala parpaara. —He -parmbot V_Intr stacked his wooden dishes on the shelf. XXbe apart, stay away from each other, Ila parpaara mbuleene. —It went all the stay/ live apart way to the back side of the shelf. Tiparmbot molo pizin. —They lived far parpar1 N Redup apart from each other. XXtree type (wood is used for making Sombe tomooto ziru kusiini tiparmbot molo drums, bark is made into rope, leaves pizin, na tire be tiparlup zin mini. —If are used to wrap up tobacco) a husband and his wife are apart [for Nio kombom tio na, tamaŋ isap pa parpar. awhile], they need to see that they come —My drum, my father hewed it out of together again. parpar wood. -parmbuulu V_Middle -parpar2 V_Intr Redup XXdo homosexual activity with each other XXdesire (strongly) to have something, Tipasaana ula, mi zin tomooto determined to get something tiparmbulmbuulu zin. —They ruined Nu itum parpar pa moori tana, ta wooli/ the marriage customs, and the men had kami. Tana seri pepe! —You yourself homosexual relationships with each other. were determined to marry/ get that girl. -parŋgamaara V_Middle Therefore don’t send her away! XXargue amongst themselves, scold each Nu parpar pa pikin utŋana. Tana motom other iŋgali! —You (SG) were determined Zin tiparŋgamaara zin, tamen nio aŋpeteke concerning the adoption of the child. zin. —They were arguing among Therefore you need to remember to look themselves, but I stopped them. after him/her! similar: -parkam sua, -parzooro similar: -maŋmaŋ, -kelkel see also: -ŋgamaara -parpekel V_Tr -parooro V_Tr/Middle XXexchange XXline up, put in a straight line, arrange in Zin tiparpekel ye mi serembat. —They a straight line exchanged fish and sweet potatoes. Paaza mbu mi parooro ma ito kambasa. Tiparpekel sua. —They talked back and forth. —Plant betel-nut palms and line them up see also: -kel, -pekel along the border [of the land]. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -parpon 358 -paruru

-parpon V_Tr -parsiki V_Intr XXline up the ends of two things so they XXbe unwilling, reluctant overlap Ni iŋgo yo mi nio aŋparsiki. Tabe ire koŋ Parpon ke ru tana ma matan iparteege, tona som. —He sent me but I was reluctant to kiruuŋu ikan. —Line up those two pieces do it. So he didn’t give me anything to eat. of wood so that their ends overlap, and Taparsiki pa uraata pepe. —We (INC) should then nail them [together]. not be reluctant/ unwilling to work. Pu mataana ru imar ma iparpon, naso ye irao Sombe Yooba ipazalu, na parsiki pepe. tiyooto som. (Iur kwoono be ye tiko som) —If Yahweh corrects you (SG), do not be —Bring the ends of the two nets together reluctant [to accept it]. so they overlap. Then the fish won’t be able Bubuŋana isotaara yo be aŋparsiki pizin to get out. (There is no opening through pepe. —And the Spirit notified me that I which the fish can escape.) should not be reluctant concerning them. parrisŋa- N_Inal_Stative -parsikiwi V_Intr Redup XXstriped (narrow stripes) Parsikiwi pio paso! —Why are you (SG) mbili parrisŋan mi ŋgaltitiŋan —striped and always so unwilling to do what I ask! spotted animals mata- parsiki Siot kini parrisŋana. —His shirt is striped. XXunresponsive, unwilling, reluctant, see also: palkatŋa- ‘striped’ (broader stripes) unenthusiastic -parsai V_Tr similar: mbura-/ lele-/ ni- pa som construction: kere- iparsai -parto V_Middle/Tr XXface each other, stand face to face XXfollow each other (in a particular order) Ituru kerende iparsai ti. —The two of us are Zin tiparto zin ma tila Lablab. —They facing each other. followed each other to Lablab. similar: kere- ila mbata Zaala ki mokleene iparto be ka ŋonoono -parse ki V_Intr ipet. —The sequence of steps in making XXmeet each other, run into each other a garden must be followed so that it Niam amparse tiam ta Mbam a. —We (EXC) produces food. met each other at the Mbam river. Mi tiur zin ma tiparto zin raraate kembei -parse pa V_Intr nan bizin tipeebe zin. —And they XXjoin together to do something, band arranged them in exactly the same order together, support each other in some as their mothers had given birth to them. effort, cooperate Yesu imaŋga mini mi aigule tomtoru ta Zin tiparse pizin be tikem kan man sa. ipartoi tana na, ni ila iwedet kizin. Tanata tila ma tikam. —They joined —Jesus rose again (from the grave) and together to steal a chicken. Therefore during the forty days that followed, he they went and did it. kept appearing to them. Zin men, so irao tikam som. Mi zin boozo, partoŋa- N_Inal tabe tiparse pizin pa ma tikam. —Just by XXsiblings from same parents, true siblings themselves, they wouldn’t have been able Partoŋoŋ bizin boozo. Atoŋ bizin ru, tiziŋ to do it. But there were many of them, so bizin tel. —I have many true siblings. I have they supported each other and [were able two older ones, and three younger ones. to] do it . Partoŋoŋ sa som. Nio ituŋtamen. —I do not see also: -se have any true siblings. I am an only child. -parseebe V_Tr Niom partoŋoyom. Padei ta kaparuulu yom construction: -parseebe kaiwo pa som? —You (PL) are siblings. Why don’t XXargue with, dispute with, speak against you help each other? each other Zin ta partoŋan kat na, tikamam tamakan Zin tiparseebe kaiwo pizin. —They were som. —Real siblings do not organise the arguing with each other. tamakan ceremony. similar: -parzooro -paruru V_Tr see also: -seebe construction: -paruru/ -parru kopo- paruuzu 359 pasaana

XXfrighten, alarm, make someone anxious Ni ipasi ma ila ne. —He left So i pa zin raskol pepe. Kokena parru inconspicuously. kopoono. —Don’t speak to her about the -wazas/ -pazas V_Middle Redup rascals. You might make her anxious. Zitun tataŋa tipazas zin ma tila len. —They paruuzu N_Event went away one by one. XXfight (hitting) V_Tr Paruuzu ko ipet. —There is going to be a XXpull out, take out, remove, extract fight. Nio aŋpas buza tio ma aŋla aŋsambar. —I Konok paruuzu pa koyom so? —What do you pulled out my knife and went to cut grass. (PL) hope to get that you keep on fighting? Pakaana ta, ko aŋpas ma ima ku. —One probable loan from Mutu language portion, I will separate off and give to -parwai V_Tr you (SG). XXconclude, finish off Mar pas moomo tio. —Come [and] pull out Kombot mi ni iparwai sua kini muŋgu, tona my grey hairs. niom koso. —Wait and let him finish off Pas kotiizi mataana pa kumbuŋ. —Take out his talk first, and then you (PL) can speak. the sago thorn from my foot. Parwai uraata ku! —Finish off your work! Buri na, tapas kat sua la itunu kwoono gi! Tiparwai kini kizin. —They finished eating —Now we (INC) have extracted talk [=a the food. confession] from his own mouth! similar: -posop La ma pas sua ila ni itunu kwoono, to mar so -pas1 V_Intr yo. —Go and get the talk straight from his XXdie, breath one’s last breath, expire own mouth, and then come and tell me. Yesu iso ta kembei, mi ipas. —Jesus spoke XXleave space between like that, and breathed his last breath. Kapas kooto pepe. —Don’t leave [too much] Lutum moori ipas kek. —Your (SG) daughter space between the sago thatching sections. has died. opposite: -ndin, -ndon kete- ipas -pas kete- XXbe out of breath XXmake someone very angry, infuriate, Keteene ipas sula yok leleene, mana ise. enrage —After he ran out of breath under the pasa N water, he came up. XXcommunion, Eucharist, Lord’s supper, -pas2 V_Intr Lord’s table XXcome loose from, set out, leave, push off Takan pasa pa Sande ta matanda i. —We (INC) Tipas ma tiperae ri, mi masin isaana. To will eat communion this coming Sunday. tipeeze ma tile mini. —They set out [from Tipasaana mbulu ki pasa. —They defiled the place where the boat was moored] the ceremony of communion. and went out to sea a bit, and the engine pasa zen Adv_PredP died. Then they paddled back in towards XXnever, never yet, never before, yet the shore. XXnegative perfect Uteene ruunu sa irao ipas ma ila lene na Kere ruŋguunu pasa zen. —You (PL) have som. —Not one of his hairs will fall out never seen his face yet./ You have yet to and get lost. see his face. V_Middle Pataŋana sa ta kembei ipet pasa zen. —This XXsuddenly grow tall, have a growth spurt kind of hardship has never occurred Pikin tiŋga, muŋgu kumbuunu katŋana ri, before. mi buri ipasi ma kumbuunu molo. —In the see also: kek ‘perfect’ past, that child was quite short, but now pasaana1 N_Stative he/she has suddenly grown tall. XXold, worn out XXslip quietly away so as not be Kam kawaala pasaana mi kaaza yok pa noticed, leave unobtrusively, leave murindi. —Take an old rag and wipe the inconspicuously water off from our(INC) places. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pasaana 360 -pasamaara mi pasaana by having sex with her]. XXold pandanus mat Iŋga sa ipasaana sua pa Anutu na! —He is XXlazy, useless person (derogatory term) blaspheming God! Nu tana mi pasaana. Lem uraata sa som. -pasaana itu- Mbomboorem sorok. —You (SG) there are XXcommit suicide an ‘old mat.’ You are useless. You just sit Ka tomooto ikam moori toro, ta ni iur around doing nothing. kiri pasaana geezeŋana pa ma ipasaana itunu. —It was because her boyfriend got another XXold useless basket, derogatory term (often girlfriend that she felt very bad and said by older brothers to younger ones) harmed herself [i.e. committed suicide]. Nu na sa kiri pasaana! —You (SG) are old, -pasaana lele- useless basket! XXhurt, offend, upset def. Nu sorokŋom, zom pa koroŋ sa som, nu Nio aŋgal ŋge ki Mariabi ma aŋpasaana kat irao kam peeze piam som. —You (SG) are a leleene. —I shot old Maria’s pig and really person with no status, you have no right upset him. to do anything, you are not able to govern -pasaana za- us (EXC). XXruin someone’ reputation, blaspheme -pasaana2 V_Tr XX Ni ipasaana Anutu zaana. —He hurt, harm, ruin, afflict, wreck, destroy blasphemed God. Peteele biibi ta ipasaana kat toono kizin. Zin tipasaana zoŋ ma aŋwe koroŋ sorok. —A great famine really ruined their —They ruined my name (reputation) and I country. became a nobody/ someone with no status. Zoŋ ipasaana serembat tiam ma imurum -pasansaana/ -pazanzaana V_Tr Redup lup. —The sun ruined our sweet potatoes Kiibi ipasansaana mburu kiti. and they are all gone. —Cockroaches ruin our (INC) clothing. Nomom pasaana lutum pepe. —Don’t harm -pasal V_Intr your (SG) son with your hand. XXgo past, pass by, go around (because Moori tana, bubuŋana sananŋana ipasaani something is in the way) ma ikunkun ki pai ma irao ndaama boozo Ke ipakaala zaala tiam. Tana niam aŋpasal kek. —That woman, a bad spirit had zaala zilŋaana ma amla. —A log blocked afflicted her and caused her to walk bent our (EXC) path. Therefore we went around it over for many years. on the side of the path and continued on. Takam kini be tapatoron zin kolman kunun, Ni ire su pini, mi ipasali ma ila. —He kokena tipasaana iti. —Let’s take food looked down at him [lying there], but with which to appease the ancestor passed by him and continued on. spirits. Otherwise they will harm us. Tomtom ta imendernder su zaala mi XXharm someone by working sorcery ipakaala zaala. To amla ampasal pa zaala Sombe ni ileŋ yaamba, inako ipasaana zin. zilŋaana, mi ni imendernder. (Ampasali/ —If he has knowledge of [Lit. ‘hears’] ampasal pini.) —Someone was standing sorcery, then he will work sorcery on them. on the path blocking it. Then we (EXC) XXwaste went and walked on the side of the path, Pasaana koroŋ ku pizin moori pepe. —Do and he kept standing [there]. (We went not waste your (SG) things on women [i.e. past him]. harlots]. see also: -sal Ni ipasaana pat zaanaŋana. —He wasted a -pasamaara V_Tr great amount of money. XXflatten and smooth something by rubbing XXdefile, desecrate, blaspheme it with a back and forth movement (as Tipasaana mbulu ki ula. —They defiled the when one seals an envelope) custom of marriage. Pasamaara sabaŋ kwoono. —Close the Tikam ŋgar pa lunri Dina ta Sekem ipasaani envelope properly by the flap that seals it. kek. —They thought about their sister XXlevel out Dina whom Sekem had ruined [i.e. defiled -pasapasa 361 -pasirimkaala

Kapasamaara toono mbukuunu tana ma ila away all of your belongings. raraate. —Smooth that mound and make similar: -pazonoogo, -paseŋeeŋe, -noknok it level. marŋana similar: -pamozooro -paserem V_Tr -pasapasa V_Tr Redup XXabandon, leave unattended, be careless XXrip up, tear into pieces (used of dogs, about pigs, crocodiles) Ni ipaserem lutuunu, mi iwwa lene sorok. Me tipasapasa i ma isaana kat. —The dogs —She abandoned her child and was ripped him into pieces and he was hurt walking around following her own desires. very badly. Ni ipaserem sorok mburu kini. Iurpe som, similar: -raaza ‘tear’ mi iur su ma imboorene. —He carelessly -pase V_Intr left his things around. He did not arrange XXrely on, depend on, trust in them, and just left them. Nio aŋpase pa Merere ŋonoono. —I rely on/ similar: -zem, -piri sorok trust in the true God. -pasiksik V_Tr Redup Nio aŋpase pa ituŋ mburoŋ som. —I do not XXcaptivate, caught up in, absorb, obsess, rely on my own strength/ability. prevent from thinking about anything Koroŋ ku boozomen, ta ikamu ma pase pa else, dominate one’s thinking itum. —It is because of your (SG) many Uraata ipasiksik zin ma ta kembea, na peteke things/possessions, that you rely on zin pepe. Mbot mi tiposop pataaŋa. —Since yourself. they are absorbed in the work, do not stop Merere, nio aŋpase pu be we ur pio mi them. Wait and let them finish first. menderkaala yo. —Lord, I rely on you (SG) Ni iwin botol ta ma ipasiksiki pa winŋana, to to be my shelter and guard me. ila iŋgiimi katen ru. —He drank one bottle see also: mata- (i)se and got so caught up into drinking that he -paseŋeeŋe V_Tr then went and bought two cartons. XXpester/ bother/ annoy (by continuously, Lelen ipasiksik zin, tabe tiwinin men. asking for things), cause distress —They drink compulsively. Ni ipaseŋeeŋe yo pa ka kini mi le mburu. Ko Mbasiriŋ ipasiksik yo ma irao aŋbot na som. aŋkam swoi? —He keeps pestering me to —I have to urinate, I can’t stay any longer. give him food and other things. Where -pasiksik ŋgure- will I get [them]? XXtempt to drink Ni ipaseŋeeŋe yo pa moni mete. —He Yok mbolŋana ipasiksik ŋgurem pepe. —Do pesters me too much about money. not let strong [i.e. alcoholic] drink tempt def. inoknok pataŋana kamŋana —He keeps you (SG). causing difficulties -pasiŋsiŋ V_Tr Redup see also: -pasepeele, -pazonoogo construction: -pasiŋsiŋ mata- -pasepeele V_Tr XXdeliberately irritate someone, provoke, XXpester, continuously ask for aggravate intentionally, upset, infuriate Zin tipasepeele iti. —They keep coming to Mbulu ta ni ikamam i, na ipasiŋsiŋ motoŋ us (INC) and pestering us. mete. —The behaviour that he is doing XXgo repeatedly to the same person or place really irritates me. Kapasepeele kaŋar tana, pa kaŋar tiom? similar: -pamalmal kete-, -pas kete- —You (PL) keep going to that galip tree, is it -pasirimkaala V_Tr yours? [implied: No, it is not, and therefore XXclose in, fill in, patch up and cover over you should not be taking nuts from it.] a hole, fix something with glue or the Ni ko iwe kembei tomtom ta ipasepeelu pa sap of a tree le koroŋ, mi iniimu ma map kat. —He will Pasirimkaala pa glu o ke siŋiini ma imun become like a person who pesters you mini. —Fill it in with glue or the sap of a (SG) all the time for things and truly takes tree and close it off again. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z paso 362 -pasomkaala

Anutu ipas Adam ka siel ta ma ipet, mi meeting/festival of the Jews when they ipasirimkaala pa mazaana. —God took remember the time that God saved their out one of Adam’s ribs, and covered over/ ancestors in Egypt, had come near. filled in the hole with [some of] his flesh. -pasom V_Tr paso1 Adv_PredP XXdespise, scorn, belittle, look down on, XXwhy? (often used to scold or express have contempt for disapproval of what someone has done) Ka koi bizin tipasomi mi tigibgiibi sua Tomtom ti, teleŋ sua kini paso? Ŋgar kini repiiliŋana pini. —His enemies despised ikankaana kat. —This person, why should him and are continually throwing we (INC) listen to his talk? His thinking is mocking talk at him. very confused. Niom kapasom pat som? —Aren’t you (PL) Komoto paso? —Why are you (PL) afraid? just wasting the money? [i.e. You should not be afraid/ There is no -pasomsom reason for you to be afraid.] Tipasomsom zanda. —They belittled our Kombomboreyom sorok paso? Leyom uraata (INC) names/ reputations. som? —Why are you (PL) hanging around mata- (i)pasom doing nothing? Don’t you have any work XXdespise, look down on, have contempt [to do]? for, belittle, have a low opinion of see also: padei (ta) Aŋgo Melanie be ila ito kini mi Atai iso: “Ni paso2 Conjunction ko irao ito kini?” To aŋso: “Motom pasomi XXbecause, for pepe.” —I sent Melanie to roast some food Ina mbulu ambai som. Paso, zin wal tau on hot stones and Atai said: “Is she able to tikamam ta kembena, zin tipasansaana roast food?” Then I said: “Don’t look down waen bizin. —That is not good behaviour. on her.” For the people who do like that hurt their Nu motom pasom yo? —Are (SG) you associates. belittling me? Tomtom tipakuri paso, tire i kembei ni irao Tana kaimer ko matan pasom uraata bibip kat. —People praise him because they ta boozomen. —Therefore later they will consider him to be very capable. belittle every kind of big work. [i.e. They Nio aŋkam ta kembena paso, aŋmoto. —I will think nothing is too difficult for did like that, because I was afraid. them.] Mi miiri sa iwedet pa kwon som. Paso, zin kwo- (i)pasom matan yaryaaraŋan som. —And there is XXscorn, scoff at, belittle by one’s words, no breath coming out from their mouths. sneer at, mock Why, because they are not alive. Tirepiili zin mi kwon pasom zin. —They similar: pa despised them and mocked them. see also: tana, tanata, tabe see also: som ‘no, not’ Pasoba N -pasomkaala V_Tr XXPassover feast, Passover celebration, XXneutralise, lessen the effect of something Passover festival Ni ikam aigau pa boloŋga ma man loan from: Tok Pisin, English tamburaana makiŋ, mi imoŋi pa koskoozo Tikan Pasoba ka kini. —They ate the ma ipasomkaala aigau kini mini. Passover meal. —After he put on bright coloured plant Lupŋana biibi ki Pasoba ipet. —The big decorations, he smeared black soot on meeting/festival of Passover occurred. himself and so lessened the effect of the Mi ina aigule tabe tipun zin sipsip pa Pasoba i. [brightly coloured] decorations again. —And that was the day that they were to Tuur painap isula yok taitaiŋana bekena hit/kill the sheep for the Passover meal. ipasomkaala menelŋana ki painap. —We Pasoba, lupŋana biibi kizin Yuda be matan (INC) put pineapple [pieces] into salty water iŋgal mazwaana ta Anutu ikamke tumbun to lessen the acidity of the pineapple [so it bizin isu Aikuptu na, ka nol igarau kek. doesn’t hurt our teeth and gums as much]. —The time for Passover, the important XXhelp digest -pasosooro 363 -pata

Takan marai raama ŋge mbuyeene, naso Ni ipasaana pat biibi. (marai mburaana) ipasomkaala, mi takan —He wasted a lot of money. ma imap. (Tululu som, ketende nono som.) Tipiri pat pa takes. —They —We (INC) eat ginger together with pork gave money for the tax. fat. When we do that, the ginger reduces Pat ipeyei ŋoŋi boozo. —Money causes the effect of the fat and helps us to digest many quarrels. it and we can finish eating it. (Then we patpat N Redup do not vomit, or feel nauseous.) XXgravel, many little stones -pasosooro V_Tr patŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXput a decoration on someone’s backside XXstrong, hard (like stone) for a ceremonial dance XXstony, having stones in it Pasosooro zin moori be tirak. —Put the Yok patŋana. —river with a lot of stones decorations on the women’s backsides so in it they can dance. mata patŋa- see also: sosooro, mul, namul (decorations XXgreedy for money, only thinking about worn by women on their backs) money (Lit. ‘stone/money eyes’) -pasur V_Tr similar: mata- koroŋŋa-, mata- moniŋa- XXfloat, transport something by floating ute- patŋa- (=ute- pat/ ute- biibi) (walking with it or keeping one’s eye XXstingy, unwilling to lend or share, on it) miserly, tight-fisted Pasur wooŋgo ma ila yok pakaana. —Float Utem patŋom! —You (SG) are stingy! the canoe across to the other side of the similar: nama- lululŋana, ute mbolŋa- river. patpatŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Nio aŋpasur ke tio ti ma ipera tai. Kaimer to XXvery strong and hard to break (used of aŋpaala. —I floated this log of mine out nuts) to the ocean. Later I will split it. Kaŋar patpatŋana men isula pooro. —Only Zin naŋgaŋ tilela ma tipasur ni mazaana ma really hard nuts are put into woven bags tipet. —The boys went inland and floated [to be kept for a long time]. ripe coconuts down the river. pata-1 N_Inal see also: -sur, -pusur XXlog pat N Kuut ke pataana ma ilae pa zaala biibi. XXstone —Cut the log and put it off to the side Puni pa pat pepe. Ko imeete. —Don’t hit of the big road. him with stones. He might die. Kumbun ma naman tiloondo pa ke Aŋkes pat ma aŋlae mbaaga. —I walked on patanpatan ta bibip i, mi tipoŋgeere. the stones and crossed over to the other —Their legs and hands went through the side. holes in [some] big logs and they tied [the pat ndabokbokŋan, pat milmilŋan logs] together. [=They put them in stocks.] —precious stones, shining stones -pata2 V_Intr_Stative pat sumbuunu —a hole in a stone XXbe heavy pat kopoono —cave Ke ipata. —The tree/wood/stick is heavy. -ndou pat —collect/accumulate stones or ipata kat/ ipata mete —very heavy/ too money heavy XXmoney, coins Pat tana siŋan siŋan mi tipata kat. —Those pat siŋsiŋŋan —one and two toea [copper] stones were huge and very heavy. coins (Lit. ‘red stones/money’) XXbe difficult, hard pat sumbuunuŋana —one Ina ipata pizin be titooro mbulu kizin. —It is kina coin (Lit. ‘money difficult for them to change their behaviour. with a hole in it’) -pata V_Tr XXbe too heavy for, weigh on

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z pataaŋa 364 pataŋa- mata- patataŋa-/ mata- pataŋgitŋgitŋa- Mburu ipata yo. —The cargo is too heavy XXslow in getting going, sluggish for me. kwo- ipata pataaŋa Adv_Pred1 XX XXnot very good at speaking, speak with once for all, established and unchanging difficulty (Lit. ‘mouth is heavy’) Tutu imbot pataaŋa. —The law has been Nio kwoŋ ipata pa sua soŋana. —It is established once and for all. difficult for me to speak [publicly]. Iti tuŋtuŋ pataaŋa pa mbulu ndabokŋana lele- ipata kamŋana, to indeeŋe. —If we are firmly XXsorrowful, grieved, troubled, concerned, established in the practise of doing good worried (Lit. ‘insides are heavy’) behaviour, then it is right. Nio leleŋ ipata. —I feel sorrowful/ grieved/ Niom A-grade kombot muriyom pataaŋa. troubled/worried (Lit. ‘My insides are —You A-grade players stay in your places. [Don’t go anywhere]. heavy.’) XX Lelem ipata mi moto pepe. —Do not be already troubled and fearful. Mi so you tana ikanan pataaŋa, so leleŋ mata- ipata (=mata- ŋenŋeene) ndabok. —If that fire was already XXbe tired, sleepy (Lit. ‘eye is heavy’) burning, I would be very happy. -papata V_Tr Kadoono kizin ta tikam pataaŋa kek. —Their XX wages, they have already received [them]. overburden, load too much weight on XX someone, overwhelm someone right away Nu papata yo pa mburu paso? —Why are Lukas iso pio be aŋmuuŋgu pataaŋa mi aŋpera nol muriini. —Lukas told me to go you (SG) loading me with [so much] cargo? Aŋre na niom toŋmatiziŋ tio kapapata yo pa ahead right away to the marketplace. mbulu boozo. —In my opinion, you relatives Kakam koyom kini pa aigule ru pataaŋa. of mine are putting a heavy weight on me —Take enough food for yourselves now to with all of your [bad] behaviour. last for two days. pataŋa- N_Inal_Stative Sombe lem koroŋ imbot, na kam pini XXheavy pataaŋa. —If you (SG) have something, Mburu taiŋgi pataŋana kat, tamen irao be then give it to him right away. aŋkwaara. —These things are very heavy, Kaŋkaŋ pataaŋa ma ila. —He went right away. but I am able to carry them. XX XXdifficult, hard, not easy tautology (This person/thing is not going uraata pataŋana —difficult work, hard to change. He/She/It will always do the work kinds of things he/she/it normally does.) pataŋana N_Inal_Event King, ni king pataaŋa. —The king is the XXtrouble, problem, difficulty, hardship, king. [=The king is always going to do suffering, misfortune (Lit. ‘heaviness’) the kind of things kings normally do.] See main entry pataŋana for examples Tubudu, ni tubudu pataaŋa. —A white person pataŋa- N_Inal is a white person. [i.e. He will always do XXweight (see main entry pataŋa-) the sorts of things that white people usually patataŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup do. He is not going to change.] XX -patalli V_Tr very heavy, extremely heavy XX Pat patataŋan tiŋgi, irao takwaara som. confuse someone Kapatalli yo pa sua boozo pepe. —Don’t —These heavy stones, we (INC) are not able to carry [them]. confuse me with a lot of talk. pataŋa-/ patapataŋa-/ badaanaŋa- Kam ŋgar biibi mete, ta ipatalli u na. N_Inal_Stative Redup —You (SG) have studied too much, and that XXslow in getting going, sluggish is why it has confused you. Moori tana pataŋana kat. Loŋa mi burup see also: -talli, talliŋa- pataŋa- burup som. —That woman is really slow in N_Inal XX getting going. She does not get up quickly. weight pataŋana 365 -pateke som

Re pataŋana ki koroŋ taiŋgi. —Look at the tana. —They stood firm and endured that weight of this thing. hardship/ suffering. pataŋa- ise Ni ibaada sorok pataŋana. —He suffered XXput one’s full weight on something even though he was innocent./ He Tumbutul se pa ke poŋana mi tomtom sa imar. suffered for no reason. To toso pini: “Wai, mbulem se mi pataŋom see also: -pata ‘be heavy’ ise pepe. Pa ke ti imbol som. Pamarra u -patar V_Tr pa .” —We (INC) are sitting on a bench and XXput aside, reserve somebody else comes. Then we say to him/ Nio aŋpatar ŋge taiŋgi pa ula ki lutuŋ her: “Hey, when you (SG) sit down, do not moori. —I have reserved this pig for the put your (SG) full weight on it. For this piece wedding of my daughter. of wood is not strong. Sit lightly on it. XXpreserve (used of objects, trees) XXthink of something as being important or Kala kasambar mbunmbuutu tana, mi significant, regard as important, assign kapatar zin ke. —Go cut that grass, but importance or significance to something, preserve the trees [i.e. do not cut them]. be concerned about something, regard as -patarpi V_Tr having a lot of ‘weight’ XXclaim, reserve something for oneself (by Sua seket kao na, pataŋoyom ise pa pepe. clearing the area around it and caring Kombot mi tapas kat sua muŋgu. —That for it), care for plants gossip, do not be concerned about it. Let’s Nio aŋpatarpi kaŋar/ we/ kun musaari wait and hear the talk properly. ti. —I cleared the area around this Nio pataŋoŋ ise ki sua kini som. Pa to little galip nut/ mango/ breadfruit tree tana napospos. —I do not assign much [thereby reserving it for myself]. significance to his talk. For that fellow is patarŋa- N_Inal_Stative unreliable in his words. XXreserved, claimed (because of having pataŋana N_Event looked after something, used mainly of XXtrouble, problem, difficulty, hardship, trees) suffering, misfortune (Lit. ‘heaviness’) patartarŋa- N_Inal_Stative (Redup) Pataŋana ki kar lene na, sorok som. XXreserved, claimed (+ Plural) —The troubles in the village are not Kala kere zin kun ta patartarŋoŋ. —Go and insignificant. [i.e. There are lots of them see the breadfruit trees that I have been and they are big ones.] looking after. Zin kolman tila be tiurpe pataŋana ta ipet -pateke som V_Tr neeri. —The village elders went to solve XXnot permit, not give permission, not the problem that occurred yesterday. agree to, not allow, not let (usually Zin kolman tilup zin be tiurpe pataŋana negative, but can also be positive in pakan ki kar. —The village elders met to some cases) straighten some of the village’s problems. Nio aŋpateke kap ti be ima ku som, pa iŋgi Pataŋana biibi indeeŋe yo/ ikam yo/ ise tio. tamaŋ mata muriini. —I won’t permit —I experienced great hardship/ suffering this cup to go to you (SG), because it is an Mete taiŋgi ikamam pataŋana biibi pa lutuŋ. heirloom from my father. —This illness is causing a lot of suffering Aa, moori ti, nio aŋpateke i som. Pa ni iposop for my child. skul kini zen. —Ah, this young woman, I Nio aŋdeeŋe pataŋana boozo. —I have do not permit her [to marry yet]. For she experienced many difficulties/problems. hasn’t yet finished her schooling. Pataŋana taiŋgi ko ipun yo ma aŋmeete. Nio aŋpateke lawnmower be kam ma la mi —This trouble will kill me. pun mbunmbuutu pa lele ku som. —I will -baada pataŋana not allow you (SG) take the lawnmower XXwithstand hardship, suffer hardship, and go cut the grass in your (SG) area. endure hardship (Lit. ‘carry heaviness’) similar: -yok pa som Timender mbolŋana mi tibaada pataŋana a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -patekeege 366 -patokooro

-patekewe V_Tr Redup —Correct the direction of the canoe’s Nio aŋpatekewe koroŋ bibip ma ima ku, mi bow. Otherwise it will run aground on nu motom ŋgal yo som. —I have allowed the coral reef. you to have many big things, but you Tiso ko wooŋgo ila ma ituti sala patmbu (SG) haven’t thought of me [i.e. given me sa ma iŋgi. —They thought that the boat anything in return]. might run aground on the coral reef or patekeŋana som something like that. XXunavailable Nio aŋmender sala patmbu mi aŋgal ye. Timbiiri tio tina, patekeŋana som. —That —I stood on a large piece of coral and wooden plate of mine is not available. speared a fish. -patekeege V_Tr Ina ikis ti ma tuŋtuŋ kembei wooŋgo ta XXmake one feel cold timbit ka re mbolŋana ila patmbu bekena Miiri imar ma ipatekeege yo. —The wind tuŋ ma imbot. —That holds us (INC) firmly came and made me feel cold. in place like a boat which has been tied Mbeŋi tolou musaana som. Ipet ma ipatekeege with a strong rope to a large piece of yo ma aŋru zoloŋ pa leŋ koroŋ be aŋkoto yo. coral in order to keep it safely in place. —At night there was a lot of cold dampness see also: sagar, kou [in the air]. When it appeared, it made me -pato V_Tr feel cold, and I was in need of something XXdrive, chase (someone/something to with which to cover myself. some place) see also: ni- itekteege/ itekeege ‘feel cold’ Me ipato ŋge, mi imar kembei ma ila iti pu. -patilili V_Tr Redup —The dog drove/ chased the pig this way, XXsinging someone’s name over and over and it went and got caught in the pig net. (in anger to shame them, like Atai Atai Me ipato zin sipsip ma tilela murin. —The Atai Atai…) sheepdog drove the sheep into their Nu patilili Misek zaana paso? —Why do [resting] place. you (SG) keep singing Misek’s name? see also: -keto, -to -patimbil V_Tr -patoto V_Tr Redup XXroll something XXcause to hurry, force to go hurriedly, Patimbil ke ma ilae. —Roll the log aside. drive by force Pat ta isekaala naala kwoono na, tipatimbil Niom naŋgaŋ kamar kala kumuuŋgu. ma ilae kek. —The stone that closed the Kokena kekemer to kapatoto zin kolman opening of the grave had been rolled aside. ma nin saana. —You young people come see also: -timbil and go ahead. If you (PL) walk behind [us], -patiŋtiiŋgi V_Tr Redup then you will force the older people to XXmake dirty hurry and they will get tired. Patiŋtiiŋgi mburu tio pepe. Pa ina aŋpotom Nin isaana pa pai kek. Sombe aŋpatoto zin pa Krismas. —Don’t get my clothes dirty. ma tikam pai londi pa aigule tamen, nako I have reserved them for Christmas. timetmeete lup. —They are already tired see also: tiiŋgi from the trip. If I force them to hurry -patiŋtiŋ V_Tr Redup again for one more day, they will all die. XXplay a drum (softly) when there is no -patokooro V_Tr dancing going on XXturn, twist, rotate (a lid of something, in Nu patiŋtiŋ sorok kombom paso? —Why are order to open or close it) you (SG) playing the drum for no reason? Asiŋ ipatokooro kou tio kwoono ma la tuŋ def. Mazwaana ta naroogo som mi nu zze kat ta kembei? —Who has turned the lid sorok kombom. —At a time when there is of my lime container so tight? no dancing, you (SG) play a drum for no XXmake a hole in something, drill into, reason. bore a hole in something patmbu N Patokooro swaala. —Make holes in the XXcoral (large-sized piece), reef swaala shells. Urpe wooŋgo mataana, ko isala patmbu. Patokooro me zoŋoono. —Drill a hole in the -patooŋo 367 -patuktuk

dog’s tooth. offering to them so they would help me. Patokooro ti putuunu tiŋgi mi mbit la Sombe kolman kuinun keten malmal, kombom. —Bore holes into these ti seeds, to takam koroŋ ma takarakiti lelen. and tie them to the drum. Tapatoron zin pa ŋge ma koroŋ pakan similar: -mbenpis ‘rub a hole into something’ kembei siŋi, koi, kini ma. —If the spirits -patooŋo V_Tr of the ancestors are angry, then we (INC) XXshow, guide, direct take things and fix their insides. We make Tomtom Biibi ta ipatooŋo zin pa zaala. —It offerings to them of things like pigs and was God that showed them the way. the things needed for chewing betel-nut, Merere itunu ipatooŋu pa koroŋ tabe ikam tobacco, food, and [other things as well]. ma ipet i. —God himself has shown you -patoronron V_Tr Redup (SG) what he is going to cause to happen. patoronŋana N_Inal_Event similar: -so pa, -paute, -swe XXoffering, collection, sacrifice -patoŋtooŋo V_Tr Redup zin mbili ta ambai pa patoronŋana i —the Ni itunu ta ipatoŋtooŋo iti pa koroŋ ta animals that are good for sacrifices munŋaana men. —It is he himself that Merere iyoozo patoronŋana tana kuziini guides us (INC) in everything. ambaiŋana. —The Lord smelled the good patooŋoŋa- N_Inal smell of that sacrifice. XXguide mboe ki patoronŋana —song for taking up Patooŋoŋana ka tomtom na, Merere the collection in church itutamen. —Only God is the real guide. patoronŋana ka tomtom —priest patooŋoŋana zin patoronŋana kan —the priests XXomen, portent, sign of something Yesu ikam murindi mi iwe patoronŋana pa possibly happening sanaana kiti. —Jesus took our (EXC) place Sombe man tatariigi itaŋ pa rou biibi, na and became a sacrifice for our sins. iwe patooŋoŋana pa tomtom sa ko imeete. Yesu, ni patoronŋana ka tomtom biibi —If a rooster cries in the late evening, it ŋonoono. —Jesus, he is the truly great is an omen that someone is going to die. high priest. similar: kilalan -patubudu V_Tr loan from: Mutu language XXcurse, wish evil on, work magic that -patoron V_Tr prevents someone from hunting or XXinvoke, call on spirit beings for help fishing successfully Aŋla su ma aŋso pa tamaŋ kunuunu: “O Niom kapatubudu yam, tabe amkam buzur tamaŋ, kam koŋ ŋge sa ma me tio iŋa i.” sa som. —You (PL) worked magic on us (EXC), Nio aŋpatoroni, pa kunuunu imbot pa and therefore we did not get any game. lele tana. To aŋkam ŋge. —I went to the see also: -ŋgo, -suŋ sosor pa forest and said to my father’s spirit: “O -patuktuk V_Tr my father, give me a pig and let my dog XXstop, prevent somebody from doing bite it.” I invoked him [there], because his something, hold back spirit lives in that area. Then I got a pig. Yaŋ imar ma ipatuktuk yo, tabe uraata ka XXplacate, appease, propitiate, pacify, lwoono imbot. —The rain came and held me sacrifice to, make an offering to spirit back, so part of the work was left undone. beings Loŋa mi la ma kam uraata. Kokena Takam kini be tapatoron zin kolman kunun, waem imar ma ire u, to iso sua toro, mi kokena tipasaana iti. —Let’s take food ipatuktuku pa uraata. —Quickly go with which to appease the ancestor and do the work. Otherwise your (SG) spirits. Otherwise they will harm us. friend might come and see you and say Nio aŋkam ŋge mazaana ila pizin kolman something else to you, and prevent you kunun be aŋpatoron zin ma tiuulu yo. —I from [doing] the work. gave pork to the ancestor spirits as an Patuktuk yo paso? Loŋa mi aŋla. Kokena a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -patuntun 368 -pauuru

wooŋgo izem yo. —Why are you (SG) looking for a double-sized sleeping mat holding me back? I need to go quickly. for the children. Otherwise the boat will leave without me. see also: pum ‘double fruits’ see also: tuk ‘stop suddenly’ -paute V_Tr -patuntun V_Tr Redup XXteach someone XXmake itch, sting, irritate Ni ipaute yam pa koroŋ ta boozomen. —He Looto ipatuntun kuliŋ. —The nettles taught us (EXC) about all kinds of things. irritated my skin. Mi nio ko aŋpaute u pa sua tabe so pizin na. -patuntun lele- —And I will teach you (SG) the talk that XXaggravate, arouse, stir to anger, upset you are to say to them. someone Ni ipaute i be ipo wooŋgo. —He taught him Ai, nu kam sua takena pepe, ko patuntun [how] to build a canoe. leleŋ. —Hey, don’t speak like that lest you Ni ipaute i pa wooŋgo poŋana. —He taught (SG) aggravate me. him about canoe building. Niom kepekel kalŋaana ma kapatuntuni, similar: -so pa tabe iso sua boozo. —You (PL) answered -pautete V_Tr Redup him and aggravated him, and so he spoke pauteŋana N_Inal_Event a lot [i.e. complained]. XXteaching, instruction Patuntun leleŋ pa ŋoŋi pepe! —Don’t upset Nu zom biibi pa uraata ki pauteŋana. —You me with [your] quarrelling! (SG) have a big name/reputation for see also: -tuntun teaching. -patwen V_Tr XXteacher XXmimic, imitate, play a part in a drama pauteŋana tio —my teacher Nio aŋpatwen zin me/ ŋge. —I mimicked pauteŋana ka tomtom —teacher the dogs/ pigs. Gaaga to pauteŋana ka uraata ipet. -patwentwen V_Tr Redup —Tomorrow, the teaching will take place. Patwentweni paso? Ni naŋgaŋ! —Why are note: Northern dialect does not use –paute. you (SG) mimicking him? Is he a youngster! Instead they tend to prefer –so A. pa B. -kam kon patwen pa [speak to A about B]. XXmimic every action of someone else as pautu N a game (First a string art design is done XXspy on one’s hands. Then it is put on one’s Zin pautu tila tireut lele pakaana. —The head. Then one begins to imitate every spies went to spy out the area. gesture/ action of someone else.) -pauuru V_Tr def. Ni ikam kon isala uteene, tonabe ipatwen XXend a food taboo after a period of tomtom pa mbulu kini. Ina tapaata be kon mourning (by organising a feast and patwen. —He puts the string design on providing the tabooed food for the his head and then imitates the actions of whole village. Often Mbula people someone. That, we (INC) call kon patwen. mourning the death of someone restrict Ni ikam kon patwen pa wooro isala uteene themselves for several months to a year mi ipatwen moori tana ma amseeŋge from eating certain foods that were amseeŋge ma kayan ikam yam. —He put favourites of the dead person out of the string art on his head and mimicked respect for him or her.) that woman and we (EXC) laughed and Niam ampauuru Ai kwoono pa meene mi laughed and just about died laughing. ikan kana. Isapaara mini som. —We (EXC) patwenŋana N_Inal_Event joined Ai in concluding his taboo on XXmimicking eating sago, and he began eating it see also: -twen [again]. He is no longer restricting paum N_Stative himself from eating it. mi paum XXend, finish off, conclude (a ceremony) XXdouble-sized pandanus sleeping mat Tipauuru zin moori lautabe. Tibeede zin Aŋru leyam mi paum sa pizin pikin. —I am ma… Tikam aigau raama beedeŋana. -pawa 369 -pazal

—They concluded the ceremony for the Kopi ipayaryaara matanda. —Coffee perks first-born girls. They painted their faces us (INC) up. and [did other such things]. They put on Pombol yo mi payaryaara motoŋ! decorations on them as well as having —Strengthen me and refresh me! their faces painted. see also: -yaara Tipauuru zin molku mi tisu toono. —They -pazal V_Tr concluded the circumcision ceremony for XXstraighten, correct, fix, repair set right the boys, and they came down from the Aŋpazal ka mbol ma iŋgeeze kek. —I have men’s house. straightened the story about it and it is pauuruŋana N_Inal_Event fluent language now. XXconclusion of a ceremonial taboo Koroŋ boozomen ta muŋgu isaana, ta iŋgi Pauuruŋana ko ipet ŋiizi? —When will the nu pazalzal zin mabe ambai lup. —Many conclusion of the food taboo occur? of the things that were deteriorating, you -pawa V_TR (SG) have been correcting, and they are XXmake walk, help to walk nearly all fixed now. alt. -pawwa Ampazal sua. —We (EXC) correcte the talk. Sombe kumbum ipawwa u be kam mbulu similar: -urpe, -karakiti, -ŋgaraapi sananŋana, na… —If your (SG) feet keep XXdiscipline leading you to do something bad, then.. Pazal lutum, pa mbulu kini ambai som. Ni ipawa lutuunu, pa ni itomtoombo pai. —Correct/Discipline your (SG) son because —He is helping his child to walk, for he is his behaviour is not good. trying [to learn] to walk. XX guide Teteegi mi tapawa i ma tala. Pa ni mata Ni ko ipazalu mi ipiŋgis kumbum pa kilis ta pisŋana. —Let us (INC) take his hand and kom koi bizin tiur pu na. —He will guide help him walk and go along. For he is blind. you (SG) and avert your feet from the trap/ see also: -pa, -wa, -w(a)wa ‘walk’ snare that your enemies have set for you. -pawizis V_Tr Bubuŋana Potomŋana ipazal Paulus, tana ni XXdampen, make damp, cause to be wet ila pa lele ki Masedonia. —The Holy Spirit Mbeŋ ta boozomen na, motoŋ luluunu led (guided) Paul to Macedonia. ipawizis muriŋ. —Every night, my tears -pazalzal V_Tr Redup dampen my bed. -pazal(zal) zaala pa see also: -wizis XXtake someone through a difficulty, make -payaryaara V_Tr Redup a way for, help someone to follow the XXkindle, stir up right way, prepare the way for someone Payaryaara you, kokena imeete. —Stir up Ni ipazal zaala pio. —He helped me the fire lest it die. through./ He made a way for me./ He similar: -segeere prepared the way for me. XXgive life (spiritual and physical), enliven, Nu ta pazalzal zaala pio, mi anaŋ ikam yo revive, stimulate ma aŋsu. —It was you (SG) who prepared Bubuŋana Potomŋana ipayaryaara iti. the way for me, and [so] my mother gave —The Holy Spirit enlivens/revives us (INC). birth to me. Zin mboroŋan be tiparyaryaara sua ki similar: -urpe zaala Merere. —The work of the elders is to -parpazal V_Middle make the word of God come alive. XXcorrect each other Marasin mbolŋana ipayaryaara zin meteŋan Bela taparuulu iti pa ŋgar mi taparpazalzal ma timaŋga. —Strong medicine revives ti. —We (INC) must help each other with the sick and they get up again. ideas and correct each other. -payaryaara mata- pazalŋana N_Inal_Event XXrefresh, perk up, invigorate (Lit. ‘cause XXcorrection, guidance the eyes to be shining’) Tomtom ta so ileŋleŋ la sua pazalŋana na, ŋgar kini ko izze. —The person who a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pazonoogo 370 -peebe

pays heed to correction, his knowledge/ Miiri pe som. —There is not much wind. wisdom will increase. Mburoyam biibi pe som. —Our (EXC) see also: -zal ‘be straight’ strength is not very great. -pazonoogo V_Tr Muŋgu na pe som. —In the past, it was not XXpester, bother, repeatedly go to someone so much like that. and ask them for help -kampe V_Tr Ni ipazonoogo yo pa pataŋana kini. —He XXdo good to, treat kindly, favour keeps coming to me with his troubles. -leŋpe Nu pazonoogo yo men. Lem wal pakan som? XXhear well —You (SG) just keep pestering me. Don’t you -repe V_Tr have other people [who could help you]? XXstare at, look at carefully Niom kapazonoogo yo ta kembei na, ambai -sope V_Tr som. Pa nio koŋ kini som. —It is not good XXadvise, counsel that you (PL) pester me like this. I don’t -urpe V_Tr have food [to give you]. XXfix up, prepare, repair Pazonoogi ma irao ileŋ kalŋom. —Pester pedede N Redup him until he listens to you (SG). XXear decoration (made out of turtleshell, XXforce someone or something to do worn by both men and women) something continuously, make to do pededeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Nu pazonoogo zin me pa noŋana rimos! Moori ti, talŋaana pededeŋana. —This —Don’t make the dogs go hunting all the woman has ear decorations. time! -pedegdeege V_Intr_Stative Redup Nu pazonoogo zin tomtom pa uraata rimos! XXbe soft or pliable due to the presence of —Quit forcing the people to work! water, soggy XXcontinuously do something Toono ipedegdeege kat (tiiŋgi mete). —The Nu pazonoogo Atai ma Namoŋo laŋana ground is very soft/ swampy/ muddy. rimos. Kam kan sokorei, ta lala kizin? similar: -mbirir —Quit pestering Atai and Namongo. pedegdeegeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup What are you (SG) giving them, that you XXsoft and watery are always going to them? toono pedegdeegeŋana —soft, clayish similar: -noknok, -pasepeele, -paseŋeeŋe, ground -maŋmaŋ te pedegdeegeŋana —soft, watery faeces pe -peebe V_Intr/Tr pe som Adv_Pred0&1&NP XXgive birth, bear, produce, spawn XXwell, good, properly, very, really (often Anaŋ ipeebe yo su ta Karapo a. —My occurs in negated sentences, corresponds mother gave birth to me in Karapo. to kat ‘very, well’, and is also part of a Ni ipeebe pa Septemba. —She gave birth in number of compound verbs) September. Telefon ambai pe som. —The telephone is Man ipeebe ma kutuluunu isu. —The bird not in very good condition. laid an egg. boozo pe som —not very many Ŋgeu ipeebe sula yok ma iwe ŋgetŋgeete. Ni itum pe som. —He is not growing very —A frog spawns in water and [its eggs] well. become tadpoles. Mbulu tana ambai, mi ambai pe som. Nio, tipeebe yo pa Desemba. —I was born in —That behaviour is good but not very December. good. [a polite way of saying something -peebe karau —have a quick, easy birth is bad] -pepeebe V_Intr/Tr Redup Sua imbol pe som. —The talk was not very Moori ti kolman, mi ipepeebe men. —This firmly established./ The talk was not woman is getting up in years, but she is really settled. still bearing children. Yakop leleene pa Lea pe som. —Jakob did Tipepeebe ambai men. —They had easy not like Lea very much. successful births. peege 371 peende

Timorsop, mi tipepeebe sorok ma tisu. —They nabalau (su kana) ‘wild’, peege garei got startled and gave birth too soon. (paaza) ‘planted’, peege kasi (ruunu Moori tana ipepeebe sorok. Waene somŋana. totoŋana) ‘purple leaves’, peege kon ka —That woman just keeps bearing pepeebe (tezeŋzeŋ som) ‘not chewed’ [illegitimate] children. She does not have peege ka wakwak a husband. XXroots of a betel-pepper plant Tomtom ko tipepeebe len kelŋan. —People Zin Kumbai tizeŋzeŋ peege ka wakwak will keep on producing children in order (=peege uraana). —The Kovai people to have replacements/successors. chew betel-pepper roots. XXproduce, yield (interest) dial. var. pee (Gauru, Northern) Tuur pat kiti ila benk, bekena ipepeebe. -peele V_Intr/Tr —Let’s put our money in the bank so it XXopen (book, basket) can produce some interest. Aŋpeele Baibol. —I open the Bible. similar: -piyooto Aŋpeele parei? —How do I open this? peebeŋa- XXunfold and spread out Nio aŋsekaalu pa peebeŋana? —Am I Iti kembei manman pwoono. Sombe zoŋ ise preventing you (SG) from having children? na ipeele. Mi so ila rorou, na imeete. —We pepeebeŋa- N_Inal_Stative (INC) are like hibiscus flowers. When the XXfrequently or habitually giving birth sun rises, it opens. But when afternoon Ŋge pepeebeŋana, to imbot be iyalyaala. —If comes, it dies/withers. the pig is one that frequently gives birth, -peele mi —unfold and spread out a it may [be allowed to] live and have big sleeping mat litters. Tipeele kawaala ise doŋki ndemeene. similar: suruunuŋa- —They spread out clothing on the -papepe V_Tr donkey’s back. XXdo midwifery, help to give birth ni- ipeele Moori ta ipapepe i na, iso pini ma iso, “Moto XXwake up completely (Lit. ‘body opens’) pepe.” —The woman serving as a midwife Niini ipeele kat zen. —He hasn’t really for her told her, “Don’t be afraid.” woken up yet. pepe Niini ipeele, to ikan kini. —Once he is XXbirth, child-bearing completely awake, then he will eat. see also: -papepe, pepe -welweele V_Tr Redup peege N Welweele buk tio paso? —Why do you (SG) XXbetel-pepper vine, betel-pepper fruit keep opening my book? (=Tok Pisin daka, a climbing plant nama- welweeleŋana that is chewed together with betel- XXopen-handed, generous, giving nuts—mbu, and powdered lime—kou, peende N producing a red mixture in the mouth, XXsandy beach scientific name: Piper betle) Ni iwwa le pa peende. —He is strolling on Peege pakan, zitun tindomdom, mi pakan the beach for pleasure. na iti tapaaza. Peege na kembei ta wooro i. Duubu ipol sala peende, mi ileele musmuuzu —Some betel-peppers come up on their ma ise. —The waves broke on the beach own, and some we (INC) plant. The betel- and stirred up rubbish. pepper plant is like a vine. Tila ma sor lela peende uunu. —They went Iti teseŋ peege kiini, peege ruunu, pwoono, mi all the way in and landed on the beach. uraana (ka wakwak). —We (INC) chew betel- To Yesu ilu i su peende ma ila. —Then Jesus pepper stems, leaves, fruits, and roots. jumped down onto the beach and went on. Iti toŋo peege kiini. —We (INC) bite/eat/chew dial. var. piindi (Northern) the betel-pepper stem. XXrice (Northern dialect meaning, Central different types of betel-peppers:peege dialect uses maaŋga for rice.)

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z peene 372 peeŋge

penpeende N Redup bad blood will come out. XX small, sandy islet with no trees -peene3 V_Tr peene1 N XXheap up something in order to block, XXbow, gun dam Peene itaŋ. —The gun fired. def. Tondou zin pat ma koroŋ ma isu bekena peene kor kana ka tomtom —someone who yok itat. —We (INC) heap up stones and is good at shooting with a bow and arrow, [other] things so that the water gets stuck. archer Tepeene yok be imaaga ma toyo kanda peene kaara ŋgereeme mi zin buzur pakan. —Let’s dam XX bow (Marile form) the river so it will dry out, and we (INC) can Pakeke nomoŋ be aŋdaada peene kaara. collect crayfish and some other kinds of —Strengthen my hand so I can draw a meat to eat. stiff bow. XXheap up something as a support peene naana Ampun kis isu kil zilŋaana ma ise ta kil XX bow (made from the wood of a pam palm) kezeene i, ina ampeene tau. —We (EXC) put peene lutuunu/ kaara niini the processed sago pulp around the edges XXarrow, bullets (made of ndom) of the sago trap to prop up the edges of it peene niini [so that it will hold the water containing XXsharp tip of an arrow the sago starch]. peene ka palam/ peene ka wooro Aŋyasureege kis ta aŋpeene kil pa. —I XXbowstring scattered the processed sago pulp which peene tubudu I had heaped up around the sago trap to XXgun support it. peene ponok—spear gun -peene4 V_Tr peene kor kana—arrow for shooting down XXput into a sleeping position, put down to birds sleep -ser peene lutuunu, -zem kaara niini Peene pikin su! —Put the child down to XXshoot an arrow (Lit. ‘send away’ or sleep! ‘leave’ the arrow) similar: -pegeene, -peŋeene penpeene N Redup -peenekaala V_Tr XXprick, lance, something sharp that is XXshield from, protect from (a current in used to prick abscesses etc. the water), divert current Penpeene na, tuurpe pa kiniŋniiŋgi. Iti tundu tomini. Naso tepeenekaala zin —Pricks, we (INC) make [them] out of the naŋgaŋ pa wo mi talae mbaaga. —Let’s midribs of coconut leaves. cross [the river] as well. Then we (INC) can -peene2 V_Tr shield the boys from the flood current and XXshoot (with bow and arrow, gun, all of us cross over to the other side. slingshot, etc.) peeŋge N_Stative Aŋpeene man pa katapel. —I shot a bird XXmuscular, having large muscles, well-built with a slingshot. Ni tomtom peeŋge mi karwaaŋga. —He is a XXhit, strike (used of lightning) well-built, muscular person. Lolo ipeene kaŋar ma ipol. —The lightning Tomtom tana ka peeŋge bibip. —That man struck a galip nut tree and it broke. has big muscles. -wenweene/ -penpeene V_Tr Redup see also: karwaaŋga XXshooting ka- peeŋge Kewenweene man pa peene ki asiŋ? —Whose XXarm, large leg bone (of animals) gun are you (PL) using to shoot birds? Ur pikin se nomom ka peeŋge, mi panene i be XXpricking, lancing ikeene. —Take the child in your (SG) arms Kam penpeene mi wenweene kumbuŋ and rock it so it will go to sleep. sarŋana tiŋgi bekena siŋ sananŋana isu ŋge ka peeŋge lene. —Take something sharp and keep bone of a pig, used as a knife lancing this swelling in my leg so that the -peere 373 peeze

Ni ikam ŋge ka peeŋge, mi ikelpaala kun Wal ru ko tiyooto pu, mi tipeete zin mi ma pakaana pakaana. —He took a knife tiparmbot molo pizin. —Two groups will [made out of a pig’s leg bone] and cut the come forth from you (SG), and they will breadfruit in half. divide up and stay away from each other. -peere V_Intr/Tr XXdivide up and distribute XXbe open, open, pull open (eyes), restore Ni ipeete toono tana ma ikot urum urum. someone’s sight, heal someone who is —He divided up the land and distributed blind it among the different clans. Tomtom tana ipeere motoŋ. —That man see also: -te opened my eyes [=gave me my sight]. -peete lukutuunu Ni ipeere motom be parei? —How did he XXcut in half enable you to see? Yok ipeete zaala lukutuunu. —The river Peere motom ma marasin ila. —Pull your (SG) cuts the road in half. eye open so the medicine can go into it. XXbe in the middle of, reach/arrive at the mata- ipeere (pa) middle of something XXsee, have eyesight Barnabas ila ipeete yok lukutuunu, to wo Muŋgu, nio motoŋ ipis. Mi buri taiŋgi motoŋ isuri ma ila. —Barnabas got to the middle ipeere. —I used to be blind. But now I see. of the river, and then the floodwaters Niam leleyam be motoyam ipeere. —We (EXC) swept him away. would like to be able to see. Mbeŋ na, zin tipeete tai lukutuunu kek. similar: -re lele —At night they had got to the middle of XXcome to understand something, be the sea. enlightened about -wetweete, -petpeete V_Tr Redup Buri ti, motoŋ ipeere pa kek! —Now at last I Koroŋ tio ta boozomen na, aŋpetpeete ma iwe have come to understand it! uunu laamuruŋa, mi aŋkamam tataŋa ma Matanda ipeere zen, tombot zugut leleene. iwe lem. —All of my things, I always divide —We (INC) are not enlightened yet, we are [them] up into ten groups and give one of in darkness. them to you (SG) [i.e. give you a tenth]. Zin tau matan munŋan na, matan ipeere. -parpeete V_Tr —Those who are blind/ ignorant, will Ziru tiparpeete matamur ki taman ma len see/ understand. len na som. —They did not divide their -werweere, -perre V_Intr/Tr Redup father’s inheritance between themselves. Werweere motom paso? Musmuuzu sa ila? similar: -balak, -reege, -yapaala —Why do you keep pulling your (SG) eye -peeteŋgis kini open? Did some dirt go into to it? XXdivide food unevenly, apportion unevenly mata- peereŋa- (some receive a lot, others very little) Niom koso motoyom peereŋoyom, mi kombot peeze1 N mat kek. —You (PL) think your eyes are XXpaddle, steering wheel, rudder open and you are in light. Zin Koobo tisap len peeze. —The inner island see also: -re people carved some paddles for themselves. -peete V_Middle/Tr XXfin, flipper (of a crab) XXbreak in half kalma ka peeze —flipper of a crab Nio aŋpeete ke. —I broke the wood in half Kalma ikol pa peeze kini (namaana [by hitting it against something]. babaŋan i). —A kalma crab moves by similar: petekat using its flippers [its flat ‘hands’] XXdivide up into two or equal groups peeze N_Event Nio aŋpeete mburu ki Galiki ma iwe ru. —I XXsteering, guidance, ruling, control divided Galiki’s things into two groups. XXprogram, guide Yesu ipeete iti. —Jesus divides us (INC) [into Mbeŋ potomŋana ka peeze. —Christmas two groups: those who follow him and Eve programme those who don’t]. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -peeze 374 -pegeene

peeze ki suŋŋana —liturgy followed in a my cheek. worship service -wesweeze, -pespeeze V_Intr/Tr peeze (ka-) XXpaddling, patting XXleader, ruler, governor (one who ‘steers’ Niam ampera mi zin tiwesweeze ma tile. or guides peoples affairs) —We (EXC) were going out and they were Tomtom peeze kana bela ila iurpe sua. —A paddling inland. leader must go to fix the problem. Naana ipespeeze lutuunu. —The mother is Ni peeze ki kar Yaŋla. —He is a leader of patting her child. Yangla village. peeze wekwek V_Intr_Uninfl Redup wal peeze kan —leaders, rulers XXswing (motion the canoe paddle makes peeze ki Anutu/ kar saamba when someone is paddling vigorously) XXkingdom of God/ heaven (Lit. ‘God’s/ Niam ampera, mi zin peeze wekwek ma tile. heaven’s steering/ ruling’) —We (EXC) went down the river, and their Timbot lela peeze ki kar saamba. —They paddles were swinging vigorously as they are in the kingdom of heaven. came inland [up the river]. muri- peeze kana puze N_Event XXthrone (Lit. ‘place of steering/ ruling’) XXpaddling style, way of paddling Anutu imbotmbot se muriini peeze kana. Nio aŋkilaala puze kini. —I recognised his —God is on his throne. way of paddling. tomtom peeze kana -peeze3 V_Tr XXcaptain, pilot (of a ship, plane) XXloosen, untie, set free -kam peeze pa Tepeeze wooro mbukŋana. —Let’s untie the XXlead, guide, steer, rule, govern knot. Zin mboroŋan tikam peeze piam. —The Koroŋ zukŋan ta boozomen, inako kaimer elders are guiding/ ruling us (EXC). tipeeze ma borok su. —Everything that Ni irao pa peeze kamŋana. —He is good at is wrapped up [=concealed] will be steering/ ruling. unwrapped/revealed and exposed. Ni ikamam peeze pa uraata. —He is similar: -zem, -putke guiding the work. XXuncover, unwrap, reveal, explain, Anutu ikamam peeze pa koroŋ ta boozomen. publish, announce, make manifest, open —God rules over/ guides everything. Ni ipeeze miuŋana tana uunu pizin tomtom -teege peeze ma tileŋ. —He explained the meaning of XXsteer (used of boats, cars, planes) the dream to the peopleand they listened Nio ituŋ aŋteege peeze pa wooŋgo, mi amko. to it. —I myself was steering the canoe as we Koroŋ ta zukŋana, nako peezeŋana. (EXC) travelled along. —Things that are wrapped/covered -peeze2 V_Tr [=hidden], will be unwrapped [=exposed/ XXpaddle brought out into the open/ revealed]. Nio aŋpeeze wooŋgo ma aŋpera tai. —I Zin tipeeze welŋan zaraabaŋana. —They paddled the canoe out to the sea. unwrapped a bundle of sago grubs. Tipeeze ma tila, mi molo som na miiri ipol. XXhave a strong flavour or taste (used —They paddled along and soon a storm of powdered lime that is chewed with arose. betel-nut) Pen ipeeze ma iwwa.. —The turtle paddled Ur kou isu you uunu be you ilo. Pa ina ilomo. along [i.e swam by moving its flippers]. Teseŋ na, ipeeze som (=iswe mburaana XXslap, clap, pat (with the palm of one’s som, siŋi isiŋsiŋ som). —Put the lime by hand) the fire to warm up. For it is cold. When Zin tipeeze keten. —They hit their chests we (INC) chew it, it [will] not have much [as a sign of bragging or volunteering]. flavour (=does not have much taste or Tepeeze namanda pini pa tel. —Let’s clap result in saliva with a bright red colour). our hands for him three times. -pegeene V_Tr Zin tipeeze poŋoŋ. —They slapped me on XXput to bed, lay down, put into a lying -pegerger 375 -peke

position Pei ŋgar kizin bekena tikilaala zitun. Pegeene pikin isula kaari. —Put the child in —Stir up their thinking so that they will the netbag to sleep. recognise their situation. Buza ta imennder tana, pegeene isu. Ko ipal Nio aŋpei sua pa toono taiŋgi. —I initiated zin tomtom. —The knife that is standing the discussion concerning this ground. there, lay it down [on the ground]. It Miiri biibi ipei duubu. —A big wind stirred might [fall and] cut someone. up waves. similar: -peene, -peŋeene Kere mboe mbuyeeneŋana, to kepei. —Look -pegerger V_Intr Redup for an attractive [Lit. ‘fatty’] song and XXcontinue to make a disturbing/ irritating then start it. noise -peyei/ -weyei V_Tr Redup Tiaŋtiaŋ ipegerger ipegerger ma niyam Sua ta kembei ipeyei malmal/ ŋoŋi. —That gesges. —The tiaŋtiaŋ bird continued kind of talk stirs up fighting/ quarrelling. crying for a long time and we (EXC) got Niom tina kepeyei sua muŋguŋana mini, ta tired of it. ambai som. —You there are again stirring Mbeŋ amkeene, mi kombom kizin Birik iur up the old talk, and that is not good. metŋana som. Ipegerger ipegerger ma berek. -peikat V_Tr —At night we (EXC) slept and the drums of XXpick out, choose, select Birik people went on with no pauses. The Peikat naŋgaŋ pakan ta naman mosŋan be noise went on and on till daybreak. tila tisap kitiimbi. —Select some young similar: -segedgeede men who are skilled with their hands to -pei V_Tr go hew posts. XXdig out, pick out Yesu ipeikat naŋgaŋ laamuru mi ru ma tiwe Nio aŋpei koŋ serembat pakan. —I picked lene. —Jesus chose twelve young men to out some sweet potatoes for myself (from become his own. a dish or basket). -peikatkat V_Tr Redup Naman isula timbiiri leleene be tipei kan -peipei1 V_Tr Redup kini. —Their hands went into the wooden XXcollect cooking stones after the food dish to take out some food for themselves. cooked on top of them has been removed XXgrab, take hold of Moori tipeipei tiama ma tiyo isala muriini. Nio aŋpei ŋge kumbuunu mi nu sou i. —I —The women collected the cooking will grab the pig’s leg(s), and you (SG) stones and put them up into their place. catch hold of it. Peipei tiaama ma isala muriini, mi siiri Zin tomooto tiso tisou ŋge maanzi mi timoto i. musmuuzu/ kokou ma ila ne. —Gather Tana timender mi Apei ipei lae pa the cooking stones back to their place and kumbuunu. To iwal titoptop salakaali mi sweep the rubbish/ ashes away. tosou i. —The men wanted to catch a huge dial. var. -petpet (Yangla) pig, but they were afraid of it. So they -peipei2 V_Tr Redup stood back, and Apei grabbed it by its XXcut in such a way as to produce chips legs, and then the group jumped on top of Tomtom itaara ke ma ipeipei paaga be ke it and caught it. loŋa mi ipol. —A man cut a tree and was XXresurrect, raise from the dead chopping off a lot of chips so that the tree Kaimer Anutu ko ipei zin wal meeteŋan ma would fall down quickly. timaŋga mini pa naala. —In the future God Zin Koobo tisap mon mi tipeipei paaga. —The will resurrect dead people from the grave. inner island people are hewing a dugout similar: -pai, -pamaŋga canoe and producing a lot of wood chips. XXstir up, stimulate, initiate, set into -peke V_Tr motion, get going, start XXcomplete something, finish off completely, Sua ta teleŋleŋ, ta ipei urlaŋana. —The talk consummate, (for example speech, that we (INC) hear stirs up faith. behaviour, thinking, work) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pekeele 376 -pekel

Ni ila ipeke skul kini ma imap, ta imar i. —It -pekel V_Tr is because he has gone and completed his XXreplace schooling, that he is now coming back. Nio aŋpekel kitiimbi muŋguŋan pa kitiimbi Niam ampeke dobo tiam tana ma imap kek. popoŋan. —I replaced the old posts with —We (EXC) have completed clearing the new posts. small brush off of that new garden of ours. XXpay back, refund, repay, return -pekewe V_Tr Redup Nio ko aŋpekel pat ku. —I will repay your (SG) Zin tipekewe uraata. —They are finishing money. off the work. Koroŋ ta kam kek. Mi re be pekel. —You (SG) Kozo so sua, to pekewe mbukun mbukun have received the thing. Now make sure pataaŋa. Naso tomtom tileŋ kat. —When you pay it back. you (SG) speak about something, you must Kaimer ko tipekel mbulu ku, mi tiboobu pa finish off each topic. Then people will kini kanŋana. —Later they will repay your hear it properly and understand it. (SG) behaviour and invite you for a feast. -peke kete- similar: -kot XXkill, hasten the death of, finish off -pekel kalŋa-/ kwo-/ sua Sombe loŋa imeete som, to tepeke keteene XXanswer, respond to, reply to what has ma imeete. —If it does not die quickly, been said then we (INC) finish it off. Nio aŋpekel sua ta ni iso ga. —I am Peke ŋge tana keteene ma imeete. Kokena replying to what he just said. ikeske ŋge pakan. —Finish off that [sick] -pekelkel V_Tr Redup pig [i.e. kill it]. Otherwise it might infect Tou serembat, na re be pekelkel. —When the other pigs. you (SG) dig up sweet potatoes, make sure -pekeele V_Intr/Tr you keep replacing them [by planting XXpeep at new ones]. Ni ipekeele yo la ruumu tio. —He peeped at -parpekel V_Intr/Tr me in my house. XXexchange Ni ipekeele lela naala. —She peeped into Niamru guraaba tio amparpekel ye mi the grave. serembat. —I and my trading partner -pekelkeele V_Intr/Tr Redup exchanged fish and sweet potatoes. Niom kepekelkeele zin moori paso! —Why Tiparpekel pa ula. —They married each are you (PL) peeping at the women! other’s sisters. [Lit. ‘They exchanged with pekelkeeleŋana N_Inal_Event Redup regard to marriage.’] XXpeeping XXtake the place of a previous generation Mbulu pekelkeeleŋana, ina ambai som. Popoŋana ku ko tiparpekel zin, mi —The behaviour of peeping [at people] is timbutultul se king muriini. —Successive not good. generations of your (SG) offspring will take see also: -mbiyan ‘peer, peep’ the place of previous ones and continue to -pekeete V_Tr sit on the king’s place [i.e. throne]. XXlead/ go ahead of a group, go before Adam popoŋana kini tiparpekel pa lamata Yesu ipekeete zin naŋgaŋ kini ma tisala pa mi ta, to Enok ipet. —Adam’s offspring abal. —Jesus went ahead of his disciples exchanged six times [=six generations], and led them up the mountain. and then Enoch appeared. XXmove all of a group to another place XXalternate Ŋge naana ipekeete lutuunu bizin ma tila Koozi, yaŋ mi zoŋ tiparpekel. —Today, it is lele toro. —The mother pig moved all of alternating between rain and sun. her piglets to another place. Tiparpekel zin pa uraata. —They are Tizem murin ta timbot pa, mi tipekeete ma alternately doing the work. [i.e. One tila lele toro. —They left the place where group works for awhile, and then a they were staying, and they all moved to different group takes over and does the another area. work for awhile.] see also: -keete -pekes 377 -peleele

pekelŋana N_Event —Go flatten the grass, and then you (PL) XXanswer, response, replacement, exchange will be able to see the galip nuts. Pekelŋana ku ambai som. —Your (SG) -welel, -pelel V_Tr Redup answer is not good. -pelkat Kuur motoyom pa leyom pekelŋana sa pepe. XXslap —Do not expect to receive back what you -pel3 V_Tr have given. XXroll up (flat things like paper, tobacco, Timbiiri tina, nu kam lem, mi re pa pekelŋana. leaves) Nomom izzu pepe. —That wooden dish, Pel koŋ koi sa. —Roll up a cigarette for me. take it to be your own. But make sure you XXfold a leaf into a cone give a replacement. Don’t offer something Pel mbe be yo kaŋar isula. —Roll up a big less valuable as a replacement. leaf in which to collect galip nuts. Ko tikam len pekelŋana ta ikot kat koroŋ Tipel zeeze. —They rolled up a cork/ stopper. kizin. —They will receive a replacement -welel, -pelel V_Tr Redup that will exactly correspond in value with A, nu na pelel koi tina pa uraata sa? —Hey, their thing(s) [that they have given]. are you (SG) rolling up that tobacco for see also: -kel some purpose? -pekes V_Tr pelŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXtransport a lot of things, move a lot of XXrolled up things (usually a lot of people or several Koi pelŋana ti ki asiŋ? —Whose rolled up trips is involved) tobacco is this? Kala kepekes ke ila paiaman. —Go and -peleele V_Tr move the firewood to the house for XXreject, refuse, want something else than smoking copra. what is offered, be picky Kusula kepekes mburu ki stua imar. —Go Iti tepeleeli mi takam tomtom toro. Pa ni down and transport the store goods here. irao som. —Let us (INC) reject him and get Ai, Aloi itutamen ipekes mburu? —Hey, is someone else. For he is not adequate. Aloi carrying all the things by herself Nu peleele kini paso? Kan men som? —Why [taking several trips to do so]? are you (SG) so picky about the food? Can’t pekesŋana N_Inal_Event you just eat it? XXtransportation, moving Tomtom ta so peteli, na irao ipeleele kini sa Neeri ambel ke pekesŋana ma niyam som. —A person who is hungry should not isaana. —Yesterday we (EXC) worked hard be picky concerning any [kind of] food. transporting the wood and got exhausted. -peleele sua pel1 N_Event XXnot agree, rejected what is said, refuse to construction: -kam pel/ -kam pelpel accept/ agree. XXmake a sudden, loud cracking noise, To tina ipeleele sua mini. —That fellow crack rejected the talk again. Buri tipaara len tiaama popoŋan ma pat Tileŋ na, tipeleele som, mi tiseeŋge pa sua toro ikam pelpel a. —Now they are heating up sa som. Tiyok pa men. —When they heard new cooking stones for themselves, and it, they did not reject it nor did they add the stones are making cracking noises anything to it. They simply agreed with it. [i.e. they are exploding as the water similar: -palel inside them turns to steam]. -pitpeleele Lolo ikam pel. —The thunder cracked. XXseparate into different groups, pick one -pel2 V_Tr and leave one XXflatten out, make flat, hit flat Pitpeleele ye. Ambaimbaiŋan ila ndel, Ni imel ma ipel keteene su toono (=ipun ka sananŋan ila ndel. —Separate the fish. The mbooro) —He fell flat on his chest. good ones are to be put separate from the Kala kepel mbunmbuutu, to kere kaŋar. bad ones. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -peleembe 378 pelpeele -peleele itu- Nio aŋpeles pa lutuŋ bizin timbot tigarau XXchange one’s mind yo som, timboro yo som. —I feel Nu peleele itum mini? —Have you (SG) disappointed, because my children do not changed your mind again? live near me, [and] don’t look after me. Irao isu mini mi ipeleele itunu na som. —He Kam kembena pepe. Kokena tomtom tipeles is not going to change his mind again. pu, tona pataŋana ikamu. —Don’t do that -peleleele V_Tr Redup lest the people get upset with you (SG) and Ni ipeleleele ŋgar tio totomen. —He is you experience trouble. always rejecting my ideas. -pelkat V_Tr see also: -leele XXslap, hit with something flat -peleembe V_Tr -pelkatkat V_Tr Redup XXchange, alter, modify, put a different slant XXkeep slapping, hitting on it, add to, leave part of it out, distort Kuri wiini ipelkatkat tai ma ila. —The Nu peleembe sua tio. Nio aŋso kembena som. dolphin’s tail kept slapping the sea as it —You (SG) changed my talk. I didn’t say that. went. similar: -piŋgis -pelek Repal wiini ipelkatkat ma kalŋaana. —The V_Tr brown gecko’s tail kept slapping loudly. XXshorten, make more concise/ succinct pelketeeneŋa- N_Inal Pelek sua ri, to ambai. —Shorten the talk a XXlarge flat area, plain bit, and then it will be good. Kezem lele tina mi kala kakam woomo su XXpull closer, pull back, draw in tiŋga, pa iŋga lele pelketeeneŋana. —Leave Aŋpelek kumbuŋ. —I drew my legs closer in that area and go and make your garden to myself. over there, for that is a flat area. Lek/ pelek yaaba ma imar ŋana. —Pull in similar: kopo raateŋana, keteeneŋana the fishing line in a bit. pelpeele N Redup see also: -lek XXbasket type -peleŋ V_Tr (man’s, where XXlet out, slacken the tension (on a fishing all his necessities line so that the fish can run further etc.) like money, Sombe ye biibi ikan, na nu bela peleŋ yaaba. tobacco, lime Kokena imet. —If a big fish bites [the powder, betel- fishhook], you (SG) must let out the fishing nut, betel-pepper, and magical fetishes line. Otherwise it will break. are kept) Peleŋ yaaba ma ila ŋana. —Let out the Iŋgi asiŋ pelpeele kini? —Whose basket is fishing line a bit. this? To tiputke wooŋgo musaari, mi tipeleŋ ma -baada pelpeele —carry a basket hanging isula be tiko ma tila len. —Then they from a stick carried on one’s shoulder untied the small boat and let it down in -teege pelpeele —weave a basket order to escape with it. -wiliŋ pelpeele —carry a basket under one’s -peles V_Intr XX arm. [Men carry baskets this way.] be disappointed with someone, be upset, pelpeele sinap —large basket decorated be unhappy with with dog teeth [very valuable] Kam mbulu ta kembena pepe. Ko tumbum pelpeele taaru —a basket that is divided bizin kuinun tipeles pu, mi tikam koroŋ into two section inside piti som. —Don’t do that. The [ghosts pelpeele raazaŋana —ordinary basket of] your (SG) ancestors might get upset pelpeele teegeŋana —basket with multiple with you and [then] they would not give colours and more intricate designs [style anything to us (INC). made by Mutu speakers] Tamaŋ kunuunu ko ipeles pio, pa aŋkam XXwife (figurative language, indirect way mbulu irao som. —Perhaps my father’s of referring to someone’s wife) ghost is disappointed with me, because I am doing behaviour that is not adequate. pelpel 379 -pemet

Kam lem pelpeele, to la pa uraata. —[First] -pembesmbeeze V_Tr Redup get yourself a basket [i.e. wife] and only XXease pain then go to work. Nio nomoŋ isar, tabe aŋpembesmbeeze sula XXpouch of marsupial animals where their yok. —My hand is swollen [and painful], young stay therefore I am putting it in water to ease Sikomsikom, ni le pelpeele tomini. —A sugar the pain. glider, she also has a pouch. similar: -paluumu Wok lutuunu imbot sula pelpeele ki naana. XXease, make to feel good, by providing —The baby wallaby stays in his mother’s food or money pouch. Motom iŋgalŋgal be pembesmbeeze Kendeere, wok, mi sikomsikom, zin tel tana zin tomtom, kokena tizem uraata. len pelpeele. —The opossum, wallaby, and —Remember to look after the workmen sugar glider, those three have a pouch. well lest they leave the work. [i.e. they are marsupials] see also: -mbeeze pelpeele ki Merere -pemet V_Tr XXoffering plate XXfinish, cut off, end, conclude, cause to pelpel V_Intr_Uninfl Redup stop, cut short XXfluently, easily, effortlessly Aŋpemet sua. —I cut off the talk. Zin tila ma pelpel men. Titat som. —They just Nio aŋpemetu pa lem timbiiri ta kek. —I moved easily along. They didn’t get stuck. have already finished off [my debt to] you Ni ipaata ro ma pelpel men. —He read the (SG) by giving you one wooden dish. letter fluently. Niom kepemet lutuyom utŋana tana zen. Magat isu ma maaŋga ipet, to tomtom pelpel —You (PL) haven’t yet completed the ma tila. —When the tide is down and the adoption of that child of yours. sandy beach appears, then people can Pataŋana imar, tabe ipemet uraata kini. walk on it easily. —Trouble came, and so it ended his work pelpelŋa- prematurely. XXeasy, effortless Sombe Merere ipemet pataŋana tana loŋa Ke sarwok na ka paaga pelpelŋana. som, inako tomtom sa irao imbot som. —If Kembei mbulesen som. Pa mbulesen na the Lord does not cut the [time of] that mbolkeŋkeŋŋana. —The sarwok tree is easy hardship short, no one will be able to live. [to hew into chips]. It is not like mbulesen Ni ipemet mbotŋana tio ma swoŋ igarau tree. For the mbulesen tree is very hard. kek. —He has cut my life short, and the -pembeeze V_Tr time of my end has come close. XXsoften, make pliable, make receptive Kusuŋ Yooba be imuŋai yom mi ipemet Yaŋ isu ma ipembeeze toono. —The rain fell yaŋpat mi lolo taiŋgi. —Pray to Yahweh and softened the ground. to have mercy on you (PL) and stop this Merere, pembeeze ŋgar tiam. —Lord, make hailstorm and thunder. our (EXC) minds receptive. -pemet lele- XXease pain or discomfort XXcut off/ break off (a relationship, Kam koŋ yok sa imar be aŋpembeeze ŋgureŋ. particularly used of adoption relationships, —Bring me some water to quench my Lit. ‘break off one’s insides’) thirst. Aŋpemet leleŋ ima tiom. Iŋgi be aŋzem yom -pembeeze lele- ma aŋmiili pa tuyeete. —I am finished XXplacate or pacify someone (often by with you (PL). I am now leaving you and giving something to them, Lit. ‘soften going back to my original family. someone’s insides’) -pemet toono La mi pembesmbeeze pikin leleene be XXassign portions of land, apportion out imaane. Pa itaŋtaŋ mete. —Go and pacify land to people the child so it calms down. For it is crying toono pakaana ta Anutu ipemet ma iwe too much. matamur pio —the piece of land that God a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pempem 380 -pen

assigned to become my inheritance Pen begeene paŋ. —Turtles have four Tamaŋ ipemet toono tana ma ila urum toro. flippers. —My father gave away that land to a Pen ipeeze ma iwwa. —The turtle paddles different clan. and moves. pemetŋa- N_Inal_Stative Pen begeene kolop kolop ma ila isula tai. XXconcluding, closing —The turtle flapped its flippers as it went sua pemetŋana —conclusion down into the sea. suŋŋana pemetŋana —closing prayer Pen isala ma itou magargaara, mi ipeebe see also: -met kutuluunu bizin sula maaŋga. —The turtle -pempem V_Intr Redup went up [onto the beach] and dug [holes XXbe slack, lax, lackadaisical, not do in] the sand and laid its eggs there down vigorously in the sand Niam ko irao ampempem pa uraata na som. -we pen ma pukpuk Kokena uraata itop. —We (EXC) should XXflapping helplessly, be floundering, be not be slack in doing the work, lest it fall in trouble and helpless (like a turtle apart. lying on its back and flapping its flippers Pempem pa pai pepe! —Don’t be slack in helplessly) walking! Pen begeene pukpuk se ka mbooro. —The XXimpair, undermine, weaken, hinder turtle is flapping its flippers against its Tomtom sa isombe iwi yam pa mbun, na chest (while lying on its back on the irao amyok na som. Kokena ampempem ground). uraata tiam ma itop. —If someone asks us Tewe pen ma pukpuk. —We (INC) have (EXC) for a loan, we will not agree to it lest become like turtles helplessly waving we impair our work and cause it to fail. their flippers. [=We are in trouble and dial. var. -peŋpeŋ (Marile) can’t do anything about it.] pemyam N_Event XXbe in trouble and helpless after a time of XXway of handling childbirth and looking good fortune after a child, child-rearing Niini ise pa kini kizin tubudu kanŋana ma Pemyam kini ambaiŋana. —She is good at som mi izem uraata, to isu iwe pen ma handling young children. pukpuk. —He thought he was something pemyamŋa- eating Europeans’ food, but then his XXnursing woman fortunes changed and he [had to] leave zin moori koponŋan mi zin ta pemyamŋan [his] work. So he ended up being helpless —the pregnant women and the ones that like a turtle lying on its back. are nursing -pen2 V_Intr_Stative dial. var. pebeŋa- (Northern) XXbe full, be filled similar: moori aipina Ruumu ta boozomen ipen kek. —All the pen1 N houses are already full. XXturtle Tai ipen pa koroŋ matakiŋa boozo. —The pen magat kana ocean is filled with many kinds of things. —turtle found Toono ipen pa mbulu ki malmal. —The land near reefs was full of violence/fighting. pen mozo kana Kopom ipen kek? —Is your (SG) stomach full? —turtle that similar: bok typically lives in the open ocean XXhigh (used of water) pen rwo/ ruyo —huge turtle (found at Niam amtun som. Pa yok ipen. —We (EXC) Wadwad peninsula), has a long neck did not fish with lamps [at night], because pen galiki (=pen wolwol) —turtle that lives the water was high. near reefs and has a yellow stomach area Yok ipen ma ise kor. —The water was really Salum iŋgal pen ta siŋaanabi kat. —Salum high. speared a huge turtle. -pepen V_Tr XXfill up -pene 381 -peŋgeeze

Serembat ka lwoono tana, kozo kepepen Amla ber la tai, mi amre zin moori nakaral tina ma bok. —Those leftover sweet boozomen tipeŋende. —We (EXC) went potatoes, fill those baskets with them. out to the shore and saw many women Pepen ma ipen kat. —Fill it really full. collecting things to eat from the reef. Koroŋ tipepen yok mi tai leleene. —Things Ni ipoi le kiri ma ila pa magat, to ipeŋende mi filled the rivers and oceans. iyo zin buzur magat kana isula kiri ma bok. -pene V_Tr —She carried a basket for herself and went XXlay something down in a sleeping position, to the reef, and then she collected things to cradle, lay one’s head on something eat into her basket until it was full. alt. -peene, -piene similar: -yo peŋendi, -kan magat Pene pikin se nomom ma ikeene, to uri isula probable loan from Oov dialect of the kaari. —Cradle the child on your (SG) arm Mutu language, cf. -paŋoon until it falls asleep, and then put it down peŋendi N into a netbag. XXshellfish and other edible things on the Pene pikin sula kaari mi ikeene. —Put the reef child down into the netbag to sleep. Zin Koobo, uriizi tikam ye sa? Som, tikam Iŋgi aŋpene yo se nomoŋ ma aŋkeene leŋ peŋendi men. —The other day did the risa. —I am going to lay my head on my inner island people bring any fish? No, arm and have a bit of a nap. only shellfish. peŋ N_Event Mbulu ki toyo zin peŋendi pa mazwaana ki construction: -kam peŋ pa magat isu, ina uraata kizin moori. —The XXlook after children for a while, care for, behaviour of collecting food from the reef take care of, baby-sit when the reefs are exposed is women’s Nio aŋkam peŋ pa Silas lutuunu. —I took work. care of Silas’ child. -peŋeu V_Tr Tuyeete bizin tikam peŋ pini mi matan pini. XXmake fun of, mock —His own parents looked after him and Zin tipeŋeu i ma tiso sua repiiliŋana cared for him. pini. —They made fun of him and said dial. var. -peŋpeŋ ki (Marile) mocking things to him. peŋ tuunu XXact irreverently, behave disrespectfully XXregular babysitter towards Peŋ tuunu ki Aboros na, Roda. —Roda is Zin tipeŋeu Merere urum kini. —They Aboros’ regular babysitter. behaved irreverently towards the Lord’s -peŋeene V_Tr house. XXput to sleep, lean on to something in Ni ipeŋeu pulaata. —He was disrespectful order to sleep of the restricted ceremonial area. Ni ipeŋeene pikin sala mi mi ikeene. —She -peŋeuŋeu V_Tr Redup laid the child on the mat to sleep. Kolman kar kan na, tepeŋeuŋeu zin na som. Mi ipeŋeene paŋaana se tete kini. —And he —The old people of the village, we (INC) leaned his cheek on his staff. should not be making fun of them. Ni ipeŋeene paŋaana se namaana. —He see also: -ŋeu leaned his cheek against his hand. -peŋgeeze V_Tr note: Irregular causative form XXbeautify, adorn, make to look nice see also: -piene, -peene, -pegeene, -keene Nio aŋpaaza aigau be ipeŋgeeze lele. —I -peŋende V_Tr planted flowers to beautify the area. XXforage on a reef for shellfish and other Tipeŋgeeze urum pa Krismas. —They edible reef creatures, collect food from decorated the church for Christmas. the reef (usually done by women) XXtidy up, clean Aŋla aŋpeŋende koŋ. —I will go forage on Peŋgeeze pooto ku som? —[Why] haven’t the reef for something to eat. you (SG) tidied up your veranda? a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z peŋpeŋ 382 per

Kepeŋgeeze runguyom. —Tidy up your (PL) pepe somŋa- appearance. XXunable to give birth, barren XXcleanse, purify similar: kopo- somŋa- Peŋgeeze leleyam pa Yesu siŋiini. —Clean/ see also: -papepe Purify our (EXC) hearts with Jesus’ blood. pepeebe N Tineene gol mi silba bekena tipeŋgeeze. construction: ka- pepeebe —They heated up the gold and silver in XXstomach organ order to cleanse/purify it. Tipal ŋge, to tikam ka pepeebe mi tila tipal see also: -ŋgeeze mi tiŋguuru. Ma imar, to las sala you mi peŋpeŋ V_Intr_Uninfl kan na ambai kat. —They cut up a pig, XXwalk gingerly because of having a sore or and then they take the stomach and abscess between one’s legs in the groin go and cut it and wash it. And when it area comes, and you (SG) roast it over the fire Ni ipa peŋpeŋ pa mbeteŋgal. —He walked and eat it, it is really good. gingerly because of the abscess. similar: kopo- Saŋaana isar tabe iwa peŋpeŋ. —His groin -pepep V_Intr_Stative Redup had a swelling, so he walked gingerly. XXbe soft, be mushy, be a soft touch -peŋpeŋ ki V_Intr Pin ti ipepep mete. —This banana is too soft. XXlook after, care for Nu pepep pa koroŋ ku, mi wal tikam sorok Nio aŋpeŋpeŋ ki ŋge lutuunu ri tana ma paso! —Why are you (SG) such a soft touch iwe kaibiŋana. —I looked after that little concerning your things and just [let] piglet until it became big. people take them! Nio aŋpeŋpeŋ ki pikin tana, pa ni moondo. —I pepepŋa- N_Inal_Stative look after that child, for he is an orphan. XXsoft, weak dial. var. peŋ (-kam peŋ) (Central) Nu pepepŋom. Mburom som! —You (SG) are pepe1 Adv_S soft/weak. You have no strength! XXprohibitive, don’t Ke leleene pepepŋana. —The inside of the Moto pepe! —Don’t be afraid! tree is soft. Kala lele molo pepe. —Do not go far away. bisket pepepŋana —soft biscuit similar: rimos, palak ‘stop doing, quit’ Re ma pepepŋana, to kam ma ila pini. Pa ni pepe so kolman. —Make sure it [=food] is soft, and XXif not…then, negative counterfactual then take it to him. For he is an old man. Malan to loŋa mar. Pepe so wooŋgo izemu. per V_Intr_Uninfl —It was fortunate that you (SG) came XXappear, come into view quickly. If you hadn’t, the ship would Tiziŋ per ma ipet pa su. —My younger have left you. brother appeared from the forest. Malan to Merere ipotom tomtom tiam pakan Zoŋ mataana per ma ise. —The sun rose ma timbot. Pepe so amap ma amla leyam and came up into view. kembei ta zin Sodom ma Gomorra. —It Zeere per ma ise pa toono. —The leafy was fortunate that that the Lord allowed vegetables were just coming up out of the some of our (EXC) people to live. If not, ground. then we would have all been destroyed per se mat —become visible like the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. see also: ber, pok similar: alok na, be...be, so(mbe)...be perper V_Intr Redup dial. var. pee (Kampalap) XXcome into view (of plural referents) pepe2 N_Event Mi sombe koi, nako tala titiyaara, ma XXchild-bearing perper to tala tupuru mi tapaaza. —If [we Ni imap pa pepe. —She is done with the have] tobacco [seeds], then we (INC) go bearing of children. [and] sow them, and once they appear XXbirth [=sprout], then we go and pull them up pepe ki Yoan —the birth of John and plant them [=transplant them]. note: irregular nominalisation of -peebe -pera 383 -perek Ke ruunu perper kek. —The tree’s leaves are see also: -kuubu, -kuubukaala already appearing. -reebekaala kwo- perper sorok XXhide something, conceal, pretend that XXchatty, talkative, babble, rattle on one does not notice somebody in order (without saying anything very important) to conceal something Gorgori kwon perper sorok pa sua -pereere V_Tr soroksorok ta ŋono somŋana i. —All the XXpour out carefully time their mouths rattle on about all Pereere koŋ yok risa. —Pour out some kinds of useless unproductive talk. water for me [polite way of asking]. -pera V_Intr see also: -reere note: Compound of -pet + -la similar: -kes, -liŋ XXgo towards the sea, go in a seawards pereezeŋa- N_Inal_Stative direction XXdeeply incised edge, notched, crenated Aŋpera tai. —I went out to the ocean. (used of the edges of leaves) Aŋpera Koobo/ Aramot/ Tuam. —I went Manioka ruunu pereezeŋana. —The leaves out to the inner islands/ Aramot/ Tuam of a manioc plant are deeply incised. etc. kun pereezeŋana —breadfruit tree type Kozo mender mi motom lela, pera, sula, (with incised leaves) sala, mi tiiri lele. —Stand up and look Gol ruunu pereezeŋana, takam som. Sombe inland and out in a seawards direction, ambaiŋana, to takam ma tuzuk meene pa. down, and up, (i.e. in every direction) and —The leaves of gol plants, if their edges are examine the area. [too deeply] incised, we (INC) do not take XXgo out, go outside, exit, go away, outside them. If they are good [leaves], we take Pera lem mat! —Go outside! them and wrap up sago flour with them. Tizem kar mi tipera mat bekena tiwwa len -perek V_Intr/Tr ri. —They went out from the village in XXplait, braid, weave, tangled order to have a short pleasurable stroll. Loŋa perek ŋgamar wiini ma imar be meene Pilatus ipera kizin iwal biibi mini. —Pilate isula. —Braid the tail of the basket went out to the crowd again. quickly and bring it here, so that the sago Kipiri i pera zugut lene. —Throw him can go down into it. outside into the darkness. Perek leŋ nakaral. —Braid the tail of my Tiyaaru tataati pera siiri ndemeene. —They nakaral basket. dragged him outside the fence. Tiperek parpar ma iwe re. —They braided dial. var. -petla (Northern) parpar tree bark into a heavy rope. -perae Zin tiperek kaiwos pa pu ŋge kana. —They XXgo out and off to the side braided kaiwos fibres for making pig nets. Tizem muriini mi ruk ma iperae ŋana ri. Tikam wooro matan matanŋana ma tiperek —They left their places and moved out off ma iwe kembei ta mogar. —They took to the side a bit. thorny vines and braided [them] into a Tipusuki ma iperae ŋana ri. —They pushed headdress/crown. him out and off to the side a bit. -perekrek V_Intr/Tr Redup -werra, -perra, petlala V_Intr Redup Niam amgun muuŋgu pa Roda ma uteyam -pereebe V_Tr ruunu iperekrek. —We (EXC) are displaying XXsit on eggs, incubate, brood (used of our grief for Roda, and [that is why] our chickens) hair is all tangled. Man ipereebe kutuluunu. —A hen is sitting perekperekŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup on her eggs. XXtangled, uncombed -pereebekaala V_Tr Ni ute ruunu perekperekŋana. —She has XXsit on eggs, brood, incubate, hatch tangled, uncombed hair. Man ipereebekaala kutuluunu. —A hen is sitting on her eggs. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z pereu pereu 384 -pet pereu pereu V_Intr_Uninfl Redup leaves, and then wrap them up. construction: kwo- pereu pereu pesel N XXtalk a lot, speak rapidly saying one thing XXman’s buttock decoration that is made of after another Croton leaves, backside decoration Tizorzooro na, kwon pereu pereu pa sua. —As def. Pesel na, iti toboogo ŋgalaŋ. Sombe they argued, they were speaking rapidly. ŋgalaŋ boozo, to tipiu ma iwe tamen. —For similar: kwo- suaŋa-, kwo perper sorok the buttock decoration, we (INC) break pese-1 N_Inal off a Croton branch. If there are many XXumbilical cord, navel branches, we tie them together into a Zin pikin na, pesen loŋa imomo som. single decoration. —Babies, their umbilical cords do not Ŋin pesel. —Attach the buttock decoration. heal quickly. Namale pesel kini irak kat. —Namale, his Tiyembut peseene, mi timbitkaala. —They buttock decoration swings well when he cut the umbilical cord and tied it. dances. To tana peseene mbukŋana. —That fellow pespeeze N Redup has a protruding navel. XXplant type (tall grass that grows by Ni peseene munŋaana. —Hardly any of his rivers) navel is visible./ His navel is closed. Makau tikanan pespeeze la yok kezeene. lele ta pese- isula pa na —The cows were eating the tall grass by XXbirthplace (Lit. ‘the place where one’s the side of the river. umbilical cord is buried’) dial. var. ketket (Marile) Miili ma la pa toono ta pesem isula pa na. see also: peeze ‘paddle’, -peeze ‘to paddle, —Go back to your birthplace. slap’ ye peseene pet1 N_Event XXintestines of a fish XXcorn, callus (painful, found under the Aguna peseene mbukŋana. —The aguna fish foot) has knotted intestines. Ni kumbuunu keteene, pet ikam, tabe ipa -pese2 V_Tr kat som. —He has a bad corn in the sole XXincite to do (good or bad), get someone to of his foot, and therefore he can’t walk do something, stir up, stimulate, provoke, properly. motivate, arouse def. Bela pal ma kelko mataana tana isu Pese zin pepe! —Don’t incite them! lene, to pa kat. Mbeete na imo. Pet imo Nu pese yo, ta aŋkam mbulu tana. —I did it som. —You (SG) must cut open the corn because you (SG) provoked me. and dig it out to be able to walk well. An -pesese V_Tr Redup ordinary sore heals. A corn will not heal Pesese i pa mbulu sananŋana paso? —Why [unless you cut it]. are you (SG) stirring him up to do bad -pet2 V_Intr behaviour? XXcome out, exit from, go out in a Mbulu ta kepesese zin naŋgaŋ tina na ambai seawards direction towards the speker som. —Your (SG) behaviour of stirring up Ni iziiri zin pa ruumu kini ma tipet mat. those young men is not good. —He drove them out of his house. Ni iur kat leleene piti, ta ipesese yam mi Ni ipas ka siel ma ipet. —He removed one aŋkamam uraata kini. —He really loves of his ribs and it came out. us (INC) and that is what motivates us (EXC) Sua pakaamŋana sa ipet pa kwoono som. to do his work. —No false talk came from his mouth. peseene Quantifier XXarrive, reach, come to, show up at XXbundle/ bunch of five (classifier used for Aigule iwe tel pa, to tila tipet abal uunu. counting tobacco) —On the third day they reached the foot Mbit koi peseene ru. —Tie together two of the mountain. bunches of tobacco leaves. Tiwwa ma tila tipet kar tana. —They walked Nin koi ma peseene laamuru, to zuk. and came to that village. —Count out ten bundles of tobacco -pete 385 -pete Nio aŋpet pa uraata som. —I didn’t show Ŋgar tiam ipet kek. Niom irao kapakaam up for work. yam mini som. —Now we (EXC) have XXappear (used of God, angels, other come to understand things. You (PL) can’t supernatural beings appearing to people) deceive us anymore. Merere ipet ki Abaram. —The Lord appeared similar: -kilaala to Abraham. uunu ki ipet pa/ la ki Anutu ipet kini pa miuŋana. —God came to XXbe descended from, be from the lineage of him in a dream. Uunu kini ipet pa Lebi. / Uunu kini ipet la ki XXhappen, occur, take place Lebi. —He is descended from Lebi. / He is To mbulu toro ipet. —Then something else from Lebi’s lineage. happened. -pet mat Uraata tana ipet ito ni kwoono. —That XXcome outside happened according to his mouth [i.e. So pizin ma tipet mat. —Tell them to come according to what he had said]. outside. Yeŋyeeŋge biibi ipet. —A big earthquake XXbe revealed, come out into the open occurred. Sua kizin ipet mat. —The talk concerning Ko kos ipet ŋiizi? —When will the course them became public. happen/ take place? Ni ipeeze sua tana ka ŋgar/uunu ma ipet mat XXappear, come into existence piam. —He explained the meaning of the …mako kom uze ipet. —…then you (SG) will talk and made it clear to us (EXC). sweat. (Lit. ‘…then your sweat will appear.’ -sepet V_Tr Anutu iso sua men, mi saamba ma toono XXdip something out of water mi koroŋ ta boozomen tipet. —God Kesepet lokon pa ti. —Dip the fly out of the simply spoke and heaven and earth and tea. everything else came into existence. -swe ma -pet (kat) mat XXexperience western-style development XXopenly reveal, cause to come out into the Iti tepet kek. —Our area has experienced a open (of things that have been previously lot of development. hidden) Zin tipet zen. —They lack development. / Mbeŋ Kaimer, Anutu ko iswe mburaana ma They are underdeveloped. ipet kat mat. —On the Last Day, God will kere- ipet ki openly reveal his power. XXface towards Anutu iswe ŋgar kini tukeŋana ma ipet Ni itoori ma kereene ipet ki tai. —He turned mat kek. —God has revealed his hidden around and faced the sea. thinking and now it is out in the open. nol ki / ka- nol ipet -ur ma -pet XXthe time has come for something to take XXcreate place Anutu iur koroŋ ta boozomen ma tipet. Nol tio ipet zen. —My time has not yet come. —God created everything. Sombe ka nol ipet, tona aŋmiili ma aŋmar -wedet, -pedet V_Intr Redup mini. —When the time comes, then I will Wok nap tiwedet kasek som. — Tree come back again. kangaroos don’t come down to the land at ŋgar ipet the base of the mountain. XXcome to understand or realise Sua ŋonoono men ta iwedet pa kwoono. —It is Aŋso ko ŋgar tiom ipet risa. Mi som. —I only true talk that comes from his mouth. thought you (PL) would have come to -pete V_Tr understand [things] a bit [by now]. But XXlet something heavy down no, [you haven’t.] Moori tana ipoi biidi ma imar ipete su ndeete Ŋiizi na ŋgar kizin ipet mi tizem mbulu kizin uunu. —That woman carried yams in a sananŋana tana? When are they ever netbag hanging from her head and let it going to realise [their wrongdoing] and down off her head at the base of the steps. abandon that bad behaviour of theirs? similar: -pundu a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pete ki 386 -petekat -pete ki V_Tr -kan peteele XXdo something slowly/ carefully/ gently/ XXexperience hunger or famine (Literally haltingly ‘eat famine/hunger’) Pete ki sua pepe. So karau, to tomtom toro Tikan peteele. —They experienced famine/ kadoono iso. —Do not be slow in your (SG) hunger. speech. Speak quickly, and then it will be Kanan peteele mi wwa. Pa mburom be paaza someone else’s turn to speak. kom kini sa? —You (SG) continually walk Tirak karau som. Tipete ki naroogo. —They about suffering from hunger. For have you did not dance quickly. They did the dance worked hard and planted any food? [said in slowly. order to shame someone for their laziness] Mbosasaara mboe pepe. Pete ki mboe to teleŋ see also: petel- ‘be hungry’, zoŋ aras, zoŋ ma iŋgeeze. —Don’t sing the song harshly. biibi, menmeende Sing it slowly and carefully, and then when -petekat V_Tr we (INC) listen to it, it will be smooth/fluent. XXbreak into pieces (used of elongated Sombe kisiŋ meteŋana sa ila, na kapa tiktik objects like timber, sugar cane, bones) pepe. Kepete ki pai. —When you carry a Nio aŋpetekat ke naman naman be aŋteege sick person, do not walk vigorously. Walk you pa. —I broke the tree branches into gently. pieces in order to cook with them. Ni ipete ki pai. —He walks haltingly. Zin tiporrou pa ke, mi moori tana ipetekat XXpause (in speaking, walking) Atai namaana ma ŋes. —They were Niam amso sua kini imap kek. Mi som. Ni fighting with sticks and that woman hit ipete ki sua kini. —We (EXC) thought he Atai’s arm and broke it. had finished his talk. But no. He had just Zin malmal kan tila tipetekat zin uri paused in his speaking. kumbun. —The soldiers went [and] broke -petete ki V_Tr Redup the dead people’s bones. -peteege V_Tr XXlay something down in horizontal XXhand something to someone (often as a position and break it gift, for example money or food) Kaŋar patpatŋana, petekat muŋgu, to rou. Mase ipeteege koŋ ŋge mazaana ri ise nomoŋ —A strong galip nut, you (SG) first lay it ta uriizi. —Mase handed me some pork down horizontally and crack it, and then yesterday. [stand it vertical] and break it. Peteege pat zaraaba laamuru ise namaana. -petekat kwo-/ sua —Hand him one hundred kina. XXcut off someone’s talk, oppose someone’s similar: -pomoozo, -kam pa, -kam le-/ka- talk peteele N_Event Sua kini molo kat, tabe aŋpetekat sua kini XXfamine, hunger ma imap. —His speech was very long, so I Peteele ipun/ ikam zin. —A famine struck/ cut off his talk and ended it. affected them. Ni ipetekat kwoŋ. —He opposed my speech. Peteele biibi isu lele kizin. —A time of great Kepetekat sua kizin kolman pepe. —Don’t famine has come in their region. cut off the old people’s talk. Iŋgi be peteele biibi ipet. —A severe famine similar: -yembut sua is about to occur. XXgo across mazwaana ki peteele —a time of famine Ŋge ipetekat zaala ma isula. —A pig went Zoŋ biibi ikam peteele piti. —The big sun across the road and went down. (i.e. drought) is causing a time of famine -petekat nama- mi kumbu- XX for us (INC). stop someone else’s work, interrupt peteele punŋa- someone so that they don’t complete their XXsuffering from famine/hunger work (Lit. ‘break the hands and legs’) Nu peteele punŋom na! —You (SG) are all the Ni ipetekat nomoyam mi kumbuyam, pa time suffering from hunger! [Said in order iyok pa som. (Ni iso: “Kakam uraata tana to scold someone for his laziness.] mini som.”) —He stopped us (EXC) from doing the work, for he did not agree. (He -peteke 387 -petete -peteŋgis nama- said: “Do not do that work any more.”) XXcross ones hands/arms, fold one’s arms similar: -ŋooŋokaala Peteŋgis nomom! —Fold your arms! -petekatkat V_Tr Redup see also: -ŋgis Nu mane. Pa nu na, petekatkat suaŋom! -petepaala V_Tr (SG) —Be quiet. For you are always cutting XX off people’s talk! break something (by throwing it or petekatŋana N_Inal_Event hitting it with something held in one’s XXinterrupting, opposing hand) Sua petekatŋana na, mbulu ambai som. Ni ipetepaala kuuru ma imapalpaala. —He —Opposing/Cutting off people’s talk is broke the clay pot into pieces. -petepalpaala not good behaviour. V_Tr Redup Niomru na, kepetepalpaala mbotol paso? -peteke1 V_Tr —Why are the two of you breaking the XXforbid, halt, stop from doing, try to stop bottles into pieces? Ni ipeteke zin pa malmal. —He stopped -petepis V_Tr them from fighting. XX Mi nu, kozo ko peteke yo pepe. —And you make a hole in something (using knife or some instrument) (SG), do not try to stop me. Kasaibi ipetepis kombom ma pus. —Old Tepeteke i ma tarao som. —We (INC) tried to stop him, but weren’t able. Kasai made a hole through the drum [that he was carving]. -peteke2 V_Tr Tipetepis ruumu uteene. —They made a XXthrow a stick at something which is higher hole in the roof. Ni ipeteke sala pa we mazaana. —He threw Tetetepis tin, ro, pin ruunu. —We (INC) make a stick up at the ripe mangoes [in order to holes in tins, leaves/paper, banana leaves knock some down]. petete1 N similar: -piri koroŋ sala, -pun sala pa, XX -balbut, -kotke outrigger pegs (connect the outrigger of -petekewe V_Tr Redup a canoe to the outrigger boom that joins with the hull of the canoe) petel V_Middle_Uninfl wooŋgo ka petete —outrigger pegs of a canoe XXhungry def. tirou petete ila saama —They Nio petel yo som. —I am not hungry. hammered the outrigger pegs into the Waeŋ peteli ma isaana kat. —My husband outrigger. is terribly hungry. -petete2 V_Tr Redup Nio irao aŋur zin raama petel zin som. —I XX can’t send them away hungry. hold someone/ something up and help peteltel V_Tr Redup them to walk, support Petete pikin ma iwwa. —Hold the child up Liuliu paso? Peteltelu? —Why are you (SG) going around in circles? Are you hungry? as he walks. Peteltel zin ma kopon golok kat. —They are Mete ikami, tabe aŋpetete i ma ila lom. hungry and their stomachs empty. —He was sick, so I held him up and peteltelŋa- helped him to walk to the toilet. XXalways hungry Niom kozo kipiyar pepe. Riŋariŋa ma kepetete Ni tomtom petelteliŋana. —He is someone noyombi ma kala. —Don’t hurry. Go slowly and hold up your (PL) old mother as you go. who is always hungry. XX see also: peteele ‘famine, hunger’ help someone who is doing something slowly -peteŋgis V_Intr/Tr Petete pikin pa pai. (Teegi, uuli, itunu ipa XXcross at an angle ma karau som.) —Help the child to walk Tirak kai wiini, mi tipeteŋgis ma tere ma (Hold his hand, help him, he walks by ambai. —They danced the Kai wiini dance himself but does it slowly.) and crossed at an angle, and it looked XXstand up, hold in standing position good to us (INC). a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z petpeeteŋa- 388 -piili

Peene kaŋar pepe. Petete men (=pamender pi1 N XX mi teege kat), kokena imumu. —Don’t lay border the galip nut horizontally [when breaking pi ki toono —border of the land, border them]. Stand it up on its end [and break it]. around the fruit tree area Otherwise, it will get smashed to pieces. Toono ka pi taiŋgi. —This is the border of similar: -pamender, -pender the land. petpeeteŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Nu meene ku imar imiili se pi taiŋgi. —Your XXyoung, physically fit (SG) sago area comes up to this border. Moori taŋga petpeeteŋana. —That woman similar: kambasa, seŋgaaŋga, ŋgalaŋ, mbut

over there is young and fit for work. -pi2 V_Tr XX Zin petpeeteŋan na timap ma tila tipekes zin take away, remove (used of hot stones in mburu ma timar. —All the young and fit earth oven, which are removed after the people are to go and carry the cargo back food has been cooked), clear something here. away XXfresh and new Pi tiama isu, mi takam kini ma takan. def. koroŋ ŋgeezeŋana —Take away the hot stones, and we (INC) kaŋar mata peeteŋana (komboono i, buri will get the food and eat. itop su i) —ripe galip nut that has just Indeeŋe iti tipi tiama na, kini ka bubuŋ kuziini fallen down ambaiŋana ise. —When we (INC) opened serembat kuliini petpeeteŋana —sweet up the pile of hot cooking stones, the good potato with a nice, fresh skin smelling vapour of the food came out. -petpet V_Tr Redup similar: -piindi XX XXcollect, gather cooking stones after the untangle, straighten out food has finished cooking on them Pi wooro tana, pa ina ikaukau. —Straighten Petpet tiaama ila muriini mi siiri lele. out that rope, for it is tangled. —Gather the cooking stones to their place, Pi kaari kweene ma isu, mi aŋurpe mini. and sweep up the area (after the food has —Undo the strap of the netbag, and I will been cooked). fix it again. dial. var. -peipei (Marile) -pi zaala pa XX see also: -piindi, -pi, -kipin instruct concerning, clear away -pezekat V_Tr Nio aŋpi zaala pa wal ku, ta ute zin. —It is alt. -peezekat because I instructed you (SG) about your XXtie into a bundle, tie longish things relatives, that you know them. together around their middle or wrap similar: -sope, -deebe -wwi them up in some other way (like leafy V_Tr Redup verb + pi compounds vegetables) V_Tr XX Tipuru zin mok muŋgu, mi tipezekat. something to do with clearing, removing —They pulled up some taro tubers first see also: See: -deebepi, -korpi, -laamapi, and tied them into a bundle. -laŋpi, -kampi, -kaspi, -rooropi, -sambarpi

Ni ipezekat lwoono pa pus. —He tied a belt piam Pronoun XX around his waist. for/ to/ about/ concerning/ from/ Ni ikam kawaala musaana ma ipezekat la because of us (EXC) XX lwoono. —He took a small towel/ cloth first person plural (hearer(s) excluded) and tied into around his waist. form of Referent pronoun similar: -pokat Kuuru tana imar piam, pa niam tiam isaana pezekatŋa- N_Inal_Stative kek. —That pot should come to us (EXC), XXbundled, bundle of because ours is broken. ro pezekatŋana, peege pezekatŋana note: from pa + yam —bundled leaves, bundled betel-peppers see also: niam, tiam, yam, -yam, pa

Ŋgiimi koŋ zeere was pezekatŋan ru. -piili V_Tr XX —Buy me two bundles of leafy aibika husk, shuck, remove, take out, pull off vegetables. Aŋpiili tuumbu, yagoŋ, teu, liliibi. —I piindi 389 -piizi

husked wild sugarcane (=Tok Pisin pitpit), -piiŋgi V_Intr_Stative corn, sugarcane, talis nuts. XXbe gnarled, be twisted (used of trees, Piili ye mazaana, be noi kanda yambon. wood) —Pull off the fish’s meat from its bones, so Ina ke muŋguŋana ma imbol. Nakabasi ila you (SG) can boil us (INC) some soup to eat. na, irao ileŋ som. Pa ke ipiiŋgi. —That def. Kaŋar putuunu isu lene, to keteene is an old and strong tree. When the axe isula, ina tipiili kaŋar. —The hard shell went into it, it could not be controlled. of the galip nut is removed, and then the For the wood is gnarled. kernel comes out, when they do that, they piiŋgiŋa- N_Inal_Stative remove the kernel of the galip. XXgnarled Kotgeege kaŋar mi isu, mi tizim moori ko similar: piuŋa- ipiili. —Crack open some galip nuts, and def. Ke piiŋgiŋana na, ke piuŋana. Ke your (SG) younger sister will remove the zalŋana som. —Gnarled wood is twisted kernels. wood. The wood [grain] is not straight. -wilwiili, -pilili, -pilpiili V_Tr Redup piizi1 Quantifier XX piindi1 N how much?, how many? alt. pindi Kadoono piizi? —How much is the price? XXsandy beach Zoŋ mataana piizi? —What time is it? note: Kampalap dialect form, the first Ai, nu mbun ku piizi? —Hey, how much is vowel is a lengthened lax vowel [ɩ] your (SG) debt? dial. var. peende (Central) Wal piizi ta timbot Karapo a? —How many -piindi2 V_Tr people are there that are living in Karapo? XXhaul oneself up, climb up or down by Nu tortooro kalŋom pa leŋ kadoono pa piizi holding on to something (for example sa kek! —How many times have you (SG) roots, trees, rope) and pulling oneself already changed your word concerning along my wages! Nio aŋpiindi re ma aŋsala kaŋar. —I hauled pispiiziŋa Quantifier Redup myself up the galip nut tree using a rope. XXhow much is each one? Zin tipiri re isala kun, mi tipiindi ma tisala Teu ku tana pispiiziŋa? —How much does tike ŋonoono. —They threw a rope up on each one of your (SG) pieces of sugarcane the breadfruit tree and pulled themselves cost? up with it and twisted off a fruit. -piizi2 V_Tr pinpiindiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXsqueeze, wring, press in order to get the mala pinpiindiŋana —Banyan tree with a liquid out lot of vines around it [and is therefore Ŋguuru mburu makiŋ, to piizi. —After you easy to climb] (SG) wash the clothes, wring them dry. -piindi3 V_Tr Guugu meene makiŋ, to piizi. —After you XXremove (used of hot stones in an earth (SG) have pounded the sago into pulp, then oven) squeeze it [to release the starch]. Kam kipin mi piindi tiama. —Take some Ikeere ni ma ipiizi, to iŋgal wak. —He grated tongs and remove the hot stones. the coconuts and squeezed them [to get -piindi4 V_Tr the oil out of them], and then he mashed XXsecretly take some bodily product from starchy pudding [which contains the oil]. someone in order to work sorcery on them piiziŋa- N_Inal_Event Tomtom taŋga, ni ipiindi mbuŋiŋ sa. —That Tuurpe baen piiziŋana muriini. —Let’s man has taken some bodily product of prepare a place for squeezing the wine mine with which to work sorcery on me. [i.e. a wine press] -winwiindi/ -pinpiindi V_Tr Redup -wiswiizi V_Tr Redup Wal yaambaŋan, zin tipinpiindi zin tomtom. -kipiizi XX —Sorcerers customarily take people’s hold, squeeze something little in one’s bodily products to work sorcery on them. hand (hiding) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z pik 390 pilik (pilik) pik N_Event see also: -mum, -tut XXfarting sound -wilil/ -pilil V_Tr Redup Re, pa pikin mbuleene ikam pik kek. Inabe -pilkaala tiene. —Look out, the child has farted. It XXcurl up, shrivel is about to defecate. piliiti1 N pikpik N_Event Redup XXbatten (long pieces of wood to which XXfarting noises roofing is attached) Kam pikpik paso? —Why are you (SG) Kozo kimbit ma tuŋ sala piliiti. —You (PL) making farting noises? must tie it well onto the batten. pikin N -piliiti2 V_Tr XXchild XXhurl something (down to the ground or zin pikin munmun —little children against a tree, swinging it by its feet, for pikin siŋsiŋŋana —new-born infant example a dog, cat, pig, done in anger) Ko aŋpeebe pikin tomooto, som moori? —I Nio aŋpiliiti me ma kup. —I killed the dog wonder whether I will give birth to a boy by hurling it down to the ground. or a girl? Nok sua to aŋpiliiti kom me sa ma ima! —If Pikin sa ko iwe siŋ som. —No child will be you (SG) keep on talking, then I will hurl miscarried. a dog at you! [done in order to challenge indeeŋe ta nio pikin siŋsiŋŋoŋ mi imar na the other person. They are then obligated —ever since I was very small infant to kill one of their own animals that is pikin muŋgamuŋga —first-born child of equal or greater value, otherwise they XXfoetus will be humiliated.] Wai, iur pikin kek na, mana isu ma ila ne. -pilitliiti V_Tr Redup —Oh my, the foetus was already formed -parpiliiti V_Tr and then it miscarried. [said when the XXhurl at each other miscarriage happens after the first two- Mazwaana ta ketende malmal na, taparpiliiti three months of a pregnancy] me/ ŋge piti. —When we (INC) are angry, Lutundu moori ta padei? Imender kek? Pikin we hurl dogs/ pigs down at each other [as imbol kek? — How is our (INC) daughter? Is a challenge]. [her pregnancy] firmly established? [i.e. pilik (pilik) N_Event (Redup) Is she past the time for miscarriages?] Is construction: -kam pilik pilik the child [foetus] developed enough that a XXwiggle (used of snakes, fish, tails of cats, miscarriage is unlikely? pigs, and lizards) Pikin iurur lela naana kopoono. —A child is XXwiggle away, try to get away forming inside its mother’s womb. Ye ikam pilik na sam lela pat leleene. —The -pil V_Tr fish wiggled and disappeared inside the XXcrush something by rolling something stones. over it Aŋkis pikin som, pa ikam pilik pilik be isu Tipil kaŋar. —They crushed galip nuts. iwa. —I could not hold the child for he was Tiyaaru wooŋgo ma ipil tomtom ta wiggling wanting to get down and walk. kumbuunu. —They were pulling a log Ye wiini ikam pilik pilik. —The fish was for making a canoe, and it rolled on wiggling its tail. someone’s foot crushing it. Paitu itoombo be ituuru ye, tamen irao som. XXcrush the mid-rib of tobacco leaf in Pa ye tikam pilik pilik mete. —Paitu tried order to soften it to string the fish on to a rope, but couldn’t Pil koi kiini. —Soften the mid-rib of the do it. For they were wiggling too much. tobacco leaf by rolling and crushing it. Ni ikwaara ke molo kat ma ke kunduunu Pil koi mbitiŋan tana be imbeeze, to lo sala ikam pilikpilik. —He carried a very long you ma gorok gorok, to pel. —Soften those piece of timber, and the end of the timber fresh tobacco leaves by crushing them, was swinging back and forth. then heat them up over a fire, and once Mooto lwoono ikam pilik pilik. —The they are dry, then roll them into cigarettes. middle of the snake was wiggling. -piliu 391 pin

-piliu V_Tr Pimiili pat kizin. —Return their money to XXdrag around everywhere them. Nu piliu lutum ila kena kena paso? Ko peteli XXrespond ma imeete. —Why are you (SG) dragging Sombe tiŋgal sua piam na, ampimiili pa sua your child here and there? She might die ambaiŋana. —When they shoot talk at us of hunger. (EXC) [i.e. accuse us falsely], we respond -papiliu V_Tr with good talk. XXwalk around Pimiili mbulu sananŋana kizin ma imiili Nio aŋpapiliu ruumu. —I walked around mini pepe. —Do not respond to their bad the house. behaviour by doing the same kinds of see also: -liu things back at them. -pilkaala V_Middle/Tr -pimilmiili V_Tr Redup XXcurl up, shrivel, crumble Tamen miiri ikelkel mete, mi ipimilmiili zin. Ni iloukalkaala koi kini. Kokena motmooto —But the wind was too strong and kept ipilkaala. —He kept checking his tobacco pushing them back. plants lest the worms curl the leaves up see also: -miili [by making their nests in them]. pin1 N Motmooto ipasaana koi tana ma ipilkaali. XXbanana, plantain (generic term, scientific —Worms ruined the tobacco and now it is name Musa sp) curled up. pin neeneŋana —banana for roasting over similar: -selul a fire XXcoil pin noiŋana —banana for boiling in water Sombe tumbuulu ŋgumim to ipilkaali. —If pin ki you —cooking banana we (INC) bother a millipede, then it curls/ pin mazaana —sweet banana that is ripe coils itself up. pin mbitiŋana —banana which is not yet ripe -pilkat V_Intr/Tr pin toŋana —banana for cooking on hot XXfly away, fly off stones Nio aŋkot kaŋar, to keteene ipilkat ma ila. pin mormorŋana, pin sarŋana, pin mazaana —When I hit the galip nut to break it, —unripe banana, swollen banana [=next then the kernel flew away. stage], ripe banana XXblow (a blowgun dart) Pin ta ikam reŋreŋ na, loŋa mi teteete Ni ipilkat bou pwoono ma ila ipeene man pataaŋa. —A banana that is very close to mataana. —He blew the bou seed and it being ripe, we (INC) cut it off right away. flew and hit the bird’s eye. pin meriaŋ —banana type [sweet banana, -pilsek V_Intr has the fruit high up] XXslip away, slip out of hand, slip and hit pin ruunu, pataana, mi mbiili —leaf, something ‘trunk’, and a new shoot of a banana def. Teege ma wos mi ipilsek ma ila. —You names of some common types of bananas: (SG) hold something and it slips out of your agesei, aikuba, ataka, bobop, kuutu, laboi grasp and gets away. ka siel, malwak, marasin, maraŋgom Ŋgereeme ipilsek ma ila. —The crayfish baraana, namoi, ŋge zoŋoono, pok, pugun, slipped out of my grasp. kolene XXskip away def. Pin ka zaala: kiini, ruunu, pin ikwaara Ni igiibi pat ma ila mi ipilsek ipilsek pa ma isala, wek ma isu, itiyaara ka wooŋgo yok kuliyeete. —He threw a stone and it (=pin tutuunu isu lene mi siŋiini imiili ma skipped several times on the surface of the isala), na inabe iputum pin ŋonoono ma water. molo som ma isar, be ikam reŋreŋ na teteete. -pimiili V_Tr pinpin N Redup XXreturn, send back, cause to go back, push XXwild banana back pin zabeene XXdry banana leaf a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pin 392 -piŋgis similar: pin ruunu ta mazozoŋana na pinpin Adv_Pred0 Redup pin sabene XXbreaking into small pieces (used only of XXbanana bug wood) note: Northern dialect form Paala pinpin ke pepe. Kokena ilela you, to dial. var. mbule bogboogoŋana, pin zabeebe ŋurŋur baram. —Don’t split the wood too (Central) small lest it burn too quickly when it is see also: zabe- ‘dry leaf of a banana plant’ put onto the fire. -pin2 V_Tr piŋ N_Event XXremove the inner core (of a muzil vine, construction: -kam piŋ the skin is used for tying) XXsound of something flying, glancing off Pin muzil be taŋgal kooto pa. —Remove the Moori ipaala ke na, ke tipiini ikam piŋ ma core of the muzil vine, so we (INC) [can use iŋgal pikin. —When the woman broke the it to] sew up the thatching. firewood, a splinter flew off and hit the pini Pronoun child. XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ because of/ Pat imapaala mi ikam piŋ. —The rock from him/ her/ it (third person singular broke and [a part of it] flew off. referent pronoun, which is used to express see also: -pilkat a wide variety of oblique semantic roles) -piŋgis V_Tr Nio aŋkam uraata pini. —I worked for XXdeflect, avert, ward off, divert, cause to him/her. go aside Tiso sua pini. —They spoke about/him/her. Merere, piŋgis zaaba pio. —Lord, deflect or They spoke to him/her. harmful things from me. Aŋkam ŋge ta pini. —I gave a pig to him. Piŋgis toomboŋana ma imbot molo pio. —Ward Timoto mi tiko pini. —They were afraid and off trials and keep them far from me. ran away from him/her. Piŋgisu mi aŋma. —Move aside a bit, so I dial. var. piin (Gauru) may come. pinin V_Tr_Uninfl -piŋgisŋgis V_Tr Redup mata- pinin Piŋgisŋgis kumbuyam pa kilis kizin. —Keep XXcount up people or animals and insure our (EXC) feet away from their traps. that they are all there -piŋgis mata- pa Motom pinin zin tomtom kat. Ko zin ta XXlook away from, turn one’s eyes away boozomen timar kek, som zen? —Count from, avert one’s eyes from the people carefully. Have they all come, Nu piŋgis motom pio paso? Ketem malmal or haven’t they? pio? —Why are you (SG) looking away Rou to aŋla ma motoŋ pinin zin ŋge. Tise from me? Are you angry with me? lup som zen. —In the afternoon, I’ll go Aŋpiŋgis motoŋ pa koroŋ soroksorok ki and count the pigs to see whether they all toono. —I turn my eyes away from the have come up, or not. useless things of this world. dial. var. mata- ninin (Kampalap) -piŋgis nama- XXlook carefully into a matter, think about XXrefrain from hitting carefully Nio aŋla aŋso aŋpuni som mi aŋzemi ma Sua tooroŋana taiŋgi, sombe motom pinin inmbot. Aŋpiŋgis nomoŋ pini. —I went pa ka uunu, inako Merere iuulu u be kam intending to hit him, but no, I left him kat ŋgar. —This parable, if you (SG) think alone. I refrained from hitting him. carefully about its meaning, the Lord will -piŋgis sua help you to truly understand it. XXtwist, distort, misrepresent what XXseek, look for someone has said Wal kankaanaŋan matan pinin pa koroŋ Ni ipiŋgis sua tio. —He misrepresented/ ŋonon somŋan. —Fools seek after useless twisted what I said. things. -piŋgis za- see also: -nin XXchange someone’s name after the death of one of their relatives, or to express piŋpiŋ 393 -piri his/her customary behaviour paper onto the fire. Ampiŋgis Ŋasbi zaana mi ampaati be Ni ipiri sua ma koŋ. —He threw the talk Motmootobi. —We (EXC) changed old and it went straight to the mark. [So Ngas’ name and called him ‘Old Worms’. nobody was able to reply to it.] [Because a relative of his was found dead Ni ipiri sua sananŋana pa tamaana. —He in the forest with a number of maggot- threw bad talk at his father. infested wounds.] Duubu ipiri wooŋgo ma isala magat. —The Naŋas, ampaati be Bumbubi. Pa ni ilala waves threw the boat onto the reef. Bumbu. —Nangas, we (EXC) called him Duubu ipiri u ma la kena la kena. —The Bumbubi. For he often went to Bumbu. waves toss you (SG) here and there. see also: -ŋgis similar: -giibi piŋpiŋ N_Event Redup XXthrow oneself into a dance, dance construction: -kam piŋpiŋ vigorously XXtwist one’s body in preparation for fighting Kipiri yom pa naroogo, pa iŋgi Kai. —Dance Ni ikaam piŋpiŋ be ila ipuni, tamen vigorously, for this is a Kai dance. titekiskisi. —He was twisting and ready to -wirri/ -pirri V_Tr Redup go and hit him, but they held him back. -piri kumbu- similar: -kam siliigi XXwalk fast Apaliŋ wiini ipiŋpiŋ. —The apaliŋ bird’s tail -piri nama- pa was swinging back and forth. XXgive things to people (Lit. ‘throw one’s pio Pronoun hand at’) XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ from/ Wirri nomom pizin tomtom, tona ndeeŋe lem because of me (first person singular form koroŋ. —Give things to people and then you of Referent pronoun) (SG) will find things [will be given to you]. Tiso sua pio. —They spoke to/about me. XXwave at Tiko pio. —They fled from me. Piri nomom pini lak! —Wave at him! Tikam koroŋ sa pio som. —They did not XXhit (with one’s hand/fist) give anything to me. -piri ndomo- pa note: from pa + yo XXpay one’s share see also: nio, tio, yo, -ŋ, pa Nio aŋpiri ndomoŋ pa ŋge kek. —I have piom Pronoun paid for my share of the pig. XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ from/ -piri ŋgar because of you (plural) (second person XXsuggest an idea plural form of Referent pronoun) -piri takes Leleyom par piom. —Love each other. XXpay taxes Ro ti, nio aŋbeede ima piom. —This letter, I wiŋana pa takes piriŋana —the question write [it] to you (PL). concerning paying taxes note: from pa+yom -piri kolekta see also: niom, tiom, yom, -yom, pa XXgive an offering when a collection is pir N taken up in church XXpalm fruit that is sprouting -piri wo ni ka pir —a sprouting coconut XXswim strongly against a current mbolkai ka pir —sprouting betel-nut Ni ipiri wo ma ilae mbaaga. —He swam XXbread (white bread) strongly against the current and went La ŋgiimi kanda pir sa. —Go and buy some across to the other side. bread for us (INC) to eat. -wirri pat XX -piri V_Tr waste money XXtoss, throw, cast away Ni iwirri pat pizin moori. —He wasted Nio aŋpiri musmuuzu ma ila ne. —I threw money on women. away the garbage. Tipiri pepa sala you. —They threw the a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pirie 394 -pis pirpiiriŋa- -pirie V_Tr N_Inal_Stative Redup XX XXmake fly away, blow away swollen, swollen leg due to filariasis (and Tipirie man lutuunu/ pepa/ karkoolo ma ila therefore the swelling never recedes) lene. —They made a baby bird/ piece of Kumbuunu pirpiiriŋana imari. —The one paper/ butterfly to fly and away it went. with a swollen leg is coming. XXdrive, be driven by something similar: -zarzar, -suŋsuŋ def. Ŋgar kini ambai som, kembei koroŋ dial. var. piripiri, piripiriŋana (Marile) sa imaŋga pini ma ila lele molo. —His Piripiriŋana ikami ta alok kek ma imar. thinking is not good, [it is] like something —He has had that swollen leg for a long has gotten into him and he goes far away. time.

Bubuŋana sananŋana ipirie i. —A bad spirit =pis1 Adv_Pred0 XX drove him away. making or having holes (occurs only in similar: -pasaŋsaŋ, -pakoikoi compound verbs) see also: -rie note: an adverbial clitic that always occurs pirik N_Event / AdvPred0&1 bound to a verb -kelpis construction: -kam pirik, -ko pirik XX XXscattering, dispersing, going off into dig a hole into -milpis/ -mipis different directions XX Niam amkam pirik ma amla pa ruumu tiam leak, have holes -mbenpis tiam. —We (EXC) scattered and went off to XX each of our houses. drill/ bore/ rub a hole into something -petepis Ye tiko pirik. —The fish scattered off into XX different directions. pierce through -rupis similar: leŋaleŋa, kiŋa, kiŋakiŋa, papirik kuli- ikam pirik XXcrawl through a small opening or go XXfeeling/sensation returns to some part underneath house -tarpis of a body after numbness (Lit. ‘skin does XX scattering’) make a hole into something -tuurupis Beso burup na imaŋgaŋga, to siŋ iloondo pa XX kumbuunu uranuran, mi iyamaana kembei join together a number of things by kuliini ikam pirik. —As he was getting up, putting a stick through them

the blood [started] running in the veins of pis2 V_Intr_Uninfl XX his legs, and he felt sensation returning. be unsuccessful, be unable, fail XXfeel some sort of physical sensation Inoknok ma pis. —He kept trying but was Ni iyamaana kumbuunu ikam pirik. unsuccessful. Molo som to kumbuunu isar. —He felt Turu kini ma pis. —We (INC) looked for food something [like sharp pains] in his leg. It but were unsuccessful. was not long before it became swollen. Aŋru aŋru pen tio ma pis. —I searched and -kam pirik pirik N_Event Redup searched for my pen but was unable to XXtwinkling, flickering, blinking find it. Upsol [Zerwaŋ zerwaŋ] tikam pirik pirik similar: ma som XX pa mbeŋ. —Fireflies were twinkling/ go out of sight flickering/ blinking at night. Pis ma ila kek. —It had gone out of sight. You miaana ikam pirik pirik. —The flames similar: sam ‘go out of sight’ of the fire were flickering. -pis3 V_Intr_Uninfl/ V_Intr XX -pirpiiri/ -piripiri V_Intr_Stative Redup close (used of people’s eyes), be blind XXbe swollen mata- (i)pis XX Kumbuunu ipirpiiri. —He has a swollen leg. close one’s eyes, be blind Ni imbel tiŋiizi ma inok mataana musŋana, Motoyom pis mi kuurpe nomoyom. —Close tana mataana ipirpiiri. —She cried a long your (PL) eyes and fold your hands [in time and kept wiping her eyes, therefore preparation for praying]. her eyes are swollen. Muŋgu, motoŋ ipis. Mi buri taiŋgi, motoŋ pisis 395 -pit ipeere ma aŋre lele. —I used to be blind. Don’t just wander around doing nothing. But now my eyes are open, and I can see. pit2 N Man timar mi matan pis mi titut zin, titut XXflea zin ma timap. —Birds came and with Me tana ka pit ta sorok som! —That dog’s closed eyes [i.e. they ate freely, with fleas are not anything little. nothing disturbing them] they kept Pit ki me tiŋit ti, to tutuntun. —When the pecking and pecking [at the corpses) until fleas of a dog bite us(INC) , then we feel itchy. they were completely consumed. pit3 N mata- pisŋa- XXstrong straight fibre that runs inside XXblind, eyes closed the outer bark of a sago palm (used for Ni mata pisŋana. —He is blind. spearing small fish and crayfish) XXnot wanting to see and understand Naŋgaŋgoyam na, amraaza salan ma amkam Niom motoyom pisŋoyom mi talliŋoyom kat! meene ka pit, to amno mataana ma amla —You (PL) are blind and very foolish! ampeene ŋgereeme pa. —When we were pisis N young, we (EXC) tore open the trunk of a XXname (associated with one’s clan). Each sago palm and took the inner fibres, and clan has a set of proper names which then we scraped the ends of them sharp correspond to a piece of land owned and went and shot crayfish with them. by the clan. These names are known to -pit4 V_Intr the ground spirits associated with the XXfruit-bearing season ends (used of clan’s land. If a person is in a particular seasonal trees) place and experiences some trouble [i.e. Kun/ We/ Kaŋar ipit. —The breadfruit, he senses something bad approaching], mango, galip nut season has ended. then he can call out to the ground spirit -pit5 V_Intr of that land and say his/her clan name. XXpop up, come up to the surface, surface The spirit of that particular piece of land Ke imon isula yok leleene, mana ipit mi ise. will recognise the name and then protect —The log sank down under the water, that person. A child is given different and then surfaced again. names according to pieces of land that mata- ipit se he or she is likely to visit. XXbecome conscious again, recover from Amtiiri su pa lutuyam bizin, mi motoyam an illness (Lit. ‘eye jumps up’) ito ma ila pa uyam bizin, mi amboobo pisis Ni mataana ipit se kek. —He has pa lutuyam bizin. —We (EXC) examine our recovered/ become conscious again. children and consider our ancestors, and Kuliini iluumu mi mataana ipit se. —His give [Lit. ‘call’] names to our children. fever has gone down and he is awake Niam amso amboobo pisis ki toono ti ise ku. (after a serious illness). Tana zom Atai. —We (EXC) want to give a -widit, -pitpit, -pidit V_Intr Redup name associated with this piece of land to kete- pitpit you (SG). Therefore your (SG) name is Atai. XXbe hasty, worried, anxious (Lit. ‘liver is Atai na, pisis kizin Salapoŋgo. —Atai is a jumping’) name of the Salaponggo clan. -pit6 V_Tr pit1 N XXbite, nip (used of keende and alakam -tiyaara ka- pit naana ants) XXcease being sluggish/slothful, get up and Keende ipit yo, tabe kuliŋ iyes. —A keende be ready to do something ant bit me, so my skin was stinging. Tamaŋga ma titiyaara kanda pit mi takam -pit7 V_Tr uraata. —Let’s get up and throw off our XXsnap off leaves (used ofbalbal, soborbor, sluggishness [=Let’s get going] and do bou, etc), pull a leaf off from its stalk, some work. break off one thing at a time out of a Maŋga mi tiyaara kom pit. Wa lem sorok bunch (breaks off easily and makes a pepe. —Get up and be ready to start. sound as it comes off) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pit 396 pitik

Pit ro bou be toto kini pa. —Snap off some claim to be the owner of a piece of land bou leaves so we (INC) can roast food in Zin tipit tutu pa toono. —They recounted the them on hot stones. historical evidence for their claim to the -pit kaŋar/ mbu —snap off galip nuts/ land. betel-nuts -widit/ -pidit/ -pitpit V_Tr Redup -pit8 V_Tr Aun, ni tomtom ki iwidit mbol. —Aun is a XXtap, flick one’s fingernails against story teller. something -pitkaala V_Tr Pit kataama! —Tap the door! [to announce XXprevent someone from saying something, your (SG) presence, the culturally shut someone up appropriate way of knocking on the door] Pitkaala kwoono, kokena iswe koroŋ tana. Petrus ila na, ipitpit lae pa kataama. —Shut him up lest he reveal that. —Peter went and was tapping on the door pitŋana N_Inal_Event [so they would open it]. XXaccount, story Ni imbombo mi ipidit kou kwoono. —He Pitŋana tio ri ta taiŋgi. —This is my little is singing and tapping in time with the story. music on the lid of the lime container. Kwon iŋgalŋgal tomtom un pitŋana ndabok! -pit9 V_Tr —They have talked enough about people’s XXtell stories, recount ancestry! Niam ampit mbol ta kizin kolman. —We piti Pronoun (EXC) told a story of the old people. XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ from/ Ampit pa noŋana tiam. —We (EXC) told because of us (INC) about our hunting. XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) included) XXtrack, trace form of Referent pronoun Nio aŋpit katu ma aŋdeeŋu. —I tracked and Ni ikam uraata biibi piti. —He did a lot of found you. work for us (INC). Me tipit ŋge ma tiŋa i. —The dogs tracked Zin tizzo sua boozo piti. —They keep the pig and bit it. talking a lot about us/ to us. XXexamine, look into a matter, consider, dial. var. pindi (Gauru and Northern investigate, evaluate dialects) Pataŋana ipet, ta tipit asiŋ iwe uunu see also: kiti, iti, -ndV, pa pa. —There was a problem, so they -pitiiri V_Tr investigated to see whose fault it was. XXsearch carefully Molo mi ur/paraŋraŋ koroŋ ma irao, mi Ni isiiri ruumu leleene mi ipitiiri kat ma pitpit itum ma keŋkeŋ kat mana maŋga pa. indeeŋe pat kini. —She swept the inside —Ready enough of everything well in of the house and really searched carefully advance and evaluate yourself and make until she found her money. sure there is enough to complete it and Laban ipitirtiiri koroŋ ta boozomen. only then start. —Laban searched through everything. Moori tamaana mi wal kini tila tiwi la see also: -tiiri pa tomooto tamaana ma naana ma wal pitik1 N kini ta kembei: Niom karao? Kipitpit XXstar yom ma keŋkeŋ kat, to kakami. (sua Pitik timbot sala saamba. —The stars are mburaanaŋana) —The woman’s father up in the sky. and her [other] relatives go and ask the Pitik ingor saamba. —The sky is full of stars. man’s father and mother and his [other] Pitik tiyaryaara pa maŋaanaŋana i. —The relatives like this: “Are you able? Evaluate stars are shining in space. yourselves carefully and if you really have pitik Birae—morning star, Venus enough resources, then you can get her pitik Ndaama—group of stars whose rising [for his wife].” (strong talk) indicates the beginning of a new year -pit tutu pa toono pitik Yaabo—evening star, Venus (Central) XXrecount historical evidence to prove a -pitik 397 pius

pitik Motoŋanumur—evening star (Marile XXstart a discussion about something, begin dialect) a public discussion, initiate a discussion pitik Aipis, Gugol, Tule—names of three Ako ipityaara sua pa mbanis. —Ako started other special stars (used in Yangla) the discussion about the fence. pitik Tule, Marokmarok, Kapambeŋ Bubuŋana ipazali, mi imaŋga to ipityaara Marile terms for some stars sua pa peteele tabe isu pa toono ta pitik zerwaŋ zerwaŋ boozomen. —The Spirit guided him, and he XXfireflies got up and announced a famine that was pitik iporrou la mata- to occur throughout all the land/world. XX‘see stars’, experience sudden pain similar: -kam maata pa, -muuŋgu pa Ni mazaana isu ma itut tomtom tana uteene, -pityaara kao to pitik iporrou la mataana. —A coconut XXstart talking to others about something fell and hit the person’s head, and he ‘saw they do not know, announce something stars’. new Aŋtut uteŋ sala pambaara ki ruumu ma Maŋga mi pityaara kao pa zaala ki eleksen, pitik iporrou la motoŋ. —I hit my head on be tomtom tikam ŋgar pa. —Get up and talk a cross beam of the house and ‘saw stars’. to the people about the way the election -pitik2 V_Intr will be run, so that they will understand it. XXsnorkel, swim underwater in order to -piu V_Tr catch fish XXwrap around, coil around Kipitik ma kepera li pepe. Pa ina ndep Mooto ipiu ŋge. —The snake coiled around ki puge. —When you (PL) snorkel, don’t the pig. go out to the deep spot. For that is a Wooro ipiu ke. —The vine wrapped around crocodile’s nest. the tree. -pitkaala V_Tr Ni ipiu kumbuunu pa kawaala kokouŋana be XXstop someone from revealing something irak Sia. —He wrapped a white piece of (by putting hand on mouth or shaking cloth around his ankles [as a decoration] head) in order to dance the Sia dance. Pitkaala kwoono, kokena iswe koroŋ tana. Yembut leŋ ndom sa be aŋpiu taraŋgo. —Cut —Stop him from revealing that. some grass for me to wrap around the fish similar: -kankaala spear. -pitpeleele V_Tr Ni ire la pa kawaala ta tipiu Yesu pa na, XXseparate into different groups, discern, piuŋana ma imbotmbot. —When he looked distinguish between, differentiate, judge at the cloth which they had wrapped between around Jesus, it was still wrapped and Yesu ko ipitpeleele iti tomtom pa mbeŋ staying there. kaimer. —Jesus will separate us people on note: perhaps a compound of pa + -liu the last day. -piupiu V_Tr Redup Pitpeleele ye. Ambaimbaiŋan ila ndel, Niom kipiupiu zin koi, mi niam amla sananŋan ila ndel. —Separate the fish. The pa uraata pakan. —You (PL) coil [rope good ones are to be put apart from the around] the tobacco bundles, and we (EXC) bad ones. [will] go [to do] some other work. -pityaara V_Tr piuŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXhold light up to see better XXbundled, tied into a bundle by coiling Pityaara kai ma tere zaala. —Hold the something around torch up high so we (INC) can see the road. Nu lem koi piuŋana sa imbot? —Do you (SG) -pityaara sua have any tied up bundles of tobacco leaves? XXannounce pius N La mi pityaara sua tana pizin wal ma tileŋ. XXten kina note —Go and announce that matter to the Ni ikam mbun kembei pius laamuru ila kini. people. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z piwi 398 -piyooto

—He got a loan of around 100 kina from -piyaryar V_Tr Redup him. Nu piyaryar yo paso? —Why are you (SG) loan from: Tok Pisin hurrying me all the time? piwi Pro piyarŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ from/ XXurgent because of you (singular) Iŋgi uraata piyarŋana. —This is work that XXsecond person singular referent pronoun needs to be done in a hurry./ This is an dial. var. piu (Gauru), pu (Central, urgent job. Northern), pue (Kabi, Sakar) piyaryaara N Redup see also: ku, kiwi, kiu, kue, nu, niwi, niu, ŋu, construction: ka- piyaryaara ŋue, -m, pa XXspleen (the organ) -piwin V_Tr def. mbuyeeneŋana, sumbun sumbun kei ta XXmake someone to drink, give drink to pu i, isekap la ka pepeebe, ambaiŋana pa someone kanŋana Ni ipiwin lutuunu pa yok mbolŋana ma Kam koŋ ŋge ka piyaryaara ma aŋkan. imeete su imbotmbot. —He gave his son —Bring me the pig’s spleen and I will eat it. strong drink and now he [the son] is lying dial. var. piryaara (Marile) there incapacitated. -piye V_Tr XXnurse a child XXcarry something that is hanging down Piwin pikin. —Give the child milk to from one’s hand or arm (bucket, rope of drink./ Nurse the child. fish) moori ta ipeebu mi ipiwinu pa tui —the Tipiye kuuru ma tala yok. —Let’s (INC) carry woman who gave birth to you (SG) and the pot and go to the river. nursed you with her milk Meene, muna, wak, maaŋga, iti tipiye la Kam pikin ti mi piwini pio, mi mboro i. bezeene —[Wrapped] sago, cooked galip —Take this child and nurse him for me, nuts, starchy pudding, and rice, we (INC) and look after him. carry [the parcel] hanging from the handle. -piyaala V_Intr -piye talŋa- XXwalk on a beach XXpull on someone’s ear to punish them Zin tipiyaala pa peende ma tisula pa La pie talŋa dibiini. Pa iŋga talŋa pampam. Kampalap. —They walked on the beach —Go pull on his ear [a form of physical down to Kampalap village. punishment]. Because that one is not -piyalyaala V_Intr Redup listening. -piyaara V_Tr similar: -daada talŋa- XXmake to shine -piyeye/ -piyye V_Tr Redup Nio aŋpiyaara kai/ lam. —I held up a Koobo boozomen tipiyye zin mban ma tile. torch/ lamp to give light. —Many inner island people came inside -piyaryaara V_Tr Redup carrying ropes of small fish. Piyaryaara kai. —Keep the torch shining. piyeŋa- see also: -yaara uraata sorokŋana kembei kumbu keteene piyamyamŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup piyeŋana —some insignificant work like alt. pemyamŋa- carrying his sandals XXnursing mother see also: -maye ‘swing’ Ni moori piyamyamŋana/ pemyamŋana. -piyooto V_Tr XX —She is a nursing mother. reveal, display, exhibit, show, bring out see also: aipina into public view -piyar V_Tr Iŋgi be tipiyooto Nakanmut. —They are XXhurry up someone, hasten, urge on, rush about to publicly display the Nakanmut Aŋpiyar zin be amla. —I hurried them up mask. XX to go with me. bring forth, bring up, publish, express, Piyar yo pepe! —Don’t rush me! tell out -piyou 399 -po

Aŋpiyooto ŋgar ambaiŋana pizin naŋgaŋ be encouraging Namele to keep talking. The tileŋ mi tito. —I brought up some good two of you go do some work. ideas for the young men for them to hear -pizil V_Tr and follow. XXpush something into/ through something XXexhibit, produce, bear fruit Nio aŋpizil koroŋ tiŋgi isula sumbuunu. —I Ni iurpe toono be ipiyooto kini boozo. —He pushed this thing down into the hole. prepared the ground so that it would Ni ipizil buza tio lutuunu isu pa soolo produce a lot of food. sumbuunu. —He push my small knife Kini ta aŋpaaza na, indom ma ise mi ipiyooto through the flooring. ŋonoono ambaimbaiŋan boozo. —The similar: -pakuru food [plants] that I planted grew up and -pizilzil V_Tr Redup produced much good food. see also: -zil Kiini pakan tipiyooto kini boozo. —Some -pizil ndeme- pa stalks produced a lot of food. XXturn one’s back on, reject, turn away from Ni ipiyooto mbulu ambaiŋana sa som. —He Nio aŋpizil ndemeŋ pizin. —I turned away hasn’t exhibited any good behaviour. from them. Uraata ta amkam la mazwoyom na ipiyooto Ni ipizil ndemeene pa lutuunu bizin kek. ka ŋonoono. —The work that we (EXC) did —He has rejected his children. in your (PL) midst bore fruit/ had results. pizin Pronoun -piyotyooto V_Tr Redup XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ from/ Ndaama ti na, we tipiyotyooto ŋonon because of them (third person plural boozo. —This year, the mango trees are form of Referent pronoun) producing much fruit. Aŋso pizin be tila. —I told them to go. zin wal ta kwon ipiyotyooto sua Nio keteŋ malmal pizin. —I am angry at pakaamŋana —those whose mouths them. habitually produce false talk note: from pa+zin Tomtom ŋgarŋan, to tipiyotyooto sua see also: kizin, zin, -n, pa ambaimbaiŋan. —[If they are] wise po1 N people, then they will habitually bring XXlizard (large-sized, skin is used for forth good words. drumheads, =Tok Pisin palai) see also: -yooto po parwan —huge lizard (male) -piyou V_Tr po tal —lizard (female) XXstir up, incite Po tikarra ma tisala ke uteene. —The po -piyou kao lizards crawled up to the top of the tree. XXbe the cause of a discussion, do something Zin tiriibi kombom pa po kuliini. —They which causes people to talk a lot, stir up attached a po lizard’s skin to the drum. arguments popo N Redup Nu ta piyou kao, pa kam mbulu boozo XXlizard type (small, green in colour) tau. —It was you (SG) who stirred up the -po2 V_Tr discussion, because you did so many XXtie, fasten, bandage [bad] things. Aŋpo kumbuunu. —I bandaged his leg. Piyou kao paso? Molmol kuumbuŋom! Tipo i pa re ru. —They tied him up with two —Why are you (SG) causing so much talk? ropes. [It is because] you keep stealing! XXbuild by tying the parts together -piyou kwo- Kolman tila tipo parpaara be tiyaaru XXstir up people to discuss wooŋgo ma ipet. —The older men went Piyou tomtom kwon paso? —Why did you (SG) and built a log bridge in order to pull a stir the people up and get them talking? canoe out towards the sea. Nu piyou Namele kwoono paso? Niomru XXbuild, construct kala ma kakam uraata. —Why are you (SG)

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -poi 400 pok

Yut tipo ruumu kizin moori. —The youth -poyoi/ -woiwoi/ -woyoi V_Tr Redup built a house for the women. Zin tiwoiwoi mburu ki stua ma imap. Noa ipo wooŋgo. —Noah built a ship. —They carried all the store cargo Zin tila tipo siiri. —They went and made a hanging from their heads. fence. Niam ampoyoi ke, pa leyam ke som. —We Man tipo len ŋgini. —Birds build nests for (EXC) are carrying firewood, because we do themselves. not have any wood [left]. Zin tipo kar bibip ru. —They built two big poiŋa- N_Inal_Stative towns. Mburu ti poiŋana men. —This luggage is XXwork sorcery on someone only to be carried hanging from one’s head. Ni ipo i. —He worked sorcery on him. pok1 N similar: -mbuk kunu-, -mbuk mbura-, pu, XXpandanus type (has edible nuts) yaamba Pok ruunu bibip mi baba, mi paanda ruunu -po se mata-/ -po se ndomo- munmun. —The pok pandanus has large, XXkeep in mind, make sure to remember wide leaves, and the paanda pandanus has (Lit. ‘tie to one’s eye/forehead’) small leaves. Ni ikam pio ta kembena, tabe aŋpo se pok2 N_Event motoŋ. —He did like that to me, so I will construction: -kam pok be sure to remember that. XXcome loose, break off, peel off Po sua ti ise ndomom. —Tie this talk to your Ni ka palpaaŋga ikam pok ma isu. —The (SG) forehead [=keep it in your mind]. coconut frond came loose and fell down. -wwo, -wowo, -wo V_Tr Redup Aibale itop pa ke ma ka seebeŋana ikam pok. Ni tomtom ki iwwo ruumu. —He is a To pai imap. Ikarra men. —Aibale fell from builder of houses. a tree and his hip joint broke. Then [his] Ni iwowo zin tomtom. —He is always walking was finished. He is just crawling. working sorcery on people. XXblister, get blisters poŋana N_Event Aŋteege buza ma nomoŋ keteene ikam pok. XXbuilding —I was holding a bush knife and my hand Ni le ŋgar biibi pa ruumu poŋana. —He has got blistered. a lot of knowledge about house building. pokpok N_Event Redup ke poŋana Ke ti kuliini ikam pokpok. —The bark of XXstretcher, something made out of pieces this tree is peeling off. of wood which are tied together Zoŋ ikan kuliŋ ma pokpok. —The sun burnt Ni iteege ke poŋana ta uri imbot sala na. my skin and [it is] peeling. —He touched the stretcher on which the XXtap body was lying. Nu kam pokpok pa koroŋ tana paso? —Why -pokaala V_Tr are you (SG) tapping that thing? XXtie something to something else to show pok3 V_Intr_Uninfl that it is not available XXbe accurate, go straight to the target -pokat V_Tr Ikam pat mi ipuni ma pok. —He took a rock XXtie long things together into a bundle and hit him [with it] being right on target. -poŋgeere V_Tr Aŋpeene man/ ye tana ma ila pok. —I shot XXtie two things together with rope at the bird, fish and it went straight to it. -poi V_Tr similar: alala, bakŋa-, koŋ, tiŋ XXcarry something hanging from one’s pok4 V_Intr_Uninfl head (usual way that women carry XXburst up into view, appear, come up into netbags, firewood) view, rise up, pop up into view Niam ampoi ke. —We (EXC) carried firewood Tomtom pok ma ise pa yok. —A person hanging from our heads. popped up from the water (after diving Niam ampoi kaari. —We (EXC) carried a into it). netbag hanging from our heads. We putuunu ta aŋtwi sula toono, ta buri pok ma ise. —The mango seed that I planted -pok pa 401 -pokot

has just now come up. Asiŋ ipokaala kataama taiŋgi? —Who closed Zoŋ mataana pok ma ise. —The sun is just that door [by nailing pieces of timber onto coming up. it]? Nio kuri. Sombe leleŋ be aŋkam miiri, inako Zin tipokaala naala kwoono ma tuŋ kat. aŋse ma zuruŋ pok ma ise pa tai, to aŋkam —They sealed the cover of the grave. miiri. —I [am a] dolphin. If I want to Nio aŋpokaala mbeete pa lokon. —I covered breathe, then I rise [to the surface of the sore [to protect it] from flies. the water], and my lips pop up from the Tipokaala zaaba kwon muriini. —They water, and then I take in air. bandaged the wounds. similar: ber, per, perper XXtie something to something else to mata- pok se indicate that it is not available XXlook up, lift one’s eyes up to see Nio aŋpokaala mbu tio. —I tied a mark on Beso mataana pok se na, ire la pa... —When my betel-nut palm [so that others would he lifted his eyes, he saw… not touch it]. Ni mataana pok se, mi iso pizin… —He similar: sooŋgo (-po sooŋgo la) lifted his eyes and said to them… -pokapkap V_Intr/Tr Redup mata- pokpok pa XXstick to, glue, get stuck XXbe surprised at seeing something Tektek pwoono siŋiini ta ipokapkap ma. unexpected, notice someone unexpectedly —The sap of tektek seeds was really sticky. Motoŋ la ma motoŋ pokpok pini. —I looked Kolopu tiene ipokapkap la uteŋ ruunu. —The and was surprised to see him. kolopu spider’s web stuck on my hair. Petrus mataana ila ma pokpok pizin iwal XXmake sticky biibi. —Petrus looked and was surprised Aŋwin teu biibi ma ipokapkap kwoŋ. —I to see the big crowd. drank a lot of sugar, and it made my Neeri, aŋwa ma aŋla ma motoŋ pokpok mouth sticky. pini pa namaana izulla serembat kiti. similar: -sekapkap —Yesterday I was walking along and was -pokat V_Tr surprised to see his hands in our (INC) XXtie long things into a bundle, tie together sweet potatoes [taking them]. Pokat meene kiini, mi takwaara ma tala ndomo- pokpok be topo ruumu. —Tie some sago fronds XXwide-forehead (expression used as an together and let’s (INC) carry them and go insult) to build the house. def. Sua repiiliŋana, toso raama ketende Topokat teu ila ke be imender kat. —Let’s malmal —Scorning talk, we (INC) say it (INC) tie the sugarcane to a stick so it will with anger. stand straight. Nu ndomom pokpokŋom! —You (SG) have a -pokot V_Tr wide-forehead! XXpay back, repay, requite, compensate, -pok pa5 V_Intr give back XXavoid someone (because of being afraid Zin tipokot timbiiri ta uriizi tikam na. of a confrontation) —They repaid the wooden dish that they Ni ipok pio ma imar tio zen, pa iŋgal ŋge tio got two days ago. tau. —He is avoiding me and hasn’t come Nio aŋkam ŋge pa mailaŋ kini, mi ni ipokot to me, because he shot my pig. nomoŋ. —I gave a pig for his feast, Ni ikam mbulu sa ŋoobo pini, ta ipok pini and he compensated me for my ‘hand’ ma ila igarau i som. —He must have done (=assistance, i.e. he gave something to something wrong to him, and that is why me). he is avoiding him and won’t go near him. Anutu ko ipokot nomoyom. —God will similar: -moto ka-, -papolop recompense your (PL) hand [the help you -pokaala V_Tr are giving now]. XXcover by tying something on top, firmly shut, seal a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pokpok 402 -poloondo

Niam amkamam mbulu ambaiŋana pizin. Ko toono ipol salakaala yam. —The ground Mi iŋgi tipokot pa mbulu sananŋana. —We might break on top of us (EXC). (EXC) did good to them. And now they XXwake up from a dream repay it with bad behaviour. Nio aŋre miuŋana imap som, mi aŋpol ma XXavenge, take vengeance/revenge on, aŋmaŋga. —I woke up in the middle of retaliate for my dream. Tiur kadoono pini, ma ipokot mbulu kini. Aŋkeene ma aŋpol mbeŋ lukutuunu. —I —They punished him and avenged what slept and woke up at midnight. he did. XXbegin suddenly, unexpectedly (used of Itunu siŋiini ko ireere be ipokot tomtom tana rain, storms, wind) siŋiini. —His own blood will flow in order Iwaara na, yaŋ ipol katkat pa aigule. to avenge that man’s blood. (=Iwaara ipol katkat.) —During the mbulu pokotŋana northwest wind season, the rain comes XXrevenge, vengeance, retribution, suddenly during the daytime. payback, retaliation, recompense Tai ipol. —A storm suddenly came up on Abel siŋiini iboboobo pa mbulu pokotŋana the sea. sa. —Abel’s blood is crying for vengeance. Miiri biibi ipol ma ipei duubu. —A great similar: -pekel ‘replace, repay, answer’ wind suddenly began blowing and stirred see also: -kot up waves. -pokpok V_Intr_Stative Redup -wolol, polol, -polpol V_Intr Redup XXbe burned (black, not edible any longer) Peene naana kizin ko tipolpol. —Their bows Kini ipokpok. —The food is burnt. will break in half. Sombe tomtom sa ipa se you keseene, ko Yeŋyeeŋge biibi ipet ma ruumu ta boozomen kumbuunu ipokpok som? —If someone tiwolol. —There was a big earthquake and walks on hot coals, won’t his feet burn? all the houses were collapsing. XXhard and dry Ni iseeŋge ma zoŋoono ipolpol. —He kuli- ipokpok —skin is hardened, calloused laughed a lot. [Lit. ‘He laughed and his (after blisters have dried) teeth collapsed’] Toono ipokpok, pa yaŋ isu som. —The ground ka- bolboolo ipol is hard and dry, for there has been no rain. XXexpire, die in a sitting or standing Magat isu ma ipokpok. —The water receded position at low tide and the ground became hard. Ni iyataaŋa ma ka bolboolo ipol. —He sighed -yespokpok V_Tr Redup and the back of his neck broke. [=he died XXdisplay great anger, angrily reprove, while in a standing or sitting position] severely scold, chew out zuzu- ipolpol Uriizi, Motmootobi iyespokpok yo ma tau. XXstate of breasts of women who are —The other day old Motmooto really ready for marriage (Lit. ‘breasts are chewed me out. collapsing’) -pol V_Intr Ni irao pa ula, pa zuzuunu ipolpol kek. XXbreak in half, break in the middle (used —She is ready to marry, for her breasts of long, thin objects) have fallen. Ke ipol. —A tree broke [somewhere in the -poloondo V_Tr middle]. XXtake something/ someone to someone/ Pensil mataana ipol. —The point of pencil somewhere broke. Poloondo buk ti ila ki Silas. —Run/ Take Ŋgalas tio kiini ipol. —The earpiece of the this book to Silas. frame of my glasses broke. Poloondo to ri tiŋgi ila hausik, pa ibayou. Ni tiroono tasa ipol som. —Not one of his —Take this little fellow to the health bones got broken. centre, for he is hot with a fever. similar: ŋes XXspeed up, advance, help on, hasten, hurry XXcollapse, break down Poloondo uraata ku karau men. —Speed up Ruumu ipol kek. —The house has collapsed. your work. polop 403 -pombot Aŋkamam bekena aŋpoloondo uruunu XXbless ambaiŋana mi irak ma irao zin tomtom. Ni ipombol lutuunu bizin, mana imeete. —I am trying to hasten the advance of —She blessed her children and right after the good news so it reaches all the people. that she died. see also: -loondo Pombol uraata tiam. Naso iur ŋonoono. –Bless polop1 N our (EXC) work. Then it will produce results. XXrat type (longish like a banana, reddish -pombol kuli- brown in colour, makes a special sound) XXstrengthen physically, nourish def. Polop na, kuliini siŋsiŋŋana, imbot su mi Kini ipombol kulindi. —Food strengthens/ mokleene, iwwo le ŋgini sala pin ŋonoono. nourishes our bodies. —The polop, its skin is red, it lives in the similar: -kis kuli- forest and in gardens, it makes its nest up -pombol sua (ma imbol kat) in bananas. XXconfirm/ strengthen (an oath, promise, -polop2 V_Intr_Stative covenant), swear an oath XXfear, afraid of, want to avoid, want to Ziru timbuk sua, mi tipombol ma imbol kat. stay away from —The two of them agreed about it and Aŋre mbulu kizin mi aŋpolop pa. —I saw strengthened their talk [by oath or some their behaviour and wanted to avoid it. other means] and made it very strong. Ni ipolop pa yaamba/ undu/ lele sananŋan. Tiwit naman woono isala be tipombol sua —He is afraid of witchcraft/ ground kizin mbukŋana ma imbol kat. —They spirits/ bad areas [where spirit beings live]. lifted up their right hands to confirm their similar: -moto ka-, -pok pa oath/promise and make it really strong. polop tieneŋa- -pombol sua pa XXfearful XX(bear) witness to, confirm, testify to Tomtom tana polop tieneŋana kat. —That man Niam amap ma ampombol sua pa maŋgaŋana is very fearful. [of ghosts, darkness, etc.] ki Yesu. —We (EXC) all [can] bear witness poloplopŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup to the resurrection of Jesus./ We all can XXfearful, cowardly testify to the resurrecton of Jesus. Nu na poloplopŋom! —You (SG) are cowardly! Pombol sua pakaamŋana pepe. —Do not similar: mototoŋa- confirm false talk. / Do not bear false -papolop V_Tr witness. XXfrighten, make fearful, make someone to pombolŋana N_Inal_Event avoid something XXexhortation, encouragement Aŋpapolop lutuŋ moori, kokena ila raama XXempowering zin moori pakan. —I frightened my XXblessing daughter so that she would not go Mboroŋan tikam pombolŋana, mana tikam together with the other women. uraata. —The elders received a blessing similar: -pamoto ‘frighten, threaten’ and after that they [began to] do their -pombol V_Tr work. XXstrengthen, encourage, support, confirm Isak ikam pombolŋana kini ise ki Yakop. Tarkat ke zoŋoono sa imar be ipombol/ —Isaac put his blessing on Jacob. isilou pin tana. Kokena ipol ma isu. ka- pombolŋana —Cut a forked stick and bring it [here] XXwitness, confirmation, testimony to strengthen/ support that banana. Tamen sua kizin tana, ka pombolŋana sa Otherwise it might collapse and fall down. som. —But that talk of theirs, there was Nio aŋpomboli pa sua pakan bekena ito no confirmation for it. zaala ambaiŋana. —I strengthened/ -pombot V_Tr encouraged him with some words to XXplace carefully, set follow the good way of life. Ni ikam pikin mi ipomboti se namaana ka similar: -we silou pa, -silou, -posou peeŋge. —He took the baby and carefully placed him on his arm. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pomol 404 -poŋgeere

Tipombot kuuru kulamo tana isala pat mi Mase ipomoozo yam pa koyam ŋge suruunu. tindou you. —They carefully sat that —Mase gave us a piece of pork as a gift. kulamo pot on the stones and made a fire Nio aŋpomoozo tomtom sa ta imbot kar ti [under it]. na som. —I don’t care about anybody in see also: -mbot this village. [scornful talk] -pomol V_Tr see also: -peteege XXharm a child by getting its mother -pomosmoozo V_Tr Redup pregnant again too soon (before the XXbehave in a respectful manner by giving child has stopped nursing) gifts XXpractise poor family planning (often said Tomtom tana, ni leleene piam, mi to one’s own adult children in anger) ipomosmoozo yam pa koroŋ ta boozomen. def. Pikin iwinin tui, mi tamaana ziru naana —That person likes us (EXC) and honours tipa, na tipomoli. —When a child is still us by giving us all kinds of things. drinking milk, and his father and mother po(mos)moozoŋa- N_Inal_Stative walk [i.e. go to have sexual relations], XXgift, generosity, favour they harm the child [by getting the Tere kadoono kini tana kembei mother pregnant and cutting off the pomoozoŋana som. Pa ina ikot uraata kiti child’s supply of milk]. men. —We (INC) do not view those wages Pomol zin pikin mete! —You (SG) are of his [that he gave to us] as a gift. It just harming your children by having them covered our work. too close together! XXgenerous opposite: -sapaara ki Ni tomtom pomosmoozoŋana. —He is pomolmolŋa- N_Inal a generous person who always doing XXone who doesn’t observe proper family favours for people. planning pompomŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup def. Taman ma nan bizin irao tiso sua XXbeginning to swell, swollen tana. Tomooto tana ziru waene tikeene kaŋar pompomŋana men, tikeene men. Tabe tipeebe kolouŋana XXgalip nut which is not ready to be eaten kolouŋana. —A couple’s parents can say yet, but is big and round this [to them]. That man and his wife keep lembe- pompomŋana sleeping together, so they have children XXswollen testicles (permanently, a one after another at short intervals. sickness that afflicts middle-aged men) Tamaana ma naana pomolmolŋan, tabe pontaŋ N tipomol pikin. —The child’s parents are XXlid, covering poor family planners, and therefore they Kam pontaŋ ma pakaala kuuru kwoono pa. cause the child to suffer. —Take the lid and cover the pot with it. -pomon V_Tr Ur ro ise be iwe pontaŋ. —Put a leaf on top XXcause to sink, drown as a cover. Tai ipol ma ipomon zin. —A storm arose on similar: kwo- the sea and caused them to sink. XXespecially valuable gift which is put on top see also: -mon of other smaller gifts (to impress people -pomoozo V_Tr with the value of what they are receiving) XXgive a gift to someone in order to Kezeebe timbiiri biibi tana pa wak makiŋ, show them favour or honour (with no mi ŋge pakaana tana munŋaana ma ise iwe expectation of the gift being repaid) pontaŋ pa mi ila. —After you (PL) fill that XXfavour, show generosity big wooden dish with starchy pudding, Ni ikampe iti mi ipomoozo iti pa koroŋ that whole piece of pork is to go on top ndabokbokŋan boozo. —He has done good of it as the ‘lid’. [It will be the thing first to us (INC) and given us many good things. seen by the receiver of the gift to impress Yooba ipomoozo iti tomtom mi ikamam him with the value of what he is getting]. lende pikin. —Yahweh has favoured us -poŋgeere V_Tr (INC) people and given us children. XXtie things together with rope pooro 405 -porou

Poŋgeere zin ŋge naman mi kumbun. —Tie ndaama popoŋana ta matanda i —next year the pigs’ forelegs together and the back Bubuŋana Potomŋana ta ikam ti ma tewe legs together. popoŋanda. —It is the Holy Spirit that Poŋgeere wok raama ki ŋge be tisiŋ. —Tie the causes us (INC) to become new/ born-again. wallaby and the pig together so we (INC) Sua tubudu imar popoŋana. —Tok Pisin had carry them [on a pole]. just come. see also: -ŋgeere, -po Iti popoŋanda pa mbulu ti. —We (INC) are pooro1 N new at doing this. XXloosely woven netbag used for keeping Mbulu ti popoŋana piti. —This is new for galip nuts or tobacco leaves (shaped like us (INC). a ball). XXfirst time for someone to do something kaŋar pooro —netbag filled with dried Nio popoŋoŋ be aŋla Ŋguuru. —It was my galip nuts first time to go to Gauru. koi pooro —netbag of tobacco XXoffspring, descendants, list of generations def. Ke wooro, mi yo kaŋar guuzu isula, mi Peres popoŋana kini ta tiŋgi: —Peres’s ur sala parpaara be you ikut, ina tapaata descendants [are listed] here: be ‘pooro.’ —Weave a vine and put galip Popoŋana ku mi popoŋana kini ko tiparwe nuts with the outer skin removed down kan koi. —Your (SG) offspring and his inside it, and put it on a shelf (above the offspring will be enemies. fireplace) for the fire to dry it. That we (INC) XXyoung call a pooro. mbili popoŋana —young animals Zin tike pooro pa kinzi mi tiŋgal kaŋar guuzu naŋgaŋ popoŋan isula. —They wove a kinzi vine into a XXyouth, young people netbag, and filled it with galip nuts. -popooro V_Tr (por)pooroŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXcrush a round object XXwrapped in a loosely woven mesh Zin tipopooro ni be tikan. —They crushed koi porpooroŋana —dried tobacco leaves the coconut in order to eat it. that are wrapped up in a loosely woven Kar ila ma ipopooro mbooro. —The car ran mesh [and ready for marketing]. over the coconut shell and crushed it. -pooro2 V_Tr -mbim popooro XXsweat running XXmassage by pressing and squeezing Uze ipoori/ Uze ipooro yo. —Sweat was Tuur taul isula yok bayouŋana, to ise running on him/ me. youyouŋana, to timbim popooro. —We (INC) pooto N put a towel in hot water, then it goes on XXveranda, part of the clan house where the painful area, and then we massage it. men usually sit porok porok V_Intr_Uninfl Redup Urum ka pooto na, ambai be tumbutul pa i, XXmake a crackling or rustling noise som tekeere ni sala. —The veranda of a Asiŋ porok porok pa meene lene mi ile? clan house is a good [place] for us (INC) to —Who is making a rustling noise in the sit, or to scrape coconuts. sago area and coming? Zin tomooto tikeene sala pooto, mi tilup zin Ruumu tana imuzu ma isu lene, mi ka sala mi tizzo len sua. —Men sleep in the mburu ta boozomen porok porok ma imap. clan house, and meet up there and discuss —That house fell over, and all its parts their issues. crackled in the process. Pooto ki Salumo ta imbot Urum Merere -porou V_Intr zilŋaana. —Solomon’s porch/portico that XXfight, struggle was on the side of the Temple. Zin tiporou pa moori ka sua. —They were popoŋa- N_Inal_Stative fighting over a woman. XXnew one, newly familiar, first time Sua iporou mete. —The argument was very Ruumu tiŋga popoŋana. —That house over fierce/ heated. there is new. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -poroukaala 406 -posou

Tiporou ma tilip pizin. —They fought and -poroukaala V_Tr beat them. XXdefend, protect Aŋporou raama koŋ koi bizin. —I fought Mar ma poroukaala yo. —Come and defend with my enemies. me. Zin tiporou mbolŋana pa sua ki Merere. Zin len mburan biibi som, tana irao —They fought hard for the Lord’s word. tiporoukaala zitun som. —They do not -porrou V_Intr Redup have much strength, and therefore they alt. -porourou are not able to defend themselves. po(r)rouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Poroukaala zin pa Tomtom Sanaana. XXfighter —Protect them from the Evil One. Wal ru tana ta porrouŋan kat. —Those two -poroukalkaala V_Tr Redup are really fighters. Yooba, nu we siŋgiao pio mi poroukalkaala -poroukaala yo. —Yahweh, you are a shield for me and XXdefend, protect keep protecting me. -porou sala pos V_Intr_Uninfl XXbump into, hit against, beat against XXdisappear without notifying anybody, Duubu ipol ma ila iporou sala magat. slip away —There was a storm and the waves hit Ni ibeleu ma pos ma ila. —He slipped away against the reef. without telling anybody Zin Birik tirakrak, mi ni ipun waene ila similar: ma ŋos, ma pis, sam, sapir ma ila naroogo leleene ma iporou sala naroogo posi N uteene. Kaimer ko iurpe naroogo tana. XXcat Ikam kini mi imbit ŋge. —While the loan from: Tok Pisin, English people of Birik village were dancing, -posop V_Tr he hit his wife and bumped into the XXfinish (off), end, complete, conclude, ceremony [i.e. violated it—During dances, bring to a conclusion, pay off, pay the no fighting is allowed.] Later he will need full price to fix/settle his wrong-doing during the Tana ko aŋbot be aŋposop uraata ma imap dance ceremony. He will have to organise kat. —Therefore I will stay to completely a feast and provide a pig. finish off the work. XXhappen upon, come upon, run into and Parei, ko aŋposop kini ka lwoono ku? therefore cannot proceed as planned —How is it, shall I finish off the Amlela ma amporou sala mooto Koseŋa. remainder of your (SG) food? To amiili ma ampa pa zaala toro . —We Mbot rimen, mi waem toro iposop sua kini (EXC) went inland and happened upon the muŋgu, mana pekel. —Wait a bit and let snake Koseŋa. Then we returned and your (SG) friend finish his talk first, and walked back another way. after that you can respond. Amsula be amwe Buburundu, mi amporou Nio ta aŋwe uunu pa koroŋ ta boozomen, sala pizin moori. Tana amlela amwe mi aŋposop koroŋ ta boozomen. —I am ndalea. —We (EXC) went down to bathe the beginning/origin of everything, and at Buburundu, but ran into some women I [will] finish off everything. [I am the there. So we went further up the river beginning and the end of everything.] and bathed there. Parei, irao posop kat kadoono ta tiur pu dial. var. -soborou sala (Marile) na? —How is it, can you (SG) bear the full pitik iporrou la mata- punishment that they have assigned to XX‘see stars’, experience sudden pain you? / Can you pay the full price they Ni mazaana isu ma itut tomtom uteene, to have charged you? pitik iporrou la mataana. —A coconut fell -posopsop V_Tr Redup and hit a person’s head, and he ‘saw stars.’ see also: -pemet, -kam ma imap, -parwai Aŋtut uteŋ sala pambaara ki ruumu ma -posou V_Tr pitik iporrou la motoŋ. —I hit my head on XXstrengthen/ support/ steady something a cross beam of the house and ‘saw stars.’ by adding something around it pot 407 pot

Kam toono mi posou la kitiimbi uunu. —Get To wooŋgo ipot ma ise ŋana. —Then the some ground and pile it around the base boat began floating and rose up a bit. of the post to steady it. -potpot V_Intr_Stative Redup XXprovide a support for something Yok ipotpot lela. —There was water in it. Pin ikam be imuzu, to takam ke ila mi Wooŋgo ipotpot se yok keteene. —The canoe toposou ma imender kat. —When a was floating on the water. banana bunch is about to bend down, we Iŋga li irao be wooŋgo ipotpot. —Over there (INC) take a stick and put it under it as a [the water] is deep enough for the canoe support so it will stand up properly. to float. XXsupport, help, show solidarity Koroŋ tana imon sula kuuru leleene kembei def. Wal ku sa imender pu mi ipombolu, ina teu som. Ipotpot se kor. —That thing did iposou u. —When a member of your (SG) not sink down into the pot like sugar. It family stands for you and strengthens floated on top. you, he supports you. XXbe light (in weight), not be heavy similar: -we silou pa, -silou, -pombol Buza ipotpot. —The knife is light. pot1 N lele- ipotpot construction: ka- pot XXunconcerned, carefree, unworried (Lit. XXbladder ‘insides are floating/light’) ŋge ka pot —pig’s bladder (used as a balloon) potpotŋa- N_Inal_Stative Pikin titaŋ pa ŋge ka pot. —The children XXfloating, light in weight were crying for the pig’s bladder. XXeasy pot2 N kwo- potpotŋa- —able to speak easily alt. potpot N Redup ŋgar potpotŋana —simple idea, easy to XXpumice that floats on the sea, light lava understand, uncomplicated def. Ina you toono leleene kana ka tiene. similar: -raurauŋa- —That is a product of the fire that is pot4 V_Intr_Uninfl inside the earth. kwo- pot def. Laŋla tiene, iti toso ‘pot.’ Ina pot ta XXfall asleep, be asleep you kanŋana. Iti topot kuuru pa, o tasap Nio aŋsu ma kwoŋ pot. Aŋleŋ sua mini som. nakabasi kiini, to topot ma iŋgeeze. —I laid down and fell asleep. I did not —Residue from the Langila volcano, we hear the talk anymore. (INC) call pot. That pumice is something fire Ni kwoono pot, mi ire ma ileŋ. —He was has burnt. We scrub pots clean with it, or sleeping and saw and heard [=He had a when we carve a handle for an axe, then vision.] we sand it smooth using pumice. Ileŋleŋ mbol ki N. ma ila ma kwoono pot. -pot3 V_Intr_Stative —He continued to listen to N.’s story until XXcontain water, have water inside he fell asleep. XXbe/ stand (used to predicate the location mata- pot of water) XXtired, sleepy Yok muriini tana, yok sa ipot pa som. Ni mataana pot. —He is very tired/ sleepy. —That well, there was no water in it. XXslack Yok ipot ma ise. —The water rose. Matanda pot pa uraata pepe. —We (INC) Sombe wooŋgo sumbuunu, to yok izze ma ipot must not get slack with the work. la wooŋgo leleene. —If there is a hole in the Motom pot paso? Petelu? Maŋga mi kam canoe, then water will rise and there will uraata! —Why are you (SG) so slack in be water inside the canoe. doing things? Are you hungry? Get up Aŋre koroŋ kembei ta tai i, ipot ta Biibi and do some work! muriini uunu i. —I saw something like a mata- potŋa- sea which was there near the Lord’s throne. XXslacker XXfloat, be on top of the water Nu motom potŋom! Rre ŋaŋi pa uraata paso? a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pot 408 -potor

La ma teege namaana som? —You slacker. -sokaala Why are (SG) you just idly watching him XXtreat as holy, hallow working? Can’t you go and help him? Niam Tomoyam, nu zom iwal ko tipotom -pot5 V_Tr pa. —Our (EXC) Father, your name, may XXsand, make smooth (by using pot people treat it as holy. ‘pumice’) XXspare Ni ipot ke. —He sanded the timber. Lelem isaana pini mi potomi pepe! —Don’t XXscrub clean (using pumice, steel wool ,or have compassion on him and spare him! rough leaves) potomŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ni ipot kuuru pa ŋguuru ruunu. —She XXholy scrubbed the pot clean with ŋguuru tree Ni itunu ko ikam yom ma kewe potomŋoyom. leaves. —He himself will make you (PL) holy. XXbrush/ clean teeth Bubuŋana Potomŋana Pot zoŋom! —Clean your (SG) teeth! XXHoly Spirit -poto V_Tr Mbeŋ Potomŋana XXrepeat exactly (using the same words) XXChristmas Eve Ibob iso pa Misek, mi nio aŋpoto sua ki Ibob urum potomŋana ma aŋso mini. —Ibob spoke to Misek, and XXchurch building I repeated Ibob’s talk and said it again. urum pakaana ta potomŋana ŋonoono kat La kar, to poto sua tio ila kizin kolman. —the part of the temple that was very —Go to the village and then repeat my holy, the holy of holies words to the elders. aigule potomŋana ki Merere XXtrace (a drawing) XXthe Lord’s holy day, Sunday Nio aŋpoto tomtom kunuunu ta ise ti. —I aigule potomŋana tabe ketende su pa i traced the person’s picture here. XXSabbath (Lit. ‘the holy day when we are Nio ko aŋpoto sua tio mini. Pa ina ipata pizin to rest’) be tikam ŋgar pa. —I [will] say it again. For -potop V_Tr it is difficult for them to understand it. XXdrop something carefully, drop a little -pototo V_Tr Redup bit of something see also: -to Potop yaaba ku sula yok, mi keene kom ye. -potom V_Tr —Drop your (SG) fishing line carefully down XXforbid the use of something, put a taboo into the water and catch yourself a fish. on, prohibit, ban, restrict Ro koŋ tai risa imar, aŋpotop sula yambon Niom kopotom lele tina. —Make this a tio. —Scoop me up a bit of salt, and I will forbidden area. sprinkle it on my soup. Tipotom zitun, tila kizin moori som. —They see also: -top restricted themselves from going near -potor V_Tr women [to have sexual relations with XXcalm, comfort, soothe them]. Ni leleene isaana, tana zin kolman tila be Ni ipotom mbolkai kini be tiwe bibip. —He tipotor leleene. —Because he felt bad, the banned people from eating his betel-nuts, elders went to comfort him. so that they would grow big. XXplacate, conciliate similar: -ur ŋgalseki pa (see under -ŋgalsek) Sombe tomtom sa keteene malmal, na tala XXreserve/ save something for later be topotori. —If someone is angry, then Potom lem mburu sa ma imbot pa Sande. we (INC) go to placate him. —Reserve some clothes for Sunday. def. Sombe tomtom sa leleene ambai som, na def. Nio leleŋ be koroŋ sa imbot ma ka nol ipet, tala be toso sua pini ma takami ma leleene tona aŋkam koroŋ tana. —I want something ambai. —If someone is not feeling good/ to be left alone until the right time for it happy/contented, then we (INC) go to speak comes, and [only] then do I take that thing. with him and make him feel good/happy/ similar: -ur lae, -kamkaala, -mbukkaala, contented. -ŋgun, -patar, -riskaala, -roogo(kaala), similar: -urpe lele- -potou 409 -powoolo

-potortor V_Tr Redup pou2 V_Intr_Uninfl Ni ipotortor lelen, mi iurpewe pataŋana XXmake a splashing sound kizin. —He calms their hearts and helps Ni mazaana pou la yok keteene. —A ripe settle their problems. coconut splashed into the water. potorŋa- N_Inal_Stative Loondo su ti, mi kaŋkaŋ ma la ma pou la XXsoothing, calming, peaceful, speak yok keteene. —Run down here, and go quietly sitting close to straight and splash into the water. sua potorŋana —soothing talk which poupou V_Intr_Uninfl Redup makes people feel good XXmaking a splashing sound So sua kekeŋana pepe. So sua potorŋana. -pou3 V_Intr/Tr —Don’t speak harshly. Speak soothingly. XXshow respect, demonstrate respect similar: luumuŋana by behaving properly, respectful, act XXlow level area like the Markham valley respectfully Markham Valley, ina lele potorŋana. —The note: Some cultural ways of showing Markham Valley, that [is] a low level area. respect are: 1) not stepping over people, -potor ki V_Tr 2) not walking behind them, 3) not XXdo carefully or properly putting food directly into their hands, Rak, to potor ki naroogo. Karau karau sorok 4) not striking them, 5) not taking things pepe. To kombom. —When you (SG) dance, from their baskets, 6) not talking too then do it properly. Don’t just rush into it. loudly or quarrelling in their presence, Follow [the rhythm of] the drums. 7) obeying them Ketem pitpit pa sua pepe. Potor ki sua Topou pa zin kolman, to ambai. —If we (INC) soŋana, naso so kat. —Don’t be too hasty respect older people, then it is good. in speaking. Speak carefully, and then Iti irao topou pa Merere mi tomoto i. —We you (SG) will speak well. should (INC) respect the Lord and fear him. note: perhaps an irregular causative form Nio aŋpou pa Mase, pa ni ye uteene tiam. of -tooro ‘change, turn’ —I show respect for Mase because he is -potou V_Tr our (EXC) clan leader [Lit. ‘our fish head’] XXput on a grass skirt similar: le- ŋger pa, mata- se ki, mata- kotse -potoutou V_Tr Redup ki, -pakur Muŋgu, zin kolman moori tipotoutou serek. -powou V_Intr/Tr Redup —In the past, the old women used to powouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup wear grass skirts. XXrespectful potouŋana N_Inal_Event tomtom powouŋana —respectful person Iti na serek potouŋana imap. Mi zin karkari -powoolo V_Tr pakan na, tipotoutou serek men i. —With XXformalise a marriage, conduct a marriage us (INC), the wearing of grass skirts is ceremony, officiate at a marriage finished. But in some other places, they Nio aŋpowoolo zin. —I officiated at their are still wearing them. marriage ceremony. pou1 N_Event Nio aŋpowoolo ziru ta kembei, pa ziru XXweather magic (magic that affects rain tiparre zin kek. —I formalised their or wind) (Coconuts, ginger, fire, and marriage like this, because they had chanting are involved in performing it.) already seen each other [i.e. had sexual Zin Koobo tikam pou bekena tikwai. —The relations]. inner island people performed weather Topowoolo moori ila ki waene. —We (INC) magic [making it rain and thereby brought the girl to her husband’s house. calming the sea], in order to go sailing. [=traditional way of making a marriage pouŋa- N_Inal_Stative official in the community] tomtom pouŋana XXpollinate (as in the cultivation of vanilla, XXmagician, person who knows how to do where one must cross-pollinate the male weather magic and female plants) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z pu 410 puge

Kala kopowoolo vanila ki Maikol ta koozi. Kaŋar/ kun/ puke/ guava/ kakau tipu. —Go pollinate Michael’s vanilla today. —The galip nut tree, breadfruit, uraata ki vanila powooloŋana —pollination Malaysian apple, guava, cocoa trees are of vanilla plants starting to produce/bear fruit. see also: -woolo Ndaama tiŋgi kaŋar ipu ambai som. —This pu1 N year the galip nut trees are not producing XXnet (general term) well. pu ŋge kana —net for catching pigs (may be puŋana— N_Inal_Event over 50 metres long, Kampalap village is Kaŋar imbel puŋana. —The galip tree is known for manufacturing them, made out producing a lot of nuts. of kaiwos (=Tok Pisin tulip) tree bark. Each -pu5 V_Tr pig net has a different name according to XXsqueeze a galip nut out of its brown skin which clan owns them. Nets are kept in a Sombe iti tupu kaŋar, to keteene imbot, mi clan houses) twiini ila ne. Kaŋar na, tesek som, iti tupu. Perek kaiwos pa pu ŋge kana. —Braid —When we (INC) squeeze galip nuts out kaiwos fibres for a pig net. of their skins, then the kernel stays, and pu ye, pu wok, pu man kana —fishing net, the brown skin goes away. Galip nuts, net for catching wallabies, net for catching we do not peel [the skins from them], we for birds squeeze [them out of their skins]. -ke pu —weave a net puak N -kwaara pu, -baada pu —carry a net and XXcoconut fruit that is very young (has no hunt with it flesh, drinkable but not very sweet) -raara pu, -ŋgun pu —set up/ arrange a net def. Ni ka sur popoŋana (ŋono somŋana), pu katuunu bizin —owners of the net iyokyok, inamut som. —It is a very young pu2 N_Event fruit of a coconut (no flesh has formed XXsorcery, harmful magic (Victory Leaf, yet), watery, not very sweet-tasting. ginger, and the bark of some trees are Kekeende kanda puak sa lak! —Twist us (INC) used for this kind of magic) off a young coconut Pu na, koroŋ kalaana som. —Sorcery is similar: pugor, sur something very bad. -pue V_Intr puŋa- N_Inal_Stative construction: mata- pue tomtom puŋana —sorcerer, shaman, XXclear one’s mind of other thoughts so magician one can concentrate on something else Tomtom puŋana imbuk tomtom tana ma Buri ti, nako aŋkam som. Pa iŋgi uraata imeete. —A sorcerer worked magic on boozo. Inmbot ma motoŋ pue to aŋkam. him (Lit. ‘tied/knotted him’) and he died. Uraata toro sa imbot motoŋ som, tona see also: naborou, pou, yaamba, -pu, aŋkam. —Just now I won’t do it. For now -pasaana [I have] a lot of work [to do]. It will have pu3 Pronoun to wait until I have no other work to do alt. piwi and then, when my mind is clear of other XXto/ for/ about/ concerning/ from/ because things, I will do it. of you (SG) (second person singular referent puge N pronoun) XXcrocodile Nio ko aŋkam koroŋ ti pu. —I will give this Puge ikarra pa toono, mi iyaago la yok thing to you. leleene pa wiini. —A crocodile crawls on dial. var. piu (Gauru), pue (Kabi and Sakar) the ground and swims in the water with note: from pa + u its tail. see also: ku/ kiwi/ kiu/ kue, nu/ niwi/ niu/ Tisou puge lutuunu. —They caught a young ŋu/ ŋue, pa crocodile. -pu4 V_Intr Tikeene puge pa yaaba biibi ta mbolŋana XXstart to flower, bear, produce (fruit or kat. —They caught a crocodile with a big nuts) fishing line that was very strong. pugor 411 pulaata puge tai kana def. mbuleene siŋsiŋŋana —The rear of it is XXsaltwater crocodile puge yok kana red. Tala tekel kanda puke tai. —Let’s (INC) go XXfreshwater crocodile puge alagap and dig up some puke tai polyps to eat. Puke tai nama rouŋan. —A puke tai polyp XXblack crocodile (biggest one) puge waŋ has a bundle of tentacles. pukpuk N_Event Redup XXmale crocodile (young one) XXwaving one’s limbs in the air pugor N_Stative Tewe pen ma pukpuk. —We (INC) are XXyoung coconut with no edible flesh like turtles [lying on our backs] and yet (The shells of such coconuts break [helplessly] waving our flippers. [=We are easily.) in trouble and can’t do anything about it.] Ni tiŋgi ŋonoono, som pugor? —This nama- pukpuk coconut, [does it have] flesh, or is it a XXclap one’s hands, or hit one’s chest young one with no flesh? pul N similar: puak XXbamboo type (small, hard, made into puk N_Event knives) construction: -kam puk def. Iwe kei ta buza i. Tupun ŋge kopoono XXmake a loud cracking noise pa i. Tapal ŋge lembeene pa pul tomini. —It is Peene ikam puk. —The gun [fired making] like a knife. We (INC) cut up a pig’s stomach a loud cracking noise. with it. We also slice off a pig’s testicles Itun mambu ma ikam puk. —He set the with knives made from pul bamboo. bamboo on fire, and it was cracking [as it pula N burned]. XXtime associated with mourning You ikam puk. —The volcano erupted. (Lit. Pula sananŋana imap, to tomtom tiyooto pa ‘The fire cracked’) baibai. Pa ina pula ambaiŋana. —Once Wo ikam puk ma ipet. —The flood came the time of mourning is over, people leave rushing with a loud noise the place of mourning. For it is the good def. Itaŋ ma kalŋaana biibi. —It makes a time after mourning. loud noise. pulaata N puke N 1 XXrestricted ceremonial area (walled in XXMalaysian apple (=Tok Pisin laulau, with coconut fronds, in the past, young scientific name: Eugenia malaccensis) men were initiated there and instructed Tasala teke kanda puke mi takan. —Let’s there by the village leader about the go up [and] pick ourselves (INC) some laws of the village. Male dancers dress Malaysian apples and eat them. themselves in Nakanmut costumes there. puke ŋgepŋana (=mazaana kat) Women are forbidden from entering it. —Malaysian apple which is really ripe For a woman to have done so in the past Puke ataka imbol som. Ipepep. —An ataka would have been a capital offence.) Malaysian apple is not hard. It is soft. def. Pulaata na, soŋsooŋgo mi ruumu ki Takan puke ataka mbitiŋana, na pakpak Nakanmut. Moori mi pikin irao tila leleene som. —When we (INC) eat ataka Malaysian som. —The pulaata, it [is] a fenced in area apples, they are not bitter. and the house of the Nakanmut. Women puke- N_Inal 2 and children are not permitted to go into it. XXcollarbone Nakanmut ko irak koozi, pa zin tomooto Re pa nomnom ikanan pukem. Puni! —Look tiwooro ta pulaata ga. —The Nakanmut out, for a mosquito is biting you near your will probably dance today, for the men (SG) collar bone. Kill it! are shouting inside the ceremonial area. puke tai N XX loan from: Mutu language, cf. pulaat sea creature type, coral polyp (edible, see also: bar (=true Mbula form), Nakanmut found on reefs and in sand) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z pulaŋ 412 -pumun pulaŋ1 N Nu ŋgal yo, nio aŋgalu. Nu piri pat pio, nio XX stone used when crushing galip nuts aŋpiri pat pu. —Fighting and preparing to Kam pulaŋ imar be aŋpil kaŋar. —Bring a fight. You (SG) spear at me, [and] I spear stone so I can roll it over the galip nuts back at you. You throw a rock at me, I and crush them. throw a rock back at you. similar: ndim niini Tomtom kolmanŋana ila ma ipulul be -pulaŋ2 V_Tr iporou. Mi tomtom naŋgaŋ na, ni XXeat different kinds of high protein foods mburaana som. —The older fellow went at the same time (e.g. meat, nuts, etc. and was getting ready to fight. But the Normally, these are eaten at different younger fellow did not want [to join in]. times.) Tipuni, mi ni ipulul us kini. —They hit him, Nu pulaŋ kopom. Ko kopom yoyou. —You (SG) and he called on his clan totem in order are eating too much protein at one time. to get more strength to fight back. (SG) You are going to have a stomach ache. pum1 V_Intr XX boil/cook sago porridge XXbe double (used of fruits and nuts) Tupulaŋ kanda meene ma takan. —Let’s kaŋar pum —The galip nut is a double one. boil ourselves (INC) some sago porridge. pumŋa- N_Inal_Stative meene pulaŋŋana XXdouble (fruit) XX sago boiled with coconut oil and salt mbu keteene pumŋana puli- N_Inal ni ka pir pumŋana XXbrideprice, things needed for buying a puke putuunu pumŋana wife Nio aŋkot kaŋar mi aŋdeeŋe kaŋar def. Moori puliini na, zin koroŋ ta ilala pa pumŋana. —I broke open the galip nut moori ŋgiimiŋana. —The brideprice, it is the and found a double nut. things that usually go for buying women. see also: paum Ni izem koroŋ biibi kat pa moori puliini. -pum2 V_Tr —He gave a large amount of things for XXmake a low-pitched sound by blowing the brideprice. Ni ipum twiiri/ ni putuunu. —He made a Mi uriizi, moori ta puliini ŋge ima ma neeni low-pitched sound by blowing a conch na, motom ŋgal som? Tana la mi lou moori shell/ coconut shell. tana su haus sik. —But just recently a pig -pumun V_Tr came to you (SG) as the woman’s brideprice XXcover up a hole, close off an opening and you cooked it. Don’t you remember Kupumun kooto ma tuŋ sala ŋgeele. it? Therefore go and visit the woman in —Finish putting on the sago thatch all the hospital. the way up to the roof ridge. Uriizi mbio ndouŋana na, moori tana puliini Kupumun kwoono! —Close his mouth! [i.e. sa, nio aŋkam? (Le tomooto iŋooŋo.) shut him up] —Recently when there was the big pile of Ni irao ipumun talŋaana pa tiŋiizi kizin na wealth objects, did I receive any of that som. —He is not going to close his ears to woman’s brideprice? [A male relative of their cries. hers is quarrelling.] Zitun tizeeze talŋan mi tipumun matan.

-puliizi V_Intr —They themselves have plugged their construction: ni- (i)puliizi, kuli- puliizi ears and closed their eyes. [=They do not XX be upset by, take offence at, be ashamed want to hear or see]. Niini (i)puliizi pa sua tio. —He was very -pumun zaala upset by my talk. XXdeny access to, block, obstruct, close off dial. var. -puliigi (Marile) Tipumun zaala pizin Koobo. Irao tile mini similar: ka- miaŋ som. —They denied access to the inner -pulul V_Intr Redup island people. They are not allowed to XXprepare oneself to fight (may involve come inland [to the village] any more. calling on one’s clan totem for strength) Ke ipol ma ila ipumun zaala. —A tree fell def. Malmalŋana mi ururŋana ki porouŋana. over and blocked the road. -pumuuŋgu 413 -pun

see also: -mun XXaffect in an unpleasant way, harm -pumuuŋgu V_Tr Mete ti ipun kat yo. —This sickness has XXstart with, begin with, put to be first really hit me hard [i.e. affected me badly]. Pumuuŋgu Namoŋo ma Atai pa kan kini Pataŋana ipunun yo. —I keep having muŋgu. —Start with N. and A. and give hardships/troubles. them their food first. similar: -pasaana Kupumuuŋgu sua tiom muŋgu. —You (PL) XXkill start off with your talk first. Pun motmooto pa koi. —Kill the worms XXgive something to someone before giving on the tobacco [by pulling them and it to other people squeezing them]. Pumuuŋgu kini pizin. —Give food to them -pun ma -meete first. XXkill (Lit. ‘hit and die’) XXbe first to do something Iru zaala be ipuni ma imeete. —He looked Tiom tasa sombe le sanaana sa som, na for a way to kill him. ipumuuŋgu pat piriŋana pa moori ti. —If kwo- ipun one of you (PL) has no sin, then he should XXscold, yell at (Lit. ‘mouth hits’) be the first at throwing stones at this pai ipun woman. XXbe tired out by a journey, be exhausted see also: -muuŋgu by a journey (Lit. ‘journey hits’) -pun V_Tr Ko pai ipuni sorok. —He might be tired out XXhit, strike, smite, smote (This is the by the journey for no reason. general verb for hit. It also can have peteele ipun a more specific sense of hitting that is XXsuffer famine (Lit. ‘hunger hits’) done with a motion that is more parallel uze ipun to the ground rather than vertical.) XXsweat because of working hard Ni ipun yo. —He hit me. yaŋ ipun Tipuni ma ruŋguunu isaana. —They beat XXget rained on (Lit. ‘rain hits’) him up badly. [He was bleeding, etc.] -pun le Koobo tipun tai, mi ye tiko ma tila be titi XXlower a boat’s sail, roll up a sail pu. —The inner island people struck the Pun le, pa miiri biibi. —Lower the sail, for sea [with sticks], and the fish fled and got there is a strong wind. caught in the net. -pun mbura- Ni ikam tete kini mi ipun su toono. —He XXwork hard took his walking stick and hit it down on Zin tipun sorok mburan. —They worked the ground. hard, but it was in vain. see also: -rou ‘hit/strike’ Kozo pun mburom pa koroŋ ŋonoono men. XXtry to overcome, struggle to subdue —You (SG) should only work hard for Aŋpunun ŋgar ki kuliŋ i bekena aŋkoto ŋgar something worthwhile. tana. —I am hitting/struggling against -pun mormor the thinking of my skin [=my natural XXtame carnal desires] in order to subdue that Nio aŋpun mormor posi be mataana isu. —I [kind of] thinking. tamed the cat. XXbuild, make, nail together (something -pun mos small like a door or coffin, but not XXcarve a design onto something something large like a house) Kasai ipun mos pa kombom. —Kasai carved Mak ipun kataama. —Mark made/ built a design onto a drum. the door. -pun ro see also: -po ‘tie/build (a house)’ XXweed (a garden, Lit. ‘hit weeds’) XXplay (guitar) Zin tipunun ro pa mokleene kizin. —They Naŋgaŋ tipunun gita kizin. —The young were weeding their garden. men were playing their guitars. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pundu 414 -punraama -pun su Punkaala plastik kwoono, kokena kaŋar XXrest, sit down to rest titoptop. —Tie the mouth of the plastic Zin tipun su Mbam kezeene. —They sat down bag shut so the galip nuts don’t spill out. to rest on the bank of the Mbam river. XX -punke V_Tr settle to live in a new area XX -pun tai kill secretly, assassinate Nio aŋpunke ŋge kini, mi ni iute som. —I XXcalm down the sea secretly killed his pig, and he did not Yaŋ ipun tai ma imeete. —The rain calmed know about it. the ocean. -pun tooro Timbuk Paulus ka kiizi be tipunke i su zaala lwoono. —They decided to assassinate XXdance a Tooro dance. -pun ute- Paul on the road. see also: -pun, -ke XXthink hard (Lit. ‘hit one’s head’) punkeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Iti tupun utende, mibe takam ŋgar. —We (INC) construction: maol punkeŋa- are thinking hard so we will XX understand. lazy -punun V_Tr Redup Ni maol punkeŋana kat. —He is lazy. punŋa- N_Inal_Stative similar: beleegeŋa, lugoogoŋa, -maol, Kataama ti punŋana kek. —This door is maolŋa-, mata ila lil, mburasomŋa, -ŋgwol, already nailed together. ŋgwolŋa-, -ŋguulu, paŋa- bais/ beleege/ N_Inal_Event leeze, bolbolkuŋa- -punmeete V_Tr gita punŋana —guitar playing XX Nu you punŋom! (=Nu talŋom somŋom!) — stop, hinder, bring to a halt, turn off Ni ipunmeete uraata. —He stopped/ You (SG) don’t listen! [Lit. ‘You are a fire killer!’] (=You don’t have ears.) hindered the work. -pundu V_Tr Tipunmeete generator. —They turned off XXdrop something down, let something the generator. down, throw down Yesu ipunmeete miiri ma duubu. —Jesus stopped the storm. Ni ipundu mburu se pooto. —He dropped —They stopped the cargo onto the veranda. Tipunmeete malmal, ŋoŋi. Pundu su pepe! Kokena imapaala. Riŋa mi the fight, quarrel. ur su. —Don’t drop it down lest it break. Takam parei mi tupunmeete sua tana? —What should we (INC) do in order to stop Put it down carefully. Tipundu gomsaaba kizin kizin isu toono. that talk? —They turned —They dropped their baskets down onto Tipunmeete lam mi lele zugut. off the lamp and [then] it was dark. the ground. Mose keteene ibeleu kat, mi ipundu pat see also: -pun, -meete -punraama V_Middle babaŋan ru tana isu toono. —Moses was XX really furious, and threw those two flat sit down to rest stones down on the ground. Zin moori tipunraama zin su lele taŋga. see also: -ndu —The women sat down to rest in that -pune V_Tr place over there. XX similar: kete- su, -pun su wear traditional loincloth, put on XX Maala tum kuliini na, titut mi tipune ma iwe hold back, keep back (some food which maala. —The bark of a malatum tree, they should be shared, because of stinginess) pound it and wear it as a loincloth. Tomtom taŋga ipunraama kini mbuleene ma imbot. —That fellow kept back the -punkaala V_Tr leftover food (for himself). XXboard off an opening, nail shut -punramraama V_Middle Redup Tipunkaala kataama, siiri, ŋge zalaana. XXtake it easy, be slow in doing something —They nailed the door/ fence/ pig’s path (getting going, eating, talking, smoking) closed. Punramraamu pa pai paso? Riŋariŋa paso? XXtie shut Loŋa mi tama. —Why are you (SG) so slow -puŋgaara 415 -purai zuru- puŋpuŋ in walking? Why so slowly? Come quickly XXbig snout so that we (INC) can go [together]. ŋge zuruunu puŋpuŋŋana —pig with a big Punramraamu pepe. Pa waem bizin tila kek. snout —Don’t be so slow in getting going. For XXthick lips (used as an insult) your (SG) friends have already gone. Nu zurum puŋpuŋ kembei ta ŋge mo! Ŋu Kupunramraama yom, tabe mbalus imaŋga paso? —Your (SG) lips are thick like a pig’s ma ila lene kek. —You (PL) were slow in snout! [used as an insult] Why are you going, and so the aeroplane has taken off upset? and gone [without you]. -puŋus Nu moori be punramraamu! Tomooto sa V_Tr XXblow one’s nose amkamamam ta kembena? —Are you (SG) a woman that you are so slow! Are any of Puŋus ŋurum pepe. Mus men. —Don’t blow your nose. Just wipe it. us (EXC) men doing like that? -pup V_Tr -puŋgaara V_Tr XX XXdevour food, keep eating without trim, cut (hair, beard), shear (fur) thinking of others Nio aŋpup kezeŋ. —I trimmed my beard. Kupuŋgaara kini rimos! —Quit devouring Aŋla ma tipup uteŋ ruunu. —I went and got the food! my hair cut. def. Kini ila kopoono men, ila kopoono men. Tipup sipsip rumun rumun. —They sheared —Food keeps going into one’s stomach. the sheep. -pupup V_Tr Redup -puŋit V_Tr pupŋana N_Inal_Event XXclean out entrails To tizem pupŋana. —Then they stopped the Nio aŋpuŋit ye/ ŋge kopoono. —I cleaned [hair] cutting. the entrails out of the fish’s/pig’s stomach. ute ruunu pupŋana —cutting of one’s hair XXconsume the inside of something pur N_Event puŋitŋit V_Tr Redup XX Mala na, ke uunu. (Ikis you). Pa mbeŋ molo fart sound na ni ipuŋitŋit ma inmbot. —Mala wood Siini ikam pur. —He farted and made a pur is good firewood. (It holds/maintains the sound. pura N_Stative fire.) For it keeps burning throughout the XX night. light-skinned, Caucasian person puŋpuŋ V_Intr_Stative Redup note: Kampalap form XXbe big and round, be swollen dial. var. tubudu, puspuuzuŋa-, bedbeedeŋa- Mi uteene na, ipuŋpuŋ. —And its head was (Central), anuut (Gauru) big and round. loan from: West New Britain -purai V_Tr Kumbuŋ ipuŋpuŋ. —My leg is swollen. XX similar: -sar, -suŋsuŋ do magic by chanting, work defensive Ke tiŋgi puŋpuŋ mete. Kere musaana ŋana, magic, work a counter-spell to irao sumbuunu ti. —This piece of Tipurai pat bekena tiser kon pa ma imbot timber is too big. Look for something molo. —They worked a counter-spell on the smaller, for then it will fit into this hole. stone in order to drive the ghost far away. Ke tiŋgi musaana mete. Kere biibiŋana/ Tipurai marai, mi tipaaza su kar keteene puŋpuŋŋana ri. —This stick is too small. kizin. Beso naborou kizin wal pakan imar, Look for a bit bigger/ thicker one. to isoborou sala. —They worked defensive puŋpuŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup magic using ginger, and planted it in the XXswollen, large area near the front of their house. So if some serembat puŋpuŋŋana —large sweet potato people’s magic comes, it will be blocked. Ni ikam mermeere, marai, meeze kuliini, to A, nu utem puŋpuŋŋom na. —Ah you (SG), your head is swollen. [insult mainly used ipurai zin. —He took Victory Leaf, ginger, by women to scold children for their [and] the bark of a meeze tree and then misbehaviour] worked a counter-spell on them. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pures 416 -purus -purairai V_Tr Redup similar: mbeezeŋa-, mozorzooroŋa-, Mbulu ta tupurairai zin tomtom ti, muraprapŋa- pakaamŋana kat. —This behaviour of us -purri V_Tr Redup (INC) doing counter magic for people, is XXbleed, bubbling/ pouring out (used of really deceptive. blood) purairaiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Tipun tomtom tana ma siŋ ipurri i. —They XXmagician hit that man and blood was bubbling out Tiboobo tomtom purairaiŋana be imar of him. ikarakiti tomtom kizin. —They called a -purru V_Intr Redup magician to come and fix their people. see also: zeŋzeŋŋa-, -seŋ, -zeŋzeŋ alt. -paruru XXstimulate, stir to do something -pures V_Intr/Tr Sanaana ipurru i, tabe inoknok mbulu XXspray out of one’s mouth, blow out from sananŋana kamŋana. —Sin stirs him to the mouth continue doing bad. Aŋseŋ makiŋ, mi aŋpures. —After I had Bubuŋana Potomŋana ipurru i ma ikam chewed betel-nut, I sprayed out my saliva. uraata ambaimbaiŋana boozo. —The Holy Nio aŋpures la mataana. —I sprayed saliva Spirit stimulated him to do a lot of good in his eyes [as an insult to him]. work. see also: -kiziu ‘spit’, -luai ‘spit out’ Leleŋ ipurru yo be aŋtooro mboe pakan. —I -puresres V_Intr/Tr Redup felt moved to compose some songs. Ni imbel ka siŋi kek. Pa ipuresres ma imar i. def. Koroŋ ise pini, imaŋga pini, tana iŋgi —He has chewed a lot of betel-nut. For he be ikam mbulu sa. —Because something is spitting [it] out as he comes. -pureskaala ascends to him, gets going in him, he is now about to do something. XXspit on see also: -pabukbuk Tipureskaali mi tikam teene mi tirourou sala -puru V_Tr uteene. —They spat on him, and took a XX cane, and were hitting it on his head. pull up with roots, uproot Ni ila ma ipuru mok/ zeere/ serembat ma -puri V_Tr ise. —He went and pulled up a taro plant/ XXwash under running water, rinse (hands, leafy vegetables/ sweet potatoes. plates, clothes) Tipuru ro sananŋan pa mokleene kizin. Nio aŋpuri motoŋ/ nomoŋ. —I rinsed my —They weeded their garden. eyes (or face)/ hands. Yooba ko ipuru zin ma tila len pa toono kini. Puri serembat sula yok. —Rinse the sweet —Yahweh will uproot them, and they will potatoes in the river. [be forced] out of his land. note: used more in Kampalap -purru/ -pururu V_Tr Redup see also: -ri Purru kilaŋ tina! —Keep pulling up that purpur V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup kilaŋ grass. XXsoft and ready to be eaten, well-roasted purupaala N (used of sweet potatoes, manioc, and XXbird type (brown, has white eyelids, bananas that are roasted over a fire) lives on the ground, resembles a quail, def. kini lasŋana —roasted food edible) Mbim serembat tana, ko purpur kek? To isu Uriizi, Peenebi isou purupaala ta. —The ma takan. —Press the sweet potato, is it day before yesterday old Peene caught a getting soft already? [If it is,] then take it purupaala bird. off and we’ll (INC) eat it. purpurŋa- -purus V_Intr N_Inal_Stative Redup XX XXsoft ground that is ready to be planted come loose, become untied (rarer meaning) Kawaala kini ipurus ma itop. —His loincloth came loose and fell off. Toono purpurŋana, ina ambai pa kini XX paazaŋana. —Soft ground, that is good get loose, escape, manage to get free —The snare caught for planting food. Kilis ikeeni mi ipurus. him but he managed to get free. pus 417 -pusuk pus1 N XXcleanse, purify XX belt, necktie, rope tied around one’s Yesu ipus ti pa sanaana kiti ma teŋgeeze waist kat. —Jesus cleanses/purifies us (INC) from Ni ipezekat lwoono pa pus. —He tied a belt our sin and we are truly clean. around his waist. XXwash oneself Pus ikiskis kawaala tio. —A rope is holding Kolmanbi isula yok ma ipusi ma ambai leen. up my loincloth. (leleene ambai) —The old man went down pus2 N_Event to the river and washed himself and now construction: -kam pus he feels good. XX become open, no longer obstructed -puzus V_Middle/Tr Redup Ŋgureene ikam pus. —He got his voice back Nio aŋpuzus kaŋar sula yok mi zin timar tila. [Lit. ‘His throat opened.’] —While I was washing away the skins of Kuzuunu ikam pus. —His nose opened up the galip nuts, they came and went. (after having been stuffed up). pusou lene N talŋa- (sumbuunu) ikam pus XXarea where a pig net is set up to catch XX ear opens after having been blocked pigs (Lit. ‘net-catch’) Talŋaana sumbuunu ikam pus. —His ear def. Lele ta tiraara pu pa na, ina tipaata be opened. pusou lene. —The place where a [pig] net XX happen to hear and take notice of is set up is called a pusou area. Iŋgi sua tau zin uraata kan talŋan ikam pus Koso kalŋoyom pepe. Pa iŋgi pusou lene ta pa, ta ise ro gi. — This is [just] the talk the ti. —Don’t speak in loud voice. For this is workmen happened to hear and take notice the area where pig nets have been set up. of that [has been put] into this book [i.e. -puspuuzuŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup this dictionary]. XXwhite (used of skin, teeth, clothing) pus3 V_Intr_Uninfl Siot tio puspuuzuŋana. —My shirt is white. XX go through, come through, make one’s biidi kundu puspuuzuŋana (=biidi way through popoŋana, totou na zen) —The tip of the Kuru ma pus pa sumbuunu ma imar. —Push yam [is] white (=new/immature yam, it it through the hole. not yet ready for us (INC) to dig up.) Ŋge ta iti la pu, mi pus ma ila lene. —A pig Kakam mbulu tana pepe. Ko zoŋoyom got caught in the net, but broke through it puspuuzuŋoyom mi kemeete. —Don’t do and escaped. that. You (PL) will die with white teeth. Molo som na, mooto pus ma ipet pa ke [i.e. at a young age] liigiŋana. —It was not long and a snake similar: kokouŋa- ‘white’ came out of the bundle of firewood. XXfair, light (skin colour) puspus V_Intr Redup Iti na, kulindi gabgapŋanda. Mi zin na, XX go through kulin puspuuzuŋan. —We (INC) are dark- Man lutunlutun puspus pa siiri ma tila len. skinned. But they are fair-skinned. —The chicks kept going through the fence zin puspuuzuŋan —Caucasian and Asian and getting away. people -pus4 V_Middle/Tr similar: bedbeedeŋa-, pura, anuut XX wash away the outer skin of galip nuts -pusuk V_Tr Tupus kaŋar kuliini ila ne. —We (INC) wash XXpush (down or away) off the outer skin of the galip nuts. Nio aŋpusuki ma ila ŋana. —I pushed him XX clean by wiping dirt away a bit further. Pus buza tio lutuunu ti mataana. Pa neeri Pusuk zin ma tilae, mi niom kala ma tikaam buzur pa ma siŋ imbot la. —Wipe kumuuŋgu. —Push them aside and you (PL) the blade of my knife clean. For yesterday go ahead. they butchered an animal and there is XXblame someone else when you have been blood on it. accused of something similar: -yamus a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -pusur 418 putput

Niam amsuk sua pini, mi ni ipusuk la ki Nio aŋput yo su pooto. —I sat cross-legged tomtom toro. —We accused him, but he on the veranda. blamed someone else. Swooro kumbum pepe. Put kumbum. see also: -suk —Don’t stretch out your (SG) legs. Fold -pusuksuk V_Tr Redup them up under you. Nu pusuksuk yo paso! —Why are you (SG) similar: -selek, -lek kumbu-, -kat kumbu- pushing me! putar N kwo- ipusuk XXtrail regularly followed by an animal XXurge, press, push someone to do Kozo la, to ur kilis isu putar biibi tiŋga. something (Lit. ‘mouth pushes’) —Go and put the snare on that big Nio kwoŋ ipusuki be ila lene. —I urged him animal trail over there. to go away. Ni izaŋzaaŋa putar mi ikanan buzur. —He -pusur V_Tr often lies in wait by the trail and [so] he XXpush something off in the water and let usually has meat to eat. it float away -putke V_Tr Nio aŋpusur kotkot ma ipera lene. —I pushed XXuntie, untangle, open knots off some drift wood and it floated away Ni iputke wooro kaukauŋana. —He down the river ([to get rid of it. I don’t untangled the tangled rope. care where it goes.] Putke wooro ta ikaukau yo na. —Untie the see also: -sur, -pasur rope that is around me. put1 V_Intr_Uninfl Ni iputke wooŋgo, mi ipeeze ma ipera. —He XXbe cut off, become completely separated, untied the canoe, and paddled down break in half, break in two (used of long towards the mouth of the river. things) Aŋputke kumbu keteene ka wooro. —I Timbit wooŋgo pa teene mi tiyaaru, to teene untied his shoelaces. put se lwoono. —They tied up the canoe XXfree somebody, let go free with a piece of cane and pulled it, but Ni iur sua be tiputke Yosep. —He ordered then the cane broke in two in the middle. Joseph to be freed. Ni iyembut Apoi namaana lutuunu ma put. XXreveal, disclose —He cut off Apoi’s finger. -putkewe V_Tr Redup Kolman tana, ni uraata kini put kek. Ina putkeŋa- N_Inal_Stative niom naŋgaŋ be motoyom ŋgal uraata Kosasa ta zukŋana, nako putkeŋana. tiom. —That old man, his work is finished —Whatever is wrapped up [=secret], will [=He is not able to do work any more]. be opened, untied [=exposed, revealed]. Now you young men, need to look after putput V_Intr_Stative Redup your (PL) work. XXbulge, be swollen similar: -met Ni ikan kini biibi ma kopoono putput kat. putput V_Intr Redup —He ate a lot of food and his stomach Tiyembut lae pa wooro ma putput. —They was really bulging. were cutting the rope up into pieces. Ni iwi pot ma iputput. —He blew up the riŋriŋ put pig’s bladder and it was swollen [with air]. XXspeak clearly not withholding anything, Sokorei isula pelpeele ku, ta iputput na? speak frankly/candidly/forthrightly —What is there in your (SG) basket that is Yembut kat sua ma riŋriŋ put (=so kat causing it to bulge? lelem). Nasobe zin tikam ŋgar. Pa sua ta Ni iseŋ ma mbu iputput la kwoono. —He was kembei mburaana. —Finish the talk and chewing and the betel-nut filled his mouth. speak frankly (=really say how you (SG) mata- putput feel). Then they will understand. For that XXeyes bulging (because of fierce anger), kind of talk is strong. glare at -put2 V_Middle/Tr XXused as an insult XXsit cross-legged or with one’s legs folded Nu motom putput! —You (SG) ugly person up under oneself with bulging-eyes! putu- 419 -putun kwo- putput putu-2 N_Inal XXmouth is bulging (with food, betel-nuts) XXseed -paputput V_Tr Redup def. We, puke, ip, rok, papaya, ŋgeŋ, ti na ke XXfill up putun putunŋan. —Mangoes, Malaysian Kapaputput kopoyom pa ke pwoono rimos! apples, Tahitian Chestnuts, New Guinea Imbot mi kakan kat kini ŋonoono. —Stop walnuts, papayas, wild papayas, and ti filling your (PL) stomachs with fruits. trees all have seeds. Leave them, and eat some proper food. Sombe tapaaza koroŋ sa putuunu, na… putu-1 N_Inal —If we (INC) plant the seed of something, XXcontainer, shell then… Ŋonoono imbot, som putuunu men? —Does Kini iweniwen mi koroŋ putun putun ko it have any contents, or is it just an empty tipiyotyooto naman naman ma runrun ma container? ŋonon ŋonon matakiŋa. —The seedlings of yok putuunu —water container food plants and seeds of things will produce ŋgeele putuunu —shell of a shellfish branches and leaves and all kinds of fruits. ni putuunu —coconut shell -putu3 V_Tr XXplain food without any accompaniment XXfeed Amkan serembat/ mok/ biidi putuunu men. Putu ŋge! —Feed the pig! —We (EXC) ate plain sweet potatoes/ taro Nio ko aŋputu zin ma kopon bok. —I will [cooked in water, not in coconut or with feed them so their stomachs will be full. anything else]. Tiputu you. —They fed the fire with more similar: guma wood. XX empty -pututu V_Tr Redup Zin kar kan timeke ma timap tila ma kar Nu welweele nomom be pututu zin pa koroŋ putuunu. —All the people from the ambaimbaiŋan. —You (SG) keep opening village went away together and the your hand and feeding them with good village was empty. things. similar: biaŋyaaŋ, -bilim, bilimŋa- Iti ta boozomen tupututu itundu, mi XX dead body, corpse tomboro kat itundu. —We (INC) all feed Tiurpe putuunu, to titwi i sula naala. ourselves and look after ourselves well. —They prepared the body [for the -putum V_Tr funeral], and then buried him down to XXmake grow, help grow the grave. Putum lutum tana ma loŋa iwe kaibiŋana. —similar: uri —Feed that child of yours (SG) and he will ute- putuunu quickly grow up. XX skull Toono itunu iputum kini tana. —The XX leader of a village, high official (of the ground itself helps the food to grow. country, province) see also: -tum (PL) Asiŋ ta uteyom putuunu? —Who is your -putun1 V_Tr leader? XXproduce, put forth new leaves Kere utende putuunu ta imar i be kuur Ke iputun ruunu be ŋonoono. —The tree is ndomoono tomini. —See that you (PL) also putting forth new leaves in order to bear give a share to our (INC) leader [=pastor] fruit. who is coming. similar: -pekel ruunu Michael Somare, ni utende putuunu. -putun2 V_Tr —Michael Somare, he is our (INC) leader. XXstack up neatly (then a lot can be put similar: biibi/ bibip, tomtom peeze kana, wal together in a bundle) peeze kan Amputun kooto, tona ndemeereŋana. tomtom uteene putuunu (=kooto zaanaŋana). —We (EXC) stacked XX person’s skull up the thatching well, so then [we were XXCalvary (in the Bible) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -putuundu 420 puulu Turgom/ Aiyo buzaana sure] there was enough to do the work. XXMarch [=because there was a lot of thatching.] def. Kaŋar muruunu ipol ma isu. —Clusters Kooto ta tuputun som, na ndemeereŋana of galip nuts are breaking off and falling som. (=boozo som, irao pa uraata som) down. (INC) —The thatching that we do not stack Ayo buzaana/ Karatete up well, we are not sure whether it will XXApril be enough for the work. def. Kini popoŋana, totou be takan na ambai -putuundu V_Tr kat som. Nomnom boozo tipet. —The new XXsupport, strengthen, steady (by adding [harvest of] food crops, when we (INC) dig earth to the base of something) them up to eat them, they are not very Tuputuundu toono la uunu bekena itum good. A lot of mosquitos appear. ambai. —Let’s (INC) put more ground Ro mataana/ Ro mataana around its base, so that it will be steady XXMay and grow well. def. Kaŋar mataana isu. —The first galip XXsupport, strengthen, make to be steady nuts fall down. (morally, spiritually) Muna/ Daudau biibi Putuundu yam. Naso ampa pai mos men, mi XXJune amsosor som. —Strengthen us (EXC). Then def. Kaŋar isu ma isaana, kaŋar imozooro. we will walk prudently and not do wrong. —A huge amount of galip nuts comes similar: -silou, -pombol down, galip nuts are spreading out [all puulu N XX over the ground]. moon Karatete/ Daudau mazaana Mbeŋ koozi, puulu ilupi. —Tonight there is XXJuly a full moon. def. Kaŋar isu toono ma isaana. —A huge puulu munŋana —full moon amount of galip nuts comes down onto the puulu ikwaara mboono —really big moon ground. rising above New Britain Aigere/ Man mbuleene mamaaza puulu ipet —new moon XXAugust Puulu iwe pakaana ma iŋgi be ilela i. —The def. Yaŋ swoono mi man mbia isamburaaza moon is waning. kaŋar. Ikan kulin kulin ma isula kopoono XXmonth som. Puulu sananŋana. —A time for rain, Iŋgi so puulu i? —What month is it now? and [the time when] bats bite off the skins XXmonth of pregnancy of galip nuts. They bite their skins, but Elisabet puulu kini iwe lamata mi ta kek. don’t swallow them. A bad month. —Elisabeth’s pregnancy was already in its Manmbule mamaaza/ Man pur sixth month. XXSeptember XXmenstruation, period def. Mbalmbal mbuleene iraraaza ma irao Ni le puulu. —She has her period. iwon kaŋar mini som. Kaŋar imap. —The Puulu zan:—traditional names of the pigeon’s arse gets torn [due to having eaten months (according to the Yangla and so many galip nuts and defecating them, Marile dialects, note that the calendar and it cannot swallow any more galip nuts. is based largely on the life-cycle of the [The time for] galip nuts is now finished. Canarium tree—kaŋar): Manpur/ Mbui rekrek Mbui/ Ŋgeze XXOctober XXJanuary def. Man irie ma isala irru kaŋar ma som. def. Kaŋar imbui. (=iruŋ) —The galip trees —Birds fly up and look for galip nuts but are flowering. Gomsala/ Mbulabe are unable to find them. Ŋese/ Mbui potpot XXFebruary XXNovember def. Kaŋar pompomŋana/ Kaŋar ikun def. Lelem pa kaŋar, mi irao ndeeŋe som. kandaara. —The galip trees are budding/ Taataŋan mbol. —You (SG) want galip nuts, flowering puze 421 raama

but can’t find them. [It is the time for] scratching around looking for isolated nuts. R Ndaambula/ Ndaama raa Intj XXDecember alt. ra def. Kaŋar imbukmbuk mini. —The galip XXpoor [thing/ fellow/ woman/ child etc.] trees bud again. (expresses sympathy) puze N_Event Kumbuuli pepe. Kezemi, raa, imbot. —Don’t XXpaddling bother her. Let the poor thing be. Ni iute puze som. —He doesn’t know how Tamanda raa, iwe kolman kek. —Our (INC) to paddle [a canoe]. father, poor thing, has become old. Ni imbel puze pa tai lwoono molo. —He Lutuŋ moori ra, imeete kek. —My poor worked hard in paddling for it was a long daughter has died. way across the sea. Zin ra, pataŋana biibi ikam zin. —Poor Tiseebe miiri mi mburan papiriizi pa puze. things, great hardship has fallen on them. —They went against the wind and worked see also: eraa, oraa hard at paddling. -raaba V_Intr similar: peezeŋana XXbend down in order to avoid something, -puzuuru V_Tr lower oneself down XXpush off from the shore, push with effort Tire mbalus popoŋana imar, ta timoto. Ni ipuzuuru wooŋgo ma ipera ŋana. —He To tiraaba sula mbunmbuutu. —It was pushed off the canoe from the shore and because they saw the new aeroplane went out a bit in the sea. coming, that they were afraid. Then they see also: -pusur, -zuuru bent down into the grass. pwo- N_Inal -rapraaba V_Intr Redup XXseed, fruit, nut, flower (everything that Kere asiŋ ta irapraaba su tiŋga? —See who a tree produces other than leaves and is hiding bent over down there? branches, general expression for fruits etc.) raaga N Zin man tikanan ke pwonpwon ta XXleaves and branches that are attached to boozomen. —Birds eat all kinds of fruits fresh galip nuts and nuts from trees. def. Tomtom tisala kaŋar ma tiko kaŋar Konok ke pwon kanŋana rimos. Imbot mi isula. Musmuuzu ta imbot raama kaŋar motoyom iŋgal koyom uraata pa woomo. na raaga tau. —People go up the galip —Stop just eating fruits [and lazing trees and pull down the nuts with hooked around]. Leave them alone and think sticks. The rubbish that comes down with about [doing] your (PL) garden work. the galip nuts, that is ‘raaga.’ Tipiyooto pwon mi ŋonon. —They bring Zin moori tila titaata raaga pa kan kaŋar. forth fruits and nuts. —The women went to pick through the Ni, liliibi, we, ip, kaŋar tipiyotyooto ŋonon. sticks and leaves for galip nuts to eat. Mi peege tipiyotyooto pwon. —Coconuts, raama Preposition talis nut trees, mangoes, Tahitian XXtogether with, with Chestnut nut trees, and galip nut trees Mar raama yam! —Come with us (EXC)! produce their kind of fruits/nuts. And Nio ko aŋbot raama yom. —I will stay/ be betel-peppers, produce their kind of fruit. with you (PL). [note: Different terms used for the fruits Tikam raama ŋgar kizin. —They did it and nuts of the two groups of trees.] according to their own [poor/mistaken] manman pwoono —hibiscus flower thinking [instead of seeking advice from peege pwoono —betel-pepper fruit others]. pwonŋa- Ni ko imbot raamu mi mataana pu. —He XX fruit and nut-bearing will stay with you (SG) and look after you. ke pwonŋan —fruit and nut trees see also: kitoka see also: ŋono- a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z raaŋga 422 -raaza raama ki the dry reef and collected spider shells. alt. ramaki loan from: Mutu language, cf. raaŋ Kam koŋ tinpis imar aŋkan raama ki rais. ‘spidershell’ —Bring me canned fish, and I’ll eat it -raaŋga V_Tr together with some rice. 2 XXopen up, make bigger, widen some Nio ko aŋpasaana zin tomtom ramaki koroŋ opening by using some instrument ta boozomen. —I will destroy the people Raaŋga ni kwoono. —Make the hole in the together with all the other things. coconut bigger. Ni iur puulu ramaki pitik be tiyaara pa Raaŋga naala kwoono, mi ur kitiimbi isula. mbeŋ. —He put/created the moon —Make the hole wider and put the post together with the stars to shine at night. raama lele- down in it. Kam buza mi raaŋga pul sumbuunu, bekena XXsincerely, wholeheartedly, fervently yok ireere ma biibi. —Take a knife and Tikam uraata tana raama lelen. —They did make the hole in the bamboo bigger, so the work sincerely/ wholeheartedly the water [flowing through the bamboo] -keraama V_Tr will flow faster. XXpenetrate deeply and hold firmly (used -raara V_Tr of tree roots going deep down into the XXarrange/ set up a net, stretch out a net, ground) (in order to catch pigs or fish) -kisraama V_Tr Zin tila tiraara pu be tikam ŋge. —They XXhold back (people from doing went and set up a net to catch pigs. something), restrain Zin ye kan tila tipiri pu sula tai mi tiraara. -kotoraama V_Tr —The fishermen went [and] threw the net XXoppose, downplay, ignore someone’s talk down into the sea and stretched it out. XXkeep silent about something, keep -raraara V_Tr Redup something secret -raarakaala V_Tr -maŋgaraama V_Tr XXpull a net around in a circle so as to trap XXgather together necessary supplies and the fish inside then begin Raarakaala zin ye ma ye tila lup pu. —Pull -mbuleraama V_Tr the net around the fish so they will all get XXhold people up from doing something by trapped in it. sitting with them -raaza V_Intr -ŋgalraama V_Tr 1 XX XXteach, instruct become dry -paraama V_Tr Mburu tio iraaza kek, som zen? —Has my XXhold something in place by stepping on it clothing dried already, or not? -seraama V_Tr Toono iraaza. —The ground dried. -raraaza XXhold on to something tightly V_Intr Redup -teegeraama Toono iraraaza ma sek kat. —The ground XXtake along everything needed kept drying until it became very dry. raraazaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup -turaama V_Tr XXstay with someone or at some place Tipa pa toono raraazaŋana ma tilae mbaaga. for an extended period of time, keep —They walked across to the other side on someone from going by sitting around dry land. -paraaza V_Tr with them XX -yaraama V_Tr put clothes out to dry -raaza XXcontrol, restrain 2 V_Tr XXtear, rip, break by tearing, split something raaŋga1 N XXshellfish type (spidershell, edible) long in half (like palm leaves, vines) alt. ra Leleene isaana mi iraaza mburu kini. —He Koobo nan tila magat keteene ma tiyo raaŋga felt badly and tore his clothing. men. —The inner island women went to Wo biibi ma yok kwoono iraaza ma biibi kat. Yok li tomini. Irao tundu som. rabak 423 -rak

—There was a big flood and it tore the food to the whole village. mouth of the river very wide. The water Rai koroŋ ku pa lutum bizin karau pepe. was also deep. We (INC) could not cross it. —Do not distribute your (SG) possessions Amraaza teene ma ampo siiri pa. —We (EXC) to your children too quickly. split the cane in half, and tied a fence -rairai V_Tr Redup with it. Karairai kini, mi motoyom iŋgal zin XXbuild a shelter by ‘tearing’ sago leaves narapeŋan tomini. —When you (PL) are Tala taraaza saŋarai/ biriŋ musaari, be zin distributing the food, remember [to give moori titeege you pa. —Let’s build a little some to] the immobilised people as well. shelter for the women to cook in. Ni mata merereŋana, mi irairai koroŋ boozo similar: -ŋgun pizin tomtom. —He was very generous, and XXrape kept giving out lots of things to people. Wal sananŋan tiraaza tamuriŋ ta. —Bad raiŋa- N_Inal_Stative people raped (Lit. ‘tore’) a young girl. XXto be shared, to be distributed, for similar: -mbuulu sharing, for distribution -raaza sau Kini ti raiŋana, som iti takan? —Is this food XXcollect leaves to be put down on the to be shared, or are just we (INC) ourselves ground so food can be put on top to eat it? Kala kakas googo ruunu pa sau. (=Raaza XXsharing, distribution, apportioning sau.) —Go cut/tear ginger leaves on Niam amboro kini mi koroŋ raiŋana. —We which to put the food. (EXC) looked after the distribution of food -rasraaza/ -rraaza V_Tr Redup and [other] things. Niom karasraaza kawaala ki asiŋ? —Whose rairaiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup clothing are you (PL) tearing? XXgenerous -kiraaza V_Tr Ni tomtom rairaiŋana. —He is a very XXscratch generous person. -paraaza sua V_Tr similar: kete- seŋa-, mata- merereŋa- XXannounce, speak publicly, reveal -parrai V_Tr publicly, divulge XXdivide up, share between -maraaza V_Intr Mburu tiom ta toyom iseŋgeere na, ko gaaga XXbecome torn, get torn to kaparrai piom. —The things that your -pamaraaza older brother sent, tomorrow divide them XXaccidentally tear up among yourselves. rabak N naraiŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXdry main rib of a sago palm frond with XXhospitable, generous the wide base and top cut off (used for Moori tiŋga, ni naraiŋana kat. —This walling on houses) woman is very hospitable/ generous. Zin naŋgaŋ tila tikas rabak pa Alisabi -rak V_Intr ruumu kini. —The youngsters went to cut XXmove back and forth within a certain sago frond ribs for Alisa’s house. area, dance Zin tituurupis rabak ma iwe didi. —They Niom ko karak ŋiizi? —When will you (PL) inserted sticks into the sago palm mid dance? ribs to join them together into a section to XXspread out cover the wall. Sua irak ma irao lele. —The talk spread out -rai V_Tr all over the area. XXshare, distribute, apportion Uruunu irak ma irao kar ta boozomen. —His Pat tiom ke kana tina, karai ma irao yom. fame/ reputation spread to every village. —That forestry money of yours (PL), share -rakrak V_Intr Redup it among yourselves. Zin man tirakrak sala ke uteene. —The Tirai kini ma irao kar. —They distributed birds were dancing in the top of the tree. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z rakrak 424 raŋ

Kala karakrak leyom pataaŋa. Pa iŋgi wik ndiili birds (type of sea bird) were circling tiŋga na ila ne. —Go and dance right up in the sky. away. For it [i.e. the dancing ceremony] Zin ndiili tiral sala ye ŋwaana=tiralpandeeŋe next week it will be over. ye. —The ndiili birds soar in circles over Ire zin tirakrak su makau kereene uunu. —He the fish.=They rounded up the fish. saw them dancing in front of the cow. similar: -rie, -tabaaba Tizze kombom mi tirakrak ma kalŋan -ralpandeeŋe izalla. —They were hitting the drums and XXround up fish (done by birds that circle dancing and raising their voices [in song]. above them, driving the fish in towards rakŋana N_Inal_Event the centre of the circle) XXdancing Amse bot ma ampera, mi amre kanae A, nu, rakŋana sa kembena? Nu tomom, tiralpandeeŋe ye. Tabe amkoŋuru ma amla. ni irakrak kembena som. —Hey you (SG), —We (EXC) boarded the boat and went out what dancing is like that? Your father, he to sea, and saw seagulls rounding up fish. didn’t dance like that. So we went towards them. [because that Kuurpe rakŋana pa tomtom matan. —Fix the would be a good place to catch fish] dancing so it will be pleasing for people to ram N look at. XXnew, light-coloured fronds of sago palms similar: naroogo (used for decorations) rakrak1 N Redup Niom naŋgaŋ, kala ma kuut ram pakan. XXdry morning (no dew, happens during —You young men, go and cut some new the southeast monsoon season) sago palm fronds. def. Tolou som. Lele iraaza. La su na, Kozo kimbit zin aigau ila ram. —Tie kumbum iwizis som. —There is no dew. It some flowers to the sago palm frond is dry. When you (SG) go to the forest, your decorations. (SG) feet don’t get wet. -rambuuzu1 V_Intr see also: tolou XXgo against some sort of resistance rakrak2 N Redup (for example waves, weather, bad XXproblem with banana plants which occurs circumstances), fight one’s way to, during the southeast monsoon season struggle against Pin ŋonoono na munmun, mi ina isar kek, Wooŋgo tana irambuuzu ma ila Tuam, pa pa rakrak ipun. —The banana fruits lele isaana. —The boat fought its way to are small, even though they have fully Tuam, for the weather was bad. matured, for the rakrak has affected them. similar: -kunyaara, -seebe, -selaala dial. var. raka (Birik) -rambuuzu2 V_Tr Raka ipun pin ma itum ambai som. XXput out a lot of smoke which bothers Koŋkoŋŋana. —The raka problem affected people [Lit. ‘hit’] the bananas causing them to You ka koi irambuuzu yo ma ŋguŋŋana not grow well. [i.e. they were very thin.] ikam yo. —The fire put out a lot of smoke, rakrik rakrik V_Intr_Uninfl Redup bothering me and making me to cough. construction: kumbu- rakrik rakrik ramraama N Redup alt. rikrik XXlittle insects that collect around ripe XXbe on the move, walk around bananas, pineapples, etc. Kumbum rakrik rakrik paso! Nu tomooto? Koto kini kalwon kalwon tana pa Mbulem su. Tomooto ta tiwwa. —Why ramraama. —Cover that leftover food, for are you (SG) continually on the move? Are [there are a lot] ramraama insects. you a man? Sit down. Men are the ones raŋ N that always walk around. [said to a girl to XXvery hard ground, bedrock make her settle down] Yok ipet pa raŋ mi irereere ma isu. —Water -ral V_Intr came from the bedrock and flowed down. XXcircle, soar in circles (used of sea birds) To tana ipo ruumu mbolŋana isala raŋ. Man ndiili tiral sala maŋaanaŋana. —The raŋgaata 425 -rao

—That fellow built a strong house on the have said is not sensible. bedrock. Aŋre ŋgar tana irao som. —I do not Raŋ na, imbot yok leleene mi ise yok consider that thinking to be good. kezeene tomini. —Hard ground is found in XXfit, be the right size bodies of water and up in the banks of the Dres tana irao pu som. —That dress does water as well. not fit you (SG). raŋ sumbuunu XXsufficient, enough, adequate XXcave, hole in rock Pa kini, nio aŋrao pa, mi buzur na som. Ni ipeene tuunu ta ma iko ma ila ilela raŋ —For starchy food, I have enough of it, sumbuunu. —He shot an eel and it fled but not meat. into a hole in the rock. XXsatisfied Titwi i lela raŋ sumbuunu. —They buried Zin sipsip tiwin ma tirao. —The sheep him/her in a cave. drank enough and were satisfied. raŋgaata N XXduration, extent, for, up to, like XXformer garden site that is newly Yeŋyeeŋge imbot irao aua ta mi imap. —The overgrown earthquake lasted for one hour and [then] Kala ma kitiiri pin kiti ta raŋgaata ga. —Go it ended. and check our bananas over in the old Ndaama ki Enok irao 905, mana imeete garden site. —Enoch’s age was 905 years, and then he raŋgatŋgaata N Redup died. XXnew overgrowth that comes up in former Toono tana kadoono irao kembei pat garden sites milmilŋan munŋaana ta. —The price of Niomŋan zin me kawwa pa raŋgatŋgaata, that land was around 400 shiny coins. mi kuru kanda moozo. —Go walking XXdistributive, throughout around with the dogs in the newly Kala karao lele. —Go throughout the area. overgrown areas and look for a bandicoot Kosoyaara sua tana irao karkari. —Proclaim for us (INC) to eat. that talk in every place. XX raŋraŋ1 N Redup approximately, around XXidentical, same, equal Zoŋ mataana ko irao kembei tel ma kei. —It Indi ta boozmen ta raŋraŋ men. —We (INC) was around 3 o’clock. are all the same. -rao2 V_Intr note: Gauru dialect form XXable, can, could, capable, may, permitted dial. var. raraate (Central) (ability and permission) raŋraŋ2 N Redup Nu ko rao pio? —Are you (SG) able to XXraft (small in size, used for crossing compete with me? water, or when cutting sago or collecting Niom tina karao kek? Ko tipun yom ma coconuts) ruŋguyom isaana. Pa wal tiŋga sorok Zin naŋgaŋ tipo len raŋraŋ ru pa ke rom, som. —You (PL) there, are you capable ta tipotpot yok a. —The boys made [of fighting them and winning]? They themselves two rafts out of rom wood, and will beat you to a pulp. For they are not so they are floating over there on the river. insignificant [i.e. there are many of them]. Zin naŋgaŋ tipo raŋraŋ ma tilae pakaana Ŋgar ta boozomen, ni irao pa. —He is very mbaaga. —The boys tied together a raft knowledgeable about everything. and went across to the other side. Ni irao kat! —He is really capable! similar: ke ŋgeereŋana, naloŋloŋ ‘larger- Irao tipa mini som. —They were not able to sized raft’ walk any more. -rao1 V_Intr Nio aŋrao aŋla Lae. —I can go to Lae. XXgood, fitting, conforming to a standard [Nothing is hindering me.] Anutu iuri ma irao kat itunu ruŋguunu. Nio aŋrao be aŋla Lae. —I probably can go —God made him to be just like himself. to Lae. [somewhat uncertain] XX Sua ku tana irao ŋgar sa som. —What you (SG) obligation, should, must a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z rap 426 -raurau

Tana iti irao tomboro kwondo. —Therefore attach them, they will look good. we (INC) should control our mouths. ras N Iti irao tupun zin me som. —We (INC) should construction: -ur ras not hit dogs. XXportion of food to be distributed, XXhypothetical statement, would allotment Moni tina, irao be aŋkam kosasa pa som. Kuur ras ma ikot urum urum. —Allot —That money, I wouldn’t do anything portions of food for each clan house. with it. Mar ma ur ras pa kini ma irao zin tomtom. -rao som —Come and do the apportioning of food XXunable, inadequate, weak so that each person gets a share. Nu tizim irao som. Pa tipuni ma itaŋ. —Your similar: -kam mos (SG) younger brother was inadequate/weak. -raurau V_Intr Redup For when they hit him, he cried. XXmoderate, subside, ease, abate -parao V_Tr Ni ikam marasin ma mete kini izzu iraurau XXprovide someone with something kek. —He got some medicine and his XXenable illness has moderated/subsided (i.e. he is rap N getting better). XXwhite ants, termites (often used as food XXbe reasonable/ moderate/ feasible/ for chickens) possible Rap ipasaana kawaala, ke, ruumu, ma… Parei, uraata tiom ipata? Soom, iraurau. —White ants destroy clothing, timber, —How is it, is your (PL) work difficult? houses, and [other things as well]. No, it is easy. Kala su ma kakam rap be man ikan. —Go XXbe easier to the forest and get a termite nest for the Sombe kaari ku bok, to pa riŋa riŋa. Mi chickens to eat. sombe yapaala serembat ma moori toro see also: meteke ipoi, to iraurau pu. —If your (SG) netbag raraate N_Stative is full, you need to walk very slowly. But XXsame, same kind, identical, equal if you divide up the sweet potatoes and alt. rraate another woman carries [some of them], Tipo saŋarai ru mi raraate. —They made then it will be easier for you. two shelters that were exactly the same. Mi uraata kizin iraurau pepe. —Their work Ni ikam mbulu raraate men. —He did is not to be made any easier. exactly the same behaviour. similar: -marra Miuŋana ku ru tana na, un raraate. —These XXnearly finished/ complete, close to being two dreams of yours (SG) have the same finished meaning/ interpretation. Parei, diksenari ka uraata iraurau kek? Nu ituru raraate. —You and I, the two of us —How is it, is the work on the dictionary are exactly the same [in height]. nearly finished? Ruŋgun raraate kembei ta muŋgu na. E-e, iraurau zeen. —Uh-uh, it is not even —They had the same appearance as close to being ready. before. kwo- iraurau (=potpot) Tikam rraate kembei ta ni iso pizin na. XXable to speak well, able to speak —They did it exactly as he told them. fluently, able to answer quickly Tiyok raraate be tisuŋ Anutu pa koroŋ tana. raurauŋa- N_Inal_Stative —They both agreed to pray to God about XXeasy, reasonable that thing. uraata raurauŋana —reasonable work/ Sua kizin raraate som. Tiso ndelndelŋa. work that is not too difficult —Their talk was not the same. They said Sua raurauŋana ta mat kana i, tomtom tileŋ different things. na lelen ambai pa. (Tiru uunu som, tileŋ Teyembut zin ma raraate men. Naso tapakap men). —Easy talk that is clear/obvious [in la, to tere ma ambai. —Let’s (INC) cut them its meaning], people listen to it and are to be the same [size]. Then when we happy about it. [because they don’t need re 427 -re

to do the hard work of seeking any hidden from a southeasterly direction during meanings] June-September, a rainy time, sea similar: potpotŋa- travel is difficult due to the roughness XXmedium-sized, middle-size of the sea, a time for harvesting yams, wooŋgo raurauŋana —medium-sized canoe collecting sago, galip nuts, and talis nuts) Nakabasi biibi na imbot. Kam ta Re ipol. —The southeast wind began blowing. raurauŋana na. —The big axe, leave it. Miiri imar pa re uunu. —The wind is Take the medium-sized one. coming from the southeast. XXsmaller gorgor ki re mi iwaara —times/seasons of Koroŋ zazaŋana iyaara pa aigule, mi koroŋ the southeast and northwest winds (these raurauŋana na, iyaara pa mbeŋ. —The are the two main winds and therefore the bigger thing shined during the day, and times associated with them are the two the smaller one, it shined at night. main seasons) -paraurau V_Tr Redup Re na kei ta mai ambaiŋana ki kaŋar. —The XXenable, make easier southeast wind season is a good time for XXcause to be moderate collecting galip nuts. Paraurau niam kwoyam ma irao amso sua Kini re na kaŋar. —The windy season food ku. —Enable our (EXC) mouths to speak is galip nuts. your (SG) words. [said in a prayer to God] -re4 V_Tr similar: -pamarra XXsee, look re1 N Nio aŋre u. —I see you (SG). XXarm span Mar, re. Ŋge musaana som. —Come, and Molo kini irao re ru. —Its length is two arm see. This is not a little pig. spans. Re, ko ikeene? —See if he is sleeping? see also: reo Sombe aŋre motom mini, nako aŋpunu ma re2 N kup. —If I see you (SG) (Lit. ‘your eye’) XXrope that is heavy and strong again, I will kill you. Re na, tuurpe pa parpar. —Strong rope, we Nio aŋre i ikam mbulu tana. —I saw him do it. (INC) make it out of parpar tree bark. Pataŋana biibi ta ambaada i, nu re som? Ni ikam re tuntun ma ilup ila mbata, mi —The great hardship that we (EXC) are iketo zin. —He took pieces of rope, joined carrying/enduring, don’t you (SG) see it? them together [into a whip], and [used XXexperience them to] drive them out. Ituŋ aŋre yeŋyeeŋge tana. —I personally see also: wooro ‘vine, string’ experienced that earthquake. wooŋgo ka re Amre pataŋana biibi. —We (EXC) XXheavy rope used to tie up a boat or ship, experienced great hardship. hawser -re yoyouŋana —experience suffering/pain Timbit wooŋgo ka re ila patmbu bekena tuŋ Ni kola ire ka kadoono. Irao tileeli som. ma imbot. —They fastened the hawser of —He will surely experience (Lit. ‘see’) his the boat to a big block of coral to hold the punishment. They will not spare him. boat firmly in place. Zin ko tire kat mburoŋ. —They will really re kaimer experience/see my power. XXline going from the top of a canoe mast XXunderstand, comprehend, perceive to the stern of a canoe Nu re som? Uraata kiti isaana kek. —Don’t re mataana, muŋga you see/ understand? Our (INC) work ruined. XXline going from the top of a canoe mast XXwatch out for, beware of, take care, be to the bow watchful, be careful, make sure that re3 N Re u! —Watch out!/ Take care! XXsoutheast monsoon season, southeast Re. Pikin ko ikarra ma ila, to you ikani. wind (wind that blows very strongly —Look out. The child might crawl to the fire and get burnt. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -re 428 -re

Mi re: Kokena ur zin tomtom ta kwon she has been doing.] pakamkaamŋan. —And be careful that you -re la ki- (SG) do not appoint men who have lying XXhelp in work mouths. Ni ire la kizin risa som. —He did not help Re u pa zin wal sananŋan. —Look out for them even a bit. the bad people/ criminals. Nio aŋre la kizin be amkel naala. —I went XXtake care of someone’s needs, see to to help them to dig the hole. someone’s needs, provide for someone -re lala ki- Zin ko tirre u pa lem kadoono ma koroŋ. Kere lala kini pa uraata som, tabe toŋmatiziŋ —They will be taking care of your (SG) pay tiom (=mboti tiom) sa ambai som. —You and [other] things. (PL) haven’t been helping him with [his] Ni ire leyam risa som kat. —He did not work, and therefore your brotherhood provide anything for us. (your life as a family) is not good. -re pa kopo- -re la/ sala/ sula pa XXsee to another person’s need for food XXsee/look at from a distance, watch (Lit. ‘look to the stomach’) Wooŋgo ta ipotpot a! Re la pa kek? —There Ni ire zin pa kopon. — She looked after is a canoe floating way over there! Do you their meals. (SG) see it? -re kembei Nu re la pa sokorei? —What are you (SG) XXconsider, think, view, have the opinion looking at? that, treat as Tirre sala pa miiri tiene. —They kept Nio aŋre kembei… —I think that…/ My looking up at the cloud. opinion/view is that… -re lele Tire kembei ŋge ikan tomtom tana som. —In XXable to see, having sight (opposite of their opinion, it did not look like a pig being blind) had bitten the person. Ko mataana ire lele, som som? —Can she Ni ire pataŋana ta boozomen tana kembei see, or not? koroŋ sorok. —He considered all of those Motoŋ izanzaana ma aŋre kat lele som. —My hardships/ difficulties as something eyes are going bad and I do not see well. insignificant. Asiŋ ta ikam tomtom matan ma tire lele? -re (kat) [ki]/[pa] mata- —Who enables people to see? XXbe an eyewitness, see with one’s own eyes -re ŋaŋ Ni ire kat pa mataana. —He saw it with his XXidly watch while someone else works own eyes. -rre, -rere V_Tr Redup Aŋre i pa motoŋ kek. —I saw him with my -rere be own eyes. XXget ready to do, plan to do -re kek -rere pa XXI told you so! XXbe doubtful and disapproving Re kek? Sua ta aŋso u, ta iŋgi ka ŋonoono -re ten ipet! —Do you (SG) see now? What I told XXwait and see you has now come true. Tombot mi tere ten. Ko sua kini ŋonoono, -re kot V_Tr som som? —Let’s just wait and see XXsee and therefore know, personally whether his talk is true or not. witness (often negated to express the -rekaala V_Tr fact that that one has no basis for XXkeep one’s eye on, keep eye on someone knowing whether something is the case) else’s fruit and nut trees hoping to get Nio aŋre kot? Buza ta ituyom kakami. some for oneself —Have I seen it? [No. So don’t ask me -reke V_Tr about it.] The knife, you yourselves took it. XXwatch/ see things that are done in secret Nio aŋre kot pai kini zalaana ta iwwa na? (used only of God and Jesus) —Have I seen everywhere she is walking? -rekis, -rekiskis V_Tr [No. So I don’t know anything about what XXkeep eye on what somebody is doing -re ki 429 -reege

XXstick with someone, continuously follow much space is left in the container] lest it someone, go around with someone spill. -re naana Re ki, mi pakan imbot! —Be considerate XXgo after, follow after, tail (after) [and don’t take all of it]. Leave some [for someone the others]! XXstare at someone see also: -kinin reŋa- N_Inal_Event -reebekaala V_Tr Timbel mos reŋana kek. —They have XXhide something, conceal, pretend that already seen many miracles. one does not notice someone in order to Mi mutumutu mi abalabal ta boozomen, ko conceal something reŋan mini som. —And all of the islands Ni ireebekaala buzur kini, mi ikam koŋ risa or mountains will never be seen again. som. —He hid his meat, and did not give -repe V_Tr any of it to me to eat. XXwatch out, be careful with Ni mataana isu men, mi nio aŋzemi mi aŋla. XXstare at (Gauru dialect meaning) Pa ireebekaala koroŋ kini tau. —He just -parre V_Middle looked down, as I passed by him. For he XXsee each other, experience each other wanted to conceal his things. Ziru tiparre zin mini na, menmeen zin kat. Ni ireebekaala mbulu kini. Iswe kat som. —When the two of them saw each other —He concealed what he had done. He did again, they were very happy. not reveal it openly. XXsee each other naked and have sexual see also: -pereebe, -watkaala relations -reege V_Tr Nio aŋpowoolo ziru ta kembei, pa ziru dial. var. ree (Gauru, Northern) tiparre zin kek. —I formalised their XXtear down, destroy, remove marriage like this, because they had Tireege ruumu ma borok su lene. —They already seen each other. completely tore down the house. -re ki V_Intr/Tr XXdistribute XXconsider the time (and complete what Tereege kini. —We (INC) distributed the food. needs to be done), think of the time similar: -rai (said as a warning) -reege sanaana XXwatch out, take care, be conscious of, be XXforgive sin, atone/ make propitiation for aware of, consider sin, absolve from sin Re ki, mi loŋa la pa kar. Pa mbeŋ kek! Yesu ireege sanaana kizin wal toono kan. —Think of the time [and finish off —Jesus forgave the sins of the world. / whatever you (SG) are doing now], and Jesus atoned for the sins of the world. go quickly back to the village. For it is -reege sua mbukŋana already getting to be night! XXfail to keep a promise, break a promise Re ki uraata ku tina mi irao. Kokena -rekreege V_Tr Redup mbeŋkaalu. —Consider the time lest night dial. var. -reree (Gauru, Northern) fall on you (SG) [before you realise it]. Niom tina ta kerekreege kar! —You there are Kere ki, mi kala kar pa kanda you the ones who are destroying the village! teegeŋana. —Think of the time and go to Wal ta tirekreege sua kizin mbukŋana/ the village to start cooking for us (INC). mbukŋan. —People who break their Re ki mi la. Pa yaŋ biibi isu i! —It is promises. enough, go. For a big rain is about to fall! Zin ko timar ma tirekreege lupŋana tiom. XXconsider the limited quantity of —They will come and destroy your (PL) something and act accordingly, withhold unity/ disrupt your meeting(s). part, hold back part of something reegeŋana N_Inal_Event Kam ma bok kat pepe. Re ki! Kokena imiliŋ. XXtearing down, destroying, destruction —Don’t make it too full. Think [of how Yesu iso pa Urum Merere reegeŋana. —Jesus spoke about the destruction of the Temple. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -reere 430 -reete

XXdistribution —This spring is still flowing. It hasn’t kini reegeŋana —dividing of food dried up yet. Kini raiŋana mi koroŋ reegeŋana ta gorgori Yok ipet pa raŋ, mi irereere ma isu. —Water tikamam na. —The distribution of food came out from the rock and was flowing and other things that they were normally down. doing. reereŋa- N_Inal_Stative sanaana reegeŋana XXrunning XXforgiving, forgiveness of sin, absolution Yok reereŋan, yok touŋan, mi yok Sanaana Reegeŋana Muriini bukbukŋan. —Running waters, wells [Lit. XXthe Mercy Seat (in the Tabernacle/ ‘dug waters’], and spring waters. Temple) -reerepaala V_Middle -mureege V_Intr XXflow over, liquid runs down on someone’s XXbreak down, fall apart skin Beeze imureege. —The garden house has Pikin tomooto mbasiriini isala kopoono, to fallen apart. ireerepaali ma isu lene. —The boy’s urine Peege zaraabaŋana ta itop ma imureege. went up on his stomach, and then ran —The wrapped bundle of betel-peppers down and off. fell down and broke open. -pereere V_Tr XXspread out, disperse XXcarefully pour out Tomtom timureege. —The people left from def. Riŋa riŋa, indundu som. —[Pour] the meeting and went their separate ways. carefully, [so] it does not splash down. -parreege V_Middle/Tr Pereere koŋ yok risa isula mbooro mi aŋwin. XXstay apart (used of family members or a —Pour a little water for me into a cup business group), divide up into groups and I will drink [it]. that have nothing to do with each other similar: -liŋ, -kes Zin tiparreege zin. —They are staying apart reete1 N from each other [after a family quarrel]. XXlogs put together across ditches or rivers Kaimer ko popoŋana ki Kanaan tiparreege to make a bridge zin ma tiwe un un. —Later the offspring Titaara ke pa yok Sakalaaba be iwe reete of Kanaan will divide up into different pizin tomtom be tikes. —They cut down groups/clans. some trees at the Sakalaaba river to make XXdistribute between a bridge for people, so they could walk Mi ka pat, ta tiparreege pizin. —And the across on it. money from it, they distributed between Tipo reete pa yok tana be tiyaaru wooŋgo themselves. ma ito ma ila isu lele potorŋana. —They -kamreege V_Tr built a bridge for that river so they could XXdrive away, scatter pull the log for the canoe across it to a -yasureege V_Tr level place. XX tear down -reete2 V_Tr -reere V_Intr XXcircumcise, cut the foreskin of someone XXflow, run, stream ceremonially (In the past, this was Ireere kembei yok. —It runs like water. done using bamboo knives or pieces of Yok ireere pa kapa ma ito gata, to isula pa obsidian.) tank leleene. —The water runs from roof Zin molku tina, tireete zin ta uriizi. —Those along the gutter, and then goes down into newly-circumcised boys [who are staying the water tank. in a men’s house after the ceremony] Uze kini ireere kembei yok. —His sweat were cut two days ago. flowed like water. similar: -pal Tizim siŋiini ireere. —The blood of your (SG) -retreete V_Tr Redup younger brother ran. reeteŋana N_Inal_Event -rereere V_Intr Redup XXcircumcision, cutting of the skin Yok lepeene tiŋgi irereere men. Imaaga zen. Merere iur reeteŋana ma iwe kilalan pa rege- 431 rekrek

sua mbukŋana. —The Lord appointed itum kan som. —You (SG) have a betel-nut circumcision to be the sign of the palm, but someone else keeps visiting promise/ covenant. it like it is his [hoping to get some for rege- N_Inal himself]. And so you yourself do not [get XXshoulder to] eat [any of them]. Baada koroŋ se regem. —Carry the thing on Loulou lele ku, kokena tomtom tikem koroŋ your (SG) shoulder. ku. Pa zin pakan tirekalkaala pin/ni/ Tigiibi se regeene. —They threw it on his mbu ku. —Keep visiting your (SG) area lest shoulder. people steal your things. For some people Iwiti ma iuri se regeene. —He lifted it up are keeping an eye on your bananas/ and put it on his shoulder. coconut/ betel-nut [hoping to get them]. Nio ko aŋuulu yom mi aŋtatke mburu tiom -reke V_Intr pa regeyom. —I will help you (PL) and take XXsee things done in secret (used of God, off your burden(s) from your shoulders. Jesus) rege- sukuunu —shoulder joint Anutu, ni ireke mbulu kiti ta boozomen ma Nio aŋkwaara ke pa regeŋ sukuunu ta ŋas i imap. —God sees all of our (INC) secret men. —I only carry logs on my left shoulder. behaviour. rege- suk Sanaana tiam turkeŋan na, nu reke ma XXshrug one’s shoulders imap. Sa ike pu som. —Our (EXC) secret Regem suk paso? —Why did you (SG) shrug sins, you (SG) see them all. Not one is your shoulders? hidden from you. -suk rege- rekeŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXshrug one’s shoulders as a sign of Koroŋ turkeŋan mi rekeŋan ta boozomen disapproval, disagreement imbot mat pini. —All hidden and secretly ka- ŋgereeze seen things are visible to him. XXshoulder blade -rekis V_Tr rek V_Intr_Uninfl XXstick with someone, continuously follow XXsplit in half, tear apart someone, go with someone Kawaala imaraaza ma rek ma iwe ru. —The Pikin ti irekis naana ziru tamaana men. Pa cloth tore in two. iti takamami som tau. —This child only Ke rek ma iwe ru. —The lumber split in half. sticks to its mother and father. For we (INC) Rek sala ki kor mi tuŋ sula meleebe. —It did not take him [i.e. give him things or tore from the top all the way down to the carry him around, and therefore he does bottom. not know us yet.] Pu tina, ye tilela ma bok kat mabe rek. Ni irekisi pa pai. Izemi som. —He stuck with —That net, fish went into it and it was so him for the journey. He did not leave him. full that it nearly tore. -rekiskis V_Tr Redup rekrek V_Intr Redup XXkeep sticking with, keeping one’s eye on Iŋgi kawaala ki asiŋ ta rekrek ma isaana i? Merere ko irekiskis ituru. —The Lord will —Whose clothing is this that is all torn keep watching the two of us (INC). up and gone bad? rekrek V_Intr_Uninfl Redup -rekaala V_Tr XXroast something on hot stones (but not XXkeep an eye on, carefully watch over cover the earth oven with any additional Rekaala mbu ku, kokena wal tikem. —Keep leaves) an eye on your (SG) betel-nuts lest people def. Ito sala tiama. —It is cooked on top of steal them. hot stones. XXkeep eye on someone else’s fruit and nut Meene ku tana rekrek, som ro lene? —Is trees hoping to get some for yourself that sago of yours (SG) roasted on top of Mbu ku imbot, mi tomtom toro inok hot stones, or was it covered in leaves rekaalaŋana kei ta ni koroŋ kini. Tabe when it was cooked?

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z rel 432 -repiili

rekrekŋa- N_Inal_Stative Mbalus reŋreŋ ma isu i. —The plane is just XXroasted on hot stones (without being about to land now. covered with any additional leaves) reo N Meene rekrekŋana na, ka namutŋana iliplip alt. re pa ro lene. —Sago roasted on hot stones is XXarm span tastier than [that cooked] inside leaves. Kere reo ki palaŋ taŋga. —See how many def. You ikan tiama ma iŋgaala, mi meene arm spans long that plank over there is. ito sala.—The fire heats up the stones, Kooto ka reo piizi? Reo ta mi suruunu. and the sago roasts on top of them. —What is the length of the thatching? rel N One and half arm spans. XXskin disease causing lots of round itchy Tomtom sa ti, reo kini molo kat. —Someone burning sores (type of fungus, worse here, has very long measures! than ringworm) -repe V_Tr def. Rel na napelpel naana. Ituntun mi XXwatch out, be careful with iyoyou. Gagaama siŋiini, karame ruunu, Nu repe itum lak! —You (SG) had better papai siŋiini mi kou ise mbeete tana, to imo. watch out! [said in anger] —Rel is a bad fungus disease of the skin. Repe mbulu ku. —Watch your (SG) behaviour. It itches and hurts. If gagaama tree sap, Repe sua pa waem. —Be careful how you karame tree leaves, papaya sap and lime (SG) speak to your spouse/associate. are put on the sores, then they will dry up Kozo repe ma ambai, kokena pasaana mos. and heal. —Look out lest you (SG) ruin the design. Kam leŋ ke rel kana sa ma imar be aŋbuulu XXstare at, look at carefully mi aŋpiizi se rel tio. —Bring me a piece Repe yo paso? —Why are you (SG) staring at of wood that helps heal fungus diseases, me? and I will press and squeeze it [so the sap -repiili V_Tr comes out] on the area of me that has the XXscorn, despise, look down on, disdain, fungus. have contempt for Ke rel kana indom su yok kezeene. —The Zin tirepiili i pa uraata kini. —They looked tree which is good for healing fungus down on him on account of his work. diseases grows along the banks of rivers. Niom kerepiili yam, ta kakam mbulu tana?

-re naana V_Tr —Is it because you (PL) despise us (EXC) that XXgo after, follow after, tail (after) you behaved like that? someone Isau irepiili muriini muŋgamuŋga kembei Niom kere naana yam pepe. Kala leyom koroŋ sorok. —Esau despised his position ndel. —Don’t keep following us (EXC). Go as the first-born son as if it was something somewhere else. insignificant. XXstare at mata- repiili -parre naana V_Middle XXscorn, despise, look down on XXstare at each other Tomtom matan repiili yo. —People scorn me. Kaparre naana yom pepe. —Do not stare at -repilpiili V_Tr Redup each other. To tana, ni irepilpiili zin wal pakan. —That -re nanaana V_Tr Redup guy is always looking down on other A, nu re nanaana yo rimos! —Hey, stop people. following me! Matan repilpiili ŋgar ambaiŋana. —They reŋreŋ V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup despise good thinking/ wisdom. XXjust about ripe (used of bananas) -parrepiili V_Tr Pin reŋreŋ, inabe teeteŋana pataaŋa. XXdespise each other —Bananas that are just about ripe, are to Niomru kaparrepiili yom pepe. —The two of be cut right away. you must not despise each other! similar: -sar repiiliŋana N_Inal_Stative XXjust about to do something XXdisrespectful, scornful, contemptuous Tikam mbulu repiiliŋana. —They behaved repreebe 433 ri

in a disrespectful way. Mazwaana ta yaŋ isombe imar, tona reut Tipiri sua repiiliŋana pini. —They threw tipet ma bok. —When rain comes, then scornful/contemptuous talk at him. the reut insects appear and fill the place. repreebe N Redup Reut tana, tiku yo mi tikan yo ma tau. XXbundle of tobacco —Those reut insects they were all over me Amsula Kampalap ta uriizi, to aŋkam koi and bit me really badly. repreebe siŋanabi ta imbiŋmbiŋ ruumu ga. -reut2 V_Tr —We (EXC) went down to Kampalap two XXspy, keep eye on, track someone days ago and got a huge bundle of tobacco Reut zin moori, ko tikem koroŋ ku. —Keep that is hanging over in the house. your (SG) eye on the women lest they steal see also: porpooro (even bigger bundle) your things. -rere be V_Intr Wal tana tigaaba yam sorok, bekena tireut alt. -rre yam. —Those people joined us (EXC) just in XXget ready to do something, prepare to do order to spy on us. something -reudut V_Tr Redup Kozo kerre be loŋa mi kakam uraata tana. Zin tutu kan tireudut Yesu, beso ni ikam —Get ready to quickly start the work. ŋoobo mbulu sa, tonabe iwe le uunu Lele ikam pak, to ni irere be imaŋga pa pai. be tiŋgal sua pini. —The Pharisees —When the weather cleared, he got ready were spying on Jesus, so that if he did for the journey. something wrong, then it would be Amrere be ampekel sua ta iso ga. —We (EXC) grounds for them to accuse him. are ready to reply to what he said. To tiŋga, ni ireudut zin moori. —That fellow Nio aŋrere be aŋpokot ŋge kini. —I am over there keeps spying on the women. preparing to compensate him for his pig. reutŋana N_Inal_Event -rere pa V_Intr XXspying XXbe doubtful and disapproving of ri1 Quantifier something XXsmall amount, little, short, a bit Nio aŋrere pa ŋgar ku. —I am a bit doubtful Mbol tio ri ta tina. —That is my little story. about your (SG) idea. kini ri —a small amount of food Nio aŋkam mboroŋan, tamen aŋrere pa ituŋ. sua koroŋŋana ri —a short addition to the Paso nio naŋgaŋ popoŋoŋ men. —I am talk doing the work of an elder, but I am a Ni le uraata ri pini. —He has a bit of work bit doubtful about myself. For I am just a for it. young man. luŋri —little sister Mi mbulu tiom tamen ta nio aŋrere pa. XX‘dear’ (expresses affection) —But there is one aspect of your (PL) tiziŋ ri —my dear little brother behaviour that I disapprove of. to ri —little fellow similar: -peleele pa, -laŋgis, ŋgar iwe ru pa Adv_Pred1 res V_Intr_Uninfl Tawa lende ri. —Let’s go for a bit of a stroll. XXrun quickly, move quickly and straight, Tila ŋana ri, to matan sula pa kar. —They go down quickly, (used of flowing went a bit further, and then looked down movement) at the village. Yaŋ res pa kooto/ kapa ma isula. —The rain Zoŋ ise ri, to... —After the sun has risen a water ran down the thatching/ roofing bit, then… iron. risa/ ri sa Mooto siltiau res ma ila. —The siltiau snake XXa little bit went quickly along. Kam koŋ yok risa ma aŋwin. —Give me a reut1 N little bit of water to drink. XXinsect type (small, has wings, resembles Uruŋ na, niom ko keleŋ risa kek. —My a flying ant, appears when it rains, bites reputation, you (PL) have perhaps heard a people) bit about me already. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ri 434 rimen risa som/ pepe —The rope keeps the lizard skin tightly XXnot at all attached to the drum. Lelen pini risa som. —They did not like him Buri na, amriibi kombom pa gumi ma ikis po at all. kuliini ma indeŋdeŋ kat. —Now we (EXC) Muŋai zin risa pepe. —Do not have any use rubber bands to keep the lizard skin mercy on them at all. attached to the drum and it stays on really musaari tight. XXlittle, small -ripriibi V_Tr Redup Posi musaari toro ta gabgapŋana na, ina rik1 V_Intr_Uninfl imeete ta neeri. —The other little kitten, XXmove by, go by the black one, it died yesterday. Asiŋ ta rik ma ila? —Who was it that went dial. var. musaanri (Gauru) by? -ri2 V_Tr rikrik V_Intr_Uninfl Redup XXwash or bathe someone by pouring alt. rakrik rakrik water over them, rinse XXbe busy, be active, move (used of one’s Kam pikin ma la ri i pa yok. —Take the eyes, hands, legs) child and go rinse him with water. Kumbutul mi koso sua irao. Nomoyom rikrik dial. var. -puri (Northern) pa uraata, pa mbeŋ kek. —You (PL) have rie1 N talked long enough. Get your (PL) hands XXsword grass, alang-alang grass (=Tok busy doing some work, for it is nearly Pisin kunai, scientific name: Imperata night. arundinacea) Motom rikrik pepe! —Don’t keep looking Abal uteene tau rie men kat. —The around! Highlands area has a lot of sword grass. Ni namaana rikrik pa beedeŋana. —His dial. var. re (Marile) hand is busy writing. dial. var. rii (Northern) note: The vowel in rikrikŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup this form is [ɩ:], a lengthened high, lax XXrestless, active vowel. Nu kumbum rikrikŋom. —You (SG) are -rie2 V_Intr restlessly walking around. XXfly by flapping wings (done by birds, -parikrik mata- V_Tr Redup bats, insects) XXdistract Ambotmbot, mi mbalmbal irie ma imar isala La lele molo. Parikrik mataana pepe, pa ni kaŋar. —As I waited, a pigeon came flying ikam uraata. —Go away. Don’t distract and landed up in the galip nut tree. him, for he is working. similar: -tabaaba ‘soar’, -ral ‘soar in circles’ -rik2 V_Tr -rrie V_Intr Redup XXdivert to a different place -pirie V_Tr Tirik yok ma ipa ndel. —They diverted the XXmake to fly, blow away river to a different route. -riibi V_Tr Kirik yok paso? Imbot muriini. —Why do XXtighten, join together tightly, attach you (SG) [want to] divert the water? Let it tightly stay in its place. def. Iti tiriibi kombom, peene naana, kaara similar: -siri Kolman tikamam ŋanramba siŋiini be tiriibi -rik sua kombom pa. —The old men used the sap XXaccuse, blame (Lit. ‘divert talk’) of rosewood trees to glue a lizard’s skin to Nu rik sua pio paso? —Why do you (SG) a drum [as the drumhead]. accuse me? Kolmanbi iriibi maala kini mi isula iwe lene. similar: -suk sua, -ŋgal sua —The old man tied his loin cloth on tight rimen Quantifier and went down to bathe. XXa bit, a little, small amount XXkeep something attached to something Yaŋ rimen ta imar mankwooni. —It was else only a small amount of rain that came in Wooro iriibi po kuliini ta ise kombom na. the morning. rimos 435 -ris Pakan tiyo rimen. —Some collected just a Miiri riŋariŋa ta imar. —There was just a small amount. small wind coming. wal rimen ŋonoono —a very small group, riŋa2 Adv_Pred1 only a few XXcarefully, slowly, little by little Sombe iti lende koroŋ rimen, ina irao. —If Kozo kiwit man kutuluunu katenŋana we (INC) have a little, that is enough. tina, to riŋa ma isu toono. Kokena Adv_Pred1 timapalpaala. —Lift that egg carton, and XXawhile, a short time then carefully put it down to the ground Aŋbot rimen, to aŋmar. —I will stay for a so that they don’t break. bit, and then come.. Tapa riŋa, pa keteŋ ipas. —Let’s walk rimen mi slowly, for I am out of breath. XXnearly, almost riŋariŋa/ ririŋa Adv_Pred1 Redup Kumbuŋ ikam giris ma rimen mi aŋmel. XXvery slowly, gradually —My foot slipped and I almost fell down. Nu so riŋariŋa. —Talk very slowly. Kilis ki meeteŋana, rimen mi ikam yo. —The Ampa riŋariŋa. —We (EXC) were walking snare of death, it nearly got me. very slowly. Niam amkan kini ma rimen mi imap. Malan indeeŋe ta aŋtum riŋariŋa lela anaŋ to loŋa mar. —We (EXC) ate the food and it kopoono —when I gradually grew inside was almost finished. Fortunately you(SG) my mother’s womb came quickly. Wooŋgo iko riŋariŋa. —The boat ran very Rimen ŋonoono mi aŋtop pa urlaŋana tio. slowly. —I almost fell away from my faith. Nio ko aŋziiri zin riŋariŋa. —I will drive rimen to them away gradually. XXsoon, after a short while XXvery carefully Rimen to palakuutu. —Soon it will be noon. Wwa riŋariŋa, kokena yasipir, to mel. —Walk Rimen to Yesu imiili. —Soon Jesus will return. very carefully lest you (SG) slip and fall. Talae rimen, to kere yo mini. —After riŋriŋ N_Event awhile, then you (PL) will see me again. XXtrembling, shaking (and nearly fainting) rimos Adv_S Moori ta, riŋriŋ ikami ma ituti su toono, to XXcessative, quit, stop tikami ma ila Lablab. —A woman was Nu nok yok laŋana rimos! —Quit going to overcome with trembling and fell down the river/water! hitting herself on the ground, and then So sua karau rimos! —Stop talking so they took her to Lablab [where there is a quickly! health centre]. Wai, kekeene rimos! Kamaŋga. —Quit XXwobbling, quivering sleeping! Get up. Takamkaamba ipa, to riŋriŋ ikamami. similar: palak, pepe —When a praying mantis walks it riŋa1 Quantifier wobbles/ shakes/ quivers. XXsmall amount, little bit XXgreat fear, terror Sombe karao be kakam koroŋ riŋa ta kembei Tire koroŋ sananŋana kat ma riŋriŋ ikam som, padei pa koroŋ biibi? —But if you (PL) zin. Timoto kat. —They saw something can’t do something little like that, how really bad and terror struck them. They [can you do] something big? were really afraid. zin ta len pat riŋa —those who only have a -ris V_Tr small amount of money XXdraw lines, engrave (using a piece of riŋariŋa Quantifier Redup obsidian, pen, knife, needle, etc.) XXsmall amount (+plural), a few, a little Ris zin buk! —Draw margins on the papers! Tiurpewe pataŋana riŋariŋa. —They were -ris maaŋga/ peende —draw lines/ marks fixing the smaller problems. in sand Mok ririŋa imbot. —A small amount of taro Ni iris salaŋ/ kou isala ndomoono. —He was left. drew lines of salaŋ [source of red a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ro 436 -ro

pigment]/ lime [source of white pigment] ro sua kana —paper having writing on it on his forehead [to show he wants to be Beede ro ila pini. —Write a letter to him. part of a ceremony]. XXepistle (in the Bible) XXcut along the long axis of something ro mataana kana ta Paulus ibeede la ki Ris ŋge kuliini. —Cut the pig longitudinally. Timoti —the first epistle that Paul wrote Re pa buza. Ko iris kumbum. —Be careful to Timothy with the machete lest you (SG) cut your foot. XXpaper money, 10 kina note Ris pepe. Pa koroŋ popoŋana. —Don’t make ro ru —twenty kina cuts into it. It is new. ro laamuru —100 kina XXgo by fast, whiz by (used of people) similar: zaraaba laamuru (=100 kina) Asiŋ ta iris ma ila? —Who whizzed by? roŋa- N_Inal_Stative similar: -beleu, -rik XXpaper money (as opposed to coins) -rris/ -risris V_Tr Redup Kam leŋ roŋana, mozooroŋana pepe. —Give Mi ituundu ma irris su pa toono pa namaana me paper money, not coins. lutuunu. —And he bent down and was ro3 N drawing/ writing on the ground with his XXweeds finger. Kala ma kupurru ro sananŋana pa serembat -riskaala V_Tr Redup kiti. —Go and pull out the weeds from XXdraw a circle around something to mark it our (INC) sweet potatoes. XXput a mark on something in order to -pun ro —weed reserve it Ro sananŋana ilol kini. —Bad weeds Riskaala kotkot ambaiŋana pakan be tusu covered the food. tapaala lende. —Put a mark on some of -ro4 V_Tr the good driftwood so we (INC) can come XXscoop up with one’s hands, take a down [and] break it [later]. handful of something Wai, kam pepe! Tomtom toro iriskaala kek. Namanda ru mi toro musmuuzu ila gedeeŋe. —Hey, don’t take it! Someone else has —With both hands, let’s scoop up the already marked it for himself. rubbish and throw it away on the rubbish -parris V_Tr heap. XXmake scratches on something, make Tila you muriini ma tiro koskoozo. —They stripes went to the fireplace and scooped up a Tirris/ Tiparris tebol ma isaana. —They handful of ashes. scratched the table and ruined it. Ni iro kaŋar, mi iro raama ŋge tiene. —As parrisŋa- N_Inal she scooped up some galip nuts, she XXstriped (narrow stripes) scooped up pig’s excrement with them. Klos tio parrisŋana. —My dress is striped. XXgrab with claws/ talons Puke ŋonoono parrisŋan. —The striped Manboŋ iro ka ye. —An eagle grabbed Malaysian apple fruit. itself a fish with its claws/talons. see also: -palkat(kat) ‘striped’ (broader Re pa sek tana, ko iro u. —Watch out for stripes) that sek insect lest it pinch you (SG). ro1 N -roro/ -rro V_Tr Redup XXstick to which sago thatching is sewn -rogeege V_Tr def. kooto kiini XXgather together (things that are located note: Marile dialect form in different places) similar: ŋgil Ni irogeege zin wal kini. —He gathered his ro2 N people together from their different places. XXleaf/ leaves (general term) Ni irogeege uraata ta boozomen. —He is Laala ro pa meene, mi tere meene keteene. doing many different kinds of jobs. —Remove the leaves from the sago, and similar: -lup, -kamraama, -kisraama let us look at the sago flour. -rokis V_Tr see also: ru- (ruunu) ‘leaf’ XXgrab and hold tightly, grab hold of, take XXpaper, letter hold of -robon 437 -roogo -rokokaala Rokiskis mi kam ma mar. Kokena borok. kete- rokokaala —Hold [them] tightly and bring [them] XX here. [They] must not spill. unwilling to give XXkeep to oneself see also: -roogokaala

Ni irokis koroŋ ta boozomen. —He kept romoono N_Inal everything to himself [i.e. he did not construction: mata romo- XX share things with others]. edge (of thatched roofing) -rokiskis V_Tr Redup kooto mata romoono —edge of thatching Ke uraana irokiskis toono. —The tree’s roots on a roof are holding the tree firmly in the ground. Ur dis ila ta kooto mata romoono na be iyaŋ Re pa tarkamkaamba ta irokiskis mburu isula. —Put a dish under the edge of the ku na. Kinke isu lene. —Look out for the thatching, so that the rainwater falls down praying mantis that has grabbed hold of into it. roŋroŋ your (SG) clothes. Take it off. V_Intr_Uninfl kumbu- iro/ irokiskis XXimminent, about to happen XXsurefooted, feet grab the ground so one Maria kopoono iwe roŋroŋ kana. —Maria does not slip was about to give birth. Yaŋ ma zaala isipirpir kat. Tana kinke su ku Ŋge kopoono roŋroŋ be ipeebe. —The pig is ila ne. Mi kumbum men be irokiskis toono about to give birth. mi pa. —It rained and the road is very Wo roŋroŋ ma ipet i. Toko ma tasala toono. slippery. Therefore take off your (SG) shoes. —A flood is coming just now. Let’s run Go barefooted so that [your feet] will grab away and go up to [higher] ground. the ground as you walk. similar: reŋreŋ Ni ikam ma kumbuŋ irokiskis toono, tana -roŋrooŋgo V_Tr Redup aŋrao be aŋpa pa lele abalabalŋana. —He XXcarry something as a group (because it is makes me sure-footed, and therefore I am very heavy) able to walk in mountainous areas. Niam amroŋrooŋgo ke lwoono ma ilae zaala -robon V_Tr zilŋaana. —A group of us (EXC) carried the XXcount out, count up (taro, wooden tree trunk off to the side of the road. dishes, money etc) Tiroŋrooŋgi ma tiyooto mi tila titwi sula Aŋrobon pat tio bekena aŋre ma pakaana waene zilŋaana. —The group of them ila pa kini mi pakaana ila pasbuk. —I carried her body out and buried her next have counted up my money so that I can to her husband. see [how much I have] and [use] some of similar: -kor nama- pa, -suru it for food, while the rest goes into [my] -roogo V_Tr savings account. XXreserve, assign, choose Torobon mi tere. Ko ipet piizi? Sombe irao Aŋroogo leŋ me lutuunu taŋga. —I reserved zen, to takam uraata mini. —Let us (INC) that puppy over there for myself. count out the money and see how much Yooba itunu iroogi mi iuri pa uraata. there is. If there is not enough, then we’ll —Yahweh himself chose him and have to do some more work. appointed him to do the work. similar: -nin XXreserve a woman for marriage rok N Tamaŋ bizin tiroogo moori ti pio. —My XXNew Guinea walnut tree (=Tok Pisin father and uncles reserved this woman for mon, good for building, has an attractive me to marry. XX grain, edible fruits, scientific name: compliment a baby in order to get Dracontomelum mangiferum) something Neeri zin pikin timbel kan rok kanŋana. def. Sombe nu lelem pa pikin sa, to nu —Yesterday the children ate a lot of New beŋbeeŋe pini mi so sua tana. To naana ko Guinea walnut tree fruits. ikam kom koroŋ ta wi pa i. —If you (SG) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -rooro 438 rou

like some child, then you embrace him or -rooropi V_Tr her and say that. Then the child’s mother XXfence in, enclose an area by sticking will give you what you ask for [thereby sticks into the ground very close to each demonstrating how much she values her other (without tying them together) child]. Nio aŋrooropi plaua tio. Kokena ŋge titaara. Nio aŋroogo kutim pa koŋ welŋan/ tuunu. —I fenced my flowers in so the pigs —I compliment your penis in order to get would not tear them up. some sago grubs/ eel. [said to the child] Rooropi pin ku. —Put a fence around your Aŋroogo lutum sukiini pa koŋ man. —I (SG) banana plant. compliment your child’s thighs for a -parooro V_Middle chicken. [said to child’s mother] XXarrange around something -rokroogo V_Tr Redup XXline up, put in a straight line, arrange in -roogokaala V_Tr a straight line XXreserve, choose, set aside for special roprop N Redup purposes XXrubbish in the river (sticks and leaves) Mbuulu mbu tana pepe. Ni iroogokaala Yok tiŋgi, roprop biibi mi buzur tikewwe lela. kek. —Don’t touch that betel-nut. He has Tabe tere zin som. —This river has a lot of already reserved it. rubbish and the fish are hiding inside it. kete- rokokaala Therefore we (INC) can’t see them. XXunwilling to give, be stingy (Marile form) =roro Adv_Pred0 Redup roogoŋa- N_Inal_Event/Stative XXkeep doing something, durative aspect XXengagement ceremony (phonologically bound to preceding verb) Moori roogoŋana imap. —The engagement -menderroro ceremony for the woman is finished. XXstand looking at def. Tiur wolwol, som ŋgeeme isala Wai, niom na kemenderroro yam paso? Sua namaana, tikam serek sadeŋ ma ipotou, mi sa? —Why are you (PL) standing around tikam le koroŋ pakan. —They put armlets [and looking at] us (EXC)? Do you have on her arm, and they give her a special something to say? kind of grass skirt to put on, and give her -seeŋgeroro other things. [=traditional engagement XXkeep laughing at, mocking procedure] Tiseeŋgeroro Yesu, mi tikamam ŋeu pini ma XXreserved, engaged ila. —They kept on laughing at Jesus and Moori tana, roogoŋana kek. —That woman making fun of him. is already engaged. -taŋroro -rooro V_Intr XXplead, implore, entreat, beg, beseech, cry XXput sticks/ stones in line (close to each out for help repeatedly other) -mbutulroro Rooro ke ma iliu pin. Ko ŋge ikan. —Put XXsit around a long time sticks around the banana plant. A pig Mbutulroro yam rimos, pa niam be amla pa might eat it. koyam uraata. —Quit sitting around here rooroŋa- with us (EXC), for we are about to go to our XXstanding in line work. Ni zoŋoono rooroŋana, mi imeete. —He still rou1 N had all his teeth when he died. [=He died XXlate afternoon at a young age.] alt. rorou, rourou, rrou -roorokaala O rrou. Kombooreyom, pa niam amla i. XXline up sticks around something in order —Oh, good afternoon. You (PL) stay, for we to protect it (EXC) are going now. [a common farewell] Roorokaala pin, kokena ŋge tipasaana. Mi so rou, tona loŋa mar. —Once it is late —Put sticks around the banana plant lest afternoon, then come quickly. the pigs damage it. Tana koozi rou, to itunu ko ikam koyom dial. var. -roto, -rotokala (Northern) buzur. —So this afternoon, then he -rou 439 -roupekel

himself will bring you (PL) some game. just strike it [with the nut in a standing Beso rou mi zoŋ isula na... —Once it is position]. If it is very hard type, we first afternoon and the sun goes down, then... lay it horizontally and hit [it], and then Iŋgi rou kek. —It is late afternoon already. stand it up and strike it. Timbotmbot ma lele ikamam be rou, to… -porou V_Intr —They kept staying until it was getting to XXfight be late afternoon, and then… Zin me tiporou pa kan kini. —The dogs Ambel uraata pa mbeŋbeŋŋana ma ila rou. fought over the food. —We (EXC) worked hard from very early in kuli- irou the morning until late afternoon. XXknow well, know intimately, be familiar/ Rorou ma lele iluumu, to… —Once it was well-acquainted with (and therefore not late in the afternoon, and the weather shy of another person, able to visit and was cooler, then… speak with them freely, Literally: ‘skin rou ka lele hits’) XXlate afternoon, evening Kuliini irou iti zen, pa ni popoŋana. Imbot Rou ka lele mi pitik biibi ta iyaryaara raama iti ma molo, to iute iti. —He is not muŋgu na, ina pitik Yaabo. —In the late familiar with us (INC) yet. Let him stay with afternoon, the large star that shines first, us for a long time, and then he will know that [is] the Yaabo star. us. rou biibi -parrou XXlater in the evening (around 7-10 PM) Kulindi iparrou ti ma taparzzo sua. —We Sombe man tatariigi itaŋ pa rou biibi, na (INC) know each other well and converse iwe patooŋoŋana pa tomtom sa ko imeete. intimately. —If a rooster cries in the late evening, it roukeeli N_Event is an omen that someone is going to die. XXexchange, trading, barter (without -rou2 V_Intr/Tr earlier arrangements) XXexchange/ replace something with Uraata kizin, ina tikamam roukeeli. —Their something else work is trading/ bartering. Ŋge tomooto tiŋga, ko torou i pa ŋge naana Zin mutu na, tikwaiai ma tikamam roukeeli. tis. —That male pig over there, we’ll (INC) —The inner island people are always exchange it for this female pig here. sailing around and bartering/ trading. similar: -parpekel, -pekel see also: mburooŋo, mbalpuni -rourouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup roukeeli ka tomtom XXone who is successful in doing exchanges XXbusinessman, trader To tana, ni rourouŋana. —That man is able Ni roukeeli ka tomtom. —He is good at to exchange well bartering. similar: mbalpuni, roukeele similar: tomtom ki mbalpuni -rou3 V_Tr loan from: Mutu -raukol ‘trade, bargain’ XXhit down on, drive a nail -roupekel V_Tr Nio aŋrou nil ila ke. —I drove a nail into XXexchange, give something in exchange the wood. (the items exchanged may not XXstrike down at necessarily have the same value) Nio aŋrou mooto pa ke ma imeete. —I hit def. Ina zaala ki toŋmatiziŋ be tiparuulu zin. the snake with a stick and it died. —That is a way for relatives to help each XXbreak/crack open (nuts) other. Iti torou liliibi mi tokot kaŋar. —We (INC) XXrepay break talis nuts and crack open galip nuts. Nu irao roupekel ŋge tio ta aŋkam pu na. Kaŋar gargarŋana na, torou men. Sombe —You (SG) should give me something in patpatŋana, na tepetekat muŋgu, to torou. exchange for the pig that I gave to you. —The softer type of galip nut, we (INC) similar: -kot, -pokot (koroŋ raraate ila imar) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -rourou 440 ru- -teege tete ru -rourou V_Intr/Tr Redup XX XXgather together, be together informally, have it both ways, be inconsistent in hang out together one’s behaviour -we ru pa, ma ru Amui bizin tila padei? Zin tirourou tiŋga. XX —Where have Amui and the others gone? second They are hanging out over there. Leŋ iwe ta, Kapitai iwe ru, Abore iwe tel… rourouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup —Leng was first, Kapitai was the second, XXin groups, gathering Abore was the third… Tomooto rourouŋan sala urum, mi moori Zalazoro ma ta, Buai ma ru, Ŋarok ma tel… rourouŋan ila mbaruumu tiŋga. —The —Zalazoro was the first one, Buai the men are gathered up in the clan house, second, Ngarok the third… ruŋa/ruruŋa and the women are gathered underneath Adv_Pred1 XX that house over there. two by two, in twos, in pairs similar: -lup, -mokor, -maraami Kozo kotoombo ruruŋa mi tere ten. —You rouŋa- (PL) try doing it in pairs and we’ll (INC) see. XXthick, full Ni iur zin ruŋa pa uraata. —He sent them Ni ute ruunu rouŋana. —He has very thick to work in pairs. hair. Zin ruŋa ruŋa timar ki Noa. —They came ni rouŋana —coconut palm that is full of to Noah in pairs. ŋgar (iwe) (ru)ruŋa fruit XX Ni kureene rouŋana. Ŋonoono men. doubt, have conflicting opinions Mazwaana be tasala som. —The cluster Niom ta ŋgar tiom iwe ruruŋa na, kuurpe of coconuts is full. There is nothing but leleyom ma iŋgeeze. —You (PL) who have nuts. There is no space for us (INC) to go up doubts/ conflicting opinions in your hearts, [between them]. fix your hearts and make them clean. Ni ito mbulu tamen som. Pa ŋgar kini ru1 Quantifier XXtwo ruruŋa tau. —He does not follow just me tio ru —my two dogs. one way of behaviour. [i.e. He is not consistent in his behaviour.] For his niamru, ituru, niomru, ziru —we two (EXC), thinking is always divided. we two (INC), you two, the two of them

lamata mi ru —seven ([ive and two] ru-2 N ute- ruunu laamuru —ten [two fives] XX wal ru —two people hair (on the head, used of human ru sa —two or so beings) Ko ikam le pat ru sa. —He might get two or To tana uteene ruunu biibi/ rouŋana/ so pieces of money. mbuŋbuŋŋana. —That man has a lot of -we ru hair on his head [long and thick]. XXinto two, in half uten ruunu pupŋana —cutting of their hair …rek ma iwe ru. —it split into two. Ni ute ruunu perekrekŋana. —His/Her hair Tai imet ma iwe ru. —The sea divided in is tangled/not combed. half Mar ma saaba uteŋ ruunu isu lene. Pa iŋgi Leleŋ iwe ru. —My insides are two [=I have iperekrek. —Come and shave off my hair. doubts about something.] For it is really tangled. boogo ru Uteyom runrun na, Anutu inin zin ma imap. XXtwins —All of the hairs of your (PL) heads, God Ni ipeebe boogo ru. —She gave birth to twins. has counted. pa ru XXleaf, leaves XXtwice ke ruunu —leaves of a tree Ni ipakaam yo pa ru i. —He has now ruunu perper, ke iur ruunu —a leaf appears, deceived me twice. a tree puts forth leaves, a tree’s leaves -mbot ru come out XXbe separated ni runrun —coconut fronds -ru 441 -ru

Beso zoŋ ise ma mataana kat, to run imelle Motoŋana biibi ikam yo mi aŋru zaala. ma timetmeete. —When the sun rises and —Great fear took hold of me and I tried becomes very intense, then their leaves to think of what I should do. will wither and die. Ko aŋru zaala toro. —I will look for another see also: rumu- ‘feathers, fur, all body hair way. except the hair on one’s head’ -ru zala- -ru3 V_Intr XXbe in need of something and looking for XXpenetrate, enter into, go through help Ke iru pio kek. —A stick has gone into me. Timbot ŋoobo mi tirru zalan. —They are Sokorei kuziini iru pio? —What is it that I living poorly and looking for help. smell? (Lit. ‘What [thing’s] smell is going Irao tiru zalan pa kosasa som. —They will into me?’) not be in need of anything. XXfill, take control of, possess (often used ruŋa- of spiritual beings that take control of XXseeking, hunting people) tomtom ki buzur ruŋana —hunter Bubuŋana Potomŋana iru pizin, na ŋgar kopo- rru kizin ipet. —When the Holy Spirit filled XXbe anxious, worry (Lit. ‘stomach is them, they realised/ understood. seeking’) Ŋgar sananŋana iru pio. —Bad thinking Kopoyom rru pa koyom kini ma yok pepe. entered me. —Do not worry about your (PL) food or -rupa V_Tr drink. XXput on (used of clothing) Kopoyam rru pu ma ambel ruŋom kek. Nu rupa kolsiot som? —Why didn’t you put —We (EXC) were anxious about you (SG) and on a sweater/jacket? have been looking hard for you (SG). Ni izun mburu ki muuŋgu ma isu lene, mi irupa mata- ru/rru mburu toro. —She took off the mourning XXlook for, search clothes, and put on other clothing. Tamen Yesu mata rru tomtom ta iteegi na. -rupawa V_Tr Redup —But Jesus was looking to see the person Ni irupawa mburu som. —He did not wear who had touched him. clothes. XXtry to figure out something, think about -ru4 V_Tr what to do next XXlook for, search for, seek Tana mata rru ka uunu. —Therefore he was Nio aŋru aŋru ma som. —I searched and trying to figure out the meaning of it. searched without finding it. Matan rru mbulu sananŋana be tikam. Nu ru lem sokorei? —What are you (SG) —They are always thinking about what looking for? bad thing they can do next. La pa su mi ru koŋ buzur sa. —Go to the -rupetpet V_Tr Redup forest and look for some game for me. XXsearch carefully, search for something by -ruru V_Tr Redup lifting up things, rummage through alt. -rru Moori tiŋga irupetpet sokorei lae diditu? Wal tina tirru asiŋ? —Who are those —What is that woman over there people looking for? searching for in the storage house? -ru/ -rru zaala pa -ru mbura-, -ru tiro- XXlook for a way to do something, seek XXevaluate another person’s strength how to do something, try to figure out (Lit. ‘search for the strength/bones of what to do someone’) Niam amrru zaala pa pataŋana tiŋgi. Ko XXchallenge amkam parei pa? —We (EXC) are looking Nio aŋru tomtom tana mburaana pa for solution to this problem. What are we malmal. —I evaluated his strength for a to do about it? fight./ I challenged him to a fight. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ruk 442 rumul ruk1 V_Intr_Uninfl rukum N XXmove a bit XXcrab (general term) Kam mi ruk ma isu. —Take it down a bit. Rukum ikarra ma ila ikan we ta imbot taŋga. Nio ruk ma aŋma ŋana. —I [will] move a —The rukum crab crawled and went to eat bit closer to you. the mango that was over there. Ruk ma la ŋana. —Go a bit further away. Rukum zoŋoono iŋgorut we, mi iur la Tikam pelpeele ma ruk ma isala kor. —They kwoono. —The rukum crab bit a mango moved the basket a bit higher up. and put it into its mouth. ruk ten rukum ki tiiŋgi —rukum crab found in XXmove just a bit swampy areas Yoan tina, ni ruk ten pa Anutu kwoono rukum toono kana —rukum crab found on bizin. —That John, he is a bit above the land rest of the prophets. rukum kalma na tai kana —The kalma -paruk V_Tr rukum crab is found in/near the sea XXmove something a bit by hand rumruumu N Redup Ouo, kaparuk mbalia tana imar ŋana tis. XXinsect leavings, nests, and other things —Hey, move the bench a bit this way. that hang from the timber of a house Paruk sia ku mi mar ŋana. —Move your (SG) Nu rupispis mbaruumu na, rre pa rumruumu, chair a bit closer. ko isala utem. —When you (SG) are crawling rukruk V_Intr Redup underneath the house, watch out that you XXmove slowly, do little by little don’t bump your head into the spider webs Tipun le, mi wooŋgo itunu rukruk ma ilala. and other things. —They took down the sail, and the boat dial. var. lo tiene (Marile) was slowly moving forward on its own. similar: musmuuzu Urlaŋana ku ko rukruk ma izze. —Your (SG) rumu- N_Inal faith will gradually increase. XXhair on the skin, body hair, fur, feathers, Nu piyar pepe. Rukruk riŋariŋa ma ko imap. fibrous coverings of plants —Don’t hurry. Move slowly and it will be keze- rumuunu —beard finished. mata- rumuunu —eyebrows Sambar ma biibi pepe, ko nim isaana. posi rumuunu —fur of a cat Rukruk riŋa riŋa ma ko imap. —Don’t man rumuunu —feathers of a bird overexert yourself (SG) in cutting the grass. ni rumuunu —fibres in the husk of a You will get exhausted. Work at it slowly coconut shell and it will get done. yagoŋ rumuunu —corn silk -ruk2 V_Tr Rumuunu kembei ta me. —Its fur is like a XXsteam plants in order to get a good dog’s. smelling decoration Tipup sipsip rumuunu. —They were Zin tiruk aigau pa naroogo biibi. —They shearing/ cutting the wool of the sheep. steamed decorative plants for the big rumun rumunŋa- dance ceremony. XXhairy, hairy def. Tuzuk ma itoto sala you keseene. Som Me pakan rumun rumunŋan. —Some dogs na, tuzuk ma ituumbu (geege piuŋana, have a long, thick fur. ndoono piuŋana). Bubuŋ ipun, pakan tito, Isau kuliini siŋsiŋŋana mi rumun rumunŋana. pakan tituumbu. Tepeeze to tiur. —Esau’s skin was reddish and hairy. XXburn incense see also: ru- ‘hair on the head, leaf/ leaves’ Zin patoronŋana kan tirukruk ŋgere rumul N_Stative kuziiniŋana pa mankwoono mi rou. —The XXsecond growth (used of food crops priests burn fragrant oil [i.e. incense] in growing in an abandoned garden area) the mornings and afternoons. Kala kuru kanda manioka rumul ma imar you muriini be tiruk ŋgere kuziiniŋana teneene. Pa petel ti kek. —Go look for isala —the fireplace where they burned some manioc in the old garden for us (INC) fragrant oil [=altar of incense] to eat and bring it here and we will roast ruŋ 443 -rupis

it. For we are already hungry. them], it looked like a frog. ruŋ1 N XXimage, statue XXfibrous sheath (found at the base of Tiurpe makau ruŋguunu pa gol. —They coconut fronds, used as a sieve) made a statue of a cow out of gold. XXsieve ruŋgu- irao pa ula/ ruŋgu- ki ula Nio aŋteete ni ka ruŋ. —I cut the fibrous XXready for marriage, old enough to marry sheath of a coconut frond. (seen from the person’s appearance) Tipiizi meene pa ni ka ruŋ. —We (INC) Ni ruŋguunu irao pa ula kek. —He/She squeeze sago pulp using a coconut sheath. is old enough to get married. [His/Her Aŋteete rais bek be iwe ruŋ. —I cut a rice appearance shows that they are physically bag to use as a sieve. mature enough to get married.] -ruŋ2 V_Intr ruŋgu- isaana XXbud (beginning of the process of XXlook bad, get badly wounded (blood producing fruit, flower) involved) def. Iruŋ ma imapaala. (=Kaŋar imbui ma Tiparpun zin ma ruŋgun isaana kat. —They isala.) Ina ikun kandaara ma ise. To ila na hit each other and had blood all over iya namaana ma imiliibi ma isu. them and looked awful. We/ Puke/ Guava iruŋ. —The mango, -kam ruŋgu- Malaysian apple, cocoa tree is beginning XXrepresent, do on behalf of to blossom. Kakam ruŋguŋ mi kala koso pini. —Take Ke tana sombe iruŋ, tona kikilaala. —When my place (=represent me), and go and that tree blooms, then you (PL) will talk to him. recognise it. Ni ikam Anutu ruŋguunu ta imar i. —He is similar: -kun kandaara coming as God’s representative. ruŋgu- N_Inal ruŋruŋ V_Intr_Uninfl Redup XXappearance, face, looks, shape XXdo something together in a small Ni ruŋguunu ambaiŋana. —He/She has a group (five-six people), wander around nice appearance./ He/She is good-looking. aimlessly Ni irao itundu ruŋgundu —He is in our (INC) Ruŋruŋ ma tiwwa. Kan uraata somŋan. image/ similar in appearance to us. —They wandered around aimlessly as a Ni itiiri ruŋguunu ila natiloŋa. —He small group [singing and making noise]. examined his appearance in a mirror. They have no work [to do]. Ni iurpe ruŋguunu ma ambai. —She tidied -rupetpet V_Tr Redup up her appearance. XXsearch carefully, search for something by Tomtom sa ire kat ruŋguunu zen. —Nobody lifting up things, rummage through has ever really seen him personally/ face Moori tiŋga irupetpet sokorei lae diditu? to face. —What is that woman over there Aigau ipeŋgeeze ruŋguyom. —Decorations searching for in the storage house? make your (PL) appearance attractive. -rupis V_Tr Sombe lelende ambai, nako tomtom tikilaala XXcrawl underneath something mar pa ruŋgundu. —If we (INC) are happy Ni irupis mbaruumu/ tebol mbarmaana (Lit. ‘our insides/feelings are good’), then —He crawled underneath the house/ table people will see it from our appearance. Turupis ke. —Let’s crawl underneath the ruŋgu- kembei (ta) [fallen] log. XXresemble, look like XXcrawl through, crawl into Aikeŋ ruŋguunu kei ta tamaana. —Aikeng -rupis mbaŋbaŋ/ raŋ sumbuunu/ ke looks like his father. sumbuunu —crawl through thick grass/ Ruŋgun kembei malmal som. —They do not crawl into a cave/ crawl into a hole in a look like they have come to fight. tree Ta na, ruŋguunu kembei ta ŋgeu. —One [of a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ruumu 444 -ruutu

-rupispis V_Tr Redup mbaruumu —area underneath a house Nu nok mbaruumu rupispisŋana rimos! ruumu ka ŋgeele — ridge of the roof —Quit crawling underneath the house miiri kwoono —window [Lit. mouth of the all the time! wind’] ruumu N ruumu kwoono —area in front of the house XXhouse [Lit. ‘mouth of the house’] Nio ko loŋa aŋpo Ni imbutultul su ruumu kini kwoono. —He leŋ ruumu ma was sitting there in front of his house. isala. —I will nakur —main beam quickly build nasil —centrepost, totem pole in a clan myself a house. house ruumu katuunu bizin —owners of the namor —thatching that sticks out over the house, ones permanently living in a house long sides of a roof -sala (pa) ruumu —go up to a house ruumu ka ndaama —thatching along the -lela, -lema ruumu —go/come inside a two long sides of a house house parpaara naana —supporting timber that -mbot ruumu leleene —stay inside a house, lies on the top of posts and is oriented stay at home longitudinally with respect to the house -yooto pa ruumu —come out of a house, piliiti —top part, longitudinal pieces of leave a house timber on the roof on which siels sit -nono ruumu —go from house to house ruumu tiron tiron —framing of the house (often done in the hope that one will be ruumu uteene —roof of a house given some food to eat) siel —rafters (=Tok Pisin sapnil, transverse see also: beeze ‘garden house’, biriŋ pieces of wood on the roof to which ‘cooking shelter’, saŋarai, ‘temporary thatching is tied) house’, urum ‘men’s house, church temboŋ —studs building’, and diditu/ didiunu ‘storage wiimbi —floor bearers area for food in a house, storehouse, yok putu (=koroŋ ta siel ise pa) —timber store’ on which a siel rests ruumu mete kana ruumu lutuunu XXhospital, health center XXheaddress worn for the Sia dance ruumu ŋgomo kana def. Tiurpe pa teene pinŋana ma ruŋ be tikun XXstore mi tirak Sia. ruumu pat kana see also: man XXbank -ruutu V_Tr ruumu sanaana XXwithhold, hold back, refuse to give XXprison something ruumu ka koroŋŋan Nio aŋruutu kini tio piom. —I refuse to give XXparts of a house (also see Semantic fields): my food to you. didi —wall Tamaana iruuti, tabe iwoolo som. —Her gungun —studs (vertical timbers in walls) father kept her from marrying. ruumu ka kataama —door of a house Sombe tiboobu, na ruutu itum. La gaaba kataama kwoono —door opening zin pepe. —If they call for you (SG), do not ruumu ka kitiimbi —posts of a house agree. Do not go accompany them. ruumu ka kooto —thatching on the roof of -rutruutu V_Tr Redup a house Niom tina kurutruutu koi, mi ituyom men kon kwoono —open space in the gable of a kakanan, ta ambai som. —You (PL) there house [Lit. ghost’s mouth’] keep holding on to the tobacco and only kuzi zaala —bottom plate of walls [Lit. ‘rat you are smoking it, that is not good. road’] -parruutu V_Tr luŋluŋ —floor joists XXwithhold from each other mbal —top plate of walls rwo- 445 -saaba Ziru tiparruutu kini pizin. —They withheld Zin tikam ŋge sa som. —They didn’t get a food from each other. single pig. rwo- N_Inal Leleene pizin ri sa som kat. —He did not XXfather-in-law, son-in-law like them at all. rwoŋbi —my father-in-law Niom tina, leyom ŋgar sa som! —You (PL) rwoŋ bizin —my son-in-laws there, you do not have any understanding! rwo- moori kosasa na som —not a thing XXmother-in-law, daughter-in-law pa X sa rwoŋ mooribi —my mother-in-law XXaround X times rwoono moori —his/her mother-in-law, Nio ko aŋseeze matan pa tamen sa! —I will daughter-in-law afflict them one more time! La ki rwoŋ moori ma kam kanda mbu sa. Nu tooro sua ku piizi sa kek! —How many —Go to my daughter-in-law and get us times you (SG) have changed your talk! (INC) some betel-nut. ...pa sa zen see also: iwa- ‘brother-/ sister-in-law’ XXnever Nio aŋre i pa sa zen. —I have never seen him. -sa3 V_Tr S XXwait for someone or something, expect to meet sa1 Adv_PrePredP Niam amla ma amsa Suŋgu. —We (EXC) went XX“Now I know this!” (expresses sudden and waited for the Sungu [a ship]. realisation) similar: -naama ‘wait for’ Iŋga sa ŋge na! —Hey, that is a pig! -zaza, -zza V_Tr Redup XX“I do know this” (expresses strong Nio aŋla tiŋga, to aŋmar. Niom kombot mi certainty in affirmations) kazza yo. —I’ll go over there and then Ni sa imeete kek! —I know she has died! come back. You stay here and wait for me. Ina sa nu pakaam na! —I know you (SG) are -saaba V_Tr lying! [And you know it too.] XXcut hair very short sa2 Determiner Mar ma saaba uteŋ ruunu isu lene. Pa iŋgi XXsome, any (non-referential, non-specific) iperekrek mete, mi kut ikan ma ituntun. Lem sua sa? —Do you (SG) have anything to —Come and cut off all of my hair. For it say? is too tangled and lice are biting [me] and Kam koŋ rais sa. —Give me some rice to eat. it itches. Nio ko aŋkam leyom koroŋ tasa kaimer. —I XXscale a fish, scrape off the scales of a fish will give you (PL) something later. Iti tasaaba ye ŋgauliini. —We (INC) scraped mazwaana sa —sometime, at some time off the scales of the fish. Padei, pataŋana sa? —What is it, [is there] XXtrim, cut off with a sweeping movement some trouble? Iti tasaaba ke ruunu/ plaua. —We (INC) Aigule tana, kakam uraata sa pepe. —That trimmed the tree/ flowering hedge. day, do not do any work. XXblow off the top of something Ko wal ru, som tel sa, ina irao. —Two or Wai, uriizi miiri biibi imar ma isaaba ruumu three people would be enough. uten uten ta boozomen ma tisaana kat. Nu na, zalala koroŋom sa! —You (SG) think —Wow, the day before yesterday a big you are someone who can climb up wind came and blew off all the roofs of things! [but you can’t]. the houses, and they were badly damaged. sa som -kansaaba V_Tr XXnothing, not a thing, not at all XXburn up Toro sa som? —Is there no other? -pasaaba V_Tr Koroŋ sa ike pu som. —Nothing is hidden XXblow off with force, flatten with force from you (SG). Miiri ipasaaba ke ruunu. —The wind blew off the leaves of the tree. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z saaga 446 -saana kar saamba saaga1 N XX XXbasket type (small one) heaven (the place where God is) Tewe ni ruunu ma iwe saaga. —We (INC) Kar saamba, ina Merere muriini. —Heaven, wove coconut leaves into a saaga basket. that is the Lord’s place. Kini mazeene isula saaga ta imbiŋmbiŋ na. Biibi saamba kana —the Big One of heaven —The cooked food has gone down into [i.e. God]

the saaga basket that is hanging [there]. -saana V_Intr XX saaga2 Adv_PredP be bad/ broken/ ruined/ decayed/ evil XXfive days from now Mbotŋana kiti isaana. —Our (INC) life is bad. def. koozi, gaaga, malama, upeele, iriimi, Ni uruunu isaana. —His news is bad./ He saaga —today, tomorrow, two days from has a bad name./ His reputation is ruined. now, three days from now, four days from see also: sanaana ‘sin, evil, wrong-doing’ XX now, five days from now go bad, decay, deteriorate, become Koozi mi gaaga na, itiŋan takam uraata, mi spoiled, get ruined, become worse, get malama mi upeele, ko aŋmar som, mi iriimi worse, worsen mi saaga to aŋmar mini ma itiŋan takam Kini isaana kek. —The food has spoiled. uraata. —Today and tomorrow we (INC) Urlaŋana kizin isaana. —Their faith has will work together, but two days from gone bad./ They have abandoned their now and three days from now I will not faith. come, and four and five days from now, Kar isaana kek. —The village is ruined. XX then I will come back and we will work tired, worn out, sick, feeble together again. Ni iwe kolman ma isaana. —He became old saama N and feeble. XXoutrigger Petel yo ma aŋsaana kat. —I am hungry —outrigger of a canoe and really in bad shape. wooŋgo ka saama XX Kiwit mburu pakan ilala ki saama be bad (used of environmental phenomena) iyaraama. Kokena saama ikaaga (ise). Lele isaana. —The weather is/ became bad. —Lift some cargo onto the outrigger to Tai isaana kat. —The sea is really bad/ hold it steady. Otherwise the outrigger rough. -kam ma -saana might rise up [and the canoe capsize]. XX XXwife (figurative, indirect way of referring ruin, harm, damage, injure (Lit. ‘do and to someone’s wife.) harm’, usually expresses unintentional Nu ur saama ila wooŋgo kiwi kek? —Are damage or harm that does not occur you (SG) married yet? [Lit. ‘Have you put right after the event causing the damage) an outrigger on your canoe yet?] Mete ikami ma isaana kat. —The illness has Tomtom taŋga, ni le saama somŋana. really harmed him. kopo- isaana —That person over there, he is without an XX outrigger [i.e. a wife]. feel full (Lit. ‘stomach is bad’) see also: pelpeele Niom kakan, pa nio kopoŋ isaana kek. (PL) saamba N —You eat, for I am already really full. XX isu ma isaana sky, heaven XX Pitik timbot sala saamba. —The stars are be abundant (used of food) up in the sky. Kini isu ma isaana. —There was huge Pitik tiŋgor saamba. —The sky is full of amount of food. le- uunu sa isaana som stars. XX Lolo ikam bil ma ikakat saamba. —The innocent lightning flashed across the sky. Ni le uunu sa isaana som. —He is Saamba keskeezeŋana kat. —The sky is innocent./ He is not guilty. lele- isaana pa really blue. XX saamba komboono, guburtiene som kat feel sorry for, feel pity/ compassion for —bright blue sky, no clouds at all someone (Lit. ‘insides are bad for’) Leleene izanzaana pizin. —He keeps feeling -saaŋa 447 -saaŋa

sorry for them. kek?” —“Come up and get this mango mata- isaana fruit.” Then she twisted the mango and XXpoor eyesight said: “Are you ready[to catch it when I XXdrunk (individual looks bad, speaks toss it down?” poorly, and is physically in a bad way) Sanaana izaŋzaaŋa su kataama kwoono be ni- isaana ikokat iti. —Sin is waiting by the door to XXfeel tired, worn out, exhausted (Lit. ‘hook’ us. ‘one’s being is bad’) XXstand by in order to replace, be in ŋgure- isaana pa reserve XXcrave for meat (Lit. ‘neck is bad for’) Toro isaaŋi be ikam muriini. —Someone Ŋgureŋ isaana pa buzur. —I am craving for else is waiting to replace him. meat. Keresin pakan imbot be isaaŋa. —There is ruŋgu- isaana—bad-looking, badly some kerosene in reserve. wounded Naso kini tana isaaŋa yom pa peteele biibi Tibalis yam ma ruŋguyam isaana. —They tabe ipeti. —Then this food can wait as a hit us (EXC) and we looked terrible [due to reserve to help you (PL) in the big famine our wounds]. that is coming. -zanzaana V_Intr Redup loan from: Mutu language, cf. -saŋan ‘wait’ Koroŋ ta boozomen tizanzaana men. -saaŋa2 V_Tr —Everything keeps getting worse. XXprotect something from theft by putting Ŋgar kizin izanzaana men. —Their something dangerous near it (e.g. napitpit thinking is always bad/evil. ‘trap’, napalis ‘magical fetish’, nails) Kini ta loŋa izanzaana na, kupun Ni isaaŋa ruumu kini pa wal kuumbuŋan. mburoyam pa pepe. —The food that Kokena tikem koroŋ kini. —He protected quickly spoils, don’t work too hard for it. his house from thieves [by putting -pasaana V_Tr something dangerous around it] so they XXdestroy, ruin, harm, afflict would not steal his things. XXwork sorcery on Ni isaaŋa wo lene kini. —He put dangerous XXwaste things [i.e. magical fetishes] around his XXembezzle, misuse (used of money) garden in order to protect it. XXdefile, desecrate, blaspheme Ni isaaŋa ruumu kini pa marai sanaana. See main entry -pasaana for examples —He protected his house by putting bad -pasaana lele- [=magical] ginger around it. XX upset someone, offend someone, hurt -saaŋa3 V_Tr someone’s feelings (Lit. ‘ruin/harm XXput up, hang up something on a someone’s insides/feelings’) structure of crossed sticks connected by -saaŋa1 V_Intr/Tr another stick (often pigs and baskets of XXambush, lie in wait for sago are hung up this way) def. Tasa tomtom be tapasaani. —We (INC) def. Ni iŋgun wo kumbu mi isaaŋa ise. —He wait for someone in order to harm him. stuck the X braces into the ground, and Nio ko aŋma aŋsaaŋa yom su zaala. Kamar, hung it up on [them]. to aŋbalis koyom tasa. —I will come and Ambu ipeene ŋge ma imeete, to isaaŋi ise mi wait for you (PL) on the road. When you imar. To iso pa lutuunu bizin be tisiŋi ma come, I will hit one of you to punish you. timar. —Ambu shot and killed a pig, and -zaŋzaaŋa V_Tr Redup then hung it up on a wooden structure Zin tila tizaŋzaaŋa tomtom tabe imar i. to wait, and came back. Then he told his —They went and were waiting in ambush sons to carry it here [to the village]. for the person who was coming. Tikam meene ŋgamar kunduunu ri ta tisaaŋa XXbe ready to do something se meene uunu na, mi timar. —They got “Se ma kam we ŋonoono ta ti.” To ni the small basket of sago that they had ikeende we mi iso: “Zaŋzaaŋa be siibi a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z saaza 448 -sabuleeze

hung up at the base of the sago palm, and wrappings, and send them to their trading brought it here. partners. Kuŋgun aiwol kumbu sa mi kasaaŋa meene Ni iur ro kini isula sabaŋ, mi iseŋgeere ma ise. —Set up a structure with X braces ila. —She put her letter into an envelope and a connecting stick and hang up the and sent it. sago on it. -sabeleu V_Tr saaza1 N XXmix in, stir in construction: le- saaza Mankwoono, Riti inoi meene, to isabeleu be XXgreat-grandparent, great-grandchild ŋgere izil pa. —In the morning Riti boiled (third generation either up or down) some sago, then she stirred it so that the leŋ saaza mooribi —my great-grandmother [coconut] oil would get mixed throughout le saaza bizin —his/her great- it. grandparents, great-grandchildren Kam spun imar ma sabeleu zeere ramaki dial. var. saas (Gauru) tinpis. —Bring a spoon and mix together -saaza2 V_Tr the leafy vegetables and the tinned fish. XXtear/rip off, pull out a piece of skin similar: -tooro Ni isaaza ŋge kuliini be me ikan. Mi ni itunu XXjoin in and eat with others when one has ikan mazaana. —He tore off the pig’s skin helped with the work of the household for the dog to eat. And he himself ate the (parents say this to their children in meat. order to help them to think about their La keeze kanda ni mazaana sa. To saaza duties) ma mbuk zin makiŋ, to yembut simber ma def. Tiŋgo u pa ni keereŋana ma som, mi la yo se, mi baada ma imar. —Go and shell wawa. Beso mar na, sabeleu men! (=Nu some coconuts for us (INC). Then tear off kam uraata som, mi sombe kan sorok. Sua a piece of the skin, and after tying them malmalŋana be ipei ŋgar ku). —They send together, cut a pole and collect them onto you (SG) to scrape coconut, but you don’t it, and carry [them] back here. do it and instead just go walking around. -saaza V_Intr And now you come and want to join in XXcreep (used of vines), grow by spreading the eating! (=You did not work but think along the surface of the ground you can eat anyway. Angry talk to cause Nio aŋre woor ta, ta isaas ma ipet zaal you to think a bit.) keteen. —I saw a vine that was growing XXswirl away on the road. (Gauru dalect example) Iŋgi kembei wo biibi itoktoogo raama XXswim on the surface of water kalŋaana biibi, mi ka belut isabeleu yo i. Ye isaaza pa yok/tai kuliini. —The fish is —This is like a big flood coming with a fluttering/ flying on the surface of the lot of noise and swirling me away. river/sea. sabero Adv_Pred1 Mooto gubi isaaza pa yok kuliini. —A gubi XXnot choosy, not particular about, snake is swimming on top of the water. indiscriminately -sasaaza V_Intr Redup Ni ikanan kini sabero. Ikanan sorok tau. Wooro isasaaza pa toono. —The vine keeps Inin kosa som. —He is not particular creeping and spreading across the ground. about what food he eats. He just eats dial. var. -saas (Gauru) anything whatever. He does not care. sabaŋ N Ni ikam uraata mata sabero. —He is not XXwrapping made of long leaves, envelope particular about what kind of work he def. pok, paanda, anraŋ ruunu molo —long does. leaves of different pandanus types see also: -sagor Muŋgu, zin kolman tizugzuk koi kizin pa -sabuleeze V_Middle/Tr sabaŋ, mi tiseŋgerŋgeere ila pa guraaba XXturn kizin. —In the past, the old people would To tana, aŋboobi mi itoori karau som. Pa wrap tobacco leaves with long leaf biiŋi ikami. Tana ipata be isabuleezi. —That fellow, I called him, but he did sabum sabum 449 sakusaku nama- isagor not turn around very quickly. For he is XXindiscriminately pick up all kinds of afflicted with swollen glands under his ear. things So it was hard for him to turn his neck. Ni namaana isagor ke runrun be itoto kini XXwring someone or something’s neck, pa. —She picked up all kinds of leaves arm, leg with which to roast the food. Ni isabuleeze man ŋgureene ma imeete. —He kwo- isagor wrung the chicken’s neck, and it died. XXeat food indiscriminately, not caring Sabuleeze wok kumbuunu, kokena iŋgalu. whether it is good or bad —Wring/ turn the wallaby’s leg lest it Nio kwoŋ isagor sorok kini ta boozomen ila scratch you (SG) [with its claws]. kopoŋ, pa petel yo ma aŋsaana kat. —I ate sabum sabum V_Intr Redup all kinds of food, because I was hungry alt. kabum kabum and in a really bad way. XXplunge down under water similar: -kan sorok, sabero Tila sabum sabum sula tai ma tiwin katkat -sagorgor V_Tr Redup yok. —They plunged down into the sea Kwoyom isagorgor sorok koroŋ ta boozomen and drowned. pepe. Kokena kopoyom yoyou. Kere koroŋ Sadan N_Proper ambaiŋan, to kakan. —Don’t just eat XXSatan everything lest you get a stomach ache. loan from: Tok Pisin, English Look for good things, and [just] eat them. sagar N sai Intj XXcoral (smaller, white in colour) XXperhaps (said in reply to questions, =“I def. naman namanŋana may do so, but I do not want to commit Amketo ye ta neeri ma sagar iŋgal myself.”) kumbuyam. —We (EXC) chased after fish “Gaaga ko mar lele ti?” “Sai.” — “Will you yesterday, and the coral cut our feet. (SG) come here tomorrow?” “Perhaps, but I Zin Koobo tikeende sagar, mi titun ma am not promising.” iwe kou. —The inner islanders twist sakrai N off [pieces of] coral, and heat it and it XXclay pot (small, not strong, used for becomes lime powder. lele sagarŋana cooking, obtained from Sialum, Tewai, and Gitua areas on the Huon Peninsula) XXcoral reef Ou, sakrai musaari ta imbot sala parpaara Lele sagarŋana ipapiliu mutu. —A coral ti ki asiŋ? —Hey, whose is the little clay reef surrounds the island. pot on this shelf? see also: kou see also: kuuru ‘claypot, pot (generic)’ loan from: Mutu language, cf. saghar sakul N -sagoogo V_Intr XXbird (small, white and blue in colour, XXrun, go straight and return without delay believed to play a role in love magic) La mi mbot molo pepe. Sotaara zin, mi Sakul itortooro moori lelen. —The sakul sagoogo ma miili mini. —Go quickly, but bird changes women’s desires/feelings. don’t stay for a long time. Inform them, sakusaku N and return without delay. XXskin disease type (possibly yaws, causes XXforce one’s way through brush instead of bad sores, a painful burning sensation, following a path affects the whole body, mermeere sap is Ni ila ma ikankaana pa zaala, to isagoogo used as a medicine for it) sorok su leleene. —He went and got def. Mbenmeete ikam tomtom kulin. —Sores confused about the road, so then he had affect people’s skin. to force his way through the brush in the Motoyom iŋgalŋgal ituyom. Pa mete sakusaku forest. ti kalaan som. —Watch out. For this skin -sagor V_Tr disease is not a very nice one. alt. -sagoro dial. var. kolekole (Northern) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -sal 450 -salaklaaga

-sal1 V_Intr/Tr Tiparzalala pizin pa ruumu bok kek. —They XXgo along the side of something, follow were pushing against each because the along the side of a river house was full. Aŋsal yok kezeene. —I followed the side of sala2 Serial verb the river. alt. isala Amtoombo ma amsal men pa mutu tana. XXup, up there, above, on, upon —We (EXC) tried to just go along the side ..itaŋtaŋ sala mala uteene. —He was crying of that island. up in the top of the Banyan tree. -zalzal V_Tr Redup -ur sala —put up on -kosal Aŋre sala pa irie ma imar. —I looked up at XXgo past it as it came flying toward me. Wooŋgo ikosal mutu. —The canoe/boat Pitik timbot sala saamba. —The stars are went past the island. up in the sky. -pasal V_Tr Tiboobo sala pini. —They called up to him. XXgo by, go around, pass by Wooŋgo ileege sala pat. —The boat got -sal2 V_Tr caught on a stone. XXpull off/ strip off by pulling downwards Aŋzun ŋgeeme sala namaana. —I slid an (used of leaves of trees and plants like: armlet up on her arm. koi ‘tobacco’, mbu ‘betel-nut’, ni ‘coconut, Tipuni sala ke pambaaraŋana. —They kolo, kiniimbi) nailed him onto the cross. Kala kasal ro be tolokaala wak pa. —Go and Mbuleene sala wooŋgo. —He sat down on pull off some leaves so we(INC) can cover the boat. the starchy pudding with them and heat -salae V_Intr it up. XXgo up and over a bit to the side (moving La sal lende kolo be tuzuk meene pa. —Go away from both the speaker and hearer) and pull off somekolo leaves for us (INC) Nio aŋbot kar pakaana meleebe, mi aŋsalae with which we can wrap up the sago. kar pakaana kor. —I was in the lower see also: -kin, -pit, -kenut, -yatut part of the village and went up and over a -sala1 V_Intr bit to the higher part of the village. XXascend, go up, climb up (moving away Koroŋ ta aŋturke lae tina. Beleu salae to re. from speaker and hearer), —I hid the thing over there near you (SG). Aŋsala ni. —I climbed up a coconut palm. Go up and aside a bit and then you will Aŋsala abal/ wooŋgo. —I went up the see it. mountain./ I got up onto the canoe. -salakaala V_Tr -sala ruumu —go up (in)to the house XX(be) on top of, put on top of, cover note: Compound of -se + -la Kokou tana isalakaala wal kauzin tana. XXgo up to (Gauru, and Yangla are Kokena tapadaaga. —Cover the people’s perceived to be ‘up’ from the direction of spit with ashes, lest we (INC) step on it. Kampalap and Marile) Zin ŋgoŋana naman izalakalkaala zin Zin Kampalap, Marile, mi Birik tisala tomtom mi tikamam Bubuŋana. —As the Yaŋla. —The Kampalap, Marile, and Birik apostles’ hands were [placed] upon the people went up to Yangla village. people, they would receive the Spirit. -zalala/ -zalla V_Intr Redup XXcome upon, overwhelm, overshadow Nu zalla zin koroŋ? E. Ambai. Sala ni! Pataŋana boozo isalakaala yo. —A lot of —Are you (SG) a good climber? Yes. Good, troubles have come upon me. go up the coconut! Bubuŋana Potomŋana ko isalakaala yom. sua izalla —The Holy Spirit will come upon you (PL). XX the discussion was lively (Lit. ‘the talk -salaklaaga V_Intr_Stative Redup was ascending’) kete- isalaklaaga -parzalala/ -parzalla V_Intr XXfeel nauseous XX be on top of each other, push against Keteŋ isalaklaaga. —I feel sick/nauseous./ each other, bumping into each other I feel like I am about to throw up. salan 451 sam

similar: iŋgi be -lulu, kete- nono A, mete ŋonoono? Salaulau tau. —Ah, is it salan N a real illness? No, it is just a minor illness. XXsago palm trunk from which the pulp is note: Mutu language form salaulau means being removed malaria. Guugu meene na riŋa. Kokena salan pus to -salaulau2 V_Tr Redup yok ise. —When you (SG) pulverise the sago, XXroast food partially, heat up and dry out do it carefully. Otherwise the trunk will Ni ineene kat ye som. Isalaulau siŋsiŋŋana break and water will come up inside it. men, mi ikan. —She didn’t fully roast the Tomtom pakan tisap meene ka salan ma fish. She only roasted it partially and ate it. iwe soolo. Mi pakan tiurpe ma iwe mon. Salaulau was sala you mi kan. —Dry out the —Some people hew the hollowed out aibika leaves over the fire and eat [them]. outer trunk of sago palms into flooring. salem N And some make it into a canoe. XXfeast, good time with friends salaŋ N Tikam salem mi timbot ambai. —They put XXplant type (has a red fruit that is used as on a feast and had a good time. a source of red pigment for decorating XXbliss, the perfect happiness experienced faces. The plant is also used for magical in heaven purposes.) Salem, irao takam su toono som. —Perfect Zin tibeedi pa salaŋ. —They painted her bliss/happiness, we (INC) can’t have it here face [red] with salaŋ. on earth. Ni iris salaŋ isala ndomoono. —He drew salundu1 N red lines on his forehead with salaŋ. construction: ka- salundu Mbuulu salaŋ se nomom be beede sala utem. XXnew shoot, branch —Rub a salaŋ plant in your (SG) hands and ke ka salundu —new branch of a tree then paint the [hair on] your head with it. -salundu2 V_Intr -pasaana salaŋ XXsprout, have new shoots, put forth new XXwork love magic using a salaŋ plant branches def. Naŋgaŋ ta sombe leleene pa moori sa, Ŋanraamba tiŋga, buri ta isu i. Molo som nako ipasaana salaŋ. Ipurai salaŋ, mi iso sua, mi isalundu mini ma ise. —That rosewood mi iur salaŋ sala mataana, mi ipaata moori tree over there, it just came down. It zaana sala. To moori tana ire, mi naŋgaŋ won’t take long before it sends up new tana imus salaŋ ila ne na, moori mataana shoots again. ikisi mi leleene pini. —If a young man likes def. Tataara ke, to indom ma ise mini. Uunu a girl, then he works magic using salaŋ. He imbot tau. —We (INC) cut a tree, and then says some [special] words, and puts the it grows and comes up again. [For] the salaŋ around his eyes, and calls out the base of it [still] remains. girl’s name. Then the girl sees it, and when sam V_Intr_Uninfl the young man wipes off the red coloring, XXgo out of sight, disappear the girl remembers him and desires him. Ziru tila ma sam pa su kek. —The two of salasalaŋa- V_Intr_Stative Redup them have disappeared into the forest. XXbrazen, overbold, immodest, improper, Ni sam sala ruumu kini kek. —He has (talks loudly, laughs a lot, walks around disappeared up into his house. on her own) Wooŋgo imon ma sam. —The canoe sank Ni moori salasalaŋana. —She is a brazen, out of sight. immodest woman. sam su salaulau1 N_Event Redup XXsneak off, sneak away XXminor illness, somewhat ill, sick feeling, Ni sam su ma ila ne kek. —He has sneaked not feeling well (due to a mild case of off. malaria) similar: ma pis, -beleu ma pos Salaulau ikam yo. —I am not feeling well./ I feel like I am getting sick. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z sama 452 -san sama1 N_Stative Mbia isamburaaza kaŋar ma tisula uunu ma XXmedium-sized (used of pigs) bok. —The bat ate galip nuts and the skins ŋge sama —medium-sized pig [can be eaten have fallen down and the base of the tree by a small group of people] is full of them. similar: raurauŋana, kwaaraŋana samburaazaŋa- N_Inal_Stative dial. var. saama (Marile) Kaŋar samburaazaŋan tisu ma bok. -sama2 V_Intr —A lot of skins of eaten galip nuts have XXcome up to the hearer fallen down. Nio aŋso aŋsama ku. —I want to come up -samburiiti V_Intr_Stative XX to you (SG). be red and irritated (used of people’s skin) note: Compound of -se + -ma Tibalisi pa malwe o ke, to kuliini sama3 Serial verb isamburiiti. —When they hit him/her Aŋwit nomoŋ ru sama mi aŋsuŋu. —I lift with a broom or piece of timber, then his/ up both of my hands to you and pray to her skin will be red and irritated. you (SG). Looto ikan yo ma aŋkiriu, to kuliŋ Samal N isamburiiti. —The nettles stung me and I XXdance type (performed during the day scratched myself, and then my skin was and in late afternoon) red and swollen. -sambar V_Intr/Tr dial. var. -mburiiti, berebere XXswing one’s hand in order to hit -san1 V_Tr someone or something XXgrab something away from someone, Tiziini ipamalmal keteene, to imaŋga na snatch away isambari pa ke. —His younger brother Nio aŋsan buza la pikin namaana. —I provoked him, so then he got up and snatched the knife from the child’s hand. swung at him with a stick. Nio aŋsan ye kizin Koobo. —I grabbed the Sambari lak! (=Puni lak!) —Swing at him! fish from the inner island people. (=Hit him!) Tomtom sa ko irao be isan zin ila nomoŋ na XXcut vegetation using a machete or grass som. —Nobody is able to snatch them out cutting knife of my hands. Iti tasambar ma takas ke be takam mokleene -san uraata XX popoŋana. —We (INC) cut vegetation and do work quickly, rapidly cut down trees in order to make a new def. Kam uraata karau karau. —You (SG) work garden area. quickly. Wal piizi ta uriizi tila tisambar mbunmbuutu Nomoyom nomoyom, mi kasan uraata be na? —How many people was it that went loŋa imap. —Get your (PL) hands busy and and cut grass the other day? do the work rapidly so it gets done quickly. -sambarmbar V_Tr Redup -san yoyouŋana XX sambarŋana N_Inal_Stative/Event reduce pain, alleviate pain XXcutting, cut Kala kakam gagaama ruunu sa imar be toto i lele sambarŋana —cut area, the cutting of mi tasan yoyouŋana pini. —Go get some the area gagaama leaves and bring them here, so (INC) -samburaaza1 V_Tr we can give a leaf treatment to him XXcompletely clear off an area for planting and reduce his pain. def. Deebe lele ma imap -zanzan V_Tr Redup Tomtom mburaanaŋana na, irao -san2 V_Tr isamburaaza lele biibi tana ma imap. —A XXspread out, put out strong man is able to completely clear off Wal pakan tisebogboogo ke naman naman, that big area. mi tisan zin su zaala. —Some people cut similar: -deebe, -sambar off some tree branches and spread them -samburaaza2 V_Tr out on the road. XX XXeat galip nuts dropping the skins (used of put out to dry birds and bats) sanaana 453 sananŋa- Tisan ke wizisŋan tana isu be zoŋ ikan ma experience trouble due to bad weather iraaza. —They spread out the wet wood Zin tikam sanaana pa miiri ma duubu. for the sun to dry. —They were in trouble because of the Ni isan mburu se wooro. —She put the wind and waves. [wet] clothes out on the line [to dry]. -mus sanaana, -ziiri sanaana Ni isan mburu ma isu, be zoŋ ikan mi miiri XXwipe away sin, remove sin iteege. —She spread the clothes out for -reege sanaana the sun to dry and get some wind/air. XXforgive sin, atone for sin, absolve from -zanzan V_Tr Redup sin (Lit. ‘tear down sin’) XXspreading out, putting out Anutu ko imuŋai yom mi ireege sanaana sanaana N_Event tiom. —God will have mercy on you (PL) XXsin, evil, wrongdoing and forgive your sin. Yesu ibaada sanaana kiti ta boozomen. -suŋ sanaana —Jesus carried/bore/atoned for all of XXwish evil, threaten, curse, pray that our (INC) sins. something bad would happen to people Toso som. Pa iŋgi toono, sanaana muriini similar: -suŋ sosor tau. —Let’s (INC) not talk about it. For this -swe sanaana is the world, a place of sin. XXconfess one’s sin(s) Sanaana ikiskis zin. —Sin had hold of them kalŋa- sanaana [and they could not get free from it]. XXscream loudly, shriek Aŋtop pa sanaana. —I fell into sin. mata- ikam sanaana Pus/Ŋguuru yo pa sanaana ta boozomen. XXcan’t keep one’s eyes open because of —Cleanse/Wash me clean from all sin. feeling very tired similar: sosor ‘wrong-doing’ Matan ikam sanaana zin ma tikeenemeete. XXexpression of admiration —Their eyes were very sleepy and they Kolman sanaana irao kat. —The old guy is fell into deep sleep. really capable. ni- sanaana pa kar sanaana XXupset over, angry about XXhell (Lit. ‘sin village’) Tiso ma ileŋ, tanata niini sanaana pa. Tabe Niom ko kusula kat ta kar sanaana a! —You ila ikam sorok mbulu sananŋana ti. —It (PL) will go all the way down to Hell! was because he heard them speaking ruumu sanaana [about him] that he got upset. So he went XXprison, jail (Lit. ‘sin house’) off and did this bad thing. Kem pepe. Ko tiuru lela ruumu sanaana. sananŋa- N_Inal_Stative —Don’t steal lest they put you into alt. sananaŋa- prison/jail. XXbad, evil, sinful Tomtom Sanaana Kam mbulu sananŋana pepe. —Do not XXDevil, Satan (Lit. ‘sin person’) practise bad/evil behaviour. sanaana reegeŋana muriini mbulu kizin sananŋana/ sananaŋana XXthe mercy seat in the Old Testament —their sinful/ bad/ evil behaviour tabernacle (Lit: ‘place of tearing down Nio tomtom sananŋoŋ. —I am a bad sin’) person/ sinner. -kam sanaana ŋgar sanaŋana —bad thoughts/thinking XXcommit a sin kuziini sananŋana —bad smell -kam sanaana pa see also: -saana ‘be/become bad’, sanaana XXtreat someone badly, speak badly to ‘sin, evil, wrong-doing’’ someone XXsevere (illness) A. ikam sanaana pio. —A. treated me badly mete sananŋana —severe/ bad illness me/ spoke badly to me. XXpoisonous similar: -piri sua sananŋana pa mooto sananŋana —poisonous snake XXbe in difficulty due to bad weather, XXdifficult, unpleasant a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -sankaala 454 saŋga -raaza saŋarai meeteŋana sananŋana —difficult, painful XXbuild a temporary shelter (roofing is death made by weaving palm leaves instead of uraata sananŋana —hard/ difficult/ sewing them together) unpleasant work. Also used as a def. -we meene ruunu (ŋgal kooto som) euphemism for defecating or urinating. bubuŋana sananŋa- Amla amraaza leyam saŋarai su mokleene be amkeene mi amkam koyam uraata. —We XXbad spirit, evil spirit -piri sua sananŋa- pa (EXC) went [and] built a hut in the garden so we can sleep there while doing our work. XXspeak badly to, curse, blaspheme Niam amsombe amraaza saŋarai musaari sa Ni ipiri sua sananŋana pini. —He [threw pa you teegeŋana. —We (EXC) want to build bad talk at]/ [cursed] him. a small shelter for cooking. Ni ipiri sua sananŋana pa Anutu. —He see also: beeze ‘more permanent garden blasphemed God. house’, biriŋ ‘cooking shelter’ -sankaala1 V_Tr saŋarŋana N_Inal_Stative XXdo something quickly/rapidly, hurry up, XXmeal (big, prepared for everyone) speed up work def. Kini biibi ta tuurpe pizin wal ta Tasankaala meene guuguŋana isula kiri, boozomen, ina tosombe ‘saŋarŋana.’ Ina kini mi tipiizi karau be loŋa mi imap. —Let us mailaŋ kana, naroogo kana. Wak ma ŋge hurry up [and put] the pulverised sago ma kini mazeeneŋana. Saŋarŋana ila sau down into a basket [and take it to the be tireege. Mi kwo suruunu, ina kizin you ones who are doing the squeezing], and uunu kan. —A large amount of food that they will squeeze it quickly so the work is prepared for everyone, that, we (INC) will soon come to an end. call saŋarŋana. It is food associated with def. Loŋa mi toro meene sula ŋgamar, to feasts and dance ceremonies. [It consists takam ma tala yamban uunu ma tipiizi, ina of foods like] starchy pudding, pork, and tasankaala. —We (INC) quickly gather up the [other kinds of] cooked food. Food for the sago pulp [and put it] down into a basket, group goes on serving leaves to be divided and then take it to the sago squeezing place out. And the cooks’ share, that is for the and they squeeze it, that is sankaala. people around the [cooking] fire(s). see also: -san saŋeete N_Stative -sankaala V_Tr 2 XXvery thin, scrawny, just skin and bones XXspread out something in order to make a Ŋge/Me saŋeete, na tiron tiron imbot mat. surface onto which things can be put Koŋkoŋ ndiloŋana. —A pig/dog that is Sankaala kiri leleene muŋgu, to ur buzur scrawny, all the bones are plainly visible. ma kini isula. —First spread some leaves [It is] really thin. down inside the basket, and then put the saŋga meat and food down into it. N similar: -warkaala alt. saaŋga XXlast part of a certain dance type (before saŋa- N_Inal a different style of dance is begun. It XXgroin indicates the change of dance styles) Nio soŋoŋ ise. —My groin is swollen [the Zin tirak naroogo Samal ka saŋga pa lymph nodes are swollen]. mankwoono. —They danced the last part dial. var. ka- tiliizi (Birik form) of the Samal dance in the morning. XXupper thigh area Zin timbo mboe Barum ka saŋga ise ma XXmeat near kidneys (fillet part) imap, to timbo Sia Sambaana. —They Kam ŋge saŋaana ila ki Atai, pa ni leleene finished singing the last part of the pa. —Take the pork fillet to Atai, for she Barum dance song, and then they sang likes it. the Sia Sambaana dance song. similar: tapaaraŋa- ‘groin area’ note: Dances that have a distinctive closing saŋarai N part: Kai, Barum, Aŋita Singiini, Nakanmut XXshelter, hut, shed (temporary with a roof made out of woven sago leaves) saŋgia 455 -sapaara saŋgia N digging sticks, walling, planks. XXleaves used as a place marker or to give Tisap koroŋ kuinun. —They carved a statue direction at a crossroads of the thing. Zin Mereu timbut saŋgia ise Kukbi lepeene. -sap leleene —The Maleu people broke off some leaves XXhollow out (something big like a dugout to mark old Kuk’s grave [as a memorial]. canoe) Timbut saŋgia piam bekena amute zaala Kotooro mon tina mi kasap leleene. —Turn iŋgoi tabe amla pa i. —They broke off that canoe and hollow out the inside. some leaves for us (EXC) so that we would -sap know which road to take. XXcut off (an outside part of something) similar: sooŋgo Ni ipas buza kini, mi ipiri na isap tomtom ta saŋsaŋ1 N Redup talŋaana ma itop su. —He pulled out his XXframe of a decorative headdress to which knife and when he threw it [i.e. struck with feathers are attached it], he cut off a person’s ear and it fell down. Saŋsaŋ tio ipol. —The frame of my XXknock out/ off headdress broke. Tisap ze. (=Tila tikiili ma isu.) —They Tiur saŋsaŋ, mi iili isala man ma tirak Sia pa. knocked out the molar teeth [of a pig]. —They put on the headdress frame, and -zabzap V_Tr Redup rooster feathers went onto the headdress, Neeri aŋleŋ mae pa nakabasi kwoono na, and they danced a Sia dance with it. niomru kazabzap sokorei? —Yesterday when -saŋsaŋ2 V_Intr Redup I heard the sound (literally ‘mouth’) of an XXgo astray from, become lost, get lost axe, what were the two of you hewing? Nio aŋsaŋsaŋ pa su leleene. —I got lost in see also: -sol ’hollow out’ the forest. -sapaara V_Intr Zin tisaŋsaŋ pa Anutu zaala kini. —They XXrefrain from doing something or going have gone astray from God’s way. to certain places for a limited period of saŋsaŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup time, abstain from, restrict oneself from XXwild Kozo kasapaara ma molo pepe. —Don’t ŋge saŋŋaŋŋan —wild pigs abstain from it for too long. me saŋsaŋŋan —wild dogs, foxes -sapaara pa me saŋsaŋŋan ta malmalŋan i —wild dogs XXrefrain from eating certain foods out of that are vicious, wolves respect for a dead person Uriizi tipun koyam posi saŋsaŋŋan ru ma Iŋgi nio aŋsapaara pa bisket, pa motoŋ ila amkan zin. —The other day they killed pa atoŋ moori. —Now I am refraining two wild cats for us (EXC) and we ate them. from eating biscuits, because I am -pasaŋsaŋ thinking of my older sister. XXget someone lost, cause to go astray, def. Takam koroŋ som, pa matanda ila confuse someone and get them to do odd pa tomtom toro (meeteŋan, pikin) —We things (INC) don’t do something because we are Kalŋom pepe. Ko pasaŋsaŋ ŋge. —Don’t thinking about [Lit. ‘our eyes go to’] shout lest you (SG) cause the pig to run off someone else (for example dead people, into the forest. children). So kat zaala pini, kokena pasaŋsaŋi. -sapaara ki —Show the road to him properly lest you XXdo good family planning, abstain from confuse him and cause him to go astray sexual relations so that the youngest -sap V_Tr child can grow strong before another XXshape, carve, hew (the outside of one is born. something, using a machete, axe, etc.) Tisapaara ki lutun ma lutun itum ambai. Amla amsap kitiimbi. —We (EXC) went [and] —They abstained from sexual relations hewed house posts. for the sake of their child and their child Tisap aro, didi, palaŋ. —They hewed grew well. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z sapaari 456 -sara opposite: -pomol Naŋgaŋ tana kumbu paoŋana, tabe ipun sapaarautŋa- N_Inal_Stative sapup na, izal som. —That young man has XXwell-developed healthy child clumsy feet, so when he kicks the ball, it Ni pikin sapaarautŋana. —She is a well- doesn’t go straight. developed, healthy child [because of her -sar V_Intr_Stative parents doing good family planning]. XXbe swollen, swell sapaari N_Event Kumbuŋ isar. —My leg is swollen. XXrestraint, restriction from sexual XXripe, ready to be harvested (bananas, relations, family planning, taboo cucumber, melon) behaviour Pin igarau be isar. —The bananas are Toso ma som. Pa sapaari ti, mbolŋana kat. nearly ripe. —It is useless for us (INC) to speak about it. -zarzar V_Intr Redup For this taboo is very strong. Nu tina, kumbum ru mi tizarzar kembena be To tana, ni iute sapaari som. Pa waene, padei? —Oh, you (SG) there, how is it that molo som mi kopoono, molo som mi both of your legs are swollen like that? kopoono. —That fellow, he does not know Motoŋ izarzar ma aŋre kat lele som. —My how to restrain himself. For his wife, it eye was swollen, and I could not see well. is not long and she is pregnant again, not sarŋana N long and she is pregnant again. XXswollen, swelling -kam sapaari Ou, nomom sarŋana ta izzu kek? —Hey, has XXfollow restrictions, follow taboos the swelling in your (SG) hand gone down? M. ikam sapaari ambai som. Tiso ma som. -sara V_Tr —M. did not follow the restrictions well. XXhand something to someone They spoke to him, but it was to no avail. Tisara leŋ buk ti. —They handed me this sapala- N_Inal book. XXsmall of the back, lower back XXprovide, offer, give things to someone Paradigm: sapoloŋ, sapolom, sapalaana ~ Anutu isara zin pa kampeŋana. —God sapalaan ~ sapalana, sapolondo, sapoloyam, provides them with blessing.‑point sapoloyom, sapalan something towards something else Sapoloŋ iyoyou. —I have pain in my lower -zarra V_Tr Redup back. Ni itette narabu mi izarra la kizin. —He sapu N broke the tapioca bread into pieces and XXclearing in a forest (used while hunting was handing [the pieces] to them. or for some special ceremony) Sombe zin leembe timar, na nio aŋzarra alt. saapu zin pa kan koroŋ ta boozomen. —When def. uraata pakan muriini —a place for visitors come, I usually provide them with doing some things all kinds of things to eat. Zin tila, to keten su saapu. —They went and Aron ikam tete kini mi izarra la pa yok ta then rested in a clearing in the forest. boozomen ki Aikuptu. —Aaron took his Merere ipet ki Abaram isu sapu uunu staff and pointed it towards all the waters Mamre. —The Lord appeared to Abraham of Egypt. at the special place Mamre. -sara nama- sapup N XXpoint to XXtree type (has greenish- yellowish citrus- Isara namaana isala pa saamba be ipombol like fruit, but is not good for eating, used sua kini. —He pointed to heaven to as balls by children when playing) strengthen/confirm his talk. Kala kea, to koyo lende sapup be taparpun XXstretch out one’s hand to help ti pa. —Go over there and collect some Sombe moori ŋgiimiŋana sa, nako tomtom sapup fruits so we (INC) can hit each other ta boozomen tisara naman be tiuulu with them. tomooto tana. —If there is a paying of the XXball brideprice, then everyone will stretch out their hands to help the groom. sarakrak 457 -sasiliu Tomtom ta izarra namaana, nako itunu and I felt [the presence of] a ghost, and ikam kampeŋana biibi. —The man who then I shuddered with fear. is always stretching out his hand [to help XXtremble with anger others], he himself will receive great sarwok N blessing. XXsea urchin (edible) Gorgori nio aŋzarra nomoŋ piom, mi aŋzza Zin moori tiyyo sarwok ta magat a. —The yom be kamar tio. —All the time I am women collected sea urchins from the reef. stretching out my hands to you (PL), and Ni indou you ma iur sarwok isala you waiting for you to come to me. be ilut. —She made a fire and put sea XXstretch out one’s hand hoping to receive urchins over the fire to steam. something, beg XXtree type Sombe moori ŋgiimiŋana sa, nako -sasaara V_Tr Redup toŋmatiziŋ ta boozomen ki moori tisara XXdrag against another’s will, take hold of naman pa len koroŋ. —If there is a paying and drag away, pull by the hand of brideprice, then all of the woman’s Nio aŋmar na, aŋre tomooto isasaara moori relatives will stretch out their hands to ta. —When I came, I saw a man dragging receive something. a woman. Gorgori izarra namaana pizin tomtom pa le similar: -yaaru tataata pat. —He is always stretching out his and XXsnatch and grab to people for money [i.e. begging]. To tisasaara lae pini. —Then they grabbed -sara ka- mbooro him. XXthrust one’s chest forward (as a sign of sasaara (verb + sasaara) pride or readiness to fight) XXexpresses added intensity/ quickness/ Koroŋ paŋ ta tizarra kan mbooro mi tiwwa. force —There are four things that thrust out -boobosasaara (=piyarŋana) their chests and walk. XXcall urgently Tisara kan mbooro ma tipet pa malmal. -kansasaara —They thrust out their chests and came XXconsume quickly, burn up quickly to fight. -mbosasaara -parsara V_Tr XXsing too loudly XXgive things to each other -ŋasasaara Aa lagoi! Kaparsara koroŋ piom ta kembena, XXscold in a loud voice to ndabok. —Great! If you (PL) give things -wisasaara to each other like that, then it is good. XXblow on strongly sarakrak1 N Redup Wisasaara you lak! Kokena imeete. —Blow XXfern type, edible green (has a long stalk on the fire strongly lest it die! and curled top, found by rivers) -yasasaara sarakrakŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXdrag, grab, snatch XXcurly sasar N To tana, uteene ruunu sarakrakŋana construction: ni ka sasar (=piupiuŋana). —That fellow, his hair is XXmidrib of a coconut leaf curly. Ni ka sasar imar, to takarakiti ma iwe malwe. -sarakrak2 V_Intr_Stative Redup —Once the coconut leaf midribs come, kuli- isarakrak then we (INC) will make them into a broom. XXshiver/ have goose pimples because of dial. var. kiniŋniiŋgi (Central) feeling cold, shudder in fear -sasiliu V_Tr Miiri iteege yo ma kuliŋ isarakrak. —The XXvisit all, go around to all (used of a set of [cold] wind hitting me causes me to places), make a circuit of shiver/ have goose pimples. La sasiliu ruumu ta boozomen, mi ru posi Mbeŋ aŋkeene ma kuinuŋ iyamaana kon, to tio. —Go around to all the houses and kuliŋ isarakrak. —At night I was sleeping look for my cat. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z sau 458 -se

Niom kasisiliu lele ta boozomen ma kakam To kon namaana ise ka bolboolo. —Then zin tomtom ma timar. —Go everywhere the ghost’s hand went up to the back of and bring the people here. its neck. see also: -liu Kitiimbi isula, mi wiimbi ise, mi luŋluŋ sau N ila imar. —The posts go down into the XXlarge leaves spread on the ground onto ground, the bearers go on top [of the which ceremonial food is placed before posts], and the floor joists go back and it is distributed to people forth [across the bearers]. Tiwar googo isu be iwe sau, mi tiur kini Tapaaza ma tise. —We (INC) planted [them] ise. —They spread ginger [leaves] on the and they came up. ground to be serving leaves and put the Ka kadoono ko ise ku. —You (SG) will receive food on [them]. the penalty for it. [Lit. ‘The penalty for it Tiur sau isu, mi tiur kini isala ma tirai pizin will come upon you.’] tomtom. —They put big serving leaves similar: -sala, -sama down, and put the food on [them] and XXrise, come up distributed it out to the people. Zoŋ mataana ise. —The sun rose. Saŋarŋana ila sau be tireege. Mi kwo XXappear suruunu, ina kizin you uunu kan. —Food Moori, ŋgar kini ise kek. —The woman, her for the group goes on serving leaves to be understanding has appeared [i.e. she now divided out. And the cooks’ share, that is realises what is happening]. for the people around the [cooking] fire(s). Uruyom ise mat. —The news of you (PL) se1 Quantifier comes out into the open/ becomes public. XXone (classifier used when counting Moomo ise pini kek. —Grey hair has coconuts and other things up to three) appeared on him/her. Kam ni se ta sa imar! —Bring one coconut! similar: -pet ‘appear, happen’ Kam ni se ru imar! —Bring two coconuts! XXcome upon, happen upon, run into mbio se ta —one wealth object [for example Nu se ki Makele sugoi? —Where did you (SG) a large wooden dish or a clay pot] come upon Makele? timbiiri se ru na, munŋaana ta —two similar: -ndeeŋe wooden plates is one complete set -se ka- Tikuundu mbio munŋaana ta, se ta. —They XXexperience something bad as a result carried three wealth objects on their heads. of one’s own actions, get back at, find Zoŋoono [se ru]/ [me ta] tise kek. —Two/ oneself in trouble Four of his teeth have appeared. Semboro itum pa sua ti pepe, ko se kom. dial. var. si (Northern) —Don’t get involved in this talk lest -se2 V_Intr you (SG) experience something bad. XXascend, come up (moving towards the Menmeen zin mi tila. Mi ko tikamam ma tise speaker), get up on, board kan. —They are happily going along. And Nio aŋla aŋse wooŋgo. —I went and got on they will keep on doing [like that] until board the canoe. they experience the bad consequences of it. Tona amgiimi mbalus, mi amse ma amla mata- ise pa XX Mosbi. —Then we (EXC) bought the plane think of, remember, be faithful/ [tickets], and boarded [the plane] and conscientious in doing something went to Port Moresby. Motom se pa uraata. —Think of the work Niom kese ruumu tio. —You (PL) come up to (=do it faithfully/ conscientiously). my house. ni- ise Amsala Ŋguuru, to tiwi yam: “Buri kese i?” XXget excited, interested —When we got to Gauru village, then they XXfeel good about oneself, exult asked us: “Are you (PL) [only] now coming?” -parse V_Intr Zin Birik tise Yaŋla. —The Birik people XXmeet each other, run into each other came up to Yangla village. XXget support from each other See -parse ki, -parse pa for examples se 459 -seebe -mbot se ki Ni iseboogo le pesel be irak. —He broke XXdraw sustenance from, live off of himself off some Victory leaves as a someone buttocks decoration so he could dance. Niam amla Mosbi, nako ambotmbot se ki Aŋseboogo teu. —I broke off a piece of Jastus. —If we (EXC) go to Port Moresby, sugarcane. then we will live off of Justus. XXappear suddenly, come unexpectedly -pase V_Intr Niom keseboogo sorok ma kamar paso? XXrely on, depend on Kombot ma koto nol ta aŋur na, to ambai. See main entry -pase for examples —Why did you (PL) come unexpectedly? If -pese V_Tr you had stayed and followed the time I had XXstir up, incite, provoke, arouse, stimulate set for you, then it would have been better. Nu pese yo, ta aŋkam mbulu tana. —It was XXmove closer, move forward (time of an because you SG) provoked me, that I did it. event) See main entry -pese for examples Ni iseboogo lupuuŋu ma imar kolouŋana. seŋa- N_Inal_Stative —He moved the time of the meeting XXcoming up forward. Sombe tisula, na irao seŋana mini som. —If opposite: -siri, -seke they go down [there], there is no coming -sebogboogo V_Intr/Tr Redup up again. se Tisebogboogo buza kizin.—They bent and 3 Serial verb broke their knives. alt. ise -sebut V_Tr XXon, on top of XXprune off branches, cut off (using a knife) Posi ikeene se mi. —The cat is sleeping on Sebut kor kana ila lene, mi uunu imbot. the mat. —Prune off the top branches, and let the Nio mbuleŋ se mbalia. —I sat on a chair. base remain. Beede se ro. —Write it on the paper. Sebut namaana pakan ma ila ne. —Cut off Po sua tana se ndomom. —Tie that talk some of the branches. onto your forehead [=remember it]. Kala kesebut lende rairai sa. —Go and cut Nio aŋbeede kunuŋ ise magargaara. —I off somerairai plants for us (INC). drew my picture on the sand. similar: -yembut -se V_Tr 4 -seebe V_Tr XXget water, fetch water, fill a container 1 XXbreak off a cluster (of betel-nuts, with water bananas, etc.) by pulling it down Zin tamuriŋ tisula be tise kan yok. —The Tila tiseebe koyam mbu. —They went and girls went down [to the river] to get broke off some clusters of betel-nuts for themselves some water. us (EXC). Aŋse yok pizin mbili ku tomini. —I will XXloosen and take out, remove fetch water for your (SG) animals too. Seebe ŋge ka keskeeze ma ila ne. —Take out -se5 V_Tr XX the pig’s jaw and throw it away. play a drum -sepseebe V_Tr Redup Aŋse kombom mi aŋbo mboe. —I played a alt. -zebzeebe drum and sang the song. XXcut off a bunch of bananas -seboogo V_Intr/Tr XX Kam buza mi sepseebe pin tana ma isula bend and break off (by hand), snap off, kaari. —Take a knife and cut off that break in two bunch of bananas and [put] it into the Aŋseboogo ke ma ŋes. —I broke/snapped off netbag. a branch./ I broke a stick in two. -peseebe V_Tr Miiri iseboogo ke namaana ma isu ipakaala XXremove extra growth that hinders a plant zaala piti. —The wind broke off a tree from growing well, prune branch and it fell down blocking our (INC) way. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -seebe 460 -seeŋge

Peseebe yuugu, koi koboono, ka salundu i Ni iseembe re be ikeene ŋge. —He made a be itum ambai. —Prune the extra growth snare out of rope to catch a pig. off of the taro plant, tobacco plant, new Seembe wooro mi keene zin man. —Make a sprout so it will grow well. snare with the vine and catch some birds. -yaseebe V_Tr seembeŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXpull off a branch or part of a cluster in wooro seembeŋana —snare order to divide it seeme N -yasepseebe V_Tr Redup XXnew taro shoot XXbreak off, pull off small clusters def. Mok ka seeme na munmun ta tise Kayasepseebe mbu ma kanda riŋariŋa. zilŋaana. Irao tapaaza zen. Timbot ma tiwe —Break off some small clusters of the bibip muŋgu, to tapaaza. —New taro shoots betel-nuts and [give] each of us (INC) a few. are the little ones that come up on the side -seebe2 V_Tr of a taro plant. We (INC) cannot plant them XXresist, go against, buck yet. They must remain and become big Tiseebe miiri ma tila. Ko tirao? Pa miiri first, and only then can we plant them. mburaana mete. —They went against the seemeŋa- N_Inal_Stative wind. Will they be able to? For the wind Tekeende mok seemeŋana ma tuur la sooro. is too strong. —We (INC) twisted off a new taro shoot and similar: -kunyaara, -rambuuzu, -selaala put it into soft soil ([i.e. a nursery] first. -seebe kaiwo similar: yuugu ‘taro shoot that can be XXdispute strongly, argue against strongly planted’ Niom keseebe kaiwo pa kakam so? —Why -seeŋge1 V_Intr are you (PL) disputing, what can you do XXlaugh about it? Nio aŋseeŋge piwi. —I laughed at you (SG). Nio aŋseebe kaiwo pizin. —I am arguing Wa, nio aŋseeŋge sa? Soom, nu seeŋge kek. against them. —What, me laugh? No, you (SG) laughed. similar: kwo- imbol pa sua, keze- keke, keze- Amseeŋge mi menmeen yam. —We (EXC) mbolŋa- laughed and rejoiced. -parseebe kaiwo V_Tr seŋge N_Event Niomru kaparseebe kaiwo piom ta kembena XXmocking, laughing na ambai som. —When the two of you Ni ikam seŋge pini. —He made fun of him./ argue against each other like that, it is He mocked him. not good. -zeŋzeeŋge V_Intr Redup seebeŋa- N_Inal -seeŋgeroro V_Tr XXhip joint XXlaugh at for a long time Seebeŋoŋ iyoyou, ta aŋkenne. —It is Tiseeŋgeroro Jesus, mi tikamam ŋeu pini ma because my hip joint is hurting that I am ila. —They kept on laughing at Jesus and lying down. making fun of him. Aibale itop pa ke ma ka seebeŋana ikam -mum seeŋge pok. To pai imap. Ikarra men. —Aibale XXsmile a bit fell from a tree and his hip joint broke. note: Northern dialect expression Then [his] walking was finished. He is -seeŋge2 V_Tr just crawling. XXjoin to, add to, lengthen, extend, Seebeŋoŋ imbeeze som./ Seebeŋoŋ imeete. continue something —My hip joint is stiff. Nio aŋseeŋge sua ku. —I will add to your def. Seebeŋanda na, koroŋ lelendeŋana. (SG) talk. Silindi na mat kana. —Our (INC) hip joint Teseeŋge wooro mi tumbuk ma iwe tamen. is something inside us (INC). Our hip is on —We (INC) add to the rope and tie it [to the outside. another one making] one [long rope]. -seembe V_Tr Anutu iseeŋge swon ma timbot molo su XXmake into a snare in order to catch an toono. —God lengthened their life spans animal, fashion into a snare and they lived a long time on earth. seeze 461 -segeede -seseeze V_Tr Redup Sombe paute i, nako iseeŋge ŋgar kini. seseezeŋana N_Inal_Event Redup —If you (SG) teach him, it will add to his Pa zin menderŋan ta timborro zin na, knowledge. timbelmbel matan seseezeŋana. —The Lelende be uraata kiti iseeŋge iseeŋge ma ila. bosses (Lit. ‘standing ones’) that were —We (INC) want our work to continue on. iseeŋge iseeŋge ma ila looking after them, really kept on afflicting them. XXunending, everlasting, continuing forever -segeede V_Tr mbotŋana ki Anutu ta iseeŋge iseeŋge ma ila XX —everlasting, spiritual life insist on doing something (when others -zeŋzeeŋge V_Tr Redup do not want this to happen) Kezeŋzeeŋge zin wooro tana. Naso iwe molo. Ni isegeede marŋana sorok paso? Iti toso la —Keep joining those ropes together. Then pini, ta imar i? —Why is he so determined it will become a long [one]. to come here? Is he coming because we verb + seeŋge (INC) sent word for him [to come]? [No.] XX XXcontinue, add to, join do something or give away something Nio aŋbuk seeŋge wooro. —I joined the without good reason ropes by tying them together. Segeede sorok koroŋ tio pini paso? Ko ikot? Waswaaza kom kini. Naso kan seeŋge. —Why did you (SG) give my thing to him without [my] permission. Will he repay —Keep planting food. Then you (SG) will continue to have food to eat. it? [No.] Twiiri itaŋ seŋseeŋge (=itaŋ ma molo). Segeede malmal sorok paso! —Why did —The trumpet shell kept blowing. you (SG) start a fight for no reason!— -kam seeŋge Tomtom ta le uunu sa isaana som, ta XXadd, get more of aŋsegeedi sorok ima nomoyom. —I have To amkam seeŋge toono koroŋŋana ri ti, mi put a man who has no guilt [i.e. an (PL) (EXC) innocent man] into your hands. ampaaza koyam kini pa. —Then we XX got this extra little bit of land and planted get/ make/ stir up someone to do food for ourselves in it. something, incite Nu tina segeede yam ma amla, ta tipun yam. seeze1 N —It was because you (SG) there made us XXtree type (sap is poisonous, used for (EXC) go that they hit us. killing fish) Nu tina segeede yam pa malmal ma wok Amkam seeze ti be ampun zin ŋgereeme ma wiini tiyo yam. —You (SG) there incited us ye ma tuunu. —We (EXC) use this poisonous (EXC) to fight and the police rounded us up. seeze tree to kill crayfish, fish and eels. -segeede sua, -segeede ka- def. Takam ruunu raama kinkin. Tutut ma XXtalk back, refuse to do what has been isula yok. Ye tiwin, to timetmeete. —We requested, resist, object verbally (INC) take the leaves with the stalks. We Segeede sua pa nom paso? Itum la ma kam. pound it and it goes down into the water. —Why did you (SG) talk back to your When the fish drink it, then they die. mother [refusing to do what was asked of -seeze V_Tr 2 you]? You yourself go and do it. construction: -seeze mata- Aŋsuŋ moori taŋga pa koŋ mbu ma isegeede XXafflict, oppress, persecute, mistreat, treat koŋ. —I asked that woman for some betel- badly by hitting nut to chew, but she refused to give me any. King ki Aikuptu iseeze zin Israel matan. -segedgeede talŋa- V_Tr Redup —The king of Egypt oppressed the XXmake someone tired of listening Israelites. Tiaŋtiaŋ itaŋ itaŋ ma isegedgeede talŋanda. Tapamiaŋ zin pepe, mi teseeze sorok matan —The tiaŋtiaŋ bird keeps crying and pepe. —We (INC) should not cause them to making us (INC) tired of listening to it. feel ashamed, or afflict them for no reason. similar: -pegerger

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -segeere 462 -sekaala

-segeere V_Tr then a decorative handle made into it, XXstir up fire, add firewood to a fire, stoke used for wrapping up nuts) a fire, kindle a fire sek zukŋana —decorative wrapping for gift Segeere you men tau! —Add more wood to Atai ri ikam sengeri pio. Izuk liliibi sekŋana. the fire! —Little Atai sent me a gift. She wrapped Tisegeere you ma bilbil kat. —They stoked up a decorative parcel of talis nuts. up the fire until it was really flaming. note: This is a Yangla dialect form. Nio aŋsegeere you be kini inoi karau. —I sek3 N added more wood to the fire so the food alt. sep would boil quickly. XXinsect type (big, black, lives in the forest -segergeere V_Tr Redup in trees, its long legs were used in the Ou, kesegergeere you. Kokena imeete. past for piercing holes in people’s ears) —Hey, keep stoking the fire! Otherwise it Re pa sek tana, ko iro u. —Watch out for will die out. that sek insect, it might pinch you (SG).

-sei le- V_Tr -sek4 V_Tr XXclaim (ownership of something which XXremove/take off skin, peel, skin, strip off belongs to someone else) Aŋsek pin, manioka. —I peeled the banana, Nu sei lem trausis tio. —You (SG) claimed my manioc tuber. trousers as your own. Nio aŋsek po kuliini. —I skinned the lizard. Ni isei le toono/ mba/ kombom tiam ma iwe Tisek kemol kuliini be tisese len mburu pa. lene. —He claimed our (EXC) land/ fruit —They skin camels in order to make trees/ drums for himself. clothing for themselves out of the skin. Zin moori tisei len mburu kizin tomooto -zegzek V_Tr Redup ma tiru pa. —The women have taken to Ina kezegzek siel pa asiŋ? —Who are you wearing men’s clothing. (PL) peeling rafters for? XX meddle in other people’s affairs, get -mesek V_Intr involved in, interfere in XXskin gets scraped off, get scratched A, nu sei lem ŋoŋi tiam, pa nu sua ku? Kis kat biidi, kokena imesek. —Hold the —Hey, are you (SG) meddling into our (EXC) yam well lest its skin get scratched. quarrel because it is your affair? [i.e. It -pamesek V_Tr is not, and therefore you should not be XXaccidentally scrape/ scratch getting involved in it.] Ni imel ma ipamesek kumbuunu. —He fell Niom tana kamaane. Kesei leyom sua kizin and scraped/ scratched his leg. pepe. —You (PL) there be quiet. Don’t get -kinsek V_Tr involved in their discussion. XXscrape off similar: kwo- mar pa, -semboron itu- pa Kinsek mbeete ku mbakereene ti ma ila ne, sorok to mbeete kwoono imbot mat. —Scrape off -zeizei le- V_Tr Redup this scab of your (SG) sore, and then the Ni tomtom ta izeizei lene ŋoŋi kizin wal surface of the sore will be exposed. pakan. —He is a person who gets -ŋgursek V_Tr involved in other people’s quarrels. XXscratch, scrape Nu mane, pa nu na zeizeiŋom suaŋom! Ni imel ma iŋgursek kumbuunu se ke —You (SG) keep quiet, for you are always ukaana tiŋgi. —He fell and scratched his meddling in (other people’s) affairs. leg on this tree root. sek1 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl sek ma -miili V_Intr_Uninfl XXbe completely dried out XXback off Yok imaaga ma sek kat. —The river has Nio aŋso aŋpuni. Som mi ni sek ma imiili. —I completely dried up. was going to hit him. But he backed off. Toono iraaza ma sek kat. —The ground similar: -miili pa ndeme- became completely dry. -sekaala V_Tr sek2 N XXclose, cover XXdecorative wrapping (with leaves and -sekap 463 -seket

Nio aŋsekaala kini pa plet. —I covered the you (SG) didn’t stay close to your parents food with a plate. that you did not learn the law/ codes of Kam kooto ma sekaala kooto sumbuunu. right behaviour. —Take some sago palm leaves and cover sekapkapŋa- N_Inal Redup the hole in the thatching. XXsticky, clayish Daada kawaala biibi be isekaala beeze toono sekapkapŋana —sticky, clayish kwoono. —Hang up a large cloth to cover ground the opening to the tent/ garden house. Zin Israel timbuuzu pat pa toono Tipatimbil pat biibi ila be isekaala naala sekapkapŋana ma rie. —The Israelites kwoono. —The rolled a big stone to close moulded stones [i.e. bricks] from clay off the opening of the grave. and elephant grass. similar: -pakaala see also: -pakap XXblock, obstruct, be in the way, prevent -seke V_Tr Koroŋ sa isekaala ŋgar kizin, tabe ŋgar kizin XXmove back, move/shift to a later time, ipet som. —Something is blocking their reschedule to a later time thinking so that they do not understand. Nio aŋseke lupuuŋ ila Fraide. —I moved Tikamam be tisekaala zaala piam. —They [the time of] the meeting back to Friday. are trying to prevent us (EXC). opposite: -seboogo (move up to an earlier Nio aŋsekaalu pa peebeŋana? —Have I time) prevented you (SG) from bearing children? XXshift from one side to another XXprotect, shield Aŋkwaara pikin ila ki nomoŋ ŋas. Nomoŋ Toono isekaali, tabe tipuni som. —His older ŋas imeete, to aŋseke i ila ki nomoŋ brother protected him, and so they did woono. —I carried the child in my left not hit him. arm. When my left arm got tired, then I mburu malmal kana ta isekalkaala kanda shifted him to my right arm. mbooro. -sekewe V_Tr Redup XXbreastplate (Lit. ‘clothing associated with Meene tina ko imbel pataŋana, pa ina aŋre fighting that protects our(INC) chests’) kesekewe tapaara. —That sago must be -sekap V_Intr/Tr really heavy, for I see you (PL) keep shifting XXstick to, attach to, glue, put something it again and again [from one shoulder to sticky onto something another]. Kun siŋiini isekap ila nomoŋ. —The sap of -sekeege V_Intr the breadfruit stuck to my hands. XXroll along on top of something Kauziŋ imamaaza, mi mioŋ isekap sala koŋ Tupun luŋ pa karame, to wooŋgo isekeege galaplaaba. —My saliva is dried up, and men, mi loŋa isula yok. —Let’s make my tongue is sticking to the roof of my rollers of karame timber, and then the mouth. canoe will roll along on [them] and XXunited with, joined to, stay close to, quickly go down into the water. associate with closely -seket V_Tr Aŋsekap kat ma ku. —I am truly united XXpinch, lift, snitch, swipe with you (SG). Asiŋ iseket buza tio mini? —Who swiped Kesekap la ki Yesu. —Be joined/ united to my knife again? Jesus./ Abide in Jesus. -seket kao -sekapkap V_Intr/Tr Redup XXpass on gossip, gossip XXstick fast to, be in very close contact, be Keseket kao paso? —Why are you (PL) sticky gossiping? Teege kun siŋiini pepe, kokena isekapkap similar: -nin kao la nomom. —Don’t touch the sap of a (sua) seket kao N breadfruit lest it make your hands sticky. XXgossip Kesekapkap noyom ma tomoyom bizin som, ta keleŋleŋ tutu som. —It was because a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -seko 464 -selek

Sombe leŋ sua seket kao na, paraaza sua Ni iselaala zin pa toono ta stua kizin tana pepe. —If you (SG) hear some gossip, imender pa. —He drove them away from do not let it out publicly. the piece of land where their store was Aŋleŋ seket kao tau tizzo pa M. —I standing. overheard the gossip that they were def. Iti toŋooŋo. To nu so pio: “La lem! Pa saying about M. toono ku ti?” Ina nu selaala koŋ pa toono. Sua seket kao ta kembei na, kalaan som. —We (INC) quarrel. Then you (SG) say to me: —Gossip like this is not good. “Go away! For is this your land?” In doing -seko V_Tr that, you are driving me away from the XXtake out, remove the flesh of coconuts land. Tomooto tisupaala ni mazaana, mi tiseko -parselaala V_Intr ma iwe kopra. —The men broke open the XXdisagree over, quarrel over coconuts and removed [the flesh], and Tiŋooŋo ma tiparselaala pa toono. —They that becomes copra. quarrelled and disagreed with each other -sekowo V_Tr Redup concerning the land. sekoŋana N_Inal_Event -seleeŋge V_Tr Nomoyom karau pa ni sekoŋana, pa zoŋ XXbusy doing something, hustle, bustle, be mataana izirir. —Quickly do the removal in a commotion, hurry doing of the coconut flesh, for the sun is starting Nu seleeŋge paso? Ko zin timar ŋonoono kek? to go down. Ko gaaga ma iŋgi. —Why are you (SG) so sekseege N Redup busy? Is it true that they are really coming XXtree type (strong, found at the base of [today]? [They probably will come] mountains or by the sea, used for house tomorrow. building and carvings, round seeds are Tiseleeŋge pa kini kamŋana. —They were made into a black paint, =Tok Pisin busy with the food preparation. kalapulin) similar: -zzu ma -zze Sekseege pwoono ta titun, to titut mi tipiizi -seleŋleeŋge V_Tr Redup ma tikam suruunu mi tibeede uten ruunu Tiseleŋleeŋge pa kini kamŋana ma kalŋan ma iwe gabgap. —Sekseege seeds that have izalla. —They were hustling around been burnt, then they pound and squeeze getting the food ready and making a lot [them], and take the liquid and decorate of noise. their hair [with it] making it black. kar kopo- iseleeŋge Tisap timbiiri makiŋ, to tineene sekseege XXvillage is in a commotion (with everyone pwoono ma tikut mi timoono se timbiiri milling around) tana. —After they finish carving a Kar kopoono iseleeŋge, pa naroogo biibi wooden bowl, then they heat sekseege ta iŋgi be ipet i. —The village is in a seeds and smoke them, and smear [the commotion, for a big dance ceremony is resulting paint] on the bowl. about to take place. dial. var. seksee (Gauru and Northern) mbia seleŋleeŋge -selaala V_Intr/Tr XXtime around 5-6 pm when small bats fly XXbe against, go against, oppose around Miiri biibi kat mi amselaala ma amrao som. -selek V_Intr —The wind was very strong and [when] we XXraise up, lift by folding, draw up a skirt (EXC) [tried to] go against it, we were unable. Ni iselek kawaala kini, pa mbunmbuutu ko similar: -kotyaara, -kunyaara, -rambuuzu, isekap la. —She drew up her dress because -seebe the grass might have gotten stuck to it. XXdrive someone away from one’s land Selek kawaala ma ruk ma ise ŋana. —Draw (people from one’s own clan do this) up the edge of your clothing a bit. Nio aŋselaala kana, pa ni toono kini som. Ni ko iselek mburu kini mi iurpe itunu pa —I drove him away from the land, for it uraata. —He will draw up his clothing is not his land. [i.e. I do not want him to and get himself ready to work. plant things on it.] XXfold oneself in order to take up less space -selemlem 465 -sen

Aŋselek yo. —I fold my legs in order not to XXwaste, give too freely or too much be in the way. (without getting enough back in return) see also: -lek, -lul, -put Semboron sorok koroŋ pizin paso? Ko tikam selekŋana N_Inal lem kadoono? —Why are you (SG) so freely XXa place part way through a song where giving things to them? Will they give you the song leader begins singing on the anything in return? final round of the song in order to Isau ikam ŋgar pa matamur tana som, mi indicate that this is the concluding round isemboron la ne pa ka yambon mbooro of the song. tamen ŋonoono. —Esau did not consider -selemlem V_Intr Redup that [possible] inheritance, and gave it XXlick with tongue (making a sound) away for just one bowl of soup. Me taŋga iselemlem koroŋ. —That dog over similar: -pasaana, -piri sorok there is licking something. XXget involved in, meddle in Nu kan sokorei, ta selemlem nomom pa i? Nu semboron itum sorok paso! Mbot mi Kan buzur sa? —What did you (SG) eat that amre kom tomooto ŋonoono, to woolo. you are licking your fingers? Did you eat Naso mbot ambai. —You (SG) should not some meat? get involved (with him)! Wait until we XXflicker (flames of a fire) (EXC) will find you a good man, and then You miaana iselemlem i. —The flames of you can marry. Then you will be well off. the fire are flickering. Iŋgi sua ku som. Semboron itum pa pepe! -selul V_Tr —This is not your (SG) business (Lit. ‘your XXcrumple up (used of paper) talk’). Don’t get involved in this! Selul mi giibi sala you. —Crumple [it] up similar: kwo- mar pa, -sei le-, -so sorok, and throw it on the fire. -kam sua sorok XXshrink semseeme N Redup Kawaala popoŋana suruunu tana ko iselul XXopossum type (brown, lives in galip nut ma iwe musaana. —That new piece of trees, can eat very hard things) cloth will shrink and become small. semseemeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup see also: -lul XXbrownish reddish colour (used of dogs) sembe- N_Inal_Stative -semsem V_Tr Redup XXhuge, unusually large (used of different XXsuck on nuts) Isemsem bigil suruunu/ ŋge mbuyeene/ ye kaŋar sembeene —huge galip nut mataana. —He was sucking on honey/ mbu sembensemben —unusually large pork fat/ fish eyes. betel-nuts -sen V_Intr XXattractive, nice-looking, good-looking XXbreathe in, inhale having a nice appearance (used of Aŋsen bubuŋoŋ. —I breathed in. babies, ships) Amtun koi, to amsen. —We (EXC) lit Pikin tana, sembeene kat. —That baby is cigarettes and then inhaled. really attractive. XXabsorb, suck in Wooŋgo tana sembeene. —That ship is nice Yok imiliŋ se soolo. To naana iso pa lutuunu looking moori: Piri kawaala suruunu sa isala be opposite: ugiini isen yok. —Water spilled on the floor. -semboron V_Tr Then the mother said to her daughter: XXstretch out one’s hand towards Throw a rag on it to absorb the water. somebody else’s things, pinch, steal Aŋla abal uunu, to ndeeme isen siŋ ta imbot Semboron nomom pa koroŋ kizin wal pepe. la mbeete tio na. —I went to the base of Pa ina kuumbu tau! —Don’t stretch your the mountain, and then a leech sucked (SG) hand to [other] people’s things. For blood that was in my sore. that is stealing! a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -seŋ 466 -sepet

Nomnom isen tomtom sa ta ni lene malaria seŋgaaŋa N imbot la siŋiini, mi kaimer imar ma construction: ka- seŋgaaŋa iŋgengeete la ŋonom, nako nu kam mete tana XXjoint, edge, border, boundary, finishing tomini. —If a mosquito sucks the blood of line someone who has malaria in his blood, and Toono ka seŋgaaŋa imap su ti. —The border later it comes bites into you (SG), then you of the [land] ends here. will get that disease too. tebol ka seŋgaaŋa —edge of the table see also: -zil Toono ku ka seŋgaaŋa imar imiili su ti. -seŋ V_Intr/Tr —The border mark or boundary of XXchew betel-nut (usually betel-nuts, your (SG) land comes up to here. powdered lime, and the fruit of a betel- loondi ka seŋgaaŋa —finish line of a race pepper plant are chewed together, Ni ikamam be ise kat ka seŋgaaŋa. —He is making a bright red saliva. Sharing trying to come all the way up to the finish betel-nuts and chewing them together is line. a sign of friendship and hospitality.) seŋge N_Event Ni iseŋ ma mbu ipuni, to iluai kis isu lene. construction: -kam seŋge —He chewed betel-nut and it started XXlaughing at, make into a laughing stock, affecting him (too much), so then he spat mocking, making fun of somebody out the pulp. Kom koi bizin tikamam seŋge pu, mi Tipabeleu mbolkai pini, tabe iseŋ mi imeete. tirepilpiilu, mi tipasomsom zom. —Your (SG) —They slipped the [poisoned] betel-nut to enemies are mocking you, and despising him, and so he chewed it and died. you, and ruining your reputation. Aŋseŋ makiŋ, mi aŋpures. —After I had similar: -kam ŋeu pa chewed [betel-nut], I blew out my saliva. see also: -seeŋge (pa) ‘laugh (at)’ Aŋseŋ mbu ŋgor ma ikaarakaala kopoŋ. -seŋgeere V_Tr —I chewed strong, dry betel-nut and it XXsend something to someone caused my stomach to be constipated. Wal tio ta kar a tiseŋgeere ro pio. —My XXwork magic by chewing betel-nut and people back in the village sent me a letter. spitting on people Koobo tiseŋgeere koŋ ye pakan. —The inner Aŋseŋ nomom, to nomom ambai. —If I chew island people sent me some fish. betel-nut and use it to work magic on your Amseŋgeere ulaaŋa pakan pa wal kizin pakan (SG) hand, then your hand will get better. ta timbot ŋoobo na. —We (EXC) sent some -zeŋzeŋ V_Intr/Tr Redup assistance to some of their people who are XXchewing betel-nut needy. zeŋzeŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup see also: -ŋgo ‘send someone’ wal zeŋzeŋŋan -seŋgerŋgeere V_Tr Redup XXshamans who know how to do magic seŋgeri N siŋi N XXpackage, gift that is sent, something sent XXthings needed for chewing betel-nut Ina seŋgeri ki asiŋ? —Who sent that? (betel-nut, betel pepper, and lime) Seŋgeri ki Nabus tis. —Here is what Nabus -seŋeeŋe V_Intr sent. XXbecome alarmed at, be distressed by, be Kaparaŋraŋ seŋgeri tiom tabe ila i. —Get afraid the thing(s) that you (PL) want to send Niam amleŋ yeŋyeeŋge uruunu mi amseŋeeŋe ready to go. pa. —We (EXC) heard the news of the -sepet V_Tr earthquake and got alarmed over it. XXlift up and take away using some Motoŋana ikam zin ma tiseŋeeŋe. —Fear took instrument hold of them and they became alarmed. Zin moori tikam savol mi tisepet pikin tien -seŋeŋeeŋe V_Intr Redup ma ila ne. —The women took shovels and -paseŋeeŋe picked up the children’s excrement and XXpester, bother, afflict by asking threw it away. continuously -sepoobo 467 serek

XXtake something out of water, dip out fish, crayfish, eel, and pin it down with Kesepet lokon pa ti. —Remove the fly from the spear. the tea. seraara N -sepoobo V_Intr XXprotection, security, defence, guard XXget infected, have pus under skin construction: -we seraara pa Meene ka kotiizi iŋgali, mi ipas ma isu Me iwe seraara pa ruumu. —The dog is som. Imbot tabe isepoobo. —A sago thorn protection for the house. pierced his skin, and he did not take it Tana motom pio, mi we seraara pa koŋ koi out. It stayed there, and so it got infected. bizin. —Therefore look after me and be -ser1 V_Tr [my] defence against my enemies. XXcomb (hair) Mooribi tina iwe seraara pa lutuunu bizin, Ser utem. Pa ruŋgum ambai som. —Comb tabe tima tigarau u som. —The old woman your (SG) hair. For your appearance is not guards her children, so they won’t come good. close to you. -ser2 V_Tr Koroŋ kei ta marai mi kou iwe seraara pa XXpush together (galip nuts on a flat surface tomtom sananŋana. Ni itoombo koroŋ kini, in preparation for crushing them) tamen mataana som. Tana iso: “To ti, ni le Ser kaŋar ilela ndim niini mi tipil. —Push seraara sa ko imbot i.” —Something like the nuts together on the rolling table, and ginger and lime are protection against a we (INC) will crush them. bad person. He tries his thing [i.e. harmful -ser3 V_Tr magic], but it doesn’t have any effect. XXsend away, dismiss, drive away, drive out Therefore he says: “This person must have Moori ti kusiini iseri. Pa ni kopo somŋana. some kind of protective device here.” —This woman’s husband sent her away. serek N For she is barren. XXwomen’s grass skirt Merere irao iser iti som. —God is not going def. Ila ki keren mi ndemen men, zilŋan na to drive us (INC) away. som. —It only goes on the front and back To tiseri ma namaana men mi imiili ma of them [=the women], not on their sides. ila. —Then they sent him away and he Zin tilil serek mi tirak. —They put on grass returned empty-handed. skirts and danced. Aŋseri ma ima ku. —I sent him off to you(SG) . Zin moori timbat serek be tipotou. —The Iŋgi nu ser yo pa toono tiŋgi. —Now you (SG) women tied together [i.e. made] grass are driving me away from this land. skirts so that they can put them on. XXshoot an arrow Zin moori tiŋgiu ni ka mbiili ma timbat/ Ni iur peene lutuunu ila palam be iser. —He tikamam serek pa. —The women pull off put an arrow to the bowstring to shoot it. fibres from new coconut shoots and tie/ Nio aŋser peene lutuunu ma aŋpeene man. make them into grass skirts. —I let the arrow go and shot a bird. serek sadoŋ —grass skirt put on for an -zerzer V_Tr Redup engagement ceremony [colourful, has see also: -ziiri ‘drive away, send away, get designs] rid of’ serek duubu —grass skirt put on for an -seraama V_Tr engagement ceremony [has many layers, XXspear something and hold it in place so it colourful, has designs] can’t get away, hold in place, pin down Timbuk serek ŋge wiini. —They tied Aibike iŋgal ye ma iseraami. —Aibike together ‘pig tail’ grass skirts. [These speared a fish and held it in place [with are simple, have no designs, and are tied his spear]. together differently.] Seraama ma tuŋ! —Hold it tightly! see also: naliuŋa ‘grass skirt that goes Taŋgal koroŋ kei ta ye, ŋgereeme, tuunu, mi completely around one’s waist, covering teseraami. —We (INC) shoot something like sides as well’ a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z serembat 468 -serseere serembat N Tomtom taiŋgi imar be iserke mete pa XXsweet potato (=Tok Pisin kaukau, kolman. —This person came to drive scientific name: Ipomea batatas) away the disease from the old man. Kelela ma kotou kanda serembat sa. —Go -serkewe V_Tr Redup inland and dig up some sweet potatoes for Tomtom tana, ni iserkewe konŋana. —That us (INC) to eat. man is able to drive away ghosts. Serembat ipol ma isu, to izaara ma iparteege i. see also: -zuurke, -tutke, -ser, -ziiri —The sweet potato plant bends down and -serpok V_Intr then spreads out and gets tangled up. XXbounce back, bounce off, rebound Zin titwi serembat kizin sula naala be imbot alt. -sirpok ambai. (Toono ipalomo serembat kizin.) Nio aŋgiibi sapup ila ma isirpok la didi. —I —They buried their sweet potatoes down threw a sapup fruit and it bounced off the in a hole, so that they would last well. wall. (The ground keeps their sweet potatoes Sua tio iserpok ma imiili. —My talk cool). [note: Sweet potatoes can be kept bounced back. like this for a while. A hole is made, big Sombe ni ikam kombol, na kombol ko leaves are put into it, then the food is put imiili pini. Iserpok tau. —If he uses bad in it and covered with more leaves.] language, then bad language will return serembat siŋiini to him. It bounces back. XXmilky fluid of a sweet potato Paitu ipun Namoŋo ma namaana isirpok Serembat siŋiini isekapkap la namanda. (=namaana iyou). To imiili ma ila ikam —The fluid from the sweet potatoes sticks ke be irou i pa. —Paitu hit Namongo and to our hands. his hand bounced back (=his hand hurt). -laama/ -wailaama serembat Then he came back and went and got a XXclear off old sweet potatoes, weed a stick with which to hit him. sweet potato garden serre N Redup Tiwailaama/ Tilaama serembat. —They XXrushing water, rapids weeded the sweet potatoes. yok serre —rushing water in a shallow area -ŋgun serembat, -paaza serembat—plant of a river, rapids new sweet potatoes Nio aŋleŋ serre itoogo. —I hear the noise of serembat matakiŋa: waende (kuliini rushing water. siŋsiŋŋana, keteene kokouŋana), tabaloŋ, Re be wo ipet, na lala serreŋana pepe. Ko wadom, man kutuluunu etc. [=different serre ikelke u, to la lem. —When there is varieties of sweet potatoes] flood, be careful not to go to areas of the serembat ŋgauŋgauŋana/ ndomdomŋana river with rapids. They might overpower —sweet potato that is old and no longer you (SG) and carry you away. good [Often termites have gone into it.] lele serreŋana —rapids Serembat tana ŋgauŋgauŋana. Kakam ma ila -serseere V_Intr Redup pizin ŋge. —That sweet potato is old and no XXrush ahead of others in order to get longer good. Take it and give to the pigs. something, try to get ahead of others, -serke V_Tr force one’s way XXdrive away, exorcise (when someone is To tina iserseere be ikam ka koroŋ boozo/ le afflicted by an undu ‘ground spirit’ or a muriini ambaiŋana. —That fellow rushes kon ‘ghost’, involves chewing different ahead [of the others] in order to get a lot types of tree bark) of things to eat/ a good seat. Pikin tiŋgi, mbeŋ na ikeene som. Iŋarakrak XXhasty, overly eager, too quick in doing ma kozeere. Tana aŋwi u: Irao be nu serke things kon pini ma ila ne? —This child, last night Serseere pa sua rimos! —Don’t be so hasty/ he did not sleep. He kept screaming until eager to speak! morning. Therefore I ask you (SG): Can you Tiserseere kat pa sanaana kamŋana. —They drive away the ghost from him? truly rush to do evil. seryaŋ 469 -sibil

XXeager to get something, eager to be first, clothing and use it to patch up an old try to get ahead of other people one? No. D. iserseere be iwe mataana pa lupŋana -seseeze V_Intr_Stative Redup tiom. —D. is very eager to be the leader alt. seseeze (non-inflected verb) for your congregation. XXbe light reddish brown serseereŋa- N_Inal_Stative Wal pakan nan bizin tipeebe zin na uten XXrushing, seeking one’s own advantage ruunu iseseeze. —Some people, when Moori tana serseereŋana. —That woman their mothers give birth to them, their is always trying to be the first to get/do hair is light brown in colour. things. Moori taŋga ibeede peroksaid, tana uteene Ina mbulu serseereŋana tau! —That is the ruunu (i)seseeze. —Because that woman behaviour of rushing to take advantage. over there put peroxide into her hair, it is seryaŋ N light brown in colour. XXsago thatching along the eaves of a seseezeŋa- N_Inal_Stative house XXlight reddish brown (used of people’s def. kooto ta isula uunu/ kooto uunu kana. hair colour) Iser yaŋ pa didi ma koroŋ —thatching that Uteene ruunu seseezeŋana. —Her hair is goes down to the base/beginning of the light brown. roof. It keeps the rain away from the walls. seu N_Event Kooto ta seryaŋ imet kek. Kala kuut risa be XXshow off by giving a lot of things or taŋgal mi isala. —The thatching along the doing something else that is impressive eaves is broken. Go and cut a few [sago (done to increase one’s prestige, or to palm leaves] so we (INC) can sew them up respond to a challenge to one’s prestige), into thatching and put them up [on the compete roof to replace the broken thatching]. Nu kam seu pa uraata. —You (SG) are trying -we seryaŋ pa to show off by doing a lot of work. XXstay away from someone, avoid XXflaunting one’s wealth or power in someone, shun someone (because of a order to prove that one is superior (may quarrel, dislike, shame) be done in anger, often happens in Tiparwe seryaŋ pizin, pa mbukuunu imbot marriage ceremonies where one set of la mazwan. Irao be tilup som. —They in-laws competes with the other) avoided each other, because there was Iŋgi serembat boozo mete. Nu sombe kam some problem between them. They could seu piam na? —There are too many sweet not join together. potatoes here. Are you (SG) trying to prove XXobstacle (that keeps people apart) you are superior to us (EXC)? Mbun kini iwe seryaŋ pini, ta imar ilou yo Seu ta uriizi ima na, kot kek? —The proof som. —His debt [to me] is an obstacle for of superiority that came to you the other him, and that is why he does not come day, have you (SG) repaid it? visit me. [i.e. he is ashamed/embarrassed] see also: azaaŋa, -toombo tiro-, -toombo see also: -mbot molo pa ‘stay far from’, -ŋu mbura- ‘be offended’ si- N_Inal -sese V_Tr Redup XXbreak wind, fart XXsew up Asiŋ siini? —Who broke wind?/ Who farted? Nio aŋsese leŋ mburu. —I sewed myself -sibil V_Tr some clothes. XXmove something using a stick as lever Nio aŋsese mi. —I sewed up a pandanus mat. Tikam aro, mi tisibil ke lwoono ma ilae pa -sesekaala zaala. —They took a sharpened stick and XXpatch up, mend rolled the tree trunk over to the side of Ko teyembut kawaala popoŋana pakaana the road. mi tesesekaala la ki kawaala muŋguŋana? dial. var. -sipliŋ (Marile) Som. —Do we (INC) cut a piece of new similar: -patimbil, -waaŋga a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z siel 470 siiri siel1 N hospitality (expression is not used much) XXrafters on which thatching sits and to Niom kisiibi yo se nomoyom keteene. —You which the thatching is tied (=Tok Pisin (PL) warmly welcomed me. sapnil) def. Leembe timar kiwi, to nu kam kan kini siel kunduunu —end of a rafter ma buzur ma tikan na ambai. Nu mboro zin -siel2 V_Tr kat, kam mbeezeŋana pizin. Timbot ambai XXput on rafters pa koroŋ ta boozomen. —Visitors come to Tisiel ruumu makiŋ, to timbit kooto. —After you (SG), and then you give them food and they put the rafters on the house, then meat to eat, and when they eat, it is good. they tie the thatching [to them]. You look after them well, you serve them. siel3 N They live well in every way. construction: ka- siel siili N XXrib cage construction: ka- siili Adam ikeene, mi Anutu ipas ka siel. —Adam XXsupporter, mainstay, one who upholds, slept and God removed one of his ribs. someone who supports and takes care of Sigaaba N_Proper other members of the clan or family XXSio area Urum ka siili na, zin pikin tomooto. Pa zin Niam amkam wooŋgo mi amla Sigaaba. —We ta tikwaara ka uraata. —The ones who (EXC) took a boat and went to the Sio area. uphold the clan are the male children. sigen N For they are the ones that carry [=do] the XXshuttle stick onto which rope is wound work of the clan. (used when weaving the mesh of a net) Ni iwe lutuunu bizin kan siili. —He is a real def. wooro (perekŋana) muriini be tike pu pa support for his children. Ni ikam sigen ma imar, mi nio aŋke pu tiam Nu kom siili asiŋ? Misek. Ni ta imender pio. pa. —He brought the shuttle stick, and I —Who is your (SG) supporter? Misek. He is wove our net with [it]. the one who stands up for me. -siibi V_Tr def. siŋ tamen XXcatch, grasp, seize with hands siiri1 N Siibi mbal! —Catch the ball! XXfence, fenced in area, corral, pen Siibi lae pa karkoolo ta ikanan manman Nio aŋwwo siiri, pa ŋge tikanan kini tio. —I pwoono na. —Catch the butterfly that is am making [Lit. ‘tying’] a fence, because eating the hibiscus flower. the pigs are eating my food. XXhold a spear in one’s hand beginning to siiri kizin ŋge —fenced in area in which to throw it (the hand is already moving) keep pigs/pig corral/ pig pen def. Iururi be iŋgal. —He is preparing siiri kwoono himself to throw [a spear]. XXentrance to an enclosed area -zibziibi V_Tr Redup siiri ndemeene Neeri, amzibziibi muli ta ndapera. XXoutside a fenced area —Yesterday we (EXC) were playing catch Tiyaaru tataati pera siiri ndemeene. —They with oranges at the seaward side of the dragged him outside the fenced-in area. village. -we siiri pa Kizibziibi pikin paso, kokena ikaka/ XXprotect by surrounding itop/ ka wer itimbil. —Why are you (PL) Anutu iwe siiri piti. —God is our fence/ throwing the child up in the air and then protection. catching him. He might get afraid/ fall similar: -we siŋgao pa down/ get sick in his spleen. -siirikaala V_Tr Arba izibziibi marakete. Beso izem na, tiŋ XXprotect by fencing in, enclose with a sala ŋge. —Arba was arranging the spear fence in his hand. When he let go of it [i.e. Siirikaala yam pa kampeŋana ku be ambot threw it], it went straight into the pig. ndabok men. —Fence us (EXC) in with your -siibi se nama- keteene (SG) mercy so that we can live well. XXwarmly welcome, receive someone with -siiri 471 -sil

-siiri2 V_Tr sikiiri N XXsweep, sweep up XXjoint, place where two things join Nio aŋsiiri ruumu. —I swept the house. construction: ka- sikiiri Tikam malwe mi tisiiri lele kizin. —They ke ka sikiiri —joint in the timber got brooms and swept their area. Ŋgalaken ke ka sikiiri ma ila tuŋ (=ikapis) -zirziiri V_Tr Redup kat. —Push the ends of the timber really Loŋa kizirziiri kar keteene. Pa molo som to tightly together. zin leembe timar. —Quickly sweep the similar: (ka-) seŋgaaŋa middle area of the village. For it won’t be sikiŋa- N_Inal_Stative long before visitors will come. XXlaughing easily siiriŋa- N_Inal_Stative/Event Ni zoŋoono sikiŋana. —She laughs easily. XXswept up dial. var. lele- kirkirŋa-, ŋgure- sirkirŋa-, ruumu siiriŋana —a swept house, the sirpirŋa- (Kampalap) sweeping of the house sikiri N dial. var. -sere lele (Northern) XXsalt from the sea, salty air, salt spray -siiti V_Tr Sikiri iteege zin tomtom mi isala mburu XXpatch up, cover over holes, mend kizin. —Salty air touched the people and Kam sor ku imar ma aŋsiiti kawaala tio. got on their clothing. —Bring your (SG) needle and I will mend Miiri iwi sikiri ise ke ma mbunmbuutu ma my clothing. tinmeete. —The wind blew salt spray onto Tumbuŋ moori imototo kon. Tana rorou the trees and grass and they died. biibi ta imaŋga pa uraata be isiiti ruumu dial. var. asir (Central), met (Northern) sumbun sumbun. —My grandmother is sikomkom N Redup afraid of ghosts. So she got up late at alt. sikomsikom, simkom night to cover/patch up holes in the house XXsugar glider (marsupial, flying opossum [so that ghosts cannot get in]. that lives in groups up in the tops of see also: -sese ‘sew’ coconuts and carries its young on its back) dial. var. -zilkaala (Marile) Motoyom sala ni, to kere sikomkom ru ta siizi N tinmbot ni uteene i. —Look up the coconut, XXgrasshopper and you (PL) will see two sugar gliders that Ndaama ta uriizi na, siizi tikan ni ruunu ma are up in the top of the coconut. kiniŋniiŋgi men. —Last year, grasshoppers sil1 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl ate up all the coconut leaves, leaving only XXbe unused, be unavailable (because of the ribs of the leaves. being wet or occupied) siizi ni kana Ou, nu murim sil, ta mar kenne su ti? Som siizi kaŋarŋar (green) murim, zin wal tisekaala? —Oh, is it siizi kuma kana (brown) because your (SG) [sleeping] place is wet see also: kuuŋgu (large grasshopper) that you have come and are sleeping sik V_Intr here? Or did some other people take it? XXcompletely cover, inundate, overwhelm Moori kopoonoŋana, pikin imbulmbuuli, Tai ilol yo ma sik. —The sea completely tana ikeene som, imbutul som, imender covered me. som, ma muriini sil. —A pregnant woman, Pataŋana ilol yo ma sik. —Difficulties because the child is moving around in completely overwhelmed me. her womb, she [the mother] is not able to Nio aŋkoto yo ma sik. —I covered myself sleep, or sit, or stand [for very long at any completely [with a sheet]. one time; she is always on the move] and Talŋan imun ma sik. —Their ears were never in one place. completely blocked [i.e. they did not want -sil2 V_Tr to listen]. XXweave using something sharp (using a needle made from a plant) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z silaŋ 472 siloolo Zin moori tikam susuaŋ be tisil kiri pa. together. There is no space between them. —The women took a plant needle with silŋan kiri N which to weave kiri armlets. XXmixture of different food items in a basket Amsil kukuugu/woŋwoŋ/ kiri. —We (EXC) def. Mazwaana ta la mi yo kaŋar, kiliizi, mi wove kukuugu/woŋwoŋ/ kiri armlets. puke ilup ila nakaral, to tapaata silŋan kiri. silŋana N_Inal_Event —When you (SG) go and collect galip nuts, Kiri silŋana, tomtom ta boozomen tiute? breadfruits, and Malaysian apples, and Soom, tataŋa men. —The weaving of kiri they are all together in the same basket, armlets, does everyone know [how to do then we (INC) call it a silŋan kiri. it]? No, only a few. dial. var. pekelŋa kiri (Marile) -sil ka sua V_Tr silo N XXplot against, plan evil for someone (Lit. XXstick for supporting yam plants, prop, ‘weave talk’ support Ni isil koŋ sua be ipasaana yo. —He plotted Tala takas silo pa biidi. —Let’s go and cut against me intending to harm to me. some sticks as supports for the yams. Zin Yuda tisil Yesu ka sua be tipuni. —The similar: keeze, silou, suluken Jews plotted against Jesus to kill him. siloogo N similar: -mbuuru, -mbuk sua, -ŋgeele ka kiizi, construction: -parkam siloogo -ru zaala pa, -tut ka- XXdisplay one’s wealth in order to show silaŋ N who is superior, compete XXcupboard, something into which things Ituru taparkam siloogo pa na, ambai som. can be stored —It is not good that the two of us are Topo silaŋ be tuur kini ilela. —Let us (INC) trying to compete with each other and build a cupboard where we can store the prove who is superior. food. def. A. ziru B. tiparkam siloogo pa koroŋ def. Silaŋ, ina koroŋ ki mburu be ilela. —A kamŋana. Asiŋ ta ilip? A. ikam mailaŋ silaŋ is something into which things can biibi, mi B. ikam tomini, mi tire asiŋ ta be put. ilip pa koroŋ kamŋana. Ina toso tiparkam sili- N_Inal siloogo, som azaaŋa. —A. and B. compete XXhip area (outside part) in giving things. Who is superior? A. puts Nomom ise silim. —Your (SG) hands are on on a big feast, and B. does too, and they your hips. see who was superior in giving things. Siliŋ uunu ti iyoyou. —This hip area of That, we call siloogo or azaaŋa. mine hurts. Mi ziŋan zin tomtom tiparkam siloogo pa similar: orka- ‘side’, seebeŋa- ‘hip joint’ sua pepe. —And they should not verbally siliigi N_Event compete with other people. construction: -kam siliigi pa similar: azaaŋa XXdesire strongly, badly want something siloolo N def. -kam ŋgar biibi pa mi -ru zaala, -kam XXuncontrolled yelling, (be on a) rampage, kinkiini/kinkin pa uproar, raging and ranting, railing Ni ikam siliigi pa moori taŋga be iwooli. —He Tileŋ sua koroŋŋana tiŋgi, tabe siloolo isala, badly wants to marry that girl over there. mi tiŋasaari mi borok ma tila. —When Ni ikam siliigi be ila Lae. Tamen le pat be they heard this bit of talk, there was a iŋgiimi zaala som. —He really wants to go terrible uproar and they scolded him and to Lae. But he does not have money to pay rushed at him. for the fare. To tana, sua ta tozzo i, ni ileŋ som. Pa silke N siloolo kini isala. (Itunu isei le sua, XXspace between buildings iyakyak, ni tomtom gadgaadaŋana, imaane def. Silke, ina ruumu ru mi mazwan. —Silke, som). —That man, what we (INC) are that is the space between two houses. saying, he does not listen to it. For he was Tipo ruumu koloukolouŋan. Kan silke too busy ranting and raging. (He himself som. —They built the houses too close meddles in other people’s affairs, he silou 473 -sinin screams, he is crazy, he won’t quiet down.) pa kini kanŋana. —The sisters and def. Nu peteke tomtom pa mbulu kini brothers of the deceased person practiced sananŋana ta ikaam. Tamen ni ileŋu som. ceremonial food restrictions. Siloolo kini isala ma inoknok men. —You niom siluunuŋan —you women who have (SG) try to stop someone from doing the deceased siblings bad behaviour that he is doing. But he see also: kuliiŋi ‘man whose sibling has doesn’t listen to you. He begins to rant died’ and he keeps on doing it. simber N silou1 N XXstick for carrying things (the stick is put XXsupport, brace, prop (which upholds over one’s shoulder and the things hang something) from the end of it) Silou ta muŋgu kam ma isilou nder pa na, Kuru simber ila pin mi baada. —Put a stick isaana kek. —The support that you (SG) into the bunch of bananas and carry put to support the gutter has gone bad. them. similar: suluken ‘support’, silo ‘yam stick’ sinap N_Stative XXsupporter, helper, assistant XXdecorated (used of baskets and netbags, Nio leŋ silou sa be iuulu yo pa sua ma they are decorated with dog’s teeth and uraata i som. —I do not have any very valuable, first-born children carry supporter to help me with talk or work. them, and they are sometimes given as To Mose ikam silou kini Yosua mi ziru part of a brideprice) timaŋga ma tila. —Then Moses took his kaari sinap, pelpeele sinap —decorated assistant Joshua and the two of them got netbag, decorated basket up and left. Pikin lautabe tibaada pelpeele sinap mi -we silou pa tirak. —The first-born children carried XXbecome supporter or helper for someone decorated baskets and danced. Yooba, to sua ku mbukŋana mi we silou pio. -sinin V_Tr —Yahweh, follow your promise and be a XXlist, enumerate, itemise support for me. XXcount how many -silou2 V_Tr Sinin zin plet ma ikot zin. —Count out XXsupport, strengthen, uphold the plates so that there are enough for Nio aŋur ke be isilou ruumu. —I braced the everybody. house with a stick. XXtell in detail, recount Tarkat ke zoŋoono sa imar be isilou pin tana. Sinin sinin ma kena pepe. Lup men ma imar! Kokena ipol isu. —Cut a forked stick and —Don’t keep reading/counting each bring it here to support that banana plant. individual item. Just summarise [them] Otherwise it will collapse and fall down. and give it to us. Bubuŋana Potomŋana ko isilou iti. —The Paulus imaŋga, to isinin mbulu boozomen ta Holy Spirit will uphold us (INC). ipet pini na. —Paul got up and recounted Ni tiziini bizin tisilou i, tabe ni irao be ikam in detail all the things that had happened kini pa kar. Tiwe silou pini. —His younger to him. brothers supported him, and so he was similar: -nin ‘count’ able to put on a feast for the village. They -sinin zin ruumu were his supporters. XXgo from house to house to find something similar: -pombol Polis irru zin wal kuumbuŋan, tabe isinin siluunu N ruumu ta boozomen mi itiiri. —The XXwoman whose sister or brother has died policeman was looking for the thieves, so Nio atoŋ imeete, tana tipaata yo be siluunu. he went to each house and searched. —My older brother has died, so they call Saul isinin zin ruumu, mi iyaaru tataata zin me a siluunu. tomooto ma moori ma tila. —Paul went siluunuŋa- N_Inal_Stative to every house and dragged the men and Zin siluunuŋan mi kuliiŋiŋan tisapaara women away. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z siŋ 474 siŋ siŋ1 N XXmenstruation XX blood Zin moori ta siŋ ikam zin na, irao tila Ŋge ka siŋ isu toono. —The blood of the pig ma tipa pa biidi ma kiu leleene pepe. dripped down onto the ground. —Women that are menstruating are not Ke iŋguraaza yo ma siŋ ireere isu. —A stick allowed to walk in yam gardens. scraped my leg and the blood ran down. siŋ iloondo Tipun tomtom tana ma siŋ ipurri i. —They XXblood is flowing, feel vigorous, feel hit that man and he was bleeding. energetic, have pep siŋ kutuunu —clot of blood -kam siŋ pa Siŋ imbelmbel mburu tio ma isaana. —Blood XXhit someone causing them to bleed stained my clothing. M. ikam siŋ pa A. —M. hit A. causing him Siŋ kini ikam kutkut. —His blood (pulse) to bleed. was beating/ throbbing. similar: -pun ma irao siŋ isu see also: siŋi- -teege siŋ XX violent injury, murder XXlook after, help someone during Koozi, siŋ kini ka kadoono ta ise kiti gi. childbirth (help wash dirty clothes, carry —Now the penalty for his blood is coming water, etc) upon us (INC). Indeeŋe ta Atai ikam tomtom na, moori B. Parei, niom koso kakam be kuur siŋ kini ka iteege siŋ pini. —When Atai gave birth, kadoono ise tiam? —How is it? Do you want the woman B. helped her. to make us (EXC) responsible for his injury? Tiziŋ moori bizin ŋonoono tiuulu yo som. Mi Ipokot siŋ kizin tomtom. —It avenges the moori ri tiŋgi ta aŋkami ma imar ma iteege blood/murder of the people. kat siŋ pio pa K. —My real younger sisters XX blood-relatives, lineage, family, ancestry did not help me. But this little girl that I Iti siŋ ta/tamen. —We (INC) are blood- have taken [to live with us] really helped relatives/ from the same family. me when I gave birth to K. Anutu ikam ŋgar pa siŋ som. —God is not Nio aŋteege siŋ pu, ta we tomtom mi zooro la interested in people’s ancestry/lineage/ kalŋoŋ? —It was I who looked after your what family they are from. (SG) mother when she gave birth to you, Ni iyooto pa siŋ ki Abaram. —He has come and now that you have become an adult from Abraham’s lineage. you disobey me? Siŋ kini ipet pa Lebi. —He is from the XXmurder, physically assault lineage of Lebi. David iteege siŋ pa Uria. —David murdered XX inherited characteristics Uriah. Ni iyo tamaana siŋ kini ma imap. —He is Kokena itundu teteege siŋ pini. Pa ni sa very similar to his father (in character). itiŋan siŋ tamen. —We (INC) ourselves must def. siŋ kizin raraate, mbuŋin raraate not murder him. After all he and we are XX luck, fortune from the same family. Siŋ kini ambaiŋana. —He has good luck. -we siŋ similar: mbuŋi- XXmiscarry, abort siŋ idaabakaala Moori tana, ni kopoono. Tamen tamaana XX bleed internally, haemorrhage leleene be ni ikam tomtom som. Tabe ikam Moori tana ipeebe, tona siŋ idaabakaali ma koroŋ pini ma iwin, mi iwe siŋ ma isu lene. imeete. —That woman gave birth and then —That woman was pregnant, but her had heavy internal bleeding and died. father did not want her to give birth. So XX black and blue, bruised he gave her something to drink and she Siŋ idaabakaala mataana. —He had a black miscarried. eye. Pikin iwe siŋ. —The child miscarried./ siŋ ikam There was a miscarriage. XX bleed siŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Siŋ biibi ikam anaŋ ma imeete. —My XXbloody, containing blood mother bled badly and died. Siŋ mi buzur siŋŋana na, kakan pepe. siŋ 475 siŋi-

—Blood and meat that still has blood in see also: golo ‘ceremonial shield’, kaboŋ it, do not eat them. ‘battle shield’ siŋ2 N note: Mutu language has a cognate form XXpole used for carrying larger things (like sigheu pigs and sago) -we siŋgiao pa XX -siŋ3 V_Tr protects XXcarry something attached to a pole Yesu iwe siŋgiao piti. —Jesus became a (usually done by two or more people. shield for us (INC). / Jesus protects us. The pole is put on their shoulders, and similar: -we seraara pa the item is tied to the pole and hangs siŋi1 N from it. Pigs, baskets of sago, and other XXthings needed for chewing betel-nut heavy things are commonly carried this (the nuts themselves, betel-pepper, and way.) powdered lime) Amsiŋ meene/ŋge ma amla Ŋguuru. —We Nu kom siŋi, tabe seŋ. Mi nio na som. —You (EXC) carried sago/a pig to Gauru on a pole. (SG) have the things needed for chewing Moori tisiŋ kuuru ma timar. —The women betel-nut, so go ahead and chew. But as come carrying a [large] pot on a pole. for me, I do not have any. XXcarry on a stretcher siŋi paŋgasŋana N_Inal_Event Wal pakan tisiŋ tomtom narapeŋana ta ma XXchewing the combination of betel-nut, timar. —Some people came carrying a betel pepper and lime lame man. Nu nok siŋi paŋgasŋana rimos! —Quit -ziŋziŋ V_Tr Redup chewing betel-nut so much! Tumbundu bizin tiziŋziŋ beeze tana ma tila. Toori imbel ka siŋi paŋgasŋana kek. —This —Our ancestors carried that tent on poles little fellow has done a lot of betel-nut and went. chewing! siŋanabi N_Inal_Stative siŋi-2 N_Inal XXvery big, huge, giant, great, tremendous XXblood mooto siŋanabi —a huge snake Ni siŋiini imap. —She is short of blood, yeŋyeeŋge siŋanabi —giant earthquake anaemic siŋansiŋan N_Inal Redup XXsap, secretion, fluid, juice (of trees and XXplural form, many big and heavy things plants) def. bibip mi tipata—big ones and heavy Kun ŋonoono siŋiini imar ma ikokou, to tuute Yaŋpat tana, siŋansiŋan kat. —Those water kun irao be takan. —When the sap of a stones (i.e. hailstones) were really huge. breadfruit comes and is white, then we (INC) similar: kunaanabi know that the breadfruit can be eaten. dial. var. maanzi ‘huge’ (Gauru) meene siŋiini —sap of a sago palm siŋgiao N serembat siŋiini —sticky, white fluid of a XXshield, battle shield (used for protection sweet potato when fighting) pun siŋiini —sap of banana def. Ke pakaana ta tisap be tipakaala zitun pa baen siŋiini —grape juice izi ki kan koi bizin. —A piece of wood that we siŋiiniŋana —mango which has sticky they carve in order to protect themselves gluey sap in it from the spears of their enemies. kembei Amariŋ siŋiini Atiobi isekaali pa siŋgiao, tabe Kiaubi XXvery hot, red hot itoombo iŋgali na irao som. —Old Atio Neene peene lutuunu ma kembei Amariŋ protected himself with a shield, and siŋiini. —Heat up the point of the arrow therefore when old Kiau tried to spear so it is red hot like Amaring’s blood. him, he was not able. Tiama siŋsiŋ kat kei ta Amariŋ siŋiini. Siŋgiao na, ipakalkaala izi. —The shield —The cooking stones were really red hot blocks spears. like Amaring’s blood. similar: siŋsiŋ kat a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z (-)siŋsiŋ 476 -sipkat mata- siŋiini isu —The woman collected rubbish and went XXvery distressed, enduring great hardship, and threw it away in the area at the back suffering greatly (Lit. ‘blood of the eye of the houses. comes down’) similar: -yaala, -liŋ Nu ŋgal motoŋ pa sanaana tio ma motoŋ -sipir1 V_Intr siŋiini isu. —You (SG) punished me for my XXslip sins and I suffered greatly. mata- siŋiini ila muriini zen Mburooŋo isipir. —The business deal XX slipped [i.e. was not successful]. not get enough sleep, still feeling tired -sipirpir Mata siŋiini ila muriini zen. Pa mbeŋi V_Intr Redup ikamam ŋgar boozo pa lutuunu mi ikeene Mburooŋo ta ni ikamam na, isipirpir som. —The deals kat som. —He did not get enough sleep, Ina kembei iurur ŋonoono. that he does do not usually slip. They because at night he was thinking a lot bear fruit [i.e. succeed]. about his son and did not sleep well. -meete sipir (-)siŋsiŋ V_Intr_Stative Redup XXnearly/ almost die from hunger, sickness XXbe red Aŋmeete sipir pa koŋ kini. —I nearly died Tiama isiŋsiŋ kat. —The cooking stones from lack of food. were really hot. -yasipir Mata uunu isiŋsiŋ. —Her eyes are red. XXslip, slide Saamba uunu isiŋsiŋ. —Red sunset/ -sipir2 V_Intr_Stative sunrise. [The horizon is red.] XX mata- siŋsiŋ pa be smooth, bald XXeager (Lit. ‘eye is red concerning’) Uteene sipir/ sipirŋana. —He is bald. -sipirpir V_Intr_Stative Redup Ni mata siŋsiŋ pa uraata. —He is eager to XX work. be slippery and wet siŋsiŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Yaŋ isu ma zaala isipirpir kat. —The rain fell XXred, reddish and caused the road to be very slippery. toono siŋsiŋŋana —red ground, clay see also: -zamaaga ‘smooth, slippery [but Ni kuliini siŋsiŋŋana kat. —Her skin is very dry, not wet]’ sipirpirŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup red. XX pat siŋsiŋŋana —one or two toea coin slippery and wet —slippery area/ [made out of copper] lele/ zaala sipirpirŋana. pikin siŋsiŋŋa- road. XX -pasipirpir V_Tr Redup new-born baby XX Indeeŋe ta nio siŋsiŋŋoŋ mi imar na,.. make slippery —Why are you (SG) —Ever since I was a tiny baby until now,.. Pasipirpir lele paso? making the place slippery? sipi- N_Inal sipirŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup construction: wi- sipiini XXsmooth, bald XXtip, end (of a tail) Uteene sipirŋana. —He is bald. Sikomkom tio wiini sipiini kokouŋana. -sipir3 V_Tr —The tip of my sugar glider’s tail is white. XX Zirkuumbu mburan biibi ta imbot la win cut off leaves from sago palm fronds —Cut the sago sipiini be tipasaana zin tomtom pa. —And Sipir kooto ma isu pa kiini. leaves off of the frond [so they can be a lot of their power is in the tip of their sewn into thatching]. tails, with which they can harm people. -sipiliŋ -sipkat V_Tr V_Tr XX alt. -sipil cut off small branches (by swinging a XXthrow away (water, rubbish) knife) Moori ikis mok mi isipiliŋ kuliini ila. —The Tisipkat ke naman naman tana isu lene, mi —They cut off those woman peeled taro and threw the skin lwoono men to imbot. branches leaving behind little stubs. peelings away. Moori ikor gedeeŋe ma ila isipiliŋ lombulene. similar: -yembut, -sebut