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Medical Glossary

AAD allergic airway , an in fl ammatory Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme disorder of the airways caused by allergens. that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) AAPH 2,2 ¢ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- the neurotransmitter , producing chloride, a -soluble azo compound used choline. extensively as a free generator, often in increased acidity. the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- Acne vulgaris also known as chronic acne, terization of . usually occurring in , with come- Abdominal distension referring to generalised dones (blackheads), papules (red ), distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also nodules (infl amed acne spots), and pustules referred to as bloating often caused (small in fl amed pus- fi lled lesions) on the face, by a sudden increase in fi bre from consump- neck, and upper part of the trunk. tion of , and . Acquired immunode fi ciency syndrome (AIDS) Abeta aggregation beta (Abeta) an epidemic disease caused by an aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s by immunodefi ciency (HIV-1, disease (AD); it is a major component of the HIV-2), retrovirus that causes extracellular plaque found in AD . failure and debilitation and is often accompa- Ablation therapy the destruction of small areas nied by such as . of myocardial tissue, usually by application of Acridone an organic compound based on the electrical or chemical energy, in the treatment acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the of some tachyarrhythmias. 9 position. Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces ACTH adrenocorticotropic (or corti- abortion. cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. duced and secreted by the a swollen infected, in fl amed area fi lled . It plays a role in the synthesis and secre- with pus in body tissues. tion of gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids and ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6-sulfonic androgenic steroids. acid, a type of mediator in chemical reaction Activating transcription factor (ATF) a kinetics of specifi c enzymes. protein (gene) that binds to speci fi c DNA A C A T acyl CoA: acyltransferase. sequences regulating the transfer or transcrip- ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. tion of information from DNA to mRNA. Acetogenins natural products from the of Activator protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric the family Annonaceae, are very potent inhibi- protein transcription factor that regulates gene tors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Com- expression in response to a variety of stimuli, plex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. including cytokines, growth factors, ,

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits, 912 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Medical Glossary 913

and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in Adipose tissues body , loose connective turn regulates a number of cellular processes tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). including differentiation, proliferation, and Adoptogen containing smooth pro- apoptosis. which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of enzymes tems and decrease damaging effects of vari- that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of ous stressors due to increased basal level of fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of mediators involved in the stress response. cells. Adrenal star-shaped endocrine glands Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer that sit on top of the kidneys. to a natural product that increases the Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, glands surgically removed. stress and . Adrenergic having to do with (epineph- Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the rine) and/or noradrenaline (). body to stress. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein- Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. coupled receptors that are targets of the nora- It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot pro- drenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline duce suffi cient (corticosteroids). It (). is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. preparation. Adenocarcinoma a originating in glan- Advanced Glycation End products dular tissue. ( AGEs) resultant products of a chain of a benign tumour from a glandular chemical reactions after an initial glycation origin. reaction. AGEs may play an important adverse Adenopathy abnormal enlargement or swelling role in process of , , of the . aging and chronic renal failure. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, Aegilops an or fi stula in the inner corner G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as of the eye. endogenous ligand. In , there are four Afferent something that so conducts or car- adenosine receptors. A 1 receptors and A 2A ries towards, such as a , fi bre, or play roles in the , regulating myocar- . dial oxygen consumption and coronary blood Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (). fl ow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder antiin fl ammatory effects throughout the body. in which there are very low levels of protective These two receptors also have important roles immune called immunoglobulins. Cf. in the , regulating the release of other x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. neurotransmitters such as and glu- Agglutination clumping of particles. tamate, while the A 2B and A 3 receptors are Agglutinin a protein substance, such as an anti- located mainly peripherally and are involved body, that is capable of causing agglutination in in fl ammation and immune responses. (clumping) of a particular . ADH see dehydrogenase. Agonist a drug that binds to a receptor of a Adipocyte a fat cell involved in the synthesis and triggers a response by the cell. and of . Ague a (such as from ) that is Adipocytokine bioactive cytokines produced marked by paroxysms of , fever, and by adipose tissues. sweating that recurs with regular intervals. Adiponectin a protein in humans that modu- AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytoso- lates several physiological processes, such as lic protein transcription factor. of and fatty acids, and AIDS see Acquired Immunode fi ciency Syn- immune responses. drome. 914 Medical Glossary

Akathisia a movement disorder in which there Allergy a hypersensitivity state induced by is an urge or need to move the legs to stop exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) unpleasant sensations. Also called restless resulting in harmful immunologic reactions leg syndrome, the disorder is often caused by on subsequent exposures. The term is usually long-term use of antipsychotic . used to refer to hypersensitivity to an envi- Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes involving ronmental antigen (atopic allergy or contact Akt and FoxO transcription factors that play a dermatitis) or to drug allergy. role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Allogeneic cells or tissues which are geneti- Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein kinases cally different because they are derived from involved in mammalian cellular signaling, separate individuals of the same . Also inhibits apoptotic processes. refers to a type of immunological reaction transaminase (ALT) also called that occurs when cells are transplanted into a Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) or genetically different recipient. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), an enzyme Allografts or homografts, a graft between indi- present in hepatocytes ( cells). When a cell viduals of the same species, but of different is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the blood. genotypes. ALAT, (Alanine aminotransferase) see Alanine Alloknesis itch produced by innocuous mechan- transaminase. ical . Albumin water soluble proteins found in egg Allostasis the process of achieving stability, or white, blood serum, milk, various tis- , through physiological or behav- sues and juices and tissues. ioral change. Albuminaria excessive amount of albumin in the Alopecia is the loss of on the body. urine, a symptom of severe disease. is a particular disorder affect- Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) an enzyme ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and involved in the break-down of alcohol. elsewhere. Aldose reductase , aldehyde reductase an ALP see Alkaline phosphatase. enzyme in metabolism that con- Alpha-adrenoceptor receptors postulated to verts glucose to . exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- Alexipharmic an antidote, remedy for . thetic in order to explain the Alexiteric a preservative against contagious specifi city of certain agents that affect only and infectious , and the effects of poi- some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- sons. striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles Algesic endogenous substances involved in the and contraction of smooth muscles). production of that is associated with Alpha amylase a -amylase a major form of in fl ammation, e.g. , and amylase found in humans and other . that cleaves alpha-bonds of large mol- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) an enzyme in ecules. the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALT see Alanine transaminase. ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile Alterative a or treatment which grad- duct obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or ually induces a change, and restores healthy in fi ltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also functions without sensible evacuations. present in and placental tissues. Alveolar a vigorously phagocytic Allergenic having the properties of an antigen macrophage on the epithelial surface of (allergen), immunogenic. alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled Allergic pertaining to, caused, affected with, or particulate matter. Also called coniophage or the of the allergy. dust cell. Allergic in fl ammation of the tissue Alzheimer’s disease a degenerative, organic, lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to allergy. mental disease characterized by progressive Medical Glossary 915

brain deterioration and dementia, usually release of substances of endothelial cells, mast occurring after the age of 50. cells or , which produce a local Amastigote refers to a cell that does not have in fl ammatory response. any fl agella, used mainly to describe a cer- Anaplasia a reversion of differentiation in cells tain phase in the life-cycle of trypanosome and is characteristic of malignant protozoans. (tumours). the condition when a woman fails Anaplastic adj. see anaplasia. to have menstrual periods. Anasarca accumulation of great quantity of Amidolytic cleavage of the amide structure. fl uid in body tissues. Amoebiasis state of being infected by Androgen male hormone in . such as Entamoeba histolytica . Androgens may be used in patients with Amoebicidal lethal to amoeba. cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. AMPK (5¢ AMP-activated protein kinase) or Android adiposity centric fat distribution pat- 5 ¢ adenosine monophosphate-activated pro- terns with increased disposition towards the tein kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cel- abdominal area, visceral fat – apple shaped cf lular energy homeostasis. gynoid adiposity. (Ab or Abeta) a peptide of Angina pectoris, Angina chest pain or chest 39–43 amino acids that appear to be the main discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of does not get enough blood. Alzheimer’s disease patients. Angiogenic adj. see angiogenesis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, is a Angiogenesis a physiological process involving disease of the motor in the brain and the growth of new blood vessels from pre- that control voluntary muscle existing vessels. movement. Angiotensin an oligopeptide hormone in the Amyotrophy progressive wasting of muscle tis- blood that causes blood vessels to constrict, sues. adj. amyotrophic. and drives up. It is part of the Anaemia a blood disorder in which the blood -angiotensin system. is de fi cient in red blood cells and in haemo- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) an globin. exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that partic- Anaesthesia condition of having sansation tem- ipates in the body’s renin-angiotensin system porarily suppressed. (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume Anaesthetic a substance that decreases partially (i.e. that of the , lymph and inter- or totally nerve the sense of pain. stitial fl uid), and arterial vasoconstriction. Analeptic a (CNS) stim- Anglioplasty medical procedure used to open ulant medication. obstructed or narrowed blood vessel resulting Analgesia term describing relief, reduction or usually from atherosclerosis. suppression of pain. adj. analgetic. Anisonucleosis a morphological manifestation a substance that relieves or reduces of nuclear characterized by variation in pain. the size of the cell nuclei. Anaphoretic an antiperspirant. (AS) is a type of Anaphylactic adj. see . infl ammatory that targets the of Anaphylaxis a severe, life-threatening allergic the spine. response that may be characterized by symp- Annexitis also called adnexitis, a pel- toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheez- vic in fl ammatory disease involving the ing, vomiting or diarrhea. infl ammation of the or fallopian tubes. Anaphylotoxins are fragments (C3a, C4a or Anodyne a substance that relieves or soothes C5a) that are produced during the pathways pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain of the complement system. They can trigger or nervous system. Also called an analgesic. 916 Medical Glossary

Anoikis apoptosis that is induced by inadequate Antiarrhythmic a substance to correct irregular or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Anorectal relating to the and anus. Antiasmathic drug that treats or ameliorates Anorectics appetite suppressants, substances . which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a short Antiatherogenic that protects against athero- term basis clinically to treat . Also genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) called anorexigenics. in . lack or loss of desire to eat. Antibacterial substance that kills or inhibits Anorexic having no appetite to eat. . Anorexigenics see anorectics. Antibilious an agent or substance which helps Antagonist a substance that acts against and remove excess bile from the body. blocks an action. Antibiotic a chemical substance produced by Antalgic a substance used to relive a painful a microorganism which has the capacity to condition. inhibit the growth of or to kill other microor- Antecubital This vein is located in the ganisms. antecubital fossa -the area of the arm in front Antiblennorrhagic a substance that treats blen- of the elbow. orrhagia a conjunctival in fl ammation resulting Anterior uveitis is the most common form of in mucus discharge. ocular in fl ammation that often causes a pain- Antibody a gamma globulin protein produced ful red eye. by a kind of called the plasma an agent or substance that is cell in the blood used by the immune sys- destructive to worms and used for expulsion tem to identify and neutralize foreign objects of internal parasitic worms in and ( antigen). humans. Anticarcinomic a substance that kills or inhibits Anthocyanins a subgroup of carcinomas (any cancer that arises in epithe- fl avonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. lium/tissue cells). Which are benefi cial to health. They occur Anticephalalgic -relieving or prevent- as water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may ing. appear red, purple, or blue according to pH in Anticestodal a chemical destructive to tape- plants. worms . Anthrax a bacterial disease of cattle and ship Anticholesterolemic a substance that can pre- that can be transmitted to though unpro- vent the build up of cholesterol. cessed wool. Anticlastogenic having a suppressing effect of Anthropometric pertaining to the study of chromosomal aberrations. measurements. Anticoagulant a substance that thins the blood Antiamoebic a substance that destroys or sup- and acts to inhibit blood platelets from stick- presses parasitic amoebae. ing together. Antiamyloidogenic compounds that inhibit the Antidepressant a substance that suppresses formation of Alzheimer’s b -amyloid fi brils or sadness. (fA b) from amyloid b -peptide (A b) and desta- Antidiabetic a substance that prevents or allevi- bilize fAb . ates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. Antianaphylactic agent that can prevent the Antidiarrhoeal having the property of stopping occurrence of anaphylaxis (life threatening or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such allergic response). action. Antiangiogenic a drug or substance used to stop Antidopaminergic a term for a chemical that the growth of tumours and progression of can- prevents or counteracts the effects of dop- cers by limiting the pathologic formation of amine. new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Antidote a remedy for counteracting a poison. Medical Glossary 917

Antidrepanocytary anti-sickle cell anaemia. Antihypercholesterolemic agent that lowers Antidysenteric an agent used to reduce or treat cholesterol level in the blood or blood serum. dysentery and diarrhea. Antihyperlidemic promoting a reduction of lipid Antidyslipidemic agent that will reduce the levels in the blood, or an agent that has this abnormal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in action. the blood. Antihypersensitive a substance used to treat Anti-edematous reduces or suppresses edema. excessive reactivity to any stimuli. Anti-emetic an agent that stops vomiting. Antihypertensive a drug used in medicine and Anti-epileptic a drug used to treat or prevent pharmacology to treat (high convulsions, anticonvulsant. blood pressure). Antifebrile a substance that reduces fever, also Antiin fl ammatory a substance used to reduce called antipyretic. or prevent in fl ammation. Antifeedant preventing something from being Antileishmanial inhibiting the growth and pro- eaten. liferation of Leishmania a of fl agellate Antifertility agent that inhibits formation of ova protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of and sperm and disrupts the process of fertil- vertebrates. ization (antizygotic). Antileprotic therapeutically effective against Anti fi larial effective against human fi larial leprosy. worms. Antilithiatic an agent that reduces or suppresses Antifungal an agent that kills or inhibits the urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dissolve growth of fungi. those already present. Antiganacratia anti- . Antileukaemic anticancer drugs that are used to Antigen a substance that prompts the produc- treat . tion of antibodies and can cause an immune Antilithogenic inhibiting the formation of response. adj. antigenic. calculi (stones). Antigastralgic preventing or alleviating gastric Antimalarial an agent used to treat malaria and/ colic. or kill the malaria-causing organism, Plasmo- Antigenotoxic an agent that inhibits DNA adduct dium spp. formation, stimulates DNA repair mechanisms, Antimelanogenesis obstruct production of and possesses antioxidant functions. melanin. Antihematic agent that stops vomiting. Antimicrobial a substance that destroys or Antihemorrhagic an agent which stops or pre- inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, vents bleeding. , fungi and other microorganisms. Antihepatotoxic counteracting to the Antimitotic inhibiting or preventing mitosis. liver. Antimutagenic an agent that inhibits . Antiherpetic having activity against Herpes Antimycotic antifungal. Simplex Virus (HSV). Antineoplastic said of a drug intended to inhibit Antihistamine an agent used to counteract the or prevent the maturation and proliferation of effects of production in allergic neoplasms that may become malignant, by reactions. targeting the DNA. Antihyperalgesia the ability to block enhanced Antineuralgic a substance that stops intense sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stimuli. caused by neuralgia. adj. antihyperalgesic. Antinociception reduction in pain: reduction in Antihypercholesterolemia term to describe pain sensitivity produced within neurons when lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or an endorphin or similar opium-containing sub- blood serum. stance combines with a receptor. 918 Medical Glossary

Antinociceptive having an analgesic effect. Antisense refers to antisense RNA strand Antinutrient are natural or synthetic compounds because its sequence of nucleotides is the that interfere with the absorption of nutrients complement of message sense. When mRNA and are commonly found in food sources and forms a duplex with a complementary anti- beverages. sense RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA Antioestrogen a substance that inhibits the bio- into the protein is blocked. This may slow or logical effects of female sex hormones. halt the growth of cancer cells. Antiophidian anti venoms of snake. Antiseptic preventing decay or putrefaction, a Antiosteoporotic substance that can prevent substance inhibiting the growth and develop- osteoporosis. ment of microorganisms. Antiovulatory substance suppressing . Anti-sickling agent an agent used to prevent or Antioxidant a chemical compound or sub- reverse the pathological events leading to sick- stance that inhibits oxidation and protects ling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. against free radical activity and lipid oxida- Antispasmodic a substance that relieves spasms tion such as E, , or beta-car- or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; otene (converted to vitamin B), smooth , muscle-relaxer. and fl avonoids which are to protect Antispermatogenic preventing or suppressing body cells from the damaging effects of oxi- the production of semen or spermatozoa. dation. Many foods including and veg- Antisudori fi c see antiperspirant. etables contain compounds with antioxidant Antisyphilitic a drug (or other chemical agent) properties. Antioxidants may also reduce that is effective against syphilis. the risks of cancer and age-related macular Antithermic a substance that reduces fever and degeneration(AMD). temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Antipaludic antimalarial. Antithrombotic preventing or interfering with Antiperiodic substance that prevents the recur- the formation of thrombi. rence of symptoms of a disease e.g. malaria. Antitoxin an antibody with the ability to neu- Antiperspirant a substance that inhibits sweat- tralize a speci fi c . ing. Also called antisudori fi c, anaphoretic. Antitumoral substance that acts against the Antiphlogistic a traditional term for a sub- growth, development or spread of a tumour. stance used against infl ammation, an anti- Antitussive a substance that depresses coughing. in fl ammatory. Antiulcerogenic an agent used to protect against Antiplatelet agent drug that decreases platelet the formation of ulcers, or is used for the treat- aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. ment of ulcers. Antiplasmodial suppressing or destroying Antivenin an agent used against the venom of plasmodia. a snake, , or other venomous animal or Antiproliferative preventing or inhibiting the . reproduction of similar cells. Antivinous an agent or substance that treats Antiprostatic drug to treat the . addiction to alcohol. Antiprotozoal suppressing the growth or repro- Antiviral substance that destroys or inhibits the duction of protozoa. growth and viability of infectious viruses. Antipruritic alleviating or preventing itching. Antivomitive a substance that reduces or sup- Antipyretic a substance that reduces fever or presses vomiting. quells it. Also known as antithermic. Antizygotic see antifertility. Antirheumatic relieving or preventing rheuma- Anuria absence of urine production and excre- tism. tion. adj. anuric. Antiscorbutic a substance or plant rich in Anxiolytic a drug prescribed for the treatment vitamin C that is used to counteract scurvy. of symptoms of . Antisecretory inhibiting or diminishing secretion. APAF-1 apoptotic protease activating factor 1. Medical Glossary 919

Apelin also known as APLN, a peptide which in Apurinic lyase a DNA enzyme that catalyses a humans is encoded by the APLN gene. chemical reaction. Aperient a substance that acts as a mild laxative Arachidonate cascade includes the cyclooxy- by increasing fl uids in the bowel. genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids Aperitif an appetite stimulant. and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gen- Aphonia loss of the voice resulting from dis- erate several oxygenated fatty acids, collec- ease, injury to the vocal cords, or various psy- tively called eicosanoids. chological causes, such as hysteria. Aribo fl avinosis a condition caused by the dietary Aphrodisiac an agent that increases sexual de fi ciency of ribo fl avin that is characterized by activity and and/or improves sexual mouth lesions, seborrhea, and vascularization. performance. Aromatase an enzyme involved in the produc- Aphthae white, painful oral ulcer of unknown tion of estrogen that acts by catalyzing the cause. conversion of (an androgen) to Aphthous ulcerr also known as a canker sore, is (an estrogen). Aromatase is located a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a painful in estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal open sore inside the mouth or upper throat. glands, ovaries, , , adipose a canker sore, a type of (fat) tissue, and brain. painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth Aromatherapy a form of alternative medicine orupper throat, caused by a break in the mucous that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. as essential oils and other scented compounds Apnoea suspension of external breathing. from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- Apoliprotein B (APOB) primary apolipoprotein son’s mood or health. of low-density lipoproteins which is respon- Aromatic having a pleasant, fragrant odour. sible for carrying cholesterol to tissues. abnormal heart rhythms that can Apoplexy a condition in which the brain’s cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also function stops with loss of voluntary motion called dysrhythmias. and sense. Arsenicosis see arsenism. Apoprotein the protein moiety of a molecule or Arsenism an incommunicable disease resulting complex, as of a lipoprotein. from the ingestion of ground water containing is a condition characterized by unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as arseni- in fl ammation of the . Also called cosis. epityphlitis. Arteriosclerosis imprecise term for various dis- Appetite stimulant a substance to increase or orders of arteries, particularly hardening due stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. to fi brosis or deposition, often used as Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) a major protein a synonym for atherosclerosis. component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is pain in the joints from many pos- in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol sible causes. ef fl ux from tissues to the liver for excretion. Arthritis in fl ammation of the joints of the body. Apolipoprotein B ( APOB) is the primary apo- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) a ligand- lipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL activated transcription factor best known for or “bad cholesterol”), which is responsible for mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other carrying cholesterol to tissues. exogenous contaminants and is responsible Apolipoprotein E (APOE) the apolipoprotein for their toxic effects, including immunosup- found on intermediate density lipoprotein and pression. chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor ASAT or AST aspartate aminotransferase, see on liver and peripheral cells. aspartate transaminase, Apoptogenic ability to cause death of cells. Ascaris a genus of parasitic intestinal round Apoptosis death of cells. worms. 920 Medical Glossary

Ascites abnormal accumulation of fl uid within Atherogenesis the formation of lipid deposits in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. the arteries. Ascorbic acid See vitamin C. Atheroma a deposit or degenerative accumula- Aspartate transaminase (AST) also called Serum tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) or most layer of the wall of an . aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) is similar to Atherosclerosis the condition in which an artery ALT in that it is another enzyme associated with wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty liver parenchymal cells. It is increased in acute materials such as cholesterol. liver damage, but is also present in red blood Atherothrombosis medical condition charac- cells, and cardiac and and is terized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption therefore not speci fi c to the liver. (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- Asphyxia failure or suppression of the respira- rotic plaque, which to platelet activation tory process due to obstruction of air fl ow to the and thrombus formation. or to the lack of oxygen in inspired air. Athlete’s foot a contagious skin disease caused Asphyxiation the process of undergoing by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, , asphyxia. causing itching, and cracking. Also Asthenia a nonspeci fi c symptom character- called dermatophytosis. ized by loss of energy, strength and feeling of Athymic mice laboratory mice lacking a . gland. Asthenopia weakness or fatigue of the eyes, Atonic lacking normal tone or strength. usually accompanied by headache and dim- Atony insuf fi cient muscular tone. ming of vision. adj. asthenopic. Atopic dermatitis an infl ammatory, non- Asthma a chronic illness involving the respira- contagious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown tory system in which the airway occasionally etiology; often called eczema. constricts, becomes in fl amed, and is lined with Atresia a congenital medical condition in which excessive amounts of mucus, often in response a body ori fi ce or passage in the body is abnor- to one or more triggers. mally closed or absent. Astringent a substance that contracts blood ves- Atretic ovarian follicles an involuted or closed sels and certain body tissues (such as mucous ovarian follicle. membranes) with the effect of reducing secre- Atrial fi brillation is the most common cardiac tion and excretion of fl uids and/or has a drying (abnormal heart rhythm) and effect. involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the Astrocytes collectively called astroglia, are heart. characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the -de fi cit hyperactivity disorder brain and spinal cord. ( ADHD, ADD or AD/HD ) is a neurobehav- Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the ioral , primarily char- degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord acterized by the co-existence of attentional and of that control muscle movement problems and hyperactivity. in the arms and legs. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) also Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is (ATR) also known as /-protein an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem kinase ATR, FRAP-related protein 1 (FRP1), of a human by the presentation of a sound is an enzyme encoded by the ATR gene. It is such as a click. involved in sensing DNA damage and activat- Augmerosen a drug that may kill cancer cells ing the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to by blocking the production of a protein that cell cycle arrest. makes cancer cells live longer. Also called ATF-2 activating transcription factor 2. bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. Atherogenic having the capacity to start or Auricular of or relating to the auricle or the accelerate the process of atherogenesis. in general. Medical Glossary 921

Aurones [2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)- a type of white blood cell with coarse ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate is a subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl avonoids. (two-lobed) nucleus. Autoantibodies antibodies manufactured by BCL-2 a family of apoptosis regulator proteins the immune system that mistakenly target in humans encoded by the B-cell 2 and damage specifi c tissues and organs of the (BCL-2) gene. body. BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide see aug- Autolysin an enzyme that hydrolyzes and mereson. destroys the components of a biological cell BCR/ABL a chimeric oncogene, from fusion of or a tissue in which it is produced. BCR and ABL cancer genes associated with Autophagy digestion of the cell contents by chronic myelogenous leukemia. enzymes in the same cell. Bechic a remedy or treatment of . Autopsy examination of a cadaver to determine Bed nucleus of the (BNST) act or con fi rm the cause of death. as a relay site within the hypothalamic- Avidity Index describes the collective interac- pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate its activity tions between antibodies and a multivalent in response to acute stress. antigen. Belching , or burping refers to the noisy release Avulsed teeth is tooth that has been knocked of air or gas from the stomach through the out. mouth. Ayurvedic traditional Hindu system of medi- Beri-beri is a disease caused by a defi ciency of cine based largely on homeopathy and natur- thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) that affects many sys- opathy. tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male nerves, and digestive system. not having any measurable level of sperm in Beta-carotene naturally-occurring retinol (vita- his semen. min A) precursor obtained from certain fruits Azotaemia a higher than normal blood level of and vegetables with potential antineoplastic urea or other nitrogen containing compounds and chemopreventive activities. As an anti- in the blood. oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical Babesia a protozoan parasite (malaria–like) damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell of the blood that causes a hemolytic disease differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour known as Babesiosis. cell types, particularly in early stages of tum- Babesiosis malaria-like parasitic disease caused origenesis, and enhances immune system by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. activity by stimulating the release of natural Bactericidal lethal to bacteria. killer cells, , and monocytes. Balanitis is an infl ammation of the glans (head) Beta-catenin is a multifunctional oncogenic of the penis. protein that contributes fundamentally to cell BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in development and biology, it has been impli- 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and cated as an integral component in the Wnt sig- is used in many different research disciplines, naling pathway. but most often in the production of mono- Beta cells a type of cell in the in areas clonal antibodies. called the islets of Langerhans. Balm aromatic oily resin from certain trees and Beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some shrubs used in medicine. bacteria that are responsible for their resistance Baroreceptor a type of interoceptor that is stim- to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. ulated by pressure changes, as those in blood Beta- an inherited blood disorder vessel wall. that reduces the production of hemoglobin. Barrett’s (Barrett esophagitis) a BHT butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- disorder in which the lining of the esophagus pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- is damaged by stomach acid . ics, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products. 922 Medical Glossary

Bi fi dobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, Bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacte- to bleeding (hemorrhage) due to a defect in ria. Bi fi dobacteria are one of the major gen- the system of coagulation. era of bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Blennorrhagia . Bifi dobacteria aid in digestion, are associated Blennorrhea inordinate discharge of mucus, with a lower incidence of allergies and also especially a gonorrheal discharge from the prevent some forms of tumour growth. Some or . bi fi dobacteria are being used as probiotics. Blepharitis in fl ammation of the eyelids. Bi fi dogenic promoting the growth of (benefi cial) thin vesicle on the skin containing serum bi fi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. and caused by rubbing, friction or . Bile fl uid secreted by the liver and discharged Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a separation into the duodenum where it is integral in the of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid digestion and absorption of fats. (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). Bilharzia, bilharziosis see . It allows essential metabolites, such as oxy- Biliary relating to the bile or the organs in which gen and glucose, to pass from the blood to the the bile is contained or transported. brain and central nervous system (CNS) but Biliary infections infection of (s) associ- blocks most molecules that are more massive ated with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecys- than about 500 Da. titis: an acute in fl ammation of the gallbladder localized pyrogenic, painful infection, orig- wall; (b) cholangitis: infl ammation of the inating in a hair follicle. bile ducts. Borborygmus rumbling noise caused by the Biliousness old term used in the eighteenth and muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad diges- cess that moves the contents of the stomach tion, stomach , , and exces- and intestines downward. sive fl atulence. Bouillon a broth in French . Bilirubin a breakdown product of heme (a part Bowman Birk inhibitors type of serine protei- of haemoglobin in red blood cells) produced nase inhibitor. by the liver that is excreted in bile which Bradicardia as applied to adult medicine, is causes a yellow discoloration of the skin and de fi ned as a resting of under 60 eyes when it accumulates in those organs. beats per minute. Biotin also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin B7. referring to the slowness of Bitter a medicinal agent with a bitter and thought common to many disorders of the used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. brain. Blackhead see comedone. Brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) a Blackwater fever dangerous of protein member of the neutrophin family that malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in plays an important role in the growth, main- the blood stream (haemolysis) releasing hae- tenance, function and survival of neurons. moglobin directly into the blood. The protein molecule is involved in the mod- Blain see chilblain. ulation of cognitive and emotional functions Blastocyst blastocyst is an embryonic structure and in the treatment of a variety of mental formed in the early embryogenesis of mam- disorders. mals, after the formation of the morula, but Bright’s disease chronic nephritis. before implantation. Bronchial in fl ammation see . Blastocystotoxic agent that suppresses further Bronchiectasis a condition in which the airways development of the blastocyst through to the within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become ovum stage. damaged and widened. Blebbing Bulging e.g. membrane blebbing also Bronchitis is an infl ammation of the main air called membrane bulging or ballooning. passages (bronchi) to your lungs. Medical Glossary 923

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) a medical pro- Caco-2 cell line a continuous line of heteroge- cedure in which a bronchoscope is passed neous human epithelial colorectal adenocarci- through the mouth or into the lungs and noma cells. fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung Cacogeusia a bad taste not due to ingestion of and then recollected for examination. speci fi c substances. Bronchopneumonia or bronchial ; Cadaver a dead body, corpse. in fl ammation of the lungs beginning in the Ca 2 + ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in terminal . the plasma membrane of cells that serves to Broncho-pulmonary relating to the bronchi remove calcium (Ca 2+ ) from the cell. and lungs. Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant in Bronchospasm is a dif fi culty in breathing the body found mainly in and teeth. caused by a sudden constriction of the mus- It is required for muscle contraction, blood cles in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs vessel expansion and contraction, secretion in asthma. of hormones and enzymes, and transmitting Brown fat brown adipose tissue (BAT) in impulses throughout the nervous system. mammals, its primary function is to generate Dietary sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, body heat in animals or newborns that do not Chinese , kale, broccoli, some green shiver. leafy vegetables, forti fi ed cereals, beverages Bubo in fl amed, swollen lymph node in the neck and products. or groin. Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which Buccal of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. cavity. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) a class of Bullae blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-containing, drugs and natural substances that disrupt the cal- elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than cium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium channels. 5 mm in diameter. Calculi infection most calculi arise in the kid- condition characterized by in fl ammation ney when urine becomes supersaturated with of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial a salt that is capable of forming solid crys- fl uid in the body. tals. Symptoms arise as these calculi become C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase enzymes that impacted within the as they pass toward belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- the . ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a Calculus (calculi) hardened, mineral deposits plethora of cellular responses to such stressful that can form a blockage in the . stimuli, including apoptosis and production of Caligo dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- upon a speck on the cornea. ines in diverse cell systems. cf: MAPK. Calmodulin is a calcium modulated protein c-FOS a cellular proto-oncogene belonging to that can bind to and regulate a multitude of the immediate early gene family of transcrip- different protein targets, thereby affecting tion factors. many different cellular functions. C-reactive protein a protein found in the cAMP dependent pathway cyclic adenosine blood the levels of which rise in response to monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- in fl ammation. tor triggered signaling cascade used in cell c-Src a cellular non-receptor kinase. communication in living organisms. CAAT element-binding proteins-alpha (c/ CAMP factor diffusible, heat-stable, extracel- EBP-alpha) regulates gene expression in lular protein produced by Group B Strepto- adipocytes in the liver. coccus t hat enhances the of sheep physical wasting with loss of weight, erythrocytes by aureus. It muscle , fatigue, weakness caused by is named after Christie, Atkins, and Munch- disease. Peterson, who described it in 1944. 924 Medical Glossary

Cancer a malignant or tumour in nay Cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and part of the body. blood vessels. infections caused by members of Caries tooth decay, commonly called cavities. the genus Candida that range from Cariogenic leading to the production of caries. superfi cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, Carminative substance that stops the formation to systemic and potentially life-threatening of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has diseases. already formed, relieving fl atulence: relieving Canker see chancre. fl atulence or colic by expelling gas. Carboxypeptidase an enzyme that hydrolyzes Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in con- and secreted into the . verting long chain fatty acid into energy. is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- Carotenes are a large group of intense red and ally with one or more openings draining pus yellow pigments found in all plants ; these are onto the skin. hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tetrater- Carcinogenesis production of carcinomas. adj. penes) and the principal carotene is beta-caro- carcinogenic. tene which is a precursor of . Carcinoma any malignant cancer that arises Carotenodermia yellow skin discoloration from epithelial cells. caused by excess blood carotene. Carcinosarcoma a rare tumour containing car- Carotenoids a class of natural fat-soluble pig- cinomatous and sarcomatous components. ments found principally in plants, belonging Cardiac relating to, situated near or affecting to a subgroup of terpenoids containing eight the heart. isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. Cardiac asthma acute attack of dyspnoea Carotenoids play an important potential role with wheezing resulting from a cardiac in human health by acting as biological anti- disorder. oxidants. See also carotenes. Cardialgia heartburn. Carpopedal spasm spasm of the or foot, Cardinolides cardiac glycosides with a 5-mem- or of the thumbs and great . bered lactone ring in the side chain of the ste- Capases cysteine- proteases, are a roid aglycone. family of cysteine proteases, which play essen- Cardinolide glycoside cardenolides that con- tial roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death). tain structural groups derived from . Catalase () enzyme in living organism that Cardioactive having an effect on the heart. catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen per- is characterized by a oxide to water and oxygen. decreased pumping ability of the heart that Catalepsy inde fi nitely prolonged maintenance causes a shock like state associated with an of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases inadequate circulation of blood due to primary of catatonic schizophrenia. failure of the ventricles of the heart to function Catamenia menstruation. effectively. Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or Cardiomyocytes cardiac muscle cells. tissue to a less differentiated form. heart muscle disease. Cataplasm a medicated poultice or plaster. A soft Cardiopathy disease or disorder of the heart. moist mass, often warm and medicated, that is Cardioplegia stopping the heart so that surgical spread over the skin to treat an infl amed, aching procedures can proceed in a still and blood- or painful area, to improve the circulation. less fi eld. Cataractogenesis formation of cataracts. Cardiotonic something which strengthens, Catarrh, Catarrhal in fl ammation of the tones, or regulates heart functions without mucous membranes especially of the nose and overt stimulation or depression. throat. Medical Glossary 925

Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant (ATP), and then release waste products. The metabolites. They belong to the family of reactions involved in respiration are catabolic fl avonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. reactions that involve the oxidation of one See fl avonoids. molecule and the reduction of another. Catecholamines hormones that are released by a bacterial infection of the skin that the adrenal glands in response to stress. tends to occur in areas that have been dam- Cathartic is a substance which accelerates def- aged or in fl amed. ecation. Central nervous system part of the Cathepsin K A cysteine protease that plays an nervous system comprising the brain and spi- essential role in osteoclast function in bone nal cord. remodelling and resorption in diseases such as Central venous catheter a catheter placed into osteoporosis, osteolytic bone metastasis and the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. . Cephalagia pain in the head, a headache. Caustic having a corrosive or burning effect. Cephalic relating to the head. Cauterization a medical term describing the Ceramide oligosides oligosides with an burning of the body to remove or close a part N-acetyl-sphingosine moiety. of it. Cerebral embolism a blockage of blood fl ow cdc2 Kinase a member of the cyclin-dependent through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot protein kinases (CDKs). that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- CDKs cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a fam- eled to the brain. ily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate Cerebral infarction is the ischemic kind of many stages in mitosis. due to a disturbance in the blood ves- CD 28 is one of the molecules expressed on sels supplying blood to the brain. T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, Cerebral ischemia is the localized reduction of which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the brain activation. due to arterial obstruction or systematic hyper- CD31 also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet fusion. Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), a Cerebral tonic substance that can alleviate member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, poor concentration and , restlessness, that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. uneasiness, and . CD36 an integral membrane protein found on the Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids which are surface of many cell types in vertebrate animals. important components in animal muscle and CD40 an integral membrane protein found on nerve cell membranes. the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain follicular dendritic cells, hematopoietic pro- dysfunctions related to disease of the blood genitor cells, epithelial cells, and carcinomas. vessels supplying the brain. CD68 a glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ Cerumen ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance which binds to low density lipo- secreted in the ear canal of humans and other protein. mammals. Cecal ligation tying up the cecam. cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate is Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) glycopro- a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanos- teins located on the surface of cell membranes ine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common involved with binding of other cells or with regulator of channel conductance, glycog- the extra-cellular matrix. enolysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes Cellular respiration is the of the metabolic smooth muscle tissues. reactions and processes that take place in Chalcones a subgroup of fl avonoids. organisms’ cells to convert biochemical energy Chancre a painless lesion formed during the from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate primary stage of syphilis. 926 Medical Glossary

Chemoembolization a procedure in which the integrity and signaling roles for cell membranes, blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgi- cholinergic neuro-transmission (acetylcholine cally or mechanically and anticancer drugs are synthesis). administered directly into the tumour. Cholinergic activated by or capable of liberat- are chemotactic cytokines, which ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- stimulate migration of infl ammatory cells pathetic nervous system. towards tissue sites of in fl ammation. Cholinergic system a system of nerve cells Chemosensitizer a drug that makes tumour cells that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve more sensitive to the effects of . impulses. Chemosis edema of the conjunctiva of the eye. Cholinomimetic having an action similar to that is also known as varicella, is a highly of acetylcholine; called also parasympathomi- contagious illness caused by primary infection metic. with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The virus Chonotropic affecting the time or rate, as the causes red, itchy bumps on the body. rate of contraction of the heart. Chilblains small, itchy, painful lumps that Choriocarcinoma a quick-growing malignant, develop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or a woman’s (womb). blain. Chromium (Cr) is required in trace amounts Chlorosis iron de fi ciency characterized in humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. by greenish yellow colour. Its defi ciency may cause a disease called Cholagogue is a medicinal agent which pro- chromium de fi ciency. It is found in cereals, motes the discharge of bile from the system. legumes, nuts and animal sources. Cholecalcifereol a form of vitamin D, also Chromosome long pieces of DNA found in the called vitamin D3. See vitamin D. center (nucleus) of cells. Cholecyst gall bladder. Chronic persisting over extended periods. in fl ammation of the gall bladder. Chyle a milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph Cholecystokinin a peptide hormone that plays and emulsi fi ed fats, or free fatty acids. a key role in facilitating digestion in the small Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles intestine. that transport dietary lipids from the intes- Cholera an infectious gastroenteritis caused by tines to other locations in the body. Chylo- enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium microns are one of the fi ve major groups of Vibrio cholera and characterized by severe, lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, watery diarrhea. LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol Choleretic stimulation of the production of bile to move within the water-based solution of by the liver. the bloodstream. Cholestasis a condition caused by rapidly devel- Chylorus milky (having fat emulsion). oping (acute) or long-term ( chronic) interrup- Chyluria also called chylous urine, is a medi- tion in the excretion of bile. cal condition involving the presence of chyle Cholesterol a soft, waxy, steroid substance (emulsi fi ed fat) in the urine stream, which found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- results in urine appearing milky. stream and in all our body’s cells. Chymase member of the family of serine pro- Cholethiasis presence of gall stones (calculi) in teases found primarily in . the gall bladder. Chymopapain an enzyme derived from papaya, Choline a water soluble, organic compound, used in medicine and to tenderize meat. usually grouped within the Vitamin B com- Cicatrizant the term used to describe a product plex. It is an essential nutrient and is needed that promotes healing through the formation for physiological functions such as structural of scar tissue. Medical Glossary 927

Cirrhosis chronic characterized by in fl ammatory bowel disease affecting the replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar tis- tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. sue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading Collyrium a lotion or liquid wash used as a progressively to loss of liver function. cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases C-Kit Receptor a protein-tyrosine kinase recep- of the eye. tor that is specifi c for stem cell factor. this Colorectal relating to the colon or rectum. interaction is crucial for the development of Coma a state of from which a hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem patient cannot be aroused. cells. Comedone a blocked, open sebaceous gland Clastogen is an agent that can cause one of two where the secretions oxidize, turning black. types of structural changes, breaks in chro- Also called blackhead. mosomes that result in the gain, loss, or rear- Comitogen agent that is considered not to rangements of chromosomal segments. adj. induce cell growth alone but to promote the clastogenic. effect of the mitogen. Claudication limping, impairment in walking. Concoction a combination of crude ingredients Climacterium refers to and the that is prepared or cooked together. bodily and mental changes associated with it. Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata genital Clonic seizures consist of rhythmic jerking warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital movements of the arms and legs, sometimes wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted on both sides of the body. infection caused by epidermotropic human Clyster enema. papillomavirus (HPV). C-myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA Conglutination becoming stuck together. of other genes and is therefore a transcription Conjunctival hyperemia enlarged blood ves- factor. sels in the eyes. CNS anything that depresses, or Conjunctivitis sore, red and sticky eyes caused slows, the sympathetic impulses of the central by eye infection. nervous system (i.e., respiratory rate, heart Constipation a very common gastrointestinal rate). disorder characterised by the passing of hard, Coagulopathy a defect in the body’s mecha- dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility bowel motion. to bleeding . Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Cobalamin . See vitamin B12. NR113) is a nuclear receptor transcription Co-carcinogen a chemical that promotes the factor that regulates drug metabolism and effects of a carcinogen in the production of homoeostasis. cancer. Consumption term used to describe wasting Cold an acute in fl ammation of the mucous of tissues including but not limited to tuber- membrane of the especially culosis. of the nose and throat caused by a virus and Consumptive af fl icted with or associated with accompanied by sneezing and coughing. pulmonary tuberculosis. Collagen protein that is the major constituent Contraceptive an agent that reduces the likeli- of and other connective tissue; com- hood of or prevents conception. prises the amino acids hydroxyproline, pro- Contraindication a condition which makes a line, , and hydroxylysine. particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. Collagenases enzymes that break the peptide Contralateral muscle muscle of opposite limb bonds in collagen. (leg or arm). Colic a broad term which refers to episodes of Contralateral rotation rotation occurring or uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who originating in a corresponding part on an is otherwise healthy and well fed. opposite side. 928 Medical Glossary

Contusion another term for a bruise. A bruise, COX-2 see cyclooxygenase-2 . or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are CpG islands genomic regions that contain a damaged or broken as the result of a blow to high frequency of CpG sites. the skin. CpG sites the cytosine--guanine Convulsant a drug or physical disturbance that nucleotide that links two nucleosides together induces convulsion. in DNA. Convulsion rapid and uncontrollable shaking of cPLA(2) cytosolic phospholipases A2, these the body. phospholipases are involved in cell signaling Coolant that which reduces body temperature. processes, such as in fl ammatory response. Copper (Cu) is essential in all plants and ani- CPY1B1, CPY1A1 a member of the cyto- mals. It is found in a variety of enzymes, chrome P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate including the copper centers of cytochrome C monooxygenase enzymes. oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase Corticosterone a 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- (containing copper and zinc). In addition to its mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal enzymatic roles, copper is used for biologi- glands that functions in the metabolism of car- cal electron transport. Because of its role in bohydrates and proteins. facilitating iron uptake, copper defi ciency can Creatin a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs often produce anemia-like symptoms. Dietary naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply sources include , mushroom, energy to muscle. nuts, seeds, wheat germ, whole grains and Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) enzyme animal meat. that catalyses the conversion of creatine and Copulation to engage in coitus or sexual inter- consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to course. adj. copulatory. create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- Cordial a preparation that is stimulating to the phate (ADP). heart. CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- Corn or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin tein that is a transcription factor that binds to on the foot that is formed in response to pres- certain DNA sequences called cAMP response sure or friction. elements. Corticosteroids a class of steroid hormones that Crohn Disease an in fl ammatory disease of the are produced in the , used clini- intestines that affect any part of the gastroin- cally for hormone replacement therapy, for testinal tract. suppressing ACTH secretion, for suppression Crossover study a longitudinal, balance study of and as antineoplastic, in which participants receive a sequence of anti-allergic and anti-in fl ammatory agents. different treatments or exposures. Corticosterone a 21-carbon steroid hormone of is an infection of the throat () and the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex windpipe () that is caused by a virus of the adrenal glands. (Also called laryngotracheobronchitis). is a corticosteroid hormone made by Crytochidism (cryptochism) a developmental the adrenal glands. defect characterized by the failure of one or Corni fi cation is the process of forming an epi- both testes to move into the as the dermal barrier in strati fi ed squamous epithe- male fetus develops. lial tissue. Curettage surgical procedure in which a body Coryza a word describing the symptoms of a head cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- cold. It describes the in fl ammation of the mucus ment or aspirated with a cannula. membranes lining the nasal cavity which usu- Cutaneous pertaining to the skin. ally gives rise to the symptoms of nasal conges- CXC8 also known as interleukin 8, IL-8. tion and loss of smell, among other symptoms. Cyanogenesis generation of cyanide. adj. COX-1 see cyclooxygenase -1. cyanogenetic. Medical Glossary 929

Cyclooxygenase (COX) an enzyme that is Dandruff scurf, dead, scaly skin among the responsible for the formation of prostanoids – hair. prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thrombox- Dartre condition of dry, scaly skin anes that are each involved in the infl ammatory weakness, relaxation of muscular response. Two different COX enzymes existed, fi bre. now known as COX-1 and COX-2. Debridement is the process of removing non- Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is known to be living tissue from pressure ulcers, , and present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal other . tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of Debriding agent substance that cleans and treats the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in certain types of wounds, burns, ulcers. kidney and platelet function. Decidual stromal cells like endometrial glands Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is primarily pres- and endothelium, express integrins that bind ent at sites of in fl ammation. basement components. Cysteine proteases are enzymes that degrade Deciduogenic relating to the uterus lining that is polypeptides possessing a common catalytic shed off at . mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine Decoction a medical preparation made by boil- thiol in a catalytic triad. They are found in fruits ing the ingredients. like papaya, pineapple, and kiwifruit. Decongestant a substance that relieves or Cystitis a common urinary tract infection that reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, De fi brinated plasma blood whose plasma infect the urine and infl ame the bladder lining. component has had fi brinogen and fi brin Cystorrhea discharge of mucus from the removed. bladder. Degranulation cellular process that releases Cytochrome bc-1 complex ubihydroquinone: antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- cytochrome c oxidoreductase. tory vesicles called granules found inside Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A a very large and some cells. diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins Delayed after (DADs) abnor- found in all domains of life. This group of mal that begins during phase 4 enzymes catalyzes many reactions involved in – after repolarization is completed, but before drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, another would normally occur. steroids and other lipids. Delirium is common, sudden severe Cytokine non-antibody proteins secreted by and rapid changes in brain function that occur certain cells of the immune system which with physical or mental illness; it is reversible carry signals locally between cells. They are a and temporary. category of signaling molecules that are used Demulcent an agent that soothes internal mem- extensively in cellular communication. branes. Also called emollient. Cytopathic any detectable, degenerative Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part changes in the host cell due to infection. of the mammalian immune system, function- Cytoprotective protecting cells from noxious ing as antigen presenting cells. chemicals or other stimuli. Dentition a term that describes all of the upper Cytosolic relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm in and lower teeth collectively. cells. Deobstruent a medicine which removes obstruc- Cytostatic preventing the growth and prolifera- tions; also called an aperient. tion of cells. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) a crosslink prod- Cytotoxic of or relating to substances that are uct of collagen molecules found in bone and toxic to cells; cell-killing. excreted in urine during bone degradation. D-galactosamine an amino sugar with unique Depilatory an agent for removing or destroying hepatotoxic properties in animals. hair. 930 Medical Glossary

Depressant a substance that diminish functional Diaphoresis is profuse sweating commonly activity, usually by depressing the nervous associated with shock and other medical emer- system. gency conditions. Depurative an agent used to cleanse or purify Diaphoretic a substance that induces perspira- the blood, it eliminates and puri fi es the tion. Also called sudori fi c. system. Diaphyseal pertaining to or affecting the shaft Dermatitis in fl ammation of the skin causing of a long bone (diaphysis). discomfort such as eczema. Diaphysis the main or mid section (shaft) of a Dermatophyte a fungus parasitic on the skin. long bone. Dermatosis is a broad term that refers to any Diarrhoea a profuse, frequent and loose dis- disease of the skin, especially one that is not charge from the bowels. accompanied by in fl ammation. Diastolic referring to the time when the heart is Dermonecrotic pertaining to or causing necro- in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- sis of the skin. sion). cf . systolic. Desquamation the shedding of the outer layers Dieresis surgical separation of parts. of the skin. Dietary fi bre is a term that refers to a group Detoxi fi e r a substance that promotes the removal of food components that pass through the of toxins from a system or organ. stomach and small intestine undigested and Diabetes a metabolic disorder associated with reach the virtually unchanged. inadequate secretion or utilization of Scientifi c evidence suggest that a diet high and characterized by frequent urination and in dietary fi bre can be of value for treating persistent . See diabetes mellitus. or preventing such disorders as constipation, Diabetes mellitus ( DM) (sometimes called , diverticular disease, “sugar diabetes”) is a set of chronic, meta- hiatus hernia and haemorrhoids. Some com- bolic disease conditions characterized by high ponents of dietary fi bre may also be of value blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from in reducing the level of cholesterol in blood defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. and thereby decreasing a risk factor for coro- Diabetes mellitus appears in two forms. nary heart disease and the development of Diabetes mellitus type I (formerly known as gallstones. Dietary fi bre is bene fi cial in the juvenile onset diabetes), caused by defi ciency treatment of some diabetics. of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a result Digalactosyl are the major lipid of destruction of insulin-producing beta cells components of chloroplasts. of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an Diosgenin a steroid-like substance that is increase of fasting blood glucose that begins involved in the production of the hormone to appear in the urine above the renal thresh- , extracted from roots of old. Dioscorea yam. Diabetes mellitus type II (formerly called non- Dipsomania pathological use of alcohol. insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult- Discutient an agent (as a medicinal application) onset diabetes), the disorder is characterized which serves to disperse morbid matter. by high blood glucose in the context of insu- Disinfectant an agent that prevents the spread lin resistance and relative insulin de fi ciency of infection, bacteria or communicable in which insulin is available but cannot be disease. properly utilized. Diuresis increased urination. Diads two adjacent structural units in a polymer a substance that increases urination molecule. (diuresis). is a method of removing toxic sub- Diverticular disease is a condition affecting stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood the large bowel or colon and is thought to be when the kidneys are unable to do so. caused by too little fi bre. Medical Glossary 931

DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- Dysmotility syndrome a vague, descriptive cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in term used to describe diseases of the muscles smoke that is a potent carcinogen. of the (esophagus, stom- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that ach, small and large intestines). contains the genetic instructions used in the Dyspedia followed by nausea. development and functioning of all known liv- Dyspepsia refers to a symptom complex of epi- ing organisms. gastric pain or discomfort. It is often de fi ned DOCA desoxycorticosterone acetate – a ste- as chronic or recurrent discomfort centered roid chemical used as replacement therapy in in the upper abdomen and can be caused by a Addison’s disease. variety of conditions. Dopamine a catecholamine neurotransmit- Dysphagia swallowing disorder. ter that occurs in a wide variety of animals, Dysphonia a voice disorder, an impairment in including both vertebrates and . the ability to produce voice sounds using the Dopaminergic relating to, or activated by the vocal organs. neurotransmitter, dopamine. Dysplasia refers to abnormality in development. Double blind refer to a clinical trial or experi- Dyspnoea , dif fi culty in ment in which neither the subject nor the breathing. researcher knows which treatment any par- Dysrhythmias see arrhythmias. ticular subject is receiving. Dystocia abnormal or dif fi cult child birth or Douche a localised spray of liquid directed into labour. a body cavity or onto a part. Dystonia a neurological movement disorder DPPH 2,2 diphenyl -1- picryl-hydrazyl – a crys- characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor contractions that may cause twisting or - of free radical reactions. ing movements of muscles. Dracunculiasis also called guinea worm disease Dysuria refers to diffi cult and painful urina- (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by the tion. nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . E- Selectin also known as endothelial leukocyte Dropsy an old term for the swelling of soft tis- adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, a sues due to the accumulation of excess water. member of the selectin family. It is transiently adj. dropsical. expressed on vascular endothelial cells in Dysentery (formerly known as fl ux or the response to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. bloody fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive sys- EC 50 median effective concentration that pro- tem that results in severe diarrhea containing duces desired effects in 50% of the test popu- mucus and blood in the feces. It is caused usu- lation. ally by a bacterium called Shigella . Ecbolic a drug (as an ergot ) that tends Dysesthesia an unpleasant abnormal sensation to increase uterine contractions and that is produced by normal stimuli. used especially to facilitate delivery. Dysgeusia distortion of the sense of taste. Ecchymosis skin discoloration caused by the Dyskinesia the impairment of the power of vol- escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured untary movement, resulting in fragmentary or blood vessels. incomplete movements. adj. dyskinetic. ECG see . abnormality in or abnormal EC–SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the a tissue enzyme mainly found in the extra- blood. cellular matrix of tissues. It participates in is a menstrual condition char- the detoxifi cation of reactive oxygen species acterized by severe and frequent menstrual by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide cramps and pain associated with menstruation. radicals. 932 Medical Glossary

Eczema is broadly applied to a range of persis- Embryotoxic term that describes any chemical tent skin conditions. These include dryness which is harmful to an embryo. and recurring skin rashes which are charac- Emesis vomiting, throwing up. terized by one or more of these symptoms: Emetic an agent that induces vomiting, cf : anti- redness, skin edema, itching and dryness, emetic. crusting, fl aking, blistering, cracking, oozing, Emetocathartic causing vomiting and purging. or bleeding. Emmenagogue a substance that stimulates, Eczematous rash dry, scaly, itchy rash. initiates, and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. ED 50 is defi ned as the dose producing a response Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine that is 50% of the maximum obtainable. to balance and restore the normal function of Edema formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, the female . is characterized swelling caused by abnormal Emollient an agent that has a protective and accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or in soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and one or more cavities of the body. It usually membranes. occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can Emulsion a preparation formed by the suspen- involve the entire body. sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- Edematogenic producing or causing edema. uid in another liquid. EGFR proteins epidermal growth factor recep- Encephalitis in fl ammation of the brain. tor (EGFR) proteins – Protein kinases are Encephalopathy a disorder or disease of the enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from brain. a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino Endocrine adj. of or relating to endocrine glands acid in a substrate protein. or the hormones secreted by them. EGR-1 early growth response 1, a human gene. Endocytosis is the process by which cells Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by absorb material (molecules such as proteins) oxygenation of , a 20-carbon from outside the cell by engul fi ng it with their essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins cell membrane. and related compounds. Endometriosis is a common and often painful Elastase a serine protease that also hydrolyses disorder of the female reproductive system. The amides and esters. two most common symptoms of endometriosis Electrocardiography or ECG, is a transtho- are pain and infertility. racic interpretation of the electrical activity refers to in fl ammation of the of the heart over time captured and externally endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. recorded by skin electrodes. Endometrium the inner lining of the uterus. Electromyogram (EMG) a test used to record Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, the electrical activity of muscles. An electro- vesicles and sacs around the nucleus that are myogram (EMG) is also called a myogram. interconnected. Electuary a medicinal paste composed of Endostatin a naturally-occurring 20-kDa C-ter- powders, or other medical ingredients, minal protein fragment derived from type XVIII incorporated with sweeteners to hide the taste, collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti-angio- suitable for oral administration. genic agent that inhibits the formation of the Elephantiasis a disorder characterized by blood vessels that feed cancer tumours. chronic thickened and edematous tissue on the Endosteum the thin layer of cells lining the genitals and legs due to various causes. medullary cavity of a bone. Embolism Obstruction or occlusion of a blood Endosteul pertaining to the endosteum. vessel by a blood clot, air bubble or other for- Endothelial progenitor cells population of rare eign matter. cells that circulate in the blood with the ability Embrocation lotion or liniment that relieves to differentiate into endothelial cells, the cells muscle or pains. that make up the lining of blood vessels. Medical Glossary 933

Endothelin any of a group of vasoconstrictive Eosinophilia the state of having a high con- peptides produced by endothelial cells. centration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulo- Endotoxemia the presence of endotoxins in the cytes) in the blood. blood, which may result in shock. adj . endo- Eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are toxemic. white blood cells that are one of the immune Endotoxin toxins associated with certain bacte- system components. ria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted in Epididymis a structure within the scrotum soluble form by live bacteria, but is a structural attached to the backside of the testis and component in the bacteria which is released whose coiled duct provides storage, transit mainly when bacteria are lysed. and maturation of spermatozoa. Enema liquid injected into the rectum either Epididymitis a medical condition in which there as a purgative or medicine, Also called is in fl ammation of the epididymis. clyster. Epigastralgia pain in the epigastric region. Enophthalmos a condition in which the eye Epigastric discomfort bloated abdomen, swell- falls back into the socket and inhibits proper ing of abdomen, abdominal ditension. eyelid function. Epilepsy a common chronic neurological disor- Enteral term used to describe the intestines or der that is characterized by recurrent unpro- other parts of the digestive tract. voked seizures. Enteral administration involves the esopha- Epileptiform resembling epilepsy or its mani- gus, stomach, and small and large intestines festations. adj. epileptiformic. (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Epileptogenesis a process by which a normal Enteritis refers to in fl ammation of the small brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in intestine. which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. Enterocolic disorder in fl amed bowel disease. Episiotomy a surgical incision through the Enterocytes tall columnar cells in the small perineum made to enlarge the vagina and intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the assist childbirth. fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. Epithelioma a usually benign skin disease most Enterohemorrhagic causing bloody diarrhea and commonly occurring on the face, around the colitis, said of pathogenic microorganisms. eyelids and on the scalp. Enterolactone a lignin formed by the action of Epitrochlearis the super fi cial-most muscle of intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found the arm anterior surface. in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. Epistaxis acute hemorrhage from the nostril, Enteropooling increased fl uids and electro- nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nose-bleed). lytes within the lumen of the intestines due to Epstein Barr Virus herpes virus that is the caus- increased levels of prostaglandins. ative agent of . It is Enterotoxigenic of or being an organism con- also associated with various types of human taining or producing an enterotoxin. . Enterotoxin is a protein toxin released by a ERbeta estrogen receptor beta, a nuclear recep- microorganism in the intestine. tor which is activated by the sex hormone, Entheogen a substance taken to induce a spiri- estrogen. tual experience. Ergocalciferol a form of vitamin D, also called Enuresis bed-wetting, a disorder of elimina- vitamin D2. See vitamin D. tion that involves the voluntary or involun- Ergonic increasing capacity for bodily or men- tary release of urine into bedding, clothing, or tal labor especially by eliminating fatigue other inappropriate places. symptoms. Envenomation is the entry of venom into a ERK (extracellular signal regulated person’s body, and it may cause localised or kinases) widely expressed protein kinase systemic poisoning. intracellular signaling molecules which are 934 Medical Glossary

involved in functions including the regulation Euglycaemia normal blood glucose concentra- of meiosis, mitosis, and post mitotic functions tion. in differentiated cells. Exanthematous characterized by or of the Eructation the act of belching or of casting up nature of an eruption or rash. wind from the stomach through the mouth. Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by Eruption a visible rash or cutaneous disruption. which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- is an intensely red tamate and similar substances. bacterial infection that occurs on the face and Excipient a pharmacologically inert substance lower extremities. used as a diluent or vehicle for the active abnormal redness and in fl ammation ingredients of a medication. of the skin, due to vasodilation. Exocytosis the cellular process by which cells Erythematous characterized by erythema. excrete waste products or chemical transmit- Erythroleukoplakia an abnormal patch of red ters. and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or proptosis i s branes in the mouth and may become cancer. a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Tobacco ( and chewing) and alcohol adj. exophthalmic. may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. Exotoxin a toxin secreted by a microorgan- Erythropoietin (EPO) a hormone produced ism and released into the medium in which it by the kidney that promotes the formation grows. of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone Expectorant an agent that increases bronchial marrow. mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction Eschar a slough or piece of dead tissue that is of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the cast off from the surface of the skin. body. Escharotic capable of producing an eschar; a Exteroceptive responsiveness to stimuli that are caustic or corrosive agent. external to an organism. Estradiol is the predominant sex hormone pres- Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of ent in females, also called oestradiol. symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, Estrogen female hormone produced by the ova- dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) ries that play an important role in the estrous that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic cycle in women. medications. Estrogen receptor (ER) is a protein found in Extravasation discharge or escape, as of blood high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, from the vein into the surrounding tissues. uterus, , and anterior hypophysis FADD Fas-associated protein with death cells; ER levels are measured to determine a domain, the protein encoded by this gene is an breast CA’s potential for response to hormonal adaptor molecule which interacts with other manipulation. death cell surface receptors and mediates Estrogen receptor negative (ER−) tumour is apoptotic signals. not driven by estrogen and need another test Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) also to determine the most effective treatment. called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) means that degenerative autosomal dominant genetically estrogen is causing the tumour to grow, and transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. that the breast cancer should respond well to Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an hormone suppression treatments. inherited condition in which numerous pol- Estrogenic relating to estrogen or producing yps form mainly in the epithelium of the large estrus. intestine. Estrus sexual excitement or heat of female; or Familial dysautonomia a genetic disorder that period of this characterized by changes in the affects the development and survival of auto- sex organs. nomic and sensory nerve cells. Medical Glossary 935

FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- Fibrosis the formation of fi brous tissue as a membrane protein that belongs to the tumour reparative or reactive process. factor (TNF) family. Filarial pertaining to a thread-like nematode FAS: fatty acid synthase (FAS) a multi-enzyme worm. that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis. Filariasis a parasitic and infectious tropical dis- Fas molecule a member of the Tumour Necrosis ease that is caused by thread-like fi larial nem- Factor Receptors, that mediates apoptotic sig- atode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea. nal in many cell types. Fistula an abnormal connection between two Fauces the passage leading from the back of the parts inside of the body. mouth into the . Fistula-in-ano a track connecting the internal Favus a chronic skin infection, usually of the anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton ori fi ce. schoenleinii and characterized by the develop- 5¢ -Nucleotidase (5 ¢ -ribonucleotide phosphohy- ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair fol- drolase), an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein licles. Also termed tinea favosa. present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of Fc epsilon RI or Fce RI is a high-af fi nity IgE mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5 ¢ -nucleotides receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulin to their corresponding nucleosides. E (IgE), an antibody isotype in allergy and Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases resistance to parasites. known as fl atus in the digestive tract of mam- Febrifuge an agent that reduces fever. Also mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive called an antipyretic. fl atulence can be caused by lactose intolerance, Febrile pertaining to or characterized by fever. certain foods or a sudden switch to a high fi bre. Fetotoxic toxic to the fetus. Flavans a subgroup of fl avonoids. See Fibrates hypolipidemic agents primarily used fl avonoids. for decreasing serum triglycerides, while Flavanols a subgroup of fl avonoids, are a class increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-di- Fibril a small slender fi bre or fi lament. hydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These com- Fibrin insoluble protein that forms the essential pounds include the catechins and the catechin portion of the blood clot. gallates. They are found in chocolate, fruits Fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that and vegetables. See fl avonoids. dissolves fi brin and results in the removal of Flavanones a subgroup of fl avonoids, constitute small blood clots. >90% of total fl avonoids in . The major Fibrinolytic causing the dissolution of fi brin by dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, naringenin enzymatic action. and eriodictyol. Fibroblast type of cell that synthesizes the A family of viruses transmitted by and collagen, the struc- mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, tant diseases, including dengue, , and play a critical role in healing. tick-borne encephalitis and . Fibrogenic promoting the development of fi bres. Flavones a subgroup of fl avonoids based on the a common and complex chronic backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phe- pain disorder that affects people physically, nyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are mainly mentally and socially. Symptoms include found in cereals and . debilitating fatigue, disturbance, and Flavonoids (or biofl avonoids) are a group of . Also referred to as FM or FMS. polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in that are Fibrosarcoma a malignant tumour derived from occur in plant as secondary metabolites. They fi brous connective tissue and characterized by are responsible for the colour of fruit and veg- immature proliferating fi broblasts or undiffer- etables. Twelve basic classes (chemical types) entiated anaplastic spindle cells. of fl avonoids have been recognized: fl avones, 936 Medical Glossary

iso fl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, fl avanols, disease-preventing property beyond the basic fl avanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins (includ- function of supplying nutrients. Also called ing proanthocyanidins), leukoanthocyanidins, medicinal food. chalcones, dihydrochalcones, and aurones. Furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infec- Apart from their antioxidant activity, fl avonoids tion of hair follicles usually caused by Staphy- are known for their ability to strengthen capil- lococcus aureus, resulting in the localized lary walls, thus assisting circulation and help- accumulation of pus and dead tissue. ing to prevent and treat bruising, varicose , Furunculosis characterized by bleeding gums and nosebleeds, heavy menstrual persistent, recurring . bleeding and are also anti-in fl ammatory. GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, required as an Flourine F is an essential chemical element that is inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the trans- required for maintenance of healthy bones and mission of an impulse from one cell to another teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found in sea in the central nervous system, which prevents weeds, tea, water, and dairy products. over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is used to treat Fluorosis a dental health condition caused by a both epilepsy and hypertension. child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth GADD 152 a pro-apoptotic gene. development. Galctifuge or lactifuge, causing the arrest of Flux an excessive discharge of fl uid. milk secretion. FMD (Flow Mediated Dilation) a measure of Galactogogue a substance that promotes the endothelial dysfunction which is used to eval- fl ow of milk. uate cardiovascular risk. Galactophoritis in fl ammation of the milk ducts. Folin Ciocalteu (Total Phenolics) assay used Galactopoietic increasing the fl ow of milk; as a measure of total phenolic compounds in milk-producing. natural products. Gall bladder a small, pear-shaped muscular Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) a hormone sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in produced by the pituitary gland. In women, it which bile secreted by the liver is stored until helps control the and the pro- needed by the body for digestion. Also called duction of eggs by the ovaries. cholecyst, cholecystis. Follicular atresia the break-down of the ovar- Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) measures the ian follicles. total phenol content in terms of the standard Fomentation treatment by the application of Gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. war, moist substance. Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- Fontanelle soft spot on an infant’s . peptidase, a liver enzyme. Framboesia see . Gastralgia (heart burn) - pain in the stomach FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) or abdominal region. It is caused by excess of assay measure the total concentration of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the stom- redox-active compounds. It measure not only ach. antioxidants that are able to scavenge free Gastric pertaining to or affecting the stomach. oxygen radicals but also other redox-active Gastric emptying refers to the speed at which compounds. food and drink leave the stomach. Friedreich’s ataxia is a genetic inherited disor- Gastritis in fl ammation of the stomach. der that causes progressive damage to the ner- Gastrocnemius muscle the big calf muscle at vous system resulting in symptoms ranging the rear of the lower leg. from and speech problems Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) substance that to heart disease. cf. ataxia. strengthens, tones, or regulates gastric func- Fulminant acute . tions (or protects from injury) without overt Functional food is any fresh or processed stimulation or depression. food claimed to have a health-promoting or Gavage forced feeding. Medical Glossary 937

Gene silencing suppression of the expression of or small blood vessels in the kidneys. Also a gene. known as glomerular nephritis. adj. glomeru- Genotoxic describes a poisonous substance lonephritic. which harms an organism by damaging its Glomerulosclerosis a hardening of the glom- DNA thereby capable of causing mutations or erulus in the kidney. cancer. Glossal pertaining to the . Genotoxin a chemical or other agent that dam- GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 is derived from ages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or the transcription product of the proglucagon cancer. gene, associate with type 2-diabetes therapy. Geriatrics is a sub-specialty of internal medi- Gluconeogenesis a metabolic pathway that cine that focuses on health care of elderly results in the generation of glucose from non- people. carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. Gestational hypertension development of arte- adj . gluconeogenic. rial hypertension in a pregnant woman after Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- 20 weeks gestation. ily) are a family of membrane proteins found Ghrelin a gastrointestinal peptide hormone in most mammalian cells. secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- Glucosyltranferase an enzyme that enable the ing, it stimulates appetite, gastric emptying, transfer of glucose. and increases cardiac output. Glucuronidation a phase II detoxi fi cation path- Gingival Index an index describing the clinical way occurring in the liver in which glucuronic severity of gingival in fl ammation as well as its acid is conjugated with toxins. location. Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) Gingivitis refers to gingival in fl ammation catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from induced by bacterial bio fi lms (also called an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto-acid to generate plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. a new amino acid and the residual 2-keto-acid Gin-nan sitotoxism toxicity caused by inges- of the donor amino acid. tion of ginkgotoxin and characterised mainly Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) see by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs Alanine aminotransferase. and loss of . Glutathione (GSH) a tripeptide produced in the Glaucoma a group of eye diseases in which the human liver and plays a key role in intermedi- at the back of the eye is slowly ary metabolism, immune response and health. destroyed, leading to impaired vision and It plays an important role in scavenging free blindness. radicals and protects cells against several toxic Gleet a chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhea) of oxygen-derived chemical species. a bodily ori fi ce usually accompanied by an Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) the general abnormal discharge. name of an enzyme family with peroxidase Glial cells support, non-neuronal cells in the activity whose main biological role is to pro- central nervous system that maintain homeo- tect the organism from oxidative damage. stasis, form myelin and provide protection for Glutathione S-transferase (GST) a major group the brain’s neurons. of detoxifi cation enzymes that participate in Glioma is a type of tumour that starts in the the detoxifi cation of reactive electrophilic brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it compounds by catalysing their conjugation to arises from glial cells. glutathione. Glioblastoma multiforme most common and Glycaemic index (GI) measures most aggressive type of primary brain tumour according to how quickly they are absorbed in humans, involving glial cells. and raise the glucose level of the blood. Glomerulonephritis ( GN) a renal disease char- Glycaemic load (GL) is a ranking system for acterized by infl ammation of the glomeruli, carbohydrate content in food portions based 938 Medical Glossary

on their glycaemic index and the amount of Gravel sand-like concretions of , calcium available carbohydrate, i.e. GI x available , and mineral salts formed in the pas- carbohydrate divided by 100. Glycemic load sages of the biliary and urinary tracts. combines both the quality and quantity of car- Gripe water is a home remedy for babies with bohydrate in one ‘number’. It’s the best way to colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- predict blood glucose values of different types ments. Its ingredients vary, and may include and amounts of food. alcohol, bicarbonate, , , and Glycation or glycosylation a chemical reaction chamomile. in which glycosyl groups are added to a pro- Grippe an epidemic catarrh; older term for tein to produce a glycoprotein. in fl uenza. Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of GSH see Glutathione. by removal of a glucose monomer through GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity glucose-1-phosphate. whose main biological role is to protect the Glycometabolism metabolism (oxidation) of organism from oxidative damage. glucose to produce energy. GSSG glutathione disul fi des are biologically Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- important intracellular thiols, and alterations tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to glucose by the kidneys into the urine. assess exposure of cells to oxidative stress. Glycosylases a family of enzymes involved in GSTM glutathione S transferase M1, a major base excision repair. group of detoxi fi cation enzymes. Goitre an enlargement of the gland - GSTM 2 glutathione S transferase M2, a major ing to swelling of the neck or larynx. group of detoxi fi cation enzymes. Goitrogen substance that suppresses the G2-M cell cycle the phase where the cell pre- function of the thyroid gland by interfering pare for mitosis and where chromatids and with iodine uptake, causing enlargement of daughter cells separate. the thyroid, i.e. goiter. Gynecopathy any or various diseases specifi c to Goitrogenic adj. causing goiter. women. Gonadotroph a basophilic cell of the anterior Gynoid adiposity fat distribution mainly to the pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimu- hips and thighs, pear shaped. lating hormone or . Haemagogic promoting a fl ow of blood. Gonatropins protein hormones secreted by Haematemesis, Hematemesis is the vomiting gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of of blood. vertebrates. Haematinic improving the quality of the blood, Gonorrhoea a common sexually transmitted its haemoglobin level and the number of eryth- bacterial infection caused by the bacterium rocytes. . Haematochezia passage of stools containing a disorder caused by a build-up of a waste blood. product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess Haematochyluria, hematochyluria the dis- uric acid settles in joints causing in fl ammation, charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in pain and swelling. the urine, see also chyluria. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) com- Haematoma, hematoma a localized accumula- prise a large and diverse family of proteins tion of blood in a tissue or space composed of whose primary function is to transduce extra- clotted blood. cellular stimuli into cells. Haematometra, hematometra a medical con- Granulation the condition or appearance of dition involving bleeding of or near the being granulated (becoming grain-like). uterus. Medical Glossary 939

Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis formation of HBeAg e antigen. blood cellular components from the haemato- HBsAg hepatitis B s antigen. poietic stem cells. Heartburn burning sensation in the stomach Haematopoietic adj. relating to the formation and esophagus caused by excessive acidity of and development of blood cells. the stomach fl uids. Haematuria, Hematuria is the presence of Heat rash any condition aggravated by heat or blood in the urine. Hematuria is a sign that hot weather such as intertrigo. something is causing abnormal bleeding in a Heat Shock Chaperones (HSC ) ubiquitous person’s genitourinary tract. molecules involved in the modulation of pro- Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) tein conformational and complexation states, is an inducible protein activated in systemic associated with heat stress or other cellular in fl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an stress response. enzyme that catalyzes degradation of heme. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) a group of func- Haemochromatosis is a condition in which the tionally related proteins the expression of body takes in too much iron. which is increased when the cells are exposed Haemodialysis, a method for to elevated temperatures or other cellular removing waste products such as stresses. and urea, as well as free water from the blood Helminthiasis a disease in which a part of the when the kidneys are in renal failure. body is infested with worms such as pinworm, Haemolyis lysis of red blood cells and the roundworm or tapeworm. release of haemoglobin into the surrounding Hemagglutination a speci fi c form of agglutina- fl uid (plasma). adj. haemolytic. tion that involves red blood cells. Haemoptysis, hemoptysis is the coughing up Hemagglutination–inhibition test measures of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood of the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the can come from the nose, mouth, throat, and agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells the airway passages leading to the lungs. by antibodies. Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage bleeding, dis- Hemagglutinin refers to a substance that causes charge of blood from blood vessels. red blood cells to agglutinate. Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids a painful con- Hemangioma blood vessel. dition in which the veins around the anus Hematocrit is a that measures the or lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and percentage of the volume of that in fl amed. Also called piles. is made up of red blood cells. Haemostasis, hemostasis a complex process Hematopoietic pertaining to the formation of which causes the bleeding process to stop. blood or blood cells. Haemostatic, hemostatic something that stops Hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from bleeding. the blood or that can renew Halitosis (bad breath) a common condition caused itself, and can differentiate to a variety of spe- by sulfur-producing bacteria that live within the cialized cells. surface of the tongue and in the throat. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) an enzyme that Hallucinogen drug that produces hallucinogen. catalyses the degradation of heme; an induc- Hallucinogenic inducing . ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection Haplotype a set of alleles of closely linked loci against oxidative stress in-vitro and in-vivo. on a chromosome that tend to be inherited Hemoglobinopathies genetic defects that pro- together. duce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia. Hapten a small molecule that can elicit an anemia due to hemolysis, immune response only when attached to a the breakdown of red blood cells in the blood large carrier such as a protein. vessels or elsewhere in the body. 940 Medical Glossary

Hemorheology study of blood fl ow and its virus 1 and 2 – ( HSV-1 and elements in the . adj. hemor- HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus heological. family which cause a variety of illnesses/ Hemorrhagic colitis an acute gasteroenteritis infections in humans such cold sores, chick- characterized by overtly bloody diarrhea that enpox or varicella, shingles or herpes zoster is caused by infection. (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and various Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease char- cancers, and can cause brain infl ammation acterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal (encephalitis). HSV-1 is commonly asso- failure () and a low platelet count. ciated with herpes outbreaks of the face Hepa-1c1c7 a type of hepatoma cells. known as cold sores or fever blisters, whereas Hepatalgia pain or discomfort in the liver area. HSV-2 is more often associated with genital Hepatectomy the surgical removal of part or all herpes. They are also called Human Herpes of the liver. Virus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are Hepatic relating to the liver. neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses; they Hepatic affecting the liver, charac terize enter and hide in the human nervous system, by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative nodules. accounting for their durability in the human Hepatitis in fl ammation of the liver. body. (formerly known as infectious hep- Herpes zoster or simply zoster, commonly atitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver known as shingles and also known as zona, is caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. a viral disease characterized by a painful skin Hepatocarcinogenesis represents a linear and rash with blisters. progressive cancerous process in the liver in Heterophobia term used to describe irrational which successively more aberrant monoclonal of, aversion to, or discrimination against populations of hepatocytes evolve. heterosexuals. (HCC) also called Heterophoria An eye condition where the motion malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy of the eyes are not parallel to each other. (cancer) of the liver. HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) high density lipo- Hepatocytolysis cytotoxicity (dissolution) of protein-cholesterol, also called “good choles- liver cells. terol”. See also high-density lipoprotein. Hepatoma cancer of the liver. Hiatus hernia occurs when the upper part of the Hepatopathy a disease or disorder of the liver. stomach pushes its way through a tear in the Hepatoprotective (liver protector) a substance diaphragm. that helps protect the liver from damage by High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable Hepatoregenerative a compound that promotes cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported hepatocellular regeneration, repairs and restores within the water based blood stream. HDL liver function to optimum performance. can remove cholesterol from atheroma within Hepatotonic (liver tonic ) a substance that is arteries and transport it back to the liver for tonic to the liver - usually employed to nor- excretion or re-utilization—which is the main malize liver enzymes and function. reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is some- Hernia occurs when part of an internal organ times called “good cholesterol”, or HDL-C. A bulges through a weak area of muscle. high level of HDL-C seems to protect against HER- 2 human epidermal growth factor recep- cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. phoribosyl transferase) an enzyme that Herpes a chronic infl ammation of the skin or catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl- mucous membrane characterized by the devel- 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, opment of vesicles on an in fl ammatory base. or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding Medical Glossary 941

5 ¢ -mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The HRT hormone replacement therapy, the admin- enzyme is important in biosynthesis as istration of the female hormones, oestrogen well as central nervous system functions. and progesterone, and sometimes testoster- Hippocampus a ridge in the fl oor of each lateral one. ventricle of the brain that consists mainly of HSP27 is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat gray matter. shock protein chaperone that confers protec- Hippocampal pertaining to the hippocampus. tion against apoptosis. Histaminergic liberated or activated by hista- HSP90 a 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone mine, relating to the effects of histamine at that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset histamine receptors of target tissues. of cellular signaling proteins that have been Histaminergic receptors are types of G-pro- implicated in disease processes. tein coupled receptors with histamine as their hTERT – (TERT) telomerase reverse tran- endogenous ligand. scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme HIV see Human immunode fi ciency virus. telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel pro- Hives (urticaria) is a skin rash characterised tective function by binding to mitochondrial by circular wheals of reddened and itching DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity and skin. protecting against oxidative stress–induced HMG-CoAr 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl- damage. CoA reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate- HT29 cells are human intestinal epithelial cells controlling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the which produce the secretory component of mevalonate pathway. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and carcinoembry- HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coen- onic antigen (CEA). zyme A, an intermediate in the mevalonate Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) a DNA pathway . herpes virus which is the leading cause of con- Hodgkin’s disease disease characterized by genital viral infection and mental retardation. enlargement of the lymph glands, and Human factor X a coagulation factor also anemia. known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or Homeodomain transcription factor a protein as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver genes encode transcription factors which typi- and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. cally switch on cascades of other genes. Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) a retrovi- Homeostasis the maintenance of a constant rus that can lead to acquired immunode fi ciency internal environment of a cell or an organism, syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in despite fl uctuations in the external. which the immune system begins to fail, leading Homeotherapy treatment or prevention of dis- to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ease with a substance similar but not identical Humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect to the causative agent of the disease. of that is mediated by secreted anti- Homocysteine an amino acid in the blood. bodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, Homograft see allograft. which involves T lymphocytes) produced in Hormonal (female) substance that has a hor- the cells of the B lineage (B cell). mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells. and/or a substance used to normalize female Hyaluronidase enzymes that catalyse the hormone levels. hydrolysis of certain complex carbohydrates Hormonal (male) substance that has a hormone- like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. like effect similar to that of testosterone and/or Hydatidiform a rare mass or growth that forms a substance used to normalize male hormone inside the uterus at the beginning of a preg- levels. nancy. 942 Medical Glossary

Hydrocholagogue see cholagogue. Hyperpiesia persistent and pathological high Hydrocholeretic an agent that stimulates an blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can increased output of bile of low speci fi c gravity. be found. Hydrogogue a purgative that causes an abun- Hyperplasia increased cell production in a nor- dant watery discharge from the bowel. mal tissue or organ. Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of the presence of abnor- the renal and calyces, usually caused by mally high levels of in the blood. obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the Hyperpropulsion using water pressure as a kidney. force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi Hydrophobia a viral neuroinvasive disease that in the urethra. causes acute encephalitis (in fl ammation of the Hyperpyrexia is an abnormally high fever. brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also called Hypertension commonly referred to as “high rabies. blood pressure” or HTN, is a medical condi- Hydropsy see dropsy. tion in which the arterial blood pressure is Hyperaemia the increase of blood fl ow to dif- chronically elevated. ferent tissues in the body. Hypertensive characterized or caused by Hyperalgesia an increased sensitivity to pain increased tension or pressure as abnormally (enhanced pricking pain), which may be caused high blood pressure. by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves. Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycemia a Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia a disorder that causes high triglycerides in the metabolic disturbance characterised by an blood. excess of ammonia in the blood. Hypertrophy enlargement or overgrowth of an Hypercholesterolemia high levels of choles- organ. terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk is a condition characterized for leading to stroke or by abnormally high level of uric acid in the heart attack. blood. Hyperemia is the increased blood fl ow that Hypoadiponectinemia low plasma adiponectin occurs when tissue is active. concentrations associated with obesity and Hyperemesis severe and persistent nausea and ; that is closely related to the vomiting (morning sickness) during . degree of and hyperinsuline- Hyperglycaemia high blood sugar; is a condi- mia than to the degree of adiposity and glu- tion in which an excessive amount of glucose cose tolerance. circulates in the blood plasma. a medical condition where Hyperglycemic a substance that raises blood levels of albumin in blood serum are abnor- sugar levels. mally low. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition Hypocalcemic tetany a disease caused by an characterized by an abnormally large level of abnormally low level of calcium in the blood homocysteine in the blood. and characterized by hyperexcitability of the a condition in which there neuromuscular system and results in carpope- are excess levels of circulating insulin in the dal spasms. blood; also known as pre-diabetes. Hypochlorhydria refer to states where the is an elevated blood level of the production of gastric acid in the stomach is potassium. absent or low. Hyperknesis enhanced itch to pricking. Hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-reducer), Hyperleptinemia increased serum leptin level. a substance that lowers blood cholesterol Hypermethylation an increase in the inherited levels. methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- Hypocorticism see Addison’s disease. dues in DNA. Hypocortisolism see Addison’s disease. Medical Glossary 943

Hypoglycemic an agent that lowers the concen- IgE Immunoglobin E – a class of antibody that tration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. plays a role in allergy. Hypoperfusion decreased blood fl ow through an IGFs insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides organ, characterized by an imbalance of oxy- with high sequence similarity to insulin. gen demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. IgG Immunoglobin G – the most abundant Hypophagic under-eating. immunoglobin (antibody) and is one of the Hypospadias an abnormal birth defect in males major activators of the complement pathway. in which the urethra opens on the under sur- IgM Immunoglobin M – primary antibody face of the penis. against A and B on red blood cells. Hypotensive characterised by or causing dimin- IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappaBeta ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low kinase complex and a regulator for kinases blood pressure. involved in pro-in fl ammatory cytokine signal- a condition in which an organ- ing. ism’s temperature drops below that required IKappa B or IkB-beta, a protein of the NF- for normal metabolism and body functions. Kappa-B inhibitor family. Hypothermic relating to hypothermia, with Ileus a temporary disruption of intestinal peri- subnormal body temperature. stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. Hypoxaemia is the reduction of oxygen Immune modulator a substance that affects speci fi cally in the blood. or modulates the functioning of the immune a shortage of oxygen in the body. adj. system. hypoxic. Immunode fi ciency a state in which the immune ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule system’s ability to fi ght infectious disease is 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differ- compromised or entirely absent. entiation 54), is a protein that in humans is Immunogenicity the property enabling a sub- encoded by the ICAM1 gene. stance to provoke an immune response. IC 50 the median maximal inhibitory concentra- Immunomodulatory capable of modifying or tion; a measure of the effectiveness of a com- regulating one or more immune functions. pound in inhibiting biological or biochemical Immunoreactive reacting to particular antigens function. or haptens. I.C.V. (intra-cerebroventricular) injection of Immunostimulant agent that stimulates an chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the immune response. brain. Immunosuppression involves a process that Iceterus jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of reduces the activation or effi cacy of the the skin. immune system. Ichthyotoxic a substance which is poisonous to Immunotoxin a man-made protein that consists fi sh. of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. Icteric hepatitis an infectious syndrome of hep- a contagious, bacterial skin infec- atitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, fever, tion characterized by blisters that may itch, right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged liver and caused by a Streptoccocus bacterium or transaminitis (increase in alanine aminotrans- and mostly seen in ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- children. ferase (AST)). Impotence a characterized Icterus neonatorum jaundice in newborn by the inability to develop or maintain an infants. erection of the penis. Idiopathic of no apparent physical cause. Incontinence (fecal) the inability to control Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss bowel’s movement. (ISSHL) is sudden hearing loss where clini- Incontinence (Urine) the inability to control cal assessment fails to reveal a cause. urine excretion. 944 Medical Glossary

Index of structural atypia (ISA) index of Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) polypep- structural abnormality. tides with high sequence similarity to insulin. Induration hardened, as a soft tissue that They are part of a complex system that cells becomes extremely fi rm. employ to communicate with their physiologic Infarct an area of living tissue that undergoes environment. necrosis as a result of obstruction of local Insulin-mimetic to act like insulin. blood supply. Insulinogenic associated with or stimulating the Infarction is the process of tissue death (necro- production of insulin. sis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood Insulinotropic changing the action of insulin. supply. Integrase an enzyme produced by a retrovirus In fl ammation a protective response of the body (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to infection, irritation or other injury, aimed to be integrated into the DNA of the infected at destroying or isolating the injuries and cell. characterized by redness, pain, warmth and Interferons ( IFNs) are natural cell-signaling swelling. glycoproteins known as cytokines produced In fl uenza a viral infection that affects mainly by the cells of the immune system of most the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, vertebrates in response to challenges such as lungs. viruses, parasites and tumour cells. Infusion a liquid extract obtained by steeping Interleukins a group of naturally occurring pro- something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile teins and is a subset of a larger group of cel- or dissolve readily in water, to release their lular messenger molecules called cytokines, active ingredients without boiling. which are modulators of cellular behavior. Inguinal hernia a hernia into the inguinal canal Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a cytokine that could of the groin. induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase Inhalant a medicinal substance that is admin- the number of bone marrow cells and cause istered as a vapor into the upper respiratory degeneration of bone joints. Also called passages. endogenous pyrogen, lymphocyte activating iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthases through factor, haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell its product, nitric oxide (NO), may contribute factor, amongst others that IL-1 is composed to the induction of apoptosis. It plays of two distinct proteins, now called IL-1a and a crucial role in early -related microcir- IL-1 b . culatory dysfunction. Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1b ) a cytokine protein Inotropic affecting the force of muscle contrac- produced by activated macrophages. cytokine tion. is an important mediator of the infl ammatory an agent that destroys . adj . response, and is involved in a variety of cel- insecticidal. lular activities, including cell proliferation, Insomnia a sleeping disorder characterized by differentiation, and apoptosis. the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability (IL-2) a type of cytokine immune to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of system signaling molecule that is instrumen- time. tal in the body’s natural response to microbial Insulin a peptide hormone composed of 51 infection. amino acids produced in the islets of Langer- Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) a heterotri- hans in the pancreas causes cells in the liver, meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) an interleukin that acts as cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is both a pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl ammatory used to control diabetes. cytokine. Medical Glossary 945

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) a cytokine produced by Iron (Fe) is essential to most life forms and to macrophages and other cell types such as epi- normal human . In humans, iron is thelial cells and is one of the major mediators an essential component of proteins involved of the in fl ammatory response. in oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) is one also essential for the regulation of cell growth of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins (chy- and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits lomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) that oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, enable fats and cholesterol to move within the poor work performance, and decreased immu- water-based solution of the bloodstream. IDL nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can is further degraded to form LDL particles and, result in toxicity and even death. Dietary like LDL, can also promote the growth of ather- sources include, certain cereals, dark green oma and increase cardiovascular diseases. leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, Intermittent claudication an aching, crampy, poultry and meat. tired, and sometimes burning pain in the legs Ischemia an insuffi cient supply of blood to an that comes and goes, caused by peripheral organ, usually due to a blocked artery. vascular disease. I t usually occurs with walk- Ischuria retention or suppression of urine. ing and disappears after rest. Iso fl avones a subgroup of fl avonoids in which Interoceptive relating to stimuli arising from the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane within the body. skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- Interstitium the space between cells in a tissue. mals. See fl avonoids. Interstitial pertaining to the interstitium. Isomers substances that are composed of the Intertrigo an in fl ammation (rash) caused by same elements in the same proportions and microbial infection in skin folds. hence have the same molecular formula but Intima innermost layer of an artery or vein. differ in properties because of differences in Intoxicant substance that produce drunkenness the arrangement of atoms. or intoxication. Isoprostanes unique -like com- Intraperitoneal (i.p.) the term used when a pounds generated in vivo from the free chemical is contained within or administered radical-catalysed peroxidation of essential through the peritoneum (the thin, trans- fatty acids. parent membrane that lines the walls of the traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. abdomen). Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin Intrathecal (i.t.) through the theca of the spinal and whites of the eyes caused by excess bili- cord into the subarachnoid space. rubin in the blood. Intromission the act of putting one thing into JNK (Jun N-terminal Kinase), also known as another. Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK), Intubation refers to the placement of a tube into belongs to the family of MAP kinases. an external or internal ori fi ce of the body. Jurkat cells a line of T lymphocyte cells that are Iodine (I) is an essential chemical element that used to study acute T cell leukemia. is important for hormone development in the KB cell a cell line derived from a human carci- human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine antineoplastic (anti-tumour) agents. defi ciency disorders including mental retarda- Kallikreins peptidases (enzymes that cleave tion and stunted growth in babies and children. peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the Iodine is found in dairy products, seafood, serine protease family; they liberate kinins kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables and from kininogens. Kallikreins are targets of iodized salt. active investigation by drug researchers as IP see Intraperitoneal. possible biomarkers for cancer. 946 Medical Glossary

Kaposi sarcoma a cancerous tumour of the con- Labour process of childbirth involving muscu- nective tissues caused by the huma herpesvi- lar contractions. rus 8 and is often associated with AIDS. Lacrimation secretion and discharge of tears. Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) also Lactagogue an agent that increases or stimu- known as human herpesvirus-8, is a gamma 2 lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- galactagogue. tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme that cat- (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) alyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. of the plasma cell type, and primary effusion secretion and production of milk. lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. is a condition caused by the Karyolysis dissolution and disintegration of the buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to nucles when a cell dies. acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis), and is con- Karyorrhexis destructive fragmentation of the sidered a distinct form of . nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin LAK cell a lymphokine-activated killer cell i.e. disintegrates into formless granules. a white blood cell that has been stimulated to a sulphur-containing protein which is a kill tumour cells. major component in skin, hair, nails, , Laminin a glycoprotein component of connec- horns, and teeth. tive tissue basement membrane that promotes Keratinocyte is the major constituent of the cell adhesion. epidermis, constituting 95% of the cells found Laparotomy a surgical procedure involving an there. incision through the abdominal wall to gain Keratinophilic having an af fi nity for keratin. access into the abdominal cavity. adj. laparo- Keratitis in fl ammation of the cornea. tomized . Keratomalacia an eye disorder that leads to a Larvacidal an agent which kills insect or para- dry cornea. site larva. Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral Laryngitis is an in fl ammation of the larynx. deposits that form in the kidney. Laxation bowel movement. Kinin is any of various structurally related poly- Laxatives substances that are used to promote peptides, such as bradykinin, that act locally to bowel movement. induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth LC 50 median lethal concentration, see LD 50. muscle. LD 50 median lethal dose – the dose required Kininogen either of two plasma a 2-globulins to kill half the members of a tested population. that are kinin precursors. Also called LC 50 (median lethal concen- Knockout gene knockout is a genetic technique tration). in which an organism is engineered to carry LDL see low-density lipoprotein. genes that have been made inoperative. LDL Cholesterol see low-density lipoprotein. Kunitz protease inhibitors a type of protein LDL receptor (LDLr) a low-density lipopro- contained in legume seeds which functions as tein receptor gene. a protease inhibitor. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are Kupffer cells are resident macrophages of the highly specifi c for their sugar moieties, that liver and play an important role in its normal agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glycocon- physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- jugates. They play a role in biological recogni- pating in the acute and chronic responses of tion phenomena involving cells and proteins. the liver to toxic compounds. Leishmaniasis a disease caused by protozoan L-Dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania an amino acid that is formed in the liver and and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- converted into dopamine in the brain. cies of sand fl y. Medical Glossary 947

Lenticular opacity also known as or related to LexA repressor or Repressor LexA is repressor cataract. enzyme that represses SOS response genes Leprosy a chronic bacterial disease of the skin coding for DNA polymerases required for and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some repairing DNA damage. cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the Libido sexual urge. Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s a chronic mucocutaneous disease disease. that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- Ligroin a volatile,, in fl ammable fraction of tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- petroleum, obtained by distillation and used olism and reproductive function. as a solvent. Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a widespread Liniment liquid preparation rubbed on skin, international instrument (10 questions survey) used to relieve muscular aches and pains. and recommended by the World Health Orga- Linterized starch starch that has undergone nization (WHO) for outcome measurement in prolonged acid treatment. hip and knee diseases such as . Lipodiatic having lipid and lipoprotein lower- Leucocyte white blood corpuscles, colourless, ing property. without haemoglobin that help to combat Lipodystrophy a medical condition character- infection. ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions Leucoderma a skin abnormality characterized of the body’s adipose tissue. by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. is converted to fats. Also see vitiligo. Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat Leucorrhoea commonly known as whites, cells in the body. refers to a whitish discharge from the female Liposomes arti fi cially prepared vesicles made genitals. of lipid bilayer. Leukemia, leukaemia a cancer of the blood Lipotoxicity refers to tissues diseases that may or bone marrow and is characterized by an occur when fatty acids spillover in excess abnormal proliferation (production by multi- of the oxidative needs of those tissues and plication) of blood cells, usually white blood enhances metabolic fl ux into harmful path- cells (leukocytes). ways of nonoxidative metabolism. Leukemogenic relating to leukemia, causing Lipotropic refers to compounds that help catal- leukemia. yse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in Leukocytopenia abnormal decrease in the num- the body. e.g. chlorine and lecithin. ber of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the Lipoxygenase a family of iron-containing blood. enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of Leukomyelopathy any diseases involving the polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- of the spinal cord. ing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. Leukopenia a decrease in the number of circu- Lithiasis formation of urinary calculi (stones) lating white blood cells. in the renal system (kidneys, , urinary Leukoplakia condition characterized by white bladder, urethra) can be of any one of several spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- compositions. cially of the mouth and . Lithogenic promoting the formation of calculi Leukotriene a group of hormones that cause (stones). the infl ammatory symptoms of hay-fever and Lithontripic removes stones from kidney, gall asthma. bladder. Luteolysis degeneration of the Liver X receptors nuclear hormones that func- and ovarian luteinized tissues. adj. luteolytic. tion as central transcriptional regulators for Levarterenol see Norepinephrine. lipid homeostasis. 948 Medical Glossary

Lotion a liquids suspension or dispersion of Lymphadenitis-cervical in fl ammation of the chemicals for external application to the lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by body. an infection. Lovo cells colon cancer cells. Lymphatitis in fl ammation of lymph vessels and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of nodes. lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and trig- Lymphadenopathy a term meaning disease of lycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. the lymph nodes – lymph node enlargement. High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal Lymphoblastic pertaining to the production of medical problems like cardiovascular disease, lymphocytes. and it is sometimes called “bad cholesterol”. Lymphocyte a small white blood cell (leu- LRP1 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related cocyte) that plays a large role in defending protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- the body against disease. Lymphocytes are ing functions as well as in lipid metabolism. responsible for immune responses. There are LTB4 a type of leukotriene, a major metabolite two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. T cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lym- It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function phokines) that modulate the functional activi- (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered ties of many other types of cells and are often free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and present at sites of chronic in fl ammation. metabolism). It induces skin in fl ammation. Lymphocyte B cells the B cells make antibod- Luciferase is a generic name for enzymes com- ies that attack bacteria and toxins. monly used in nature for bioluminescence. Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells Lumbago is the term used to describe general themselves when they have been taken over lower back pain. by viruses or have become cancerous. necrosis of the pulmonary tissue Lymphoma a type of cancer involving cells of and formation of cavities containing necrotic the immune system, called lymphocytes. debris or fl uid caused by microbial infections. Lymphopenia abnormally low number of lym- Lusitropic an agent that affects diastolic relax- phocytes in the blood. ation. Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles con- Lutein a , occurs naturally as yellow taining digestive enzymes ( acid hydrolases) or pigment in some fruits and leafy and other proteases (cathepsins). vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids Maceration softening or separating of parts by contained within the retina of the eye. Within soaking in a liquid. the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, Macrophage a type of large leukocyte that whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- travels in the blood but can leave the blood- dominates. Lutein is necessary for good vision stream and enter tissue; like other leukocytes and may also help prevent or slow down ath- it protects the body by digesting debris and erosclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which foreign cells. is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. Macular degeneration a disease that gradually Luteinising hormone (LH) a hormone produced destroys the macula, the central portion of the by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it retina, reducing central vision. triggers ovulation. In males, it stimulates the Macules small circumscribed changes in the production of testosterone to aid sperm matu- color of skin that are neither raised (elevated) ration. nor depressed. Luteolysis is the structural and functional deg- Maculopapular describes a rash characterized radation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs by raised, spotted lesions. at the end of the luteal phase of both the Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of mineral in the body and is essential to good pregnancy. health. It is important for normal muscle and Medical Glossary 949

nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune of enzymes called glycosyltransferases which system, and strong bones. Magnesium also are required for the synthesis of proteoglycans helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes that are needed for the formation of healthy normal blood pressure, and is known to be cartilage and bone. Dietary source include involved in energy metabolism and protein whole grains, fruit, legumes (soybean and synthesis and plays a role in preventing and by-products), green leafy vegetables, beetroot managing disorders such as hypertension, and tea. cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary MAO activity monoamine oxidase activity. sources include legumes (e.g. soya and MAPK ( Mitogen-activated protein kinase) by-products), nuts, whole unre fi ned grains, these kinases are strongly activated in cells fruit (e.g. , apricots), okra and green subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, dis- leafy vegetables. regulated K + currents, RNA-damaging agents, MAK cell macrophage-activated killer cell, and a multitude of other stresses, as well as activated nacrophage that is much more infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin, and with- phagocytic than monocytes. drawal of a trophic factor. The stress-respon- a feeling of weakness, lethargy or sive MAPKs mediate a plethora of cellular discomfort as of impending illness. responses to such stressful stimuli, including Malaria is an infection of the blood by Plasmo- apoptosis and production of in fl ammatory and dium parasite that is carried from person to immunoregulatory cytokines in diverse cell person by mosquitoes. There are four species systems. of malaria parasites that infect man: Plasmo- Marasmus is one of the three forms of serious dium falciparum, so called ‘malignant tertian protein-energy malnutrition. fever’, is the most serious disease, Plasmo- Mastectomy surgery to remove a breast. dium vivax, causing a relapsing form of the Masticatory a substance chewed to increase disease, malariae , and Plasmo- salivation. Also called sialogue. dium ovale . a bacterial infection of the breast which Malassezia a fungal genus (previously known usually occurs in mothers. as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as , naturally Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) a member found on the skin surfaces of many animals of a group of enzymes that can break down including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- proteins, such as collagen, that are normally tation on the chest or back if it becomes an found in the spaces between cells in tissues . (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR ) path- metalloproteinases are involved in wound way that regulates mitochondrial oxygen healing, angiogenesis, and tumour cell metas- consumption and oxidative capacity. tasis. See also metalloproteinase. Mammogram an x-ray of the breast to detect MBC minimum bacterial concentration – the tumours. lowest concentration of antibiotic required to Mandibular relating to the , the human kill an organism. jaw bone. MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1, plays Manganese is an essential element for heath. It is a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites an important constituent of some enzymes and of infection and injury. It is a member of small an activator of other enzymes in physiologic inducible gene (SIG) family. processes. Manganese superoxide dismutase MDA malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant enzyme quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. in the mitochondria. Manganese-activated Measles an acute, highly communicable rash enzymes play important roles in the metabo- illness due to a virus transmitted by direct lism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cho- contact with infectious droplets or, less com- lesterol. Manganese is the preferred cofactor monly, by airborne spread. 950 Medical Glossary

Medial is located at the rostral Metaphyseal pertaining to the metaphysis. end of the hypothalamus, it is important for Metaplasia transformation of one type of one the regulation of male sexual behavior. mature differentiated cell type into another Megaloblastic anemia an anemia that results mature differentiated cell type. from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood Metastasis is the movement or spreading of can- cell production, often due to a defi ciency of cer cells from one organ or tissue to another. vitamin B12 or and is characterized by Metetrus the quiescent period of sexual inactiv- many large immature and dysfunctional red ity between oestrus cycles. blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. Metroptosis the slipping or falling out of place Melaene (melena) refers to the black, “tarry” of an organ (as the uterus). feces that are associated with gastrointestinal Metrorrhagia uterine bleeding at irregular hemorrhage. intervals, particularly between the expected Melanogenesis production of melanin by living menstrual periods. cells. Mevinolin a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3- Melanoma malignant tumour of melanocytes methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG- which are found predominantly in skin but CoA reductase). also in the bowel and the eye and appear as MHC acronym for major histocompatibility pigmented lesions. complex, a large cluster of genes found on the Melatonin a hormone produced in the brain by short arm of chromosome 6 in most vertebrates the , it is important in the regula- that encodes MHC molecules. MHC mol- tion of the circadian rhythms of several bio- ecules play an important role in the immune logical functions. system and . the fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst men- MIC minimum inhibitory concentration – low- strual bleeding, in female human beings. est concentration of an antimicrobial that will Menorrhagia heavy or prolonged menstruation, inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. too-frequent menstrual periods. Micelle a submicroscopic aggregation of mol- Menopausal refer to permanent cessation of ecules. menstruation. Micellization formation process of micelles. Menses see menstruation. Microangiopathy (or microvascular disease) is Menstruation the approximately monthly dis- an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in charge of blood from the womb in women of the body childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also Micro fi laria a pre-larval parasitic worm of the called menses. adj. menstrual. family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and Mesangial cells are specialized cells around blood in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. Micronuclei small particles consisting of Metabonome complete set of metabologically acentric fragments of chromosomes or entire regulated elements in cells. chromosomes, which lag behind at anaphase Metallogeusia metallic taste in the mouth. of cell division. Metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown Microsomal PGE2 synthase is the enzyme that proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms catalyses the fi nal step in prostaglandin E2 for proper function. (PGE2) biosynthesis. Meta-analysis a statistical procedure that com- Microvasculature the fi ner vessels of the body, bines the results of several studies that address as the arterioles, , and . a set of related research hypotheses. Micturition urination, act of urinating. Metaphysis is the portion of a long bone a neurological syndrome character- between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of ized by altered bodily , severe, the . painful , and nausea. Medical Glossary 951

Mimosine is an alkaloid, b -3-hydroxy-4 pyridone include meat, green beans, eggs, sunfl ower amino acid, it is a toxic non-protein free amino seeds, wheat fl our, lentils, and cereal grain. acid and is an antinutrient. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is an isozyme Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addition of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially of new layers of mineral on the trabecular sur- deaminates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), faces of bones. epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin, and Miscarriage spontaneous abortion. dopamine. Mitochondrial complex I the largest enzyme in Monoaminergic of or pertaining to neurons that the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative phos- secrete monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., phorylation system. dopamine, serotonin). Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing is an increase in the permeability of the mito- single antibody-forming cells to tumour cells chondrial membranes to molecules of less grown in culture. than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT is Monocyte large white blood cell that ingest one of the major causes of cell death in a vari- microbes, other cells and foreign matter. ety of conditions. Monogalactosyl are the major lipid Mitogen an agent that triggers mitosis, elicit all components of chloroplasts. the signals necessary to induce cell prolifera- Monorrhagia is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- tion. ally defi ned as periods lasting longer than Mitogenic able to induce mitosis or transforma- 7 days or excessive bleeding. tion. Morbidity a diseased state or symptom or can Mitogenicity process of induction of mitosis. refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- Mitomycin a chemotherapy drug that is given alence rate of a disease. as a treatment for several different types of Morello fl avone a bi fl avonoid extracted from cancer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus Garcinia dulcis , has shown antioxidative, and bladder cancers. antiviral, and anti-in fl ammatory properties. Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus Morphine the major alkaloid of opium and a divides into nuclei containing the same num- potent narcotic analgesic. ber of chromosomes. MTTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein MMP matrix metalloproteinases, a group of that is required for the assembly and secretion peptidases involved in degradation of the of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins from both extracellular matrix (ECM). enterocytes and hepatocytes. Mnestic pertaining to memory. MUC 5AC mucin 5AC, a secreted gel-forming Molecular docking is a key tool in structural protein mucin with a high molecular weight of molecular biology and computer-assisted drug about 641 kDa. design. Mucositis painful in fl ammation and ulceration Molluscidal destroying molluscs like snails. of the mucous membranes lining the digestive Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like tract. in morphology and are used for studies of Mucous relating to mucus. apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenic- Mucolytic capable of reducing the viscosity of ity, as well as for antitumour testing. mucus, or an agent that so acts. (Mo) is an essential element that Mucus viscid secretion of the mucous mem- forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine brane. oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine Multidrug resistance (MDR) ability of a liv- to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum ing cell to show resistance to a wide variety of concentrations also affect protein synthesis, structurally and functionally unrelated com- metabolism, and growth. Dietary sources pounds. 952 Medical Glossary

Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts), acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma cardiac abnormalities, balding, and infertility. membranes of certain neurons and other cells. Myringosclerosis also known as tympanoscle- Mutagen an agent that induces genetic rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is by causing changes in the DNA. a condition caused by calcifi cation of colla- Mutagenic capable of inducing mutation (used gen tissues in the tympanic membrane of the mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays middle ear. or chemical pollution). Mytonia a symptom of certain neuromuscular Myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA disorders characterized by the slow relaxation of other genes and is therefore a transcription of the muscles after voluntary contraction or factor, found on chromosome 8 in human. electrical stimulation. Mycosis an infection or disease caused by a Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fi bre fungus. with a tubular appearance. Myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic N-nitrosmorpholine a human carcinogen. series, occurring normally in bone marrow, N-nitrosoproline an indicator for N-nitrosation but not in circulating blood. of amines. Myeloid leukaemia (Chronic) a type of can- NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide ade- cer that affects the blood and bone marrow, nine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as an characterized by excessive number of white electron carrier. blood cells. NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Myeloma cancer that arise in the plasma cells a Narcotic an agent that produces narcosis, in type of white blood cells. moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. (a subtype of white blood cells). Nasopharynx upper part of the alimentary con- It is an in fl ammatory enzyme produced by tinuous with the nasal passages. activated leukocytes that predicts risk of coro- Natriorexia excessive intake of evoked nary heart disease. by sodium depletion. adj. natriorexic, natri- Myeloproliferative disorder disease of the orexigenic. bone marrow in which excess cells are pro- Natriuresis the discharge of excessive large duced. amount of sodium through urine. adj. natri- Myocardial relating to heart muscles tissues. uretic. (MI) is the rapid devel- Natural killer cells (NK cells) a type of cyto- opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a toxic lymphocyte that constitute a major com- critical imbalance between oxygen supply and ponent of the innate immune system. demand of the myocardium. Natural killer T (NKT) cells a heterogeneous Myocardial ischemia an intermediate condi- group of T cells that share properties of both T tion in coronary artery disease during which cells and natural killer (NK) cells. the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved Nausea sensation of unease and discomfort in of oxygen and other nutrients. the stomach with an urge to vomit. Myogenesis the formation of muscular tissue, Necropsy see autopsy. especially during embryonic development. Necrosis morphological changes that follow cell Myopia near – or short-sightedness. death, usually involving nuclear and cytoplas- Myosarcoma a malignant muscle tumour. mic changes. dystrophica an inherited disorder Neointima a new or thickened layer of arterial of the muscles and other body systems char- intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in acterized by progressive muscle weakness, atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia), of cells from the media. Medical Glossary 953

Neonatal adj. of or relating to newborn infants a condition with symptoms of or an infant. fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- Neoplasia abnormal growth of cells, which may gia and impotence. lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. Neurasthenic a substance used to treat nerve Neoplasm tumour; any new and abnormal pain and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, growth, specifi cally one in which cell mul- etc). tiplication is uncontrolled and progressive. Neurite refers to any projection from the cell Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. body of a . Neoplastic transformation conversion of a tis- Neuritis an in fl ammation of the nerve character- sue with a normal growth pattern into a malig- ized by pain, sensory disturbances and impair- nant tumour. ment of re fl exes. adj . neuritic. Neovasculature formation of new blood vessels. Neuritogenesis the fi rst step of neuronal dif- Nephrectomised kidneys surgically removed. ferentiation, takes place as nascent neurites Nephrectomy surgical removal of the kidney. bud from the immediate postmitotic neuronal Nephric relating to or connected with a kidney. soma. Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper a common extracranial can- functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. cer that forms in nerve tissues, common in is a collection of signs infancy. (known as a syndrome) associated with dis- Neuroendocrine adj. of, relating to, or involv- orders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally ing the interaction between the nervous glomerular disorders. system and the hormones of the endocrine Nephritis is in fl ammation of the kidney. glands. Nephrolithiasis process of forming a kidney Neuroleptic refers to the effects on cogni- stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. tion and behavior of antipsychotic drugs that Nephropathy a disorder of the kidney. reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations, Nephrotic syndrome nonspeci fi c disorder in and psychomotor agitation in patients with which the kidneys are damaged, causing them psychoses. to leak large amounts of protein from the Neuropharmacological relating the effects of blood into the urine. drugs on the neurosystem. Nephrotoxicity poisonous effect of some sub- Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, focusing on the diagnosis and characterization on the kidney. of abnormalities of the central and peripheral Nerve growth factor (NGF) a small protein nervous system . adj. neuroradiologic. that induces the differentiation and survival of Neurotrophic relating to neutrophy i.e. the particular target neurons (nerve cells). nutrition and maintenance of nervous tissue. Nervine a nerve tonic that acts therapeutically Neutropenia a disorder of the blood, character- upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a ized by abnormally low levels of . sedative that serves to calm ruf fl ed nerves. Neutrophil a type of white blood cell, Neuralgia is a sudden, severe painful disorder speci fi cally a form of . of the nerves. Neutrophin protein that induce the survival, Neuraminidase glycoside hydrolase enzymes development and function of neurons. that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of NF-kappa B (NF-kB) nuclear factor kappa neuraminic acids. B, is an ubiquitous rapid response transcrip- Neuraminidase inhibitors a class of antiviral tion factor in cells involved in immune and drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose in fl ammatory reactions. mode of action consists of blocking the func- vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus Niacinamide an amide of niacin, also known as preventing the virus from reproducing. nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. 954 Medical Glossary

NIH3T3 cells a mouse embryonic fi broblast cell Nucleosomes fundamental repeating subunits of line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a DNA Nitrogen (N) is an essential building block of chain coiled around a core of histones. amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is Nulliparous term used to describe a woman essential to all living organisms. Protein rich who has never given birth. vegetables like legumes are rich food sources Nyctalopia night blindness, impaired vision of nitrogen. in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired NK cells natural killer cells, a type of cytotoxic function of certain specialized vision cells. lymphocyte that constitute a major component Nycturia excessive urination at night; especially of the innate immune system. common in older men. NMDA receptor N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor, Occlusion closure or blockage (as of a blood the predominant molecular device for control- vessel). ling synaptic plasticity and memory function. A Occlusive peripheral arterial disease (PAOD) brain receptor activated by the amino acid glu- also known as peripheral vascular disease tamate, which when excessively stimulated may (PVD), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) cause cognitive defects in Alzheimer’s disease. refers to the obstruction of large arteries not Nociceptive causing pain, responding to a pain- within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, ful stimulus. or brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, Non-osteogenic fi broma of bone a benign tumour in fl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an of bone which show no evidence of ossi fi cation. embolism, or thrombus formation. Nootropics are substances which are claimed to Oculomotor nerve the third of twelve paired boost human cognitive abilities (the functions cranial nerves. and capacities of the brain). Also popularly Odds ratio a statistical measure of effect size, referred to as “smart drugs”, “smart nutrients”, describing the strength of association or non- “cognitive enhancers” and “brain enhancers”. independence between two binary data values. Noradrenalin see Norepinephrine. Odontalgia . adj. odontalgic. Norepinephrine a substance, both a hormone Odontopathy any disease of the teeth. and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal Oedema see edema. medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- Oligoanuria insuf fi cient urine volume to allow thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- for administration of necessary fl uids, etc. tion and increases in heart rate, blood pressure, an in fl ammation of two, three or and the sugar level of the blood. Also called four joints. levarterenol, noradrenalin. Oligonucleosome a series of nucleosomes. Normoglycaemic having the normal amount of Oligospermia or oligozoospermia refers to glucose in the blood. semen with a low concentration of sperm, Normotensive having normal blood pressure. commonly associated with . Nosocomial infections infections which are a decreased production of urine. result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare Omega 3 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- service unit, but secondary to the patient’s rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal original condition. carbon–carbon double bond in the n−3 posi- NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells a type of natural killer T tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids (NKT) cells. See natural killer T cells. include fi sh oil and certain plant/ oils. The Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 three most nutritionally important omega 3 (Nrf2) a transcription factor that plays a major fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapen- role in response to oxidative stress by binding taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid to antioxidant-responsive elements that regu- (DHA). Research indicates that omega 3 fatty late many hepatic phase I and II enzymes as acids are important in health promotion and well as hepatic ef fl ux transporters. disease and can help prevent a wide range of Medical Glossary 955

medical problems, including cardiovascular the ability of sample to scavenge reactive disease, depression, asthma, and rheumatoid oxygen species. arthritis. ORAC-H ( Oxygen radical absorbance capac- Omega 6 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- ity_hydrophilic) re fl ects the watersoluble rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal (hydrophilic) antioxidant capacity. carbon–carbon double bond in the n−6 posi- ORAC-L (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity tion. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered –lipohilic) re fl ects the lipid soluble (lipholic) essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegeta- antioxidant capacity. It measures predomi- ble oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential to nantly the activity of tocopherols and doses human health but cannot be made in the body. not measure the antioxidant of carotenoids. Omega-6 fatty acids – found in oils, ORAC-T (Oxygen radical absorbance capac- nuts and seeds – are a bene fi cial part of a heart- ity-total) represents the sum of ORAC-H and healthy eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA ORAC-L. play a crucial role in heart and brain function Oral submucous fi brosis a chronic debilitat- and in normal growth and development. Lino- ing disease of the oral cavity characterized by leic acid (LA) is the main omega-6 fatty acid in fl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the in foods, accounting for 85% to 90% of the submucosa tissues. dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other omega 6 acids Oral thrush an infection of fungus, Can- include gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, some- dida albicans, in the mucous membranes of times called gamoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, the mouth. arachidonic acid and docosadienoic acid. Orchidectomy surgery to remove one or both Omega 9 fatty acids are not essential polyun- testicles. saturated fatty acids that have in common a Orchidectomised with testis removed. fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n−9 Orchitis an acute painful in fl ammatory reaction position. Some n−9s are common components of the testis secondary to infection by different of animal fat and . Two n−9 fatty bacteria and viruses. acids important in industry are: (18:1, Orexigenic increasing or stimulating the n−9), which is a main component of appetite. and erucic acid (22:1, n−9), which is found in Orofacial dyskinesia abnormal involuntary rapeseed, wall fl ower seed, and seed. movements involving muscles of the face, Oncogenes genes carried by tumour viruses that mouth, tongue, eyes, and occasionally, the are directly and solely responsible for the neo- neck—may be unilateral or bilateral, and con- plastic (tumorous) transformation of host cells. stant or intermittent. Ophthalmia severe in fl ammation of eye, or the Oropharyngeal relating to the oropharynx. conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye. Oropharynx part of the pharynx between the Also called ophthalmitis. soft palate and the epiglottis. Ophthalmia ( Sympathetic) in fl ammation of Ostalgia, Ostealgia pain in the bones. Also both eyes following trauma to one eye. called osteodynia. Opiate drug derived from the opium plant. Osteoarthritis is the deterioration of the joints Opioid receptors a group of G-protein coupled that becomes more common with age. receptors located in the brain and various Osteoarthrosis chronic nonin fl ammatory bone organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. disease. Optic placode an ectodermal placode from a mononucleate cell that is respon- which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; sible for bone formation. also called lens placode. Osteoblastic relating to . ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capac- Osteocalcin a noncollagenous protein found in ity) a method of measuring antioxidant bone and dentin, also refer to as bone gamma- capacities in biological samples. It evaluates carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. 956 Medical Glossary

Osteoclasts a kind of bone cell that removes bone is a mammalian hormone that also tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best Osteoclastogenesis the production of osteoclasts. known for its roles in female reproduction: it Osteodynia pain in the bone. is released in large amounts after distension of Osteogenic derived from or composed of any the and vagina during labor, and after tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth refers to the softening of the and breastfeeding, respectively. bones due to defective bone mineralization. Oxyuriasis infestation by pinworms. Osteomyelo fi brosis a myeloproliferative disor- Ozoena discharge of the nostrils caused by der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead chronic in fl ammation of the nostrils. to bone marrow obliteration. p.o. per os, oral administration. Osteopenia reduction in bone mass, usually P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) a cell caused by a lowered rate of formation of new membrane-associated drug-exporting protein bone that is insuf fi cient to keep up with the that transports a variety of drug substrates rate of bone destruction. from cancer cells. Osteoporosis a disease of bone that leads to an P- Selectin also known as CD62P, GMP-140, increased risk of fracture. LLECAM-3, PADGEM, a member of the Osteoprotegerin also called osteoclastogenesis selectin family. It is expressed by activated inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which platelets and endothelial cells. can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. Palpebral the abnormal drooping of the Osteosacrcoma a malignant bone tumour. Also upper lid, caused by partial or total reduction called osteogenic sarcoma. in levator muscle function. Otalgia earache, pain in the ear. Palpitation rapid pulsation or throbbing of the Otic placode a thickening of the on heart. the outer surface of a developing embryo from Paludism state of having symptoms of malaria which the ear develops. characterized by high fever and chills. Otitis in fl ammation of the inner or outer parts Pancreatectomized having undergone a pan- of the ear. createctomy. Otorrhea running drainage (discharge) exiting Pancreatectomy surgical removal of all or part the ear. of the pancreas. Ovariectomised with one or two ovaries removed. in fl ammation of the pancreas. Ovariectomy surgical removal of one or both Pantothenic acid vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. ovaries. Papain a protein degrading enzyme used medic- Oxidation the process of adding oxygen to a inally and to tenderize meat. compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the Papilloma a benign epithelial tumour growing electro-negative charge. outwardly like in fi nger-like fronds. Oxidoreductase activity catalysis of an oxidation- Papule a small, solid, usually infl ammatory ele- reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemi- vation of the skin that does not contain pus. cal reaction. One substrate acts as a hydrogen Paradontosis is the infl ammation of gums and or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while other deeper structures, including the bone. the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor Paralytic person affected with paralysis, per- and becomes reduced. taining to paralysis. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity Parasitemia presence of parasites in blood. adj. (ORAC) a method of measuring antioxidant parasitemic. capacities in biological samples. Parasympathetic nervous system subsystem Oxytocic adj. hastening or facilitating child- of the nervous systems that slows the heart birth, especially by stimulating contractions rate and increases intestinal and gland activity of the uterus. and relaxes the sphincter muscles. Medical Glossary 957

Parasympathomimetic having an action resem- Percutanous pertains to a medical procedure bling that caused by stimulation of the para- where access to inner organs or tissues is done sympathetic nervous system. via needle puncture of the skin. Parenteral administration administration by Perfusion to force fl uid through the lymphatic intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. route s. Periapical periodontitis is the in fl ammation of a condition characterised by partial loss the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s root. of movement, or impaired movement. Perifuse to fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid is an abnormal sensation of the skin, around all of the outside surfaces of a small such as burning, numbness, itching, hyperes- piece of tissue immersed in it. thesia (increased sensitivity) or tingling, with Perilipins highly phosphorylated adipocyte no apparent physical cause. proteins that are localized at the surface of the Parotitis in fl ammation of salivary glands. lipid droplet. Paroxysm a sudden outburst of Perimenopause is the phase before menopause or action, a sudden attack, recurrence or actually takes place, when ovarian hormone intensi fi cation of a disease. production is declining and fl uctuating. adj . Paroxystic relating to an abnormal event of the perimenopausal. body with an abrupt onset and an equally sud- Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a group of spe- den return to normal. cialized connective tissue fi bres that essen- PARP see poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. Parturition act of child birth. Periodontitis is a severe form of gingivitis in PCE/PCN ratio polychromatic erythrocyte/ which the infl ammation of the gums extends normochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also measure of cytotoxic effects. called pyorrhea. pCREB phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine 3¢ 5 ¢ Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) see periph- cyclic monophosphate)-response element eral artery occlusive disease. binding protein. refers to damage to PDEF acronym for prostate-derived ETS factor, nerves of the peripheral nervous system. an ETS (epithelial-speci fi c E26 transform- Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) see periph- ing sequence) family member that has been eral artery occlusive disease . identi fi ed as a potential tumour suppressor. Peristalsis a series of organized, wave-like Pectoral pertaining to or used for the chest and muscle contractions that occur throughout the respiratory tract. digestive tract. pERK phosphorylated extracellular signal- Perlingual through or by way of the tongue. regulated kinase, protein kinases involved in Perniosis an abnormal reaction to cold that many cell functions. occurs most frequently in women, children, p53 also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- and the elderly. Also called chilblains. tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in Per os (P.O.) oral administration. humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. proliferator-activated receptors Peliosis see purpura. (PPARs) a family of nuclear receptors that are Pellagra is a systemic nutritional wasting disease involved in lipid metabolism, differentiation, caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 (niacin). proliferation, cell death, and infl ammation. neonatorum Staphylococcal scalded Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of infants, alpha ( PPAR-alpha ) a nuclear receptor pro- characterized by elevated vesicles or blebs on tein, transcription factor and a major regulator a normal or reddened skin . of lipid metabolism in the liver. Peptic ulcer a sore in the lining of the stomach or Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor duodenum, the fi rst part of the small intestine. gamma (PPAR-g ) a type II nuclear receptor 958 Medical Glossary

protein that regulates fatty acid storage and that induce high blood pressure and other glucose metabolism. symptoms. Pertussis , sever cough. Phlebitis is an in fl ammation of a vein, usually Peyers Patches patches of lymphoid tissue or in the legs. lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- Phlegm abnormally viscid mucus secreted by small intestine. the mucosa of the respiratory passages during P53 also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- certain infectious processes. tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in Phlegmon a spreading, diffuse in fl ammation of humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. the soft or connective tissue due to infection PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- by Streptococci bacteria. stance that is released by blood vessel walls in Phoroglucinol a white, crystalline compound response to infection or in fl ammation that acts used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent, on the brain to induce fever. and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- Phagocytes are the white blood cells that pro- scopic examination. tect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or found in pulmonary active surface lipopro- dying cells. adj. phagocytic. tein and consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate is process the human body uses to backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or destroy dead or foreign cells. unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. Pharmacognosis the branch of pharmacology Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases that studies the composition, use, and history or PI3Ks) a group of enzymes involved in of drugs. cellular functions such as cell growth, pro- Pharmacodynamics branch of pharmacology liferation, differentiation, motility, survival dealing with the effects of drugs and the mech- and intracellular traf fi cking, which in turn are anism of their action. involved in cancer. Pharmacokinetics branch of pharmacology con- Phosphatidylserine a phosphoglyceride phos- cerned with the movement of drugs within the pholipid that is one of the key building body including processes of absorption, distri- blocks of cellular membranes, particularly bution, metabolism and excretion in the body. in the nervous system. It is derived from soy Pharmacopoeia authoritative treatise contain- lecithin. ing directions for the identifi cation of drug Phosphodiesterases a diverse family of enzymes samples and the preparation of compound that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and thus play medicines, and published by the authority of a key role in regulating intracellular levels of a government or a medical or pharmaceuti- the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, and cal society and in a broader sense is a gen- hence cell function. eral reference work for pharmaceutical drug Phospholipase an enzyme that hydrolyzes phos- speci fi cations. pholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic , Pharyngolaryngitis in fl ammation substances. of the pharynx and the larynx. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) a small lipolytic Pharyngolaryngeal pertaining to the pharynx enzyme that releases fatty acids from the sec- and larynx. ond carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essen- Phenolics class of chemical compounds con- tial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and sisting of a hydroxyl group (−OH) bonded leukotrienes. directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phospholipase C enzymes that cleaves phos- Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine pholipase. tumour that usually originates from the adrenal Phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) enzymes glands’ chromaf fi n cells, causing overproduc- that cleaves phospholipase in cellular prolif- tion of catecholamines, powerful hormones eration and differentiation, and its enzymatic Medical Glossary 959

activity is upregulated by a variety of growth PKC protein kinase C, a membrane bound factors and hormones. enzyme that phosphorylates different intracel- Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that lular proteins and raised intracellular Ca levels. makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight PKC Delta inhibitors Protein Kinase C delta and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haematopoi- an important role in the body’s utilization of etic cell lines. carbohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of pro- Placebo a sham or simulated medical interven- tein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of tion. cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- Placode a platelike epithelial thickening in the duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to embryo where some organ or structure later store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; develops. fruits and vegetables provides small amounts. Plasma the yellow-colored liquid component of Photoaging is the term that describes damage to blood, in which blood cells are suspended. the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- Plasma kallikrien a serine protease, synthe- sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. of the skin. Plasmalemma plasma membrane. Photocarcinogenesis represents the sum of a Plasmin a proteinase enzyme that is responsible complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- for digesting fi brin in blood clots. chemical events that ultimately lead to the Plasminogen the proenzyme of plasmin, whose occurrence of skin cancer. primary role is the degradation of fi brin in the Photophobia abnormal visual intolerance to vasculature. light. Plaster poultice. Photopsia an affection of the eye, in which the Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an acety- patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, cor- lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, uscations, etc. released by and mast cells in immedi- Photosensitivity sensitivity toward light. ate hypersensitive reactions and macrophages Phthisis an archaic name for tuberculosis. and neutrophils in other infl ammatory reac- Phytohemagglutinin a lectin found in plant that tions. One of its main effects is to induce is involved in the stimulation of lymphocyte platelet aggregation. proliferation. PLC gamma phospholipase C gamma plays a Phytonutrients certain organic components central role in signal transduction. of plants, that are thought to promote human Pleurisy is an infl ammation of the pleura, the health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- lungs, which can cause painful respiration and ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. Also called phytochemicals. Pneumonia an infl ammatory illness of the lung Phytosterols a group of steroid , cho- caused by bacteria or viruses. lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- Pneumotoxicity damage to lung tissues. ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease legumes. that may attack the central nervous system and Piebaldism rare autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by symptoms that range from of melanocyte development characterized by a mild non-paralytic infection to total paraly- distinct patches of skin and hair that contain sis in a matter of hours; also called polio or no pigment. infantile paralysis. Piles see haemorrhoids. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) a pro- Pityriasis lichenoides is a rare skin disorder of tein involved in a number of cellular processes unknown aetiology characterised by multiple especially DNA repair and programmed cell papules and plaques. death. 960 Medical Glossary

Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which Poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and involves fi ve or more joints. medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) an imma- to treat an aching, infl amed, or painful part of ture red blood cell containing RNA, that can the body. Also called cataplasm. be differentiated by appropriate staining tech- PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte tors – a group of nuclear receptor proteins that (NCE), which lacks RNA. function as transcription factors regulating the Polycystic is a kidney disorder expression of genes. passed down through families in which mul- Prebiotics a category of functional food, tiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them defi ned as non-digestible food ingredients that to become enlarged. benefi cially affect the host by selectively stim- Polycythaemia a type of blood disorder char- ulating the growth and/or activity of one or a acterised by the production of too many red limited number of bacteria in the colon, and blood cells. thus improve host health. cf. probiotics. Polymorphnuclear having a lobed nucleus. Pre-ecamplasia toxic condition of pregnancy Used especially of neutrophilic white blood characterized by high blood pressure, abnor- cells. mal weight gain, and edema. Polyneuritis widespread in fl ammation of the Prepubertal before ; pertaining to nerves. the period of accelerated growth preceding Polyneuritis gallinarum a nervous disorder in gonadal maturity. and poultry. Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand- Polyp a growth that protrudes from a mucous activated transcription factor that plays a role membrane. not only in drug metabolism and transport but medical term for excessive hunger also in various other biological processes. or eating. Pregnenolone a steroid hormone produced by a condition characterized by the pas- the adrenal glands, involved in the steroido- sage of large volumes of urine with an increase genesis of other steroid hormones like proges- in urinary frequency. terone, , , Pomade a thick oily dressing. androgens, and estrogens. Porphyrin any of a class of water-soluble, Prenidatory referring to the time period between nitrogenous biological pigments. fertilization and implantation. depression after preg- Prenylated fl avones fl avones with an isoprenyl nancy; also called postnatal depression. group in the 8-position, has been reported to Postprandial after mealtime. have good anti-in fl ammatory properties. Potassium (K) is an element that’s essential for Proangiogenic promote angiogensis (formation the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s neces- and development of new blood vessels). sary to keep a normal water balance between the Probiotics are dietary supplements and live cells and body fl uids, for cellular enzyme activi- microorganisms containing potentially ties and plays an essential role in the response of benefi cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into nerves to stimulation and in the contraction of the alimentary system for healthy intestinal muscles. Potassium is found in many plant foods functions. cf. prebiotics. and fi sh (tuna, halibut): chard, mushrooms, Procyanidin also known as proathocyanidin, spinach, fennel, kale, mustard greens, Brussels oligomeric proathocyanidin, leukocyanidin, sprouts, broccoli, cauli fl ower, cabbage winter leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found squash, , cantaloupe, tomatoes, , in many plants. It has antioxidant activity and cucumber, bell pepper, , ginger root, plays a role in the stabilization of collagen and apricots, strawberries, and banana. maintenance of elastin. Medical Glossary 961

Progestational of or relating to the phase of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction the menstrual cycle immediately following of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, ovulation, characterized by secretion of pro- and modulation of in fl ammation. gesterone. Prostaglandin E synthase an enzyme that in Proglottid one of the segments of a tapeworm. humans is encoded by the glutathione-depen- Prognosis medical term to describe the likely dent PTGES gene. outcome of an illness. Prostanoids term used to describe a subclass of Prolactin a hormone produced by the pituitary eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) con- gland, it stimulates the to produce milk sisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of in pregnant women. It is also present in males infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the but its role is not well understood. thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) Prolapsus to fall or slip out of place. and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution Prolapus ani eversion of the lower portion of phase of in fl ammation). the rectum, and protruding through the anus, Prostate a gland that surround the urethra at the common in infancy and old age. bladder in the male. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a Prostate cancer a disease in which cancer new marker to study human colonic cell pro- develops in the prostate, a gland in the male liferation. reproductive system. Symptoms include pain, Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) a most dif fi culty in urinating, common cause of failure in retinal reattach- and other symptoms. ment surgery, characterised by the formation Prostate –speci fi c antigen (PSA) a protein pro- of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the duced by the cells of the prostate gland. retina and in the vitreous. Protein kinase C (PKC) a family of enzymes Promastigote the fl agellate stage in the devel- involved in controlling the function of other opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- proteins through the phosphorylation of terized by a free anterior fl agellum. hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine Promyelocytic leukemia a subtype of acute amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC myelogenous leukemia (AML), a cancer of enzymes play important roles in several signal the blood and bone marrow. transduction cascades. Pro-oxidants chemicals that induce oxida- Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) a group tive stress, either through creating reactive of enzymes that remove phosphate groups oxygen species or inhibiting antioxidant from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on systems. proteins. Prophylaxis prevention or protection against Proteinase a protease (enzyme) involved in the disease. hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by Proptosis see exophthalmos. splitting them into polypeptide chains. Prostacyclin a prostaglandin that is a metabolite Proteinuria means the presence of an excess of of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggrega- serum proteins in the urine. tion, and dilates blood vessels. Proteolysis cleavage of the peptide bonds in Prostaglandins a family of C 20 lipid com- protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj. pounds found in various tissues, associated with proteolytic. muscular contraction and the infl ammation Proteomics the large-scale study of proteins, response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, red- particularly their structures and functions. ness and warmth. Prothrombin blood-clotting protein that is con- Prostaglandin E2 (PEG -2) one of the prosta- verted to the active form, factor IIa, or throm- glandins, a group of hormone-like substances bin, by cleavage. that participate in a wide range of body func- Prothyroid good for thyroid function. tions such as the contraction and relaxation of Protheolithic proteolytic see proteolysis. 962 Medical Glossary

Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when Purgative a substance used to cleanse or purge, altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene especially causing the immediate evacuation that can contribute to cancer. of the bowel. Prurigo a general term used to describe itchy Purpura is the appearance of red or purple dis- eruptions of the skin. colorations on the skin that do not blanch on Pruritis de fi ned as an unpleasant sensation on applying pressure. Also called peliosis. the skin that provokes the desire to rub or Purulent containing pus discharge. scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. Purulent sputum containing, or con- adj . pruritic. sisting of, pus. PSA Prostate Speci fi c Antigen, a protein which Pustule small, in fl amed, pus- fi lled lesions. is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy an ascending urinary tract infec- prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm tion that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of movement. the kidney. a common chronic, non-contagious Pyodermatitis refers to in fl ammation of the autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin skin. and joints. Pyorrhea see periodontitis. Psychoactive having effects on the mind or Pyretic referring to fever. behavior. Pyrexia . Psychonautics exploration of the psyche by Pyridoxal a chemical form of vitamin B6. See means of approaches such as meditation, prayer, vitamin B6. lucid dreaming, brain wave entrainment etc. Pyridoxamine a chemical form of vitamin B6. Psychotomimetic hallucinogenic. See vitamin B6. Psychotropic capable of affecting the mind, Pyridoxine a chemical form of vitamin B6. See , and behavior. vitamin B6. Ptosis also known as drooping eyelid; caused by Pyrolysis decomposition or transformation of a weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage to compound caused by heat. adj. pyrolytic. the nerves that control the muscles or loose- PYY Peptide a 36 amino acid peptide secreted ness of the skin of the upper eyelid.. by L cells of the distal small intestine and colon P13-K is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the that inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. regulation of a number of cellular functions QT interval is a measure of the time between the such as cell growth, proliferation, differen- start of the Q wave and the end of the tiation, motility, survival and intracellular in the heart’s electrical cycle. A prolonged QT traf fi cking, which in turn are involved in interval is a biomarker for ventricular tachyar- cancer. rhythmias and a risk factor for sudden death. P13-K/AKT signaling pathway shown to be Quorum sensing (QS) the control of gene important for an extremely diverse array of expression in response to cell density, is used cellular activities – most notably cellular pro- by both gram-negative and gram-positive liferation and survival. bacteria to regulate a variety of physiological Pthysis with tuberculosis. functions. Ptosis drooping of the upper eye lid. Radiolysis the dissociation of molecules by PTP protein tyrosine phosphatase. radiation. PTPIB protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Radioprotective serving to protect or aiding P21 also known as cyclin-dependent kinase in protecting against the injurious effect of inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a radiations. potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. is the receptor for advanced glycation end Puerperal pertaining to child birth. products, a multiligand receptor that propagates Pulmonary embolism a blockage (blood clot) cellular dysfunction in several in fl ammatory of the main artery of the lung. disorders, in tumours and in diabetes. Medical Glossary 963

RAS see renin-angiotensin system or recurrent Reperfusion the restoration of blood fl ow to an aphthous stomatitis. organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Rash a temporary eruption on the skin, see cut off, as after a heart attack. uticaria. Reporter gene a transfected gene that produces Reactive oxygen species species such as super- a signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it oxide, , and hydroxyl radi- is expressed. cal. At low levels, these species may function Resistin a cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- in cell signaling processes. At higher levels, pose tissue of mice and . these species may damage cellular macromol- Resolutive a substance that induces subsidence ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and partici- of in fl ammation. pate in apoptosis (programmed cell death). Resolvent reduce in fl ammation or swelling. Rec A is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein essen- Resorb to absorb or assimilate a product of the tial for the repair and maintenance of DNA. body such as an or cellular growth. Receptor for advanced glycation end products Restenosis is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a nar- (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin rowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted superfamily of cell surface molecules; medi- blood fl ow. ates neurite outgrowth and cell migration upon Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced naturally stimulation with its ligand, amphoterin. by several plants when under attack by patho- Recticulocyte non-nucleated stage in the devel- gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent anti- opment of the red blood cell. oxidant found in red grapes and other plants. Recticulocyte lysate cell lysate produced from Retinol a form of vitamin A, see vitamin A. reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation Retinopathy a general term that refers to some system. form of non-in fl ammatory damage to the ret- Recticuloendothelial system part of the ina of the eye. immune system, consists of the phagocytic Revulsive counterirritant, used for swellings. cells located in reticular connective tissue, Rheumatic pertaining to or to primarily monocytes and macrophages. abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS is a Rheumatism, Rheumatic disorder, Rheumatic common, painful condition in which recurring diseases refers to various painful medical ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, Redox homeostasis is considered as the cumu- . Rheumatic diseases are characterized lative action of all free radical reactions and by the signs of in fl ammation – redness, heat, antioxidant defenses in different tissues. swelling, and pain. Refrigerant a medicine or an application for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. autoimmune disorder that most commonly Renal calculi kidney stones. causes in fl ammation and tissue damage in Renal interstitial fi brosis damage sustained joints (arthritis) and sheaths, together by the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial with anemia. capillaries due to accumulation of extracellu- irritation and in fl ammation of some lar waste in the wall of the small arteries and internal areas of the nose and the primary arterioles. symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. Renin also known as an angiotensinogenase, Rhinoplasty is surgery to repair or reshape the is an enzyme that participates in the body’s nose. renin-angiotensin system (RAS). commonly known as a runny nose, Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) also called characterized by an unusually signi fi cant the renin-angiotensin- system amount of nasal discharge. (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates Rhinosinusitis in fl ammation of the nasal cavity blood pressure and water ( fl uid) balance. and sinuses. 964 Medical Glossary

Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate Scarlatina , an acute, contagious hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches disease caused by infection with group A that regulate many essential cellular processes, streptococcal bacteria. including actin dynamics, gene transcription, Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes, are the cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. principal supporting cells of the peripheral Ribosome inactivating proteins protein that nervous system, they form the myelin sheath are capable of inactivating ribosomes. of a nerve fi bre. Rickets is a softening of the bones in children Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by potentially leading to fractures and deformity. several species of fl uke of the genus Schisto- Ringworm dermatophytosis, a skin infection soma. Also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or caused by fungus. snail fever. Roborant restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. Schizophrenia a psychotic disorder (or a group Rotavirus the most common cause of infectious of disorders) marked by severely impaired diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children thinking, emotions, and behaviors. and infants, one of several viruses that causes Sciatica a condition characterised by pain deep infections called stomach fl u. in the buttock often radiating down the back of Rubefacient a substance for external applica- the leg along the sciatic nerve. tion that produces redness of the skin e.g. Scleroderma a disease of the body’s connective by causing dilation of the capillaries and an tissue. The most common symptom is a thick- increase in blood. ening and hardening of the skin, particularly Ryanodine receptor intracellular Ca ++ channels of the hands and face. in animal tissues like muscles and neurons. Scrofula a tuberculous infection of the skin on S.C. abbreviation for sub-cutaneous, beneath the neck caused by the bacterium Mycobacte- the layer of skin. rium tuberculosis . S-T segment the portion of an electrocardio- Scrophulosis see scrofula. gram between the end of the QRS complex Scurf abnormal skin condition in which small and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or fl akes or sales become detached. depression of the S-T segment is the charac- Scurvy a state of dietary de fi ciency of vitamin C teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and (ascorbic acid) which is required for the syn- coronary artery disease. thesis of collagen in humans. Sapraemia see septicaemia. Secretagogue a substance that causes another Sarcoma cancer of the connective or support- substance to be secreted. ive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood Sedative having a soothing, calming, or tran- vessels) and soft tissues. quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, Sarcopenia degenerative loss of skeletal muscle irritability, or excitement. mass and strength associated with aging. Seizure the physical fi ndings or changes in Sarcoplasmic reticulum a special type of behavior that occur after an episode of abnor- smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in mal electrical activity in the brain. smooth and striated muscle. Selectins are a family of cell adhesion mole- SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the cules; e.g. selectin-E, selectin –L, selectin P. name of a potentially fatal new respiratory dis- Selenium (Se) a trace mineral that is essen- ease in humans which is caused by the SARS tial to good health but required only in tiny (SARS-CoV). amounts; it is incorporated into proteins to Satiety state of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed make selenoproteins, which are important (appetite or desire). antioxidant enzymes. It is found in avocado, Scabies a transmissible ectoparasite skin infection , lentils, sunfl ower seeds, , characterized by superfi cial burrows, intense whole grain cereals, seaweed, seafood and pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. meat. Medical Glossary 965

Sensorineural bradyacuasia hearing impair- Shingles skin rash caused by the Zoster virus ment of the inner ear resulting from damage (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is to the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that medically termed Herpes zoster. supply the inner ear . Sialogogue salivation-promoter, a substance Sepsis a condition in which the body is fi ghting used to increase or promote the excretion of a severe infection that has spread via the saliva. bloodstream. Sialoproteins glycoproteins that contain sialic Sequela an abnormal pathological condition acid as one of their carbohydrates. resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. Sialyation reaction with sialic acid or its deriva- Serine proteinase peptide hydrolases which tives; used especially with oligosaccharides. have an active centre and serine Sialyltransferases enzymes that transfer sialic involved in the catalytic process. acid to nascent oligosaccharide. Serotonergic liberating, activated by, or involv- Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder ing serotonin in the transmission of nerve that affects red blood cells. People with sickle impulses. cell disease have red blood cells that contain Serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter syn- mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of thesized in serotonergic neurons in the central hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells nervous system. become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and Septicaemia a systemic disease associated with have diffi culty passing through small blood the presence and persistence of pathogenic vessels. microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Side stitch is an intense stabbing pain under the Sequelae a pathological condition resulting lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while from a prior disease, injury, or attack. exercising. Sexual potentiator increases sexual activity and Signal transduction cascade refers to a series of potency, enhances sexual performance due to sequential events that transfer a signal through increased blood fl ow and ef fi cient metabolism. a series of intermediate molecules until fi nal Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) infections regulatory molecules, such as transcription that are transmitted through sexual activity. factors, are modi fi ed in response to the signal. SGOT , Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- Silicon (Si) is required in minute amounts by nase an enzyme that is normally present in the body and is important for the development liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Also disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of called aspartate transaminase (AST). Silicon. SGPT , Serum glutamic pyruvic transami- Sinapism signi fi es an external application, in nase an enzyme normally present in serum and the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. body tissues, especially in the liver; it is released in fl ammation of the nasal sinuses. into the serum as a result of tissue injury, also SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea called Alanine transaminase (ALT), (SIRC) cell line. Shiga–like toxin a toxin produced by the bacte- SIRT 1 stands for sirtuin (silent mating type rium Escherichia coli which disrupts the func- information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an tion of ribosomes, also known as verotoxin. enzyme that deacetylates proteins that contrib- Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) com- ute to cellular regulation. prises a diverse group of organisms capable 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha a physiologically active of causing severe in and stable hydrolysis product of Epoprostenol, humans. found in nearly all mammalian tissues. Shiga toxin a toxin produced by the bacterium Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases and tion of ribosomes. mediates protein degradation. 966 Medical Glossary

Smads a family of intracellular proteins that Spermidine an important polyamine in DNA mediate signaling by members of the TGF-beta synthesis and gene expression. (transforming growth factor beta) superfamily. Sphingolipid a member of a class of lipids Smad2/3 a key signaling molecule for TGF- derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, beta. sphingosine. Smad7 a TGFb type 1 receptor antagonist. Spleen organ that fi lters blood and prevents Smallpox is an acute, contagious and devastat- infection. ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an enigmatic and have resulted in high mortality over the protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number centuries. of diverse cellular processes such as the regula- Snuff powder inhaled through the nose. tion of immune and in fl ammatory responses. SOD superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that Splenitis in fl ammation of the spleen. repairs cells and reduces the damage done to Splenocyte is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major them by superoxide, the most common free types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- radical in the body. cally found in the splenic tissue. Sodium (Na) is an essential nutrient required for Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. health. Sodium cations are important in neuron to twist a ligament or muscle of a joint (brain and nerve) function, and in infl uencing without dislocating the bone. osmotic balance between cells and the inter- Sprue is a chronic disorder of the small intestine stitial fl uid and in maintenance of total body caused by sensitivity to , a protein found fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may cause a in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent oats and harmful effect on health. Sodium is naturally barley . It causes poor absorption by the intes- supplied by salt intake with food. tine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, iron, water, Soleus muscle smaller calf muscle lower down and A, D, E, and K. the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. Sputum matter coughed up and usually ejected Somites mesodermal structures formed during from the mouth, including saliva, foreign embryonic development that give rise to seg- material, and substances such as mucus or mented body parts such as the muscles of the phlegm, from the respiratory tract. body wall. SREBP-1 see sterol regulatory element-binding Somites Mesodermal structures formed during protein-1. embryonic development that give rise to seg- Stanch to stop or check the fl ow of a bodily fl uid mented body parts such as the muscles of the like blood from a wound. body wall. Statin a type of lipid-lowering drug. Sleepiness or drowsiness. Status epilepticus refers to a life-threatening Sopori fi c a sleep inducing drug. condition in which the brain is in a state of SOS response a global response to DNA dam- persistent seizure. age in which the cell cycle is arrested and STD sexually transmitted disease. DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in Soyasapogenins triterpenoid products obtained feces which appear frothy, foul smelling and from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, des- fl oats because of the high fat content. ignated soyasapogenols A, B, C, D and E. Steatohepatitis liver disease, characterized by Soyasaponins bioactive saponin compounds in fl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- found in many legumes. tion in the liver. Spasmolytic checking spasms, see antispas- Steatosis refer to the deposition of fat in the modic. interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, Spermatorrhoea medically an involuntary ejac- fatty liver disease. ulation/drooling of semen usually nocturnal Sterility inability to produce offspring, also emissions. called asepsis. Medical Glossary 967

Steroidogenic relating to steroidogenisis. Styptic a short stick of medication, usually Steroidogenisis the production of steroids. anhydrous aluminum sulfate (a type of alum) Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 or titanium dioxide, which is used for stanch- (SREBP1) is a key regulator of the transcrip- ing blood by causing blood vessels to contract tion of numerous genes that function in the at the site of the wound. Also called hemo- metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. static pencil. see antihaemorrhagic. Stimulant a substance that promotes the activity is bleeding in the of a body system or function. area between the brain and the thin tissues that Stomachic (digestive stimulant), an agent that cover the brain. stimulates or strengthens the activity of the Sudatory medicine that causes or increases stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- sweating. Also see sudori fi c. tite and digestive processes. Sudori fi c a substance that causes sweating. Stomatitis oral infl ammation and ulcers, may be Sulfur Sulfur is an essential component of all liv- mild and localized or severe, widespread, and ing cells. Sulfur is important for the synthesis of painful. sulfur-containing amino acids, all polypeptides, Stomatology medical study of the mouth and its proteins, and enzymes such as glutathione an diseases. important sulfur-containing tripeptide which Stool faeces. plays a role in cells as a source of chemical Strangury is the painful passage of small quan- reduction potential. Sulfur is also important for tities of urine which are expelled slowly by hair formation. Good plant sources are , straining with severe urgency; it is usually , leeks and other Alliaceous vegetables, accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of Brassicaceous vegetables like cauli fl ower, cab- a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass bages, Brussels sprout, Kale; legumes – beans, something that will not pass. green and red gram, ; , Straub tail condition in which an animal carries water cress, wheat germ. its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from position. the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, STREPs sterol regulatory element binding pro- just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, teins, a family of transcription factors that and supplies the intestine from the lower part regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the of the duodenum to the left colic fl exure and expression of a range of enzymes required for the pancreas. endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- Superoxidae mutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme. lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. Suppuration the formation of pus, the act of Stria terminalis a structure in the brain consist- becoming converted into and discharging pus. ing of a band of fi bres running along the lat- Supraorbital located above the orbit of the eral margin of the ventricular surface of the eye. . SYK , Spleen tyrosine kinase is a human pro- Striae gravidarum a cutaneous condition char- tein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in acterized by stretch marks on the abdomen transmitting signals from a variety of cell sur- during and following pregnancy. face receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor, Stricture an abnormal constriction of the inter- and integrins. nal passageway within a tubular structure such Sympathetic nervous system the part of the as a vessel or duct originating in the Strongyloidiasis an intestinal parasitic infec- thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord tion in humans caused by two species of the that in general inhibits or opposes the physi- parasitic nematode Strongyloides. The nema- ological effects of the parasympathetic ner- tode or round worms are also called thread vous system, as in tending to reduce digestive worms. secretions or speed up the heart. 968 Medical Glossary

Synaptic plasticity the ability of neurons to Tachypnea abnormally fast breathing. change the number and strength of their syn- Taenia a parasitic apeworm or fl atworm of the apses. genus, Taenia. Synaptogenesis the formation of synapses. Taeniacide an agent that kills tapeworms. Synaptoneurosomes puri fi ed synapses contain- TBARS see thiobarbituric acid reactive sub- ing the pre- and postsynaptic termini. stances. Synaptosomes isolated terminal of a neuron. T-cell a type of white blood cell that attacks Syncope fainting, sudden loss of consciousness virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer followed by the return of wakefulness. cells. Syndactyly webbed toes, a condition where two TCA cycle see Tricarboxylic acid cycle. or more digits are fused together. TCID50 median tissue culture infective dose; Syneresis expulsion of liquid from a gel, as con- that amount of a pathogenic agent that will traction of a blood clot and expulsion of liquid. produce pathological change in 50% of cell Syngeneic genetically identical or closely cultures. related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- Telencephalon the cerebral hemispheres, the nologically compatible. largest divisions of the . Synovial lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial Telomerase enzyme that acts on parts of chro- membranes, as those of the joints. mosomes known as telomeres. Synoviocyte located in the synovial membrane, Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD or there are two types. Type A cells are more TMD syndrome) a disorder characterized by numerous, have phagocytic characteristics acute or chronic infl ammation of the temporo- and produce degradative enzymes. Type B mandibular joint, that connects the mandible cells produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates to the skull. the joint and nurtures nourishes the articular Tendonitis is in fl ammation of a tendon. cartilage. Tenesmus a strong desire to defaecate. Syphilis is perhaps the best known of all the Teratogen is an agent that can cause malforma- STD’s. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- tions of an embryo or fetus. adj. teratogenic. tact with infection sores, called chancres, Testicular torsion twisting of the spermatic syphitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the the tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, and surrounding structures within the petting, or . It can also be scrotum. transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus Tetanus an acute, potentially fatal disease caused after the 4th month of pregnancy. by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the site of an Systolic the blood pressure when the heart is injury and producing an exotoxin that reaches contracting. It is speci fi cally the maximum the central nervous system producing pro- arterial pressure during contraction of the left longed contraction of skeletal muscle fi bres. ventricle of the heart. Also called lockjaw. T cells or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood Tete acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial cell that play a key role in the immune system. and fungal infection Tachyarrhythmia any disturbance of the heart Tetter any of a number of skin diseases. rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally TGF-beta transforming growth factor beta is a increased. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- Tachycardia a false heart rate applied to adults ferentiation, and other functions in most cells. to rates over 100 beats per minute. Th cells or T helper cells a subgroup of lym- Tachyphylaxia a decreased response to a phocytes that helps other white blood cells in medicine given over a period of time so that immunologic processes. larger doses are required to produce the same Thermogenic tending to produce heat, applied response. to drugs or food (fat burning food) Medical Glossary 969

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances Tinea ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. (TBARS) a well-established method for Tinea cruris ringworm of the groin. screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. Tinea favosa See favus. Thixotropy the property exhibited by certain gels Tinea pedis fungal infection of the foot, also of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken and called athletes’s foot. returning to the semisolid state upon standing. Tinnitus a noise in the , as ringing, buzzing, Thrombocythaemia a blood condition character- roaring, clicking, etc. ize by a high number of platelets in the blood. Tisane a herbal infusion used as tea or for a condition when the bone medicinal purposes. marrow does not produce enough platelets Tissue plasminogen activator a serine protease (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Thromboembolism formation in a blood ves- TNF alpha cachexin or cachectin and formally sel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a is carried by the blood stream to plug another cytokine involved in systemic in fl ammation. vessel. primary role of TNF is in the regulation of Thrombogenesis formation of a thrombus or immune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- blood clot. totic cell death, to induce infl ammation, and to Thrombophlebitis occurs when there is inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. in fl ammation and clot in a surface vein. Tocolytics medications used to suppress prema- Thromboplastin an enzyme liberated from ture labor. blood platelets that converts prothrombin into Tocopherol fat soluble organic compounds thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called belonging to group . See vitamin E. thrombokinase. Tocotrienol fat soluble organic compounds Thrombosis the formation or presence of a belonging to vitamin E group . See vitamin E. thrombus (clot). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) a class of proteins that Thromboxanes any of several compounds, play a key role in the innate immune system. originally derived from prostaglandin precur- Tonic substance that acts to restore, balance, sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of tone, strengthen, or invigorate a body system platelets and constriction of blood vessels. without overt stimulation or depression Thromboxane B2 the inactive product of Tonic clonic seizure a type of generalized sei- thromboxane. zure that affects the entire brain. Thrombus a fi brinous clot formed in a blood Tonsillitis an in fl ammatory condition of the vessel or in a chamber of the heart. tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory Thrush a common mycotic infection caused by problems. yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract Topoisomerases a class of enzymes involved in or vagina. In children it is characterized by the regulation of DNA supercoiling. white spots on the tongue. Topoisomerase inhibitors a new class of antican- Thymocytes are T cell precursors which develop cer agents with a mechanism of action aimed at in the thymus. interrupting DNA replication in cancer cells. Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism – an overac- Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method tive thyroid gland, producing excessive circu- of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal lating free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, tract. or both. Toxemia is the presence of abnormal substances TIMP-3 a human gene belongs to the tissue in the blood, but the term is also used for a inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) serious condition in pregnancy that involves gene family. see MMP. hypertension and proteinuria. Also called pre- Tincture solution of a drug in alcohol. eclampsia. 970 Medical Glossary

Tracheitis is a bacterial infection of the trachea; Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) a series also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute bac- of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms terial tracheitis. involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units Trachoma a contagious disease of the conjunctiva and producing high-energy phosphate com- and cornea of the eye, producing painful sensi- pounds, which serve as the main source of tivity to strong light and excessive tearing. cellular energy. Also called cycle, TRAIL acronym for tumour necrosis factor- Krebs cycle. related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cytokine Trichophytosis infection by fungi of the genus that preferentially induces apoptosis in tumour Trichophyto n. cells. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic Tranquilizer a substance drug used in calm- disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal ing person suffering from nervous tension or nerves, also known as prosopalgia. anxiety. Triglycerides a type of fat (lipids) found in the Transaminase also called aminotransferase is blood stream. an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction Trismus continuous contraction of the muscles between an amino acid and an a -keto acid. of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of teta- Transaminitis increase in alanine aminotrans- nus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase TrKB receptor also known as TrKB tyrosine (AST) to >5 times the upper limit of normal. kinase , a protein in humans that acts as a cata- Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization lytic receptor for several neutrophins. ( TACE ) is an interventional radiology proce- Trolox Equivalent measures the antioxidant dure involving percutaneous access of to the capacity of a given substance, as compared to hepatic artery and passing a catheter through the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC the abdominal artery aorta followed by radi- (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). ology. It is used extensively in the palliative Trypanocidal destructive to trypanosomes. treatment of unresectable hepatocellular car- Trypanosomes protozoan of the genus Try- cinoma (HCC) panosoma. Transcriptional activators are proteins that Trypanosomiasis human disease or an infection bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of caused by a trypanosome. nearby genes. Trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic juice that hydro- Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 a potent lyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide units. transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- Trypsin inhibitor small protein synthesized dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. in the exocrine pancreas which prevents Transcriptome pro fi ling to identify genes invol- conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so pro- ved in peroxisome assembly and function. tecting itself against trypsin digestion. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b ) a Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection of the protein that controls proliferation , cellular lungs caused by a bacterium called Mycobac- differentiation, and other functions in most terium tuberculosis, characterized by the for- cells. mation of lesions () and necrosis in TRAP 6 thrombin receptor activating peptide the lung tissues and other organs. with 6 amino acids. Tumorigenesis formation or production of Tremorine a chemical that produces a tremor tumours . resembling Parkinsonian tremor. Tumour an abnormal swelling of the body other Tremulous marked by trembling, quivering or than those caused by direct injury. shaking. Tussis a cough. Triacylglycerols or triacylglyceride, is a glyc- Tympanic membrane ear drum. eride in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with Tympanitis infection or in fl ammation of the three fatty acids. inner ear. Medical Glossary 971

Tympanophonia increased resonance of one’s Urolithiasis formation of stone in the urinary own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, tract (kidney bladder or urethra). etc., noted especially in disease of the mid- Urticant a substance that causes wheals to dle ear. form. Tympanosclerosis see myringoslcerosis. Urticaria (or hives) is a skin condition, com- Tyrosinas e a copper containing enzyme found monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- characterized by raised red skin welts. tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Uterine relating to the uterus. duction of melanin and other pigments from Uterine relaxant a n agent that relaxes the mus- tyrosine by oxidation. cles in the uterus. UCP1 an uncoupling protein found in the mito- Uterine stimulant an agent that stimulates the chondria of brown adipose tissue used to gen- uterus (and often employed during active erate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. childbirth). UCP – 2 enzyme uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, a Uterotonic giving muscular tone to the uterus. mitochondrial protein expressed in adipocytes. Uterotrophic causing an effect on the uterus. Ulcer an open sore on an external or internal Uterus womb. body surface usually accompanied by disinte- Vagotomy the surgical cutting of the vagus gration of tissue and pus. nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. is one of 2 types of Vagus nerve a cranial nerve, that is, a nerve infl ammatory bowel disease – a condition that connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has causes the bowel to become in fl amed and red. branches to most of the major organs in the Ulemorrhagia bleeding of the gums. body, including the larynx, throat, windpipe, Ulitis in fl ammation of the gums. lungs, heart, and most of the digestive system Unguent ointment. Variola or smallpox, a contagious disease Unilateral ureteral obstruction unilateral unique to humans, caused by either of two blockage of urine fl ow through the ureter of virus variants, Variola major and Variola one kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, minor. The disease is characterised by fever, distension of the renal pelvis and calyces, and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that hydronephrosis. form scabs that leave scars. Uraemia an excess in the blood of urea, crea- Varicose veins are veins that have become tinine and other nitrogenous end products of enlarged and twisted. protein and amino acids metabolism, more Vasa vasorum is a network of small blood vessels correctly referred to as azotaemia. that supply large blood vessels. plur. vasa vasori. Urethra tube conveying urine from the bladder Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a to the external urethral ori fi ce. polypeptide chemical produced by cells that Urethritis is an in fl ammation of the urethra stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. caused by infection. Vasoconstrictor drug that causes constriction of Uricemia an excess of uric acid or urates in the blood vessels. blood. Vasodilator drug that causes dilation or relax- promoting the excretion of uric acid ation of blood vessels. in the urine. Vasodilatory causing the widening of the lumen Urinary pertaining to the passage of urine. of blood vessels. Urinogenital relating to the genital and urinary Vasomotor symptoms menopausal symptoms organs or functions. characterised by hot fl ushes and . Urodynia pain on urination. Vasospasm refers to a condition in which blood Urokinase a serine protease enzyme in human vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction urine that catalyzes the conversion of plasmi- and subsequently to tissue ischemia and death nogen to plasmin. (necrosis). 972 Medical Glossary

Vasculogenesis process of blood vessel forma- Vibrissa stiff that are located especially tion occurring by a de novo production of about the nostrils. endothelial cells. Viremia a medical condition where viruses VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion mol- enter the bloodstream and hence have access ecule-1) also known as CD106, contains to the rest of the body. six or seven immunoglobulin domains and Visceral fat intra-abdominal fat, is located is expressed on both large and small vessels inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between only after the endothelial cells are stimulated internal organs and torso. by cytokines. Vitamin any complex, organic compound, VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. found in various food or sometimes synthe- Venereal disease (VD) term given to the dis- sized in the body, required in tiny amounts and eases syphilis and gonorrhoea. are essential for the regulation of metabolism, a small vein, especially one joining cap- normal growth and function of the body. illaries to larger veins. Vitamin A retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that Vermifuge a substance used to expel worms play an important role in vision, bone growth, from the intestines. reproduction, cell division, and cell differen- Verotoxin a Shiga-like toxin produced by tiation, helps regulate the immune system in Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. A that is found in colorful fruits and vegetables Verruca plana is a reddish-brown or fl esh- is called provitamin A carotenoid. They can colored, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- be made into retinol in the body. Defi ciency of demarcated papule on the hand and face, also vitamin A results in night blindness and kera- called fl at wart. tomalacia. Vertigo an illusory, sensory that the Vitamin B1 also called thiamine, water-soluble surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and in gen- dizziness. eral, are readily excreted from the body they Very-low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) a type are not readily stored, consistent daily intake of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is is important. It functions as coenzyme in the one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins metabolism of carbohydrates and branched ( chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density chain amino acids, and other cellular pro- lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high- cesses. De fi ciency results in beri-beri disease. density lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats Vitamin B2 also called ribo fl avin, an essential and cholesterol to move within the water- water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is zyme in redox reactions. De fi ciency causes converted in the bloodstream to low-density aribo fl avinosis. lipoprotein (LDL). Vitamin B3 comprises niacin and niacinamide, Vesical calculus calculi (stones) in the urinary water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- bladder zyme or co-substrate for many redox reac- Vesicant a substance that causes tissue blistering. tions and is required for energy metabolism. Vestibular relating to the sense of balance. De fi ciency causes pellagra. Vestibular disorders includes symptoms of diz- Vitamin B5 also called pantothenic acid, a ziness, vertigo, and imbalance; it can be result water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- from or worsened by genetic or environmental zyme in fatty acid metabolism. De fi ciency conditions. causes paresthesia. Vestibular system includes parts of the inner Vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin, exists in three ear and brain that process sensory informa- major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, tion involved with controlling balance and eye and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is needed in movement. enzymes involved in protein metabolism, red Medical Glossary 973

blood cell metabolism, effi cient functioning of modulation of neuromuscular and immune nervous and immune systems and hemoglobin function, reduction of in fl ammation and mod- formation. De fi ciency causes anaemia and ulation of many genes proteins that peripheral neuropathy. regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and Vitamin B7 also called biotin or vitamin H, an apoptosis. essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in Vitamin E is the collective name for a group the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids and of fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin pro- chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and motes normal health of sweat glands, bone delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, marrow, male , blood cells, nerve tis- and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced anti- sue, skin and hair, Defi ciency causes dermati- oxidant activities stopping the formation of tis and enteritis. Reactive Oxygen Species when fat undergoes Vitamin B9 also called folic acid, an essential oxidation and help prevent or delay the chronic water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially diseases associated with free radicals. Besides important during periods of rapid cell division its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is involved and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. in immune function, cell signaling, regulation De fi ciency during pregnancy is associated of gene expression, and other metabolic pro- with birth defects such as neural tube defects. cesses. De fi ciency is very rare but can cause Folate is also important for production of mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants. red blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate is Vitamin K a group of fat soluble vitamin and needed to make DNA and RNA, the building consist of vitamin K 1 which is also known as blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called to DNA that may lead to cancer. phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, Vitamin B12 a water-soluble vitamin, also menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important called cobalamin as it contains the metal role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells but can cause bleeding diathesis. and red blood cells, and DNA production. Vitamin P a substance or mixture of substances Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. obtained from various plant sources, identi fi ed De fi ciency causes megaloblastic anaemia. as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is an to but not proven to be useful in reducing the essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as extent of hemorrhage. cofactor for reactions requiring reduced copper Vitiligo a chronic skin disease that causes loss or iron metallonzyme and as a protective antiox- of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches idant. De fi ciency of vitamin C causes scurvy. of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells Vitamin D a group of fat-soluble, prohormone responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are vitamin, the two major forms of which are unable to function. Also called leucoderma. vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 Vitreoretinopathy see proliferative vitreoretin- (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from opathy. sun exposure, food, and supplements is bio- VLA-4 very late antigen-4, expressed by most logically inert and must undergo two hydroxy- leucocytes but it is observed on neutrophils lations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is under special conditions. essential for promoting calcium absorption in VLDL see very low density lipoproteins. the gut and maintaining adequate serum cal- Vomitive substance that causes vomiting. cium and phosphate concentrations to enable Vulnerary (wound healer), a substance used to normal growth and mineralization of bone heal wounds and promote tissue formation. and prevent hypocalcemic tetany. De fi ciency Wart an infectious skin tumour caused by a causes rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D viral infection. has other roles in human health, including Welt see wheal. 974 Medical Glossary

Wheal a fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. Xerophthalmia a medical condition in which Also called a weal or welt. the eye fails to produce tears. White fat white adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- Yaws an infectious tropical infection of the skin, mals, store of energy. cf. brown fat. bones and joints caused by the spirochete bac- Whitlow painful infection of the hand involving terium Treponema pertenue, characterized one or more fi ngers that typically affects the by papules and papilloma with subsequent terminal phalanx. deformation of the skins, bone and joints; also Whooping cough acute infectious disease usu- called framboesia. ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium Yellow fever is a viral disease that is transmit- and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory ted to humans through the bite of infected passages and repeated bouts of coughing. mosquitoes. Illness ranges in severity from an Wnt signaling pathway is a network of pro- in fl uenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis and teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer, hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus (YFV) and also in normal physiological processes. is maintained in nature by -borne X-linked agammaglobulinemia also known transmission between nonhuman . as X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, Zeaxanthin a common carotenoid, found natu- Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton rally as coloured pigments in many fruit vege- syndrome, or sex-linked agammaglobuline- tables and leafy vegetables. It is important for mia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that good vision and is one of the two carotenoids affects the body’s ability to fi ght infection. contained within the retina of the eye. Within a fl avoprotein enzyme con- the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- (Fe2 S 2 ) clusters, involved in purine metabo- dominates. lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxi- Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral for health. It dase reduces the production of uric acid, and is involved in numerous aspects of cellular prevent hyperuricemia and gout. metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, Xanthones unique class of biologically active immune function, protein synthesis, wound phenol compounds with the molecular for- healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. It mula C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant prop- also supports normal growth and development erties, discovered in the mangosteen fruit. during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence Xenobiotics a chemical (as a drug, pesticide, or and is required for proper sense of taste and carcinogen) that is foreign to a living organism. smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, Xenograft a surgical graft of tissue from one pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat species to an unlike species. bread and animal sources. Scienti fi c Glossary

Abaxial facing away from the axis, as of the sur- Adventive Not native to and not fully estab- face of an organ. lished in a new habitat or environment; locally Abscission shedding of , fl owers, or fruits or temporarily naturalized. e.g. an adventive following the formation of the abscission weed. zone. Aestivation refers to positional arrangement of Acaulescen t lacking a stem, or stem very much the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. reduced. Akinete a thick-walled dormant cell derived Accrescent increasing in size after fl owering or from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It with age. serves as a survival structure. Achene a dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent Albedo inner layer of the peel of citrus fruit. one-seeded fruit formed from a superior Aldephous having united together by of one carpel as in sun fl ower. their fi laments. Acid soi l soil that maintains a pH of less than Al fi sols soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and 7.0. relatively high native fertility, having under- Acidulous acid or sour in taste. gone only moderate leaching, containing Actinomorphic having radial symmetry, capable aluminium, iron and with at least 35% base of being divided into symmetrical halves by saturation, meaning that calcium, magnesium, any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or corolla. and potassium are relatively abundant. Aculeate having sharp prickles. Alkaline soil soil that maintains a pH above 7.0, Acuminate tapering gradually to a sharp point. usually containing large amounts of calcium, Acute () tapering at an angle of less than sodium, and magnesium, and is less soluble 90° before terminating in a point as of than acidic soils. apex and base. naturally occurring bitter, complex Adaxia l side closest to the stem axis. organic-chemical compounds containing Adherent touching without organic fusion as of basic nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having fl oral parts of different whorls. various pharmacological effects on humans Adnate united with another unlike part as of sta- and other animals. mens attached to petals. Allomorphic with a shape or form different Adpressed lying close to another organ but not from the typical. fused to it. Alluvial soil a fi ne-grained fertile soil deposited Adventitious arising in abnormal positions, by water fl owing over fl ood plains or in river e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches or beds. leaves, buds arising elsewhere than in the axils Alluvium soil or sediments deposited by a river of leaves. or other running water.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits, 975 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 976 Scientific Glossary

Alternate leaves or buds that are spaced along Antrorse directed forward upwards. opposite sides of stem at different levels. Apetalous lacking petals as of fl owers with no Amplexicaul clasping the stem as base of corolla. certain leaves. Apical meristem active growing point. A zone Anatomizing interconnecting network as applied of cell division at the tip of the stem or the to leaf veins. root. Anatropous With the ovule completely Apically towards the apex or tip of a structure. inverted. Apiculate ending abruptly in a short, sharp, Andisols are soils formed in volcanic ash and small point. containing high proportions of glass and Apiculum a short, pointed, fl exible tip. amorphous colloidal materials. Apocarpous carpels separate in single individ- Androdioecious with male fl owers and bisexual ual pistils. fl owers on separate plants. Apopetalous with separate petals, not united to Androecium male parts of a fl ower; comprising other petals. the stamens of one fl ower. Aposepalous w ith separate sepals, not united to Androgynophore a stalk bearing both the other sepals. androecium and above the peri- Appressed pressed closely to another structure anth of the fl ower. but not fused or united. Androgynous with male and female fl owers in Aquatic a plant living in or on water for all or a distinct parts of the same in fl orescence. considerable part of its life span. Andromonoecious having male fl owers and Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with bisexual fl owers on the same plant. long, delicate hairs or fi bers. Angiosperm a division of seed plants with the Arborescent resembling a tree; applied to non- ovules borne in an ovary. woody plants attaining tree height and to Annual a plant which completes its life cycle shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. within a year. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) a type of myc- Annular shaped like or forming a ring. orrhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum Annulus circle or ring-like structure or mark- Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical cells ing; the portion of the corolla which forms a of the roots of a and form unique fl eshy, raised ring. structures such as arbuscules and vesicles. Anthelate an open, paniculate cyme. These fungi help plants to capture nutrients Anther the part of the containing such as phosphorus and micronutrients from sac which produces the pollen. the soil. Antheriferous containing anthers. Archegonium a fl ask-shaped female reproduc- Anthesis the period between the opening of the tive organ in mosses, , and other related bud and the onset of fl ower withering. plants. Anthocarp a false fruit consisting of the true Arenasols sandy soils with very weak or no soil fruit and the base of the perianth. development. Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments. Areolate with areolea. They are the sugar-free counterparts of antho- Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cush- cyanins. ion-like area on a cactus from which hairs, Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant glochids, spines, branches, or fl owers may fl avonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. arise; an irregular angular spaces marked out They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- on a surface e.g. fruit surface. pl. areolea. ments that may appear red, purple, or blue Aril specialized outgrowth from the funicu- according to pH in plants. lus (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) Antipetala situated opposite petals. that encloses or is attached to the seed. adj. Antisepala situated opposite sepals. arillate. Scientific Glossary 977

Arillode a false aril; an aril originating from Basionym the synonym of a scienti fi c name that the micropyle instead of from the funicle or supplies the epithet for the correct name. chalaza of the ovule, e.g. of . a prominent apical projection, especially Aristate bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked. awns of grains and grasses. Bearded having a tuft of hairs. Aristulate having a small, stiff, bristle-like part Berry a fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a or appendage; a diminutive of aristate single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the Articulate jointed; usually breaking eas- fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. ily at the nodes or point of articulation into Biconvex convex on both sides. segments. Biennial completing the full cycle from germi- Ascending arched upwards in the lower part and nation to fruiting in more than one, but not becoming erect in the upper part. more than 2 years. Ascospore spore produced in the ascus in Asco- Bi fi d forked, divided into two parts. mycete fungi. Bifoliolate having two lea fl ets. Ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Bilabiate having two as of a corolla or calyx in Ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. with segments fused into an upper and lower Asperulous refers to a rough surface with short, . hard projections. Bipinnate twice pinnate; the primary lea fl ets Attenuate tapered or tapering gradually to a being again divided into secondary lea fl ets. point. Bipinnatisect refers to a pinnately compound Auricle an ear-like appendage that occurs at the leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into base of some leaves or corolla. pinnae. Auriculate having auricles. Biserrate doubly serrate; with smaller regular, Awn a hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger larger structure. teeth. Axil upper angle between a lateral organ, such Bisexual having both , as in a fl ower bear- as a leaf petiole and the stem that bears it. ing both stamens and pistil, hermaphrodite or Axile situated along the central axis of an ovary perfect. having two or more , as in axile pla- Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each centation. divided into three pinnules. Axillary arising or growing in an axil. Blade lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath Baccate beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. or petiole. Barbate bearded, having tufts of hairs. Blotched see variegated. Barbellae short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj. bar- Bole main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst bellate. branch. Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots Brachyblast a short, axillary, densely crowded of woody plants. branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which Basal relating to, situated at, arising from or the internodes elongate little or not at all. forming the base. Bracket fungus shelf fungus. Basaltic soil soil derived from basalt, a common a leaf-like structure, different in form extrusive volcanic rock. from the foliage leaves, associated with an Basidiospore a reproductive spore produced by in fl orescence or fl ower. adj. bracteate. Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteate possessing . Basidium a microscopic, spore-producing Bracteolate having bracteoles. structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- Bracteole a small, secondary, bract-like struc- ing bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or Basi fi xed attached by the base, as certain anthers calyx of a fl ower. adj. bracteolate. are to their fi laments. Bristle a stiff hair. 978 Scientific Glossary

Bulb a modi fi ed underground axis that is short Campylotropous With the ovule partially and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, inverted and curved. imbricate scales. adj. bulbous. Canaliculate having groove or grooves. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, Candelabriform having the shape of a tall especially one borne in the leaf axil or an branched candle-stick. in fl orescence, and usually produced for asex- Canescent covered with short, fi ne whitish or ual reproduction. grayish hairs or down. Bullate puckered, blistered. Canopy uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. Burr type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles Cap see pileus. or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of Capitate growing together in a head. Also wood in which the grain has been misformed. means enlarged and globular at the tip. Bush low, dense shrub without a pronounced Capitulum a fl ower head or in fl orescence hav- trunk. ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, Buttress supporting, projecting outgrowth from fl owers or fl orets. base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophoraceae Capsule a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two and Moraceae. or more united carpels and dehiscing at matu- Caducous shedding or falling early before rity by sections called valves to release the maturity refers to sepals and petals. seeds. adj. capsular. Caespitose growing densely in tufts or clumps; Carinate keeled. having short, closely packed stems. Carpel a simple pistil consisting of ovary, Calcareous composed of or containing or ovules, style and stigma. adj. carpellary. limestone. Carpogonium female reproductive organ in red Calcrete a hardpan consisting gravel and sand algae. pl. carpogonia. cemented by calcium. Carpophore part of the receptacle which is length- Callus a condition of thickened raised mass of ened between the carpels as a central axis; any hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts fruiting body or fruiting structure of a fungus. often formed after an injury but sometimes a Cartilaginou s sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, normal feature. A callus also can refer to an fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a Caryopsis a simple dry, indehiscent fruit formed culture medium. n. callosity . pl. calli, callosi- from a single ovary with the seed coat united ties. adj. callose. with the ovary wall as in grasses and cereals. Calyptra the protective cap or hood covering Cataphyll a reduced or scarcely developed leaf the spore case of a moss or related plant. at the start of a plant’s life (i.e., cotyledons) or Calyptrate operculate, having a calyptra. in the early stages of leaf development. Calyx outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of Catkin a slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and spike usually with unisexual fl owers. calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is Caudate having a narrow, tail-like appendage. still a bud. adj. calycine. Caudex thickened, usually underground base of Calyx lobe one of the free upper parts of the the stem. calyx which may be present when the lower Caulescent having a well developed aerial part is united into a tube. stem. Calyx tube the tubular fused part of the calyx, Cauli fl ory botanical term referring to plants often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is which fl ower and fruit from their main stems free from the corolla. or woody trunks. adj. cauli fl orus. Cambisol soil with incipient soil formation, Cauline borne on the aerial part of a stem. characterized by weak horizon differentiation. Chaffy having thin, membranous scales in the Campanulate shaped like a bell refers to calyx in fl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the or corolla. sun fl ower family. Scientific Glossary 979

Chalaza the basal region of the ovule where the Clayey resembling or containing a large propor- stalk is attached. tion of clay. Chartaceous papery, of paper-like texture. Cleft incised halfway down. Chasmogamous describing fl owers in which pol- Cleistogamous refers to a fl ower in which fertil- lination takes place while the fl ower is open. ization occurs within the bud i.e. without the Chloroplast a chlorophyll-containing organelle fl ower opening. cf. chasmogamous. (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves Climber growing more or less upwards by lean- and stems. Plastids harness light energy that ing or twining around another structure. is used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process Clone all the plants reproduced, vegetatively, called photosynthesis. from a single parent thus having the same gen- Chromoplast plastid containing colored pig- tic make-up as the parent. ments apart from chlorophyll. Coccus one of the sections of a distinctly lobed Chromosomes thread-shaped structures that fruit which becomes separate at maturity; occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, containing sometimes called a mericarp. pl. cocci. the genetic information of living organisms. Coenocarpium a fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp Cilia hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla formed from an infl orescence rather than a lobe. single fl ower. Ciliate with a fringe of hairs on the margin as of Coherent touching without organic fusion, the corolla lobes or leaf. referring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral Ciliolate minutely ciliate. parts of the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, Cilium a straight, usually erect hair on a margin connate. or ridge. pl. cilia. Collar boundary between the above- and below Cincinnus a monochasial cyme in which the ground parts of the plant axis. lateral branches arise alternately on opposite Colliculate having small elevations. sides of the false axis. Column a structure formed by the united style, Circinnate spirally coiled, with the tip innermost. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae Circumscissile opening by a transverse line and Orchidaceae. around the circumference as of a fruit. Commisure the place along which two struc- Cladode the modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a tures, such as carpels, are joined. plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced Comose tufted with hairs at the ends as of or absent. cf. cladophyll, phyllode. seeds. Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion Composite having two types of fl orets as of the of a stem that resembles and functions as a fl owers in the sun fl ower family, Asteraceae. leaf, like in asparagus. cf. cladode, phyllode. Compost organic matter (like leaves, mulch, Clamp connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, manure, etc) that breaks down in soil releas- a lateral connection or outgrowth formed ing its nutrients. between two adjoining cells of a hypha and Compound describe a leaf that is further divided arching over the septum between them. into lea fl ets or pinnae or fl ower with more than Clavate club shaped thickened at one end refer a single fl oret. to fruit or other organs. Compressed fl attened in one plane. Claw the conspicuously narrowed basal part of Conceptacles specialised cavities of marine a fl at structure. algae that contain the reproductive organs. Clay a naturally occurring material composed Concolorous uniformly coloured, as in upper primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- and lower surfaces. cf. discolorous ite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite which Conduplicate folded together lengthwise. exhibit plasticity through a variable range of Cone a reproductive structure composed of water content, and which can be hardened an axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like when dried and/or fi red. organs and seed or pollen bearing structures. 980 Scientific Glossary

Applied to Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Cotyledon the primary seed leaf within the Casuarinaceae and also in some members of embryo of a seed. Proteaceae. Cover crop crop grown in between trees or in Conic cone shaped, attached at the broader end. fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- Conic-capitate a cone-shaped head of fl owers. sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off Connate fused to another structure of the same weeds. kind . cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. Crenate round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf Connective the tissue separating two lobes of an margins. anther. Crenulate minutely crenate, very strongly scal- Connivent converging. loped. Conspeci fi c within or belonging to the same Crisped with a curled or twisted edge. species. Cristate having or forming a crest or crista. Contorted twisted. Crozier shaped like a shepherd’s crook. Convolute refers to an arrangement of petals in Crustaceous like a crust; having a hard crust or a bud where each has one side overlapping the shell. adjacent petal. Cucullate having the shape of a cowl or hood, Cooperage making of barrels and casks. hooded. Cordate heart-shaped as of leaves. Culm the main aerial stem of the Graminae Core central part. (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). Coriaceous leathery texture as of leaves. Culm sheath the plant casing (similar to a leaf) Corm a short, swollen, fl eshy, underground that protects the young shoot during plant stem that serves as a food storage organ growth, attached at each node of culm. used by some plants to survive winter or other Cultigen plant species or race known only in adverse conditions cultivation. Cormel a miniature, new corm produced on a cultivated variety; an assemblage of mature corm. cultivated individuals distinguished by any Corolla the inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usu- characters signi fi cant for the purposes of agri- ally consisting of free petals or a petals fused culture, forestry or horticulture, and which, forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj. when reproduced, retains its distinguishing corolline. features. Corona a crown-like section of the staminal Cuneate wedge-shaped, obtriangular. column, usually with the inner and outer lobes Cupular cup-shaped, having a cupule. as in the Stapelieae . Cupule a small cup-shaped structure or organ, Coroniform crown shaped, as in the pappus of like the cup at the base of an . Asteraceae. Cusp an elongated, usually rigid, acute point. cf. Cortex the outer of the stem or root of a plant, mucro. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and Cuspidate terminating in or tipped with a sharp on the inside by the endodermis containing fi rm point or cusp. cf. mucronate. undifferentiated cells. Cuspidulate constricted into a minute cusp. cf. Corymb a fl at-topped, short, broad in fl orescence, cuspidate. in which the fl owers, through unequal pedicels, Cyathiform in the form of a cup, a little wid- are in one horizontal plane and the youngest in ened at the top. the centre. adj. corymbose Cyathium a specialised type of in fl orescence of Costa a thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of plants in the genus Euphorbia and Chamae- the pinna in ferns. adj. costate. syce in which the unisexual fl owers are clus- Costapalmate having de fi nite costa (midrib) tered together within a bract-like envelope. pl. unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets cyathia. are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. Cylindric tubular or rod shaped. Scientific Glossary 981

Cylindric-acuminate elongated and tapering to Dichotomous divided into two parts. a point. Dicotyledon angiosperm with two cotyledons. Cymbiform boat shaped, elongated and having Didymous arranged or occurring in pairs as of the upper surface decidedly concave. anthers, having two lobes. Cyme an infl orescence in which the lateral axis Digitate having digits or fi ngerlike projections. grows more strongly than the main axis with Dikaryophyses or dendrophydia, irregularly, the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the adj. cymose. Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomyctes) Cymule a small cyme or one or a few fl owers. fungi. Cystidium a relatively large cell found on the Dimorphic having or occurring in two forms, as hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, of stamens of two different lengths or a plant on the surface of a mushroom. having two kinds of leaves. Cystocarp fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- Dioecious with male and female unisexual oped after fertilization in the red algae. fl owers on separate plants. cf. monoecious. Deciduous falling off or shedding at maturity or Diploid a condition in which the chromosomes a speci fi c season or stage of growth. in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set Decompound as of a compound leaf; consisting being derived from the female parent and the of divisions that are themselves compound. other from the male. Decorticate to remove the bark, rind or husk Diplobiontic life cycle life cycle that exhibits from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off alternation of generations, which features of as a skin. spore-producing multicellular sporophytes Decumbent prostrate, laying or growing on the and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- ground but with ascending tips. cf. ascending, phytes. mitoses occur in both the diploid and procumbent. haploid phases. Decurrent having the leaf base tapering down Diplontic life cycle or gametic meiosis, wherein to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. instead of immediately dividing meiotically Decussate having paired organs with successive to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides pairs at right angles to give four rows as of mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid leaves. individual or a group of more diploid cells. De fl exed bent downwards. Dipterocarpous trees of the family Dipterocar- Dehisce to split open at maturity, as in a capsule. paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly in Dehiscent splitting open at maturity to release tropical lowland rainforest. the contents. cf. indehiscent. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc shaped Deltate triangular shape. receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; Deltoid shaped like an equilateral triangle. also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually Dendritic branching from a main stem or axis between the stamens and ovary; also used for like the branches of a tree. the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. Dentate with sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- Disc fl oret the central, tubular 4 or 5-toothed or dicular to the margin. lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, as Denticulate fi nely toothed. of fl ower head of Asteraceae. Diadelphous having stamens in two bundles as Disciform fl at and rounded in shaped. cf. dis- in Papilionaceae fl owers. coid, radiate. Diageotropic the tendency of growing parts, Discoid resembling a disc; having a fl at, circular such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line form; disk-shaped cf. disciform, radiate. of gravity. Discolorous having two colours, as of a leaf Dichasium a cymose in fl orescence in which which has different colors on the two surfaces. the branches are opposite and approximately cf. concolorous. equal. pl. dichasia. adj. dichasial. Dispersal dissemination of seeds. 982 Scientific Glossary

Distal site of any structure farthest from the Entire having a smooth, continuous margin point of attachment. cf. proximal. without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. Distichous referring to two rows of upright Entisols soils that do not show any profi le devel- leaves in the same plane. opment other than an A horizon. Dithecous having two thecae. Eongate extended, stretched out. Divaricate diverging at a wide angle. Ephemeral transitory, short-lived. Domatium a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has Epicalyx a whorl of bracts, subtending and been modi fi ed to provide protection for other resembling a calyx. organisms. pl. domatia. Epicarp outermost layer of the pericarp of a Dormancy a resting period in the life of a plant fruit. during which growth slows or appears to stop. Epicormic attached to the corm. Dorsal referring to the back surface. Epicotyl the upper portion of the embryonic Dorsi fi xed attached to the back as of anthers. axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst Drupaceous resembling a . true leaves. Drupe a fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in Epigeal above grounds with cotyledons raised a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue embed- above ground. ded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) surrounded Epiparasite an organism parasitic on another by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj. drupaceous. that parasitizes a third. Drupelet a small drupe. Epipetalous borne on the petals, as of stamens. Ebracteate without bracts. Epiphyte a plant growing on, but not para- Echinate bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly hairs. sitic on, another plant, deriving its moisture Edaphic refers to plant communities that are and nutrients from the air and rain e.g. some distinguished by soil conditions rather than by Orchidaceae. adj. epiphytic. the climate. Erect upright, vertical. Eglandular without glands. cf. glandular. Essential oils volatile products obtained from Ellipsoid a 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in out- a natural source; refers to volatile products line. obtained by steam or water distillation in a Elliptic having a 2-dimensional shape of an strict sense. ellipse or fl attened circle. Etiolation to cause (a plant) to develop with- Emarginate refers to leaf with a broad, shallow out chlorophyll by preventing exposure to notch at the apex. cf. retuse. sunlight. Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant Eutrophic having rich in mineral and contained within a seed or an archegonium, organic nutrients that promote a proliferation composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end of plant life, especially algae, which reduces and root end). the dissolved oxygen content and often causes Endemic prevalent in or peculiar to a particular the of other organisms. geographical locality or region. Excentric off the true centre. Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the peri- Excrescence abnormal outgrowth. carp of many fruits. Excurrent projecting beyond the tip, as the tissue that surrounds and nourishes midrib of a leaf or bract. the embryo in the angiosperm seed. Exserted sticking out, protruding beyond some Endospermous refers to seeds having an enclosing organ, as of stamens which project endosperm. beyond the corolla or perianth. Endotrophic as of mycorrhiza obtaining nutri- Exstipulate without stipules. cf. stipulate. ents from inside. Extra- fl oral outside the fl ower. Ensilage the process of preserving green food Extrose turned outwards or away from the axis for livestock in an undried condition in airtight as of anthers. cf. introrse, latrorse. conditions. Also called silaging. Falcate sickle shaped, crescent-shaped. Scientific Glossary 983

Faronaceous mealy, resembling fl our. Free central placentation The arrangement of Fascicle a cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, ovules on a central column that is not con- stamens. adj. fasciculate. nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the Fasciclode staminode bundles. ovaries of the carnation and primrose. Fastigiate a tree in which the branches grow Frond the leaf of a or . almost vertically. Fruit ripened ovary with adnate parts. Ferrosols soils with an iron oxide content of Fugacious shedding off early. greater than 5%. Fulvous yellow, tawny. Ferruginous rust coloured, reddish-brown. Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches Fertile having functional sexual parts which are the ovule to the ovary wall. capable of fertilisation and seed production. Fusiform a 3-dimensional shape; spindle cf. sterile. shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at Filament the stalk of a stamen supporting and both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. subtending the anther. Gamete a reproductive cell that fuses with Filiform Having the form of or resembling a another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are thread or fi lament. haploid, (they contain half the normal (dip- Fimbriate fringed. loid) number of chromosomes); thus when Fixed oils non volatile oils, triglycerides of fatty two fuse, the diploid number is restored. acids. Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in a Flaccid and weak. plant characterized by alternation of generations. Flag leaf the uppermost leaf on the stem. Gamosepalous with sepals united or partially Flaky in the shape of fl akes or scales. united. Flavedo the outermost pigmented layer of the Gall- fl ower short styled fl ower that do not rind of citrus fruits containing essential oils. develop into a fruit but are adapted for the Flexuous zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as of a development of a speci fi c wasp within the stem. fruit e.g. in the fi g. Floccose covered with tufts of soft woolly Geniculate bent like a knee, refer to awns and hairs. fi laments. Floral tube a fl ower tube usually formed by the Geocarpic where the fruit are pushed into the basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. soil by the gynophore and mature. Floret one of the small individual fl owers of Geophyte a plant that stores food in an under- sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the ground storage organ e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- grasses, including the lemma and palea. zome and has subterranean buds which form the sexual reproductive organ of aerial growth. fl owering plants, typically consisting of gynoe- Geotextile are permeable fabrics which, when cium, androecium and perianth or calyx and/ used in association with soil, have the abil- or corolla and the axis bearing these parts. ity to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect, or Fluted as of a trunk with grooves and folds. drain. Fodder plant material, fresh or dried fed to Glabrescent becoming glabrous. animals. Glabrous smooth, hairless without pubescence. Foliaceous leaf-like. Gland a secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- Foliar pertaining to a leaf. fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or Foliolate pertaining to leafl ets, used with a num- wart-like organ. adj. glandular. cf. eglandular. ber pre fi x to denote the number of lea fl ets. Glaucous pale blue-green in colour, covered Foliose leaf-like. with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a sin- Gley soils a hydric soil which exhibits a green- gle carpel and dehiscing along one suture. ish-blue-grey soil color due to wetland condi- Forb any herb that is not grass or grass-like. tions. 984 Scientific Glossary

Globose spherical in shape. Hastula a piece of plant material at the junction Globular a three-dimensional shape; spherical of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula or orbicular; circular in outline. can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or Glochidiate having glochids. the bottom, abaxial or both sides. Glochidote plant having gkochids . Heartwood wood from the inner portion of a Glochids tiny, fi nely barbed hair-like spines found tree. on the areoles of some cacti and other plants. Heliophilous sun-loving, tolerates high level of Glume one of the two small, sterile bracts at sunlight. the base of the grass spikelet, called the lower Heliotropic growing towards sunlight. and upper glumes, due to their position on the Herb a plant which is non-woody or woody at rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae the base only, the above ground stems usually for the very small bracts on the spikelet in being ephemeral. adj. herbaceous. which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral Herbaceous resembling a herb, having a habit glume. adj. glumaceous. of a herb. Guttation the appearance of drops of xylem sap Hermaphrodite bisexual, bearing fl owers with on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular both androecium and gynoecium in the same plants, such as grasses and . fl ower. adj. hermaphroditic. Guttule small droplet. modi fi ed fruit with a tough leath- a group of spermatophyte seed- ery rind as found in Citrus fruits. bearing plants with ovules on scales, which Heterocyst a differentiated cyanobacterial cell are usually arranged in cone-like structures that carries out nitrogen fi xation. and not borne in an ovary. cf. angiosperm. Heterogamous bearing separate male and Gynoecium the female organ of a fl ower; a col- female fl owers, or bisexual and female fl owers, lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. or fl orets in an in fl orescence or fl ower head, Gynomonoecious having female fl owers e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray fl orets and bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf. may be neuter or unisexual and the disk fl orets andromonoecious. may be bisexual. cf. homogamous. Gynophore stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. Heteromorphous having two or more distinct Habit the general growth form of a plant, com- forms. cf. homomorphous. prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- Heterophyllous having leaves of different tation, the locality in which the plant grows.. form. Halophyte a plant adapted to living in highly Heterosporous producing spores of two sizes, saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates the larger giving rise to megagametophytes high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj. (female), the smaller giving rise to microg- halophytic. ametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and Hapaxanthic refer to palms which fl owers only fern allies. cf. homosporous. once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. Heterostylous having styles of two different Haploid condition where nucleus or cell has a lengths or forms. single set of unpaired chromosomes, the hap- Heterostyly the condition in which fl owers on loid number is designated as n. polymorphous plants have styles of different Haplontic life cycle or zygotic meiosis wherein lengths, thereby facilitating cross-. meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyo- Hilar of or relating to a hilum. gamy, produces haploid cells which produces Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point more or larger haploid cells ending its diploid of attachment to the funiculus. phase. Hirsute bearing long coarse hairs. Hastate having the shape of an arrowhead but Hispid bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or with the basal lobes pointing outward at right bristles. angles as of a leaf. Hispidulous minutely hispid. Scientific Glossary 985

Histosol soil comprising primarily of organic Hymenium spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- materials, having 40 cm or more of organic tain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) or soil material in the upper 80 cm. basidia (Basidiomycetes). Hoary covered with a greyish layer of very Hypanthium cup-like receptacles of some short, closely interwoven hairs. dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion Holdfast an organ or structure of attachment, of the calyx, corolla, and androecium that sur- especially the basal, root-like formation by rounds the ovary which bears the sepals, pet- which certain seaweeds or other algae are als and stamens. attached to a substrate. Hypha is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of a Holocarpic having the entire thallus developed fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. into a fruiting body or sporangium. pl. hyphae. Homochromous having all the fl orets of the Hypocotyl the portion of the stem below the same colour in the same fl ower head cf. cotyledons. heterochromous. Hypodermis the cell layer beneath the epider- Homogamous bearing fl owers or fl orets that do mis of the pericarp. not differ sexually cf. heterogamous. Hypogeal below ground as of germination of Homogenous endosperm endosperm with even seed. surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings Hysteresis refers to systems that may exhibit of the surrounding tissue. path dependence. Homogonium a part of a fi lament of a cyanobac- Imbricate closely packed and overlapping. cf. terium that detaches and grows by cell division valvate. into a new fi lament. pl. homogonia. Imparipinnate pinnately compound with a Homomorphous uniform, with only one form. single terminal leafl et and hence with an odd cf. heteromorphous. number of lea fl ets. cf. paripinnate. Homosporous producing one kind of spores. Inceptisols old soils that have no accumulation Refer to the ferns and fern allies. cf. hetero- of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. sporous. Incised cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. Hurd fi bre long pith fi bre of the stem. Included referring to stamens which do not Hyaline colourless, almost transparent. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Hybrid the fi rst generation progeny of the sexual do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular union of plants belonging to different taxa. fruit. cf. exserted. Hybridisation the crossing of individuals from Incurved curved inwards; curved towards the different species or taxa. base or apex. Hydathode a type of secretory tissue in leaves, Inde fi nite numerous and variable in number. usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water Indehiscent not opening or splitting to release through pores in the epidermis or margin of the contents at maturity as of fruit. cf. dehis- the leaf. cent. Hydrophilous water loving; requiring water Indumentum covering of fi ne hairs or bristles in order to be fertilized, referring to many commonly found on external parts of plants. aquatic plants. Indurate to become hard, often the hardening Hygrochastic applied to plants in which the developed only at maturity. opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- Indusium an enclosing membrane, covering tion of water. the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed Hygrophilous living in water or moist places. style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae Hymenial cystidia the cells of the hymenium (including Brunoniaceae ). adj. indusiate. develop into basidia or asci, while in others Inferior said of an ovary or fruit that has some cells develop into sterile cells called sepals, petals and stamens above the ovary. cf. cystidia. superior. 986 Scientific Glossary

In fl ated enlarged and hollow except in the Labellum the modi fi ed lowest of the three pet- case of a fruit which may contain a seed. cf. als forming the corolla of an orchid, usually swollen. larger than the other two petals, and often In fl exed Bent or curved inward or downward, as spurred. petals or sepals. Laciniate fringed; having a fringe of slender, In fl orescence a fl ower cluster or the arrange- narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to Lamella a gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of each other on a plant. material held adjacent to one another. Infrafoliar located below the leaves. Lamina the blade of the leaf or frond. Infraspeci fi c referring to any taxon below the Lanate wooly, covered with long hairs which species rank. are loosely curled together like wool. Infructescence the fruiting stage of an Lanceolate lance-shaped in outline, tapering in fl orescence. from a broad base to the apex. Inrolled curved inwards. Landrace plants adapted to the natural environ- Integuments two distinct tissue layers that sur- ment in which they grow, developing naturally round the nucellus of the ovule, forming the with minimal assistance or guidance from testa or seed coat when mature. humans and usually possess more diverse phe- Intercalary of growth, between the apex and the notypes and genotypes. They have not been base; of cells, spores, etc., between two cells. improved by formal breeding programs. Interfoliar inter leaf. Laterite reddish–coloured soils rich in iron Internode portion of the stem, culm, branch, oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under or rhizome between two nodes or points of oxidizing and leaching conditions, commonly attachment of the leaves. found in tropical and subtropical regions. adj. Interpetiolar as of stipules positioned between lateritic. petioles of opposite leaves. Latex a milky, clear or sometimes coloured Intrastaminal within the stamens. sap of diverse composition exuded by some Intricate entangled, complex. plants. Introduced not indigenous; not native to the Latrorse turned sideways, i.e. not towards or area in which it now occurs. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- Introrse turned inwards or towards the axis or gitudinally on the side. cf. extrorse, introse. pistil as of anthers. cf. extrorse, latrorse. Lax loose or limp, not densely arranged or Involucre a whorl of bracts or leaves that sur- crowded. round one to many fl owers or an entire Lea fl et one of the ultimate segments of a com- in fl orescence. pound leaf. Involute having the margins rolled inwards, Lectotype a specimen chosen after the original referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. description to be the type. Jugate of a pinnate leaf; having lea fl ets in Lemma the lower of two bracts (scales) of a pairs. grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, lodi- Juvenile young or immature, used here for cules, stamens and ovary. leaves formed on a young plant which are dif- Lenticel is a lens shaped opening that allows ferent in morphology from those formed on an gases to be exchanged between air and the older plant. inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on Keel a longitudinal ridge, at the back of the young bark, or the surface of the fruit. leaf. Also the two lower fused petals of a Lenticellate dotted with lenticels. ‘’ fl ower in the Papilionaceae, which form Lenticular shaped like a biconvex lens. cf. a boat-like structure around the stamens and lentiform. styles, also called carina. adj. keeled. cf. stan- Lentiform shaped like a biconvex lens, cf. dard, wing. lenticular. Scientific Glossary 987

Leptomorphic temperate, running bamboo rhi- Maculate spotted. zome; usually thinner then the culms they sup- Mallee a growth habit in which several to many port and the internodes are long and hollow. woody stems arise separately from a lignotu- Liane a woody climbing or twining plant. ber; usually applied to certain low-growing Lignescent tending towards woodiness. species of Eucalyptus. Lignotuber a woody, usually underground, Mangrove a distinctive vegetation type of trees tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often vivipa- ous aerial stems. rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that Ligulate small and tongue shaped or with a are subject to periodic tidal inundation. little tongue shaped appendage or ligule, star Marcescent withering or to decay without fall- shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. ing off. Ligule a strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers of Margin the edge of the leaf blade. Asteraceae; also a thin membranous outgrowth Medulla the pith in the stems or roots of certain from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath plants; or the central portion of a thallus in and blade. cf. ligulate. certain lichens; or pith of fruit. Limb the expanded portion of the calyx tube or Megasporangium the sporangium contain- the corolla tube, or the large branch of a tree. ing megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf. Linear a 2-dimensional shape, narrow with microsporangium. nearly parallel sides. Megaspore the large spore which may develop Linguiform tongue shaped cf. ligulate. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Lithosol a kind of shallow soils lacking well- ferns and fern allies. cf. microspore. defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly Megasporophyll a lea fl ike structure that bears weathered fragments of rock. megasporangia. Littoral of or on a shore, especially seashore. Megastrobilus female cone, seed cone, or ovu- Loam a type of soil made up of sand, silt, and late cone, contains ovules within which, when clay in relative concentration of 40-40-20% fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female respectively. cone structure varies more markedly between Lobed divided but not to the base. the different conifer families. Loculicidal opening into the cells, when a ripe Meiosis the process of cell division that results capsule splits along the back. in the formation of haploid cells from diploid Loculus cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl. cells to produce gametes. loculi. Mericarp a 1-seeded portion of an initially syn- Lodicules two small structures below the ovary carpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits apart at which, at fl owering, swell up and force open maturity. Cf. coccus . the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens Meristem the region of active cell division and carpel. in plants, from which permanent tissue is Luvisol a characteristic soil of forested region derived. adj. meristematic found in temperate and Mediterranean regions -merous used with a number pre fi x to denote with an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon the basic number of the 3 outer fl oral whorls, with a distinct higher clay content than the e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 sepals, 10 overlying horizon). petals and 15 stamens. Lyrate pinnately lobed, with a large terminal Mesic moderately wet. lobe and smaller laterals ones which become Mesocarp the middle layer of the fruit wall progressively smaller towards the base. derived from the middle layer of the carpel Macronutrients chemical elements which are wall. cf. endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. needed in large quantities for growth and Mesophytes terrestrial plants which are adapted development by plants and include nitrogen, to neither a particularly dry nor particularly phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. wet environment. 988 Scientific Glossary

Micropyle the small opening in a plant ovule Mucronate ending with a short, sharp tip or through which the pollen tube passes in order mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, to effect fertilisation. muticous. Microsporangium the sporangium containing Mucronulate with a very small mucro; a dimin- microspores in petridophyes. cf. megasporan- utive of mucronate. gium. Mulch protective cover of plant (organic) or Microspore a small spore which gives rise non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- to the male gametophyte in heterosporous marily to modify and improve the effects of pteridophytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. the local microclimate and to control weeds. megaspore. a fruit that is formed from a clus- Midvein the main vascular supply of a simple ter of fl owers. leaf blade or lamina. Also called mid-. Muricate covered with numerous short hard Mitosis is a process of cell division which results outgrowths. cf . papillose. in the production of two daughter cells from a Muriculate with numerous minute hard out- single parent cell. growths; a diminutive of muricate. Mollisols soils with deep, high organic matter, Muticous blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), mucronate. typically between 60–80 cm thick. MYB proteins are a superfamily of transcrip- Monadelphous applied to stamens united by tion factors that play regulatory roles in devel- their fi laments into a single bundle. opmental processes and defense responses in Monocarpic refer to plants that fl ower, set seeds plants. and then die. Mycorrhiza the mutualistic symbiosis (non- Monochasial a cyme having a single fl ower on pathogenic association) between soil-borne each axis. fungi with the roots of higher plants. angiopsrem having one cotyle- Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscular ) endomyc- don. orrhiza living in the roots of higher plants pro- Monoecious having both male and female uni- ducing inter-and intracellular fungal growth in sexual fl owers on the same individual plant. root cortex and forming speci fi c fungal struc- cf. dioecious. tures, referred to as vesicles and arbuscles. Monoembryonic seed the seed contains only abbrev. VAM. one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. N a t i v e a plant indigenous to the locality or polyembryonic seed. region. Monolete a spore that has a simple linear scar. Naviculate boat-shaped. Monopodial with a main terminal growing Necrotic applied to dead tissue. point producing many lateral branches pro- Nectariferous having one or more nectaries. gressively. cf. sympodial. Nectary a nectar secretory gland; commonly Monotypic of a genus with one species or a in a fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or family with one genus; in general, applied to stems. any taxon with only one immediately subor- Nervation venation, a pattern of veins or nerves dinate taxon. as of leaf. Montane refers to highland areas located below Node the joint between segments of a culm, the subalpine zone. stem, branch, or rhizome; the point of the stem Mucilage a soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- that gives rise to the leaf and bud. tion. adj. mucilaginous. Nodule a small knoblike outgrowth, as those Mucous (Botany) slimy. found on the roots of many leguminous, that Mucro a sharp, pointed part or organ, especially containing Rhizobium bacteria which fi xes a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. nitrogen in the soil. Scientific Glossary 989

Nomen Dubium an invalid proposed taxonomic Obpyriform inversely pyriform, resembling a name because it is not accompanied by a pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf. de fi nition or description of the taxon to which pyriform. it applies. abbrev . nom. dub. Obspathulate inversely spathulate; resembling Nomen Illegitimum illegitimate taxon deemed a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf. as super fl uous at its time of publication either spathulate. because the taxon to which it was applied Obtriangular inversely triangular; triangular already has a name, or because the name has but attached at the apex. cf. triangular. already been applied to another plant. abbrev . Obtrullate inversely trullate; resembling a nom. illeg. trowel blade with the broadest axis above the Nomen Nudum the name of a taxon which has middle. cf. trullate. never been validated by a description. abbrev . Obtuse with a blunt or rounded tip, the converg- nom. nud. ing edges separated by an angle greater than Nucellar embryony a form of seed reproduc- 90°. tion in which the nucellar tissue which sur- -oid suf fi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. rounds the embryo sac can produce additional spheroid. embryos (polyembryony) which are geneti- Ochraceous a dull yellow color. cally identical to the parent plant. This is Ocreate having a tube-like covering around found in many citrus species and in mango. some stems, formed of the united stipules; Nucellus central portion of an ovule in which sheathed. the embryo sac develops. Oleaginous oily. Nut a dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a hard Oligotrophic lacking in plant nutrients and pericarp. having a large amount of dissolved oxygen Nutlet a small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a throughout. divided fruit. Operculum a lid or cover that becomes detached Ob- pre fi x meaning inversely or opposite to. at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus , Obconic a 3-dimensional shape; inversely conic; also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed cone shaped, conic with the vertex pointing by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. downward. adj. operculate. Obcordate inversely cordate, broad and notched Opposite describing leaves or other organs at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the which are borne at the same level but on oppo- pointed end. site sides of the stem. cf. alternate. Obdeltate inversely deltate; deltate with the Orbicular of circular outline, disc-like. broadest part at the apex. Order a taxonomic rank between class and fam- Oblanceolate inversely lanceolate, lance-shaped ily used in the classifi cation of organisms, i.e. a but broadest above the middle and tapering group of families believed to be closely related. toward the base as of leaf. Ori fi ce an opening or aperture. Oblate having the shape of a spheroid with the Organosols soils not regularly inundated by equatorial diameter greater than the polar marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- diameter; being fl attened at the poles. ness of organic materials within the upper part Oblong longer than broad with sides nearly par- of the pro fi le. allel to each other. Ovary the female part of the pistil of a fl ower Obovate inversely ovate, broadest above the which contains the ovules (immature seeds). middle. Ovate egg-shaped, usually with reference to two Obpyramidal resembling a 4-sided pyramid dimensions. attached at the apex with the square base fac- Ovoid egg-shaped, usually with reference to ing away from the attachment. three dimensions. 990 Scientific Glossary

Ovule the young, immature seed in the ovary Papillose covered with papillae. which becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj. Pappus a tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales ovular. borne above the ovary and outside the corolla Ovulode a sterile reduced ovule borne on the as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. hairs on a fruit. adj. pappose. Oxisols refer to ferralsols. Papyraceous resembling parchment of paper. Pachymorphic describes the short, thick, rhi- Parenchyma undifferentiated plant tissue com- zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick posed of more or less uniform cells. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Parietal describes the attachment of ovules to internodes, which are more elongated). cf. the outer walls of the ovaries. sympodial. Paripinnate pinnate with an even number of Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower lea fl ets and without a terminal lea fl et. cf. lip of a corolla which partially or completely imparipinnate. closes the throat. - partite divided almost to the base into seg- Palea the upper of the two membraneous ments, the number of segments written as a bracts of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the pre fi x. lodicules, stamens and ovary. pl. paleae. adj. Patelliform shaped like a limpet shell; cap- paleal. cf . lemma. shaped and without whorls. Paleate having glumes. Patent diverging from the axis almost at right Palm heart refers to soft, tender inner core and angles. growing bud of certain palm trees which are Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of palm, vegetation matter. palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or swamp Pectin a group of water-soluble colloidal car- cabbage. bohydrates of high molecular weight found in Palmate describing a leaf which is divided into certain ripe fruits. several lobes or lea fl ets which arise from the Pectinate pinnati fi d with narrow segments same point. adj. palmately. resembling the teeth of a comb. Palmito see palm heart. Pedicel the stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a spike- Palustrial paludal, swampy, marshy. let in Poaceae. adj. pedicellate. Palustrine marshy, swampy. Pedicellate having pedicel. Palustrine herb vegetation that is rooted below Peduncle a stalk supporting an infl orescence. water but grows above the surface in wetland adj. pedunculate system. Pellucid allowing the passage of light; transpar- Panduriform fi ddle shaped, usually with refer- ent or translucent. ence to two dimensions. Pellucid-dotted copiously dotted with Panicle a compound, indeterminate, racemose immersed, pellucid, resinous glands. in fl orescence in which the main axis bears lat- Peltate with the petiole attached to the lower eral racemes or spikes. adj. paniculate. surface of the leaf blade. Pantropical distributed through-out the tropics. Pendant hanging down. Papilionaceous butter fl y-like, said of the pea Pendulous drooping, as of ovules. fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers Penniveined or penni-nerved pinnately which are zygomorphic with imbricate pet- veined. als, one broad upper one, two narrower lateral Pentamerous in fi ve parts. ones and two narrower lower ones. Perennial a plant that completes it life cycle Papilla a small, super fi cial protuberance on the or lives for more than 2 years. cf. annual, surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one biennial. epidermal cell. pl. papillae. adj. papillose. Perfoliate a leaf with the basal lobes united Papillate having papillae. around–and apparently pierced by–the stem. Scientific Glossary 991

Pergamentaceous parchment-like. Pinna a primary division of the blade of a com- Perianth the two outer fl oral whorls of the pound leaf or frond. pl. pinnae. Angiosperm fl ower; commonly used when the Pinnate bearing leafl ets on each side of a central calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- axis of a compound leaf; divided into pinnae. guishable (as in ). Pinnati fi d, pinnatilobed a pinnate leaf parted Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened ovary; approximately halfway to midrib; when fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp divided to almost to the mid rib described as and endocarp. deeply pinnati fi d or pinnatisect. Persistent remaining attached; not falling off. Pinnatisect lobed or divided almost to the midrib. cf. caduceus. Pinnule a lea fl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. Petal free segment of the corolla. adj. petaline. Pistil female part of the fl ower comprising the cf. lobe. ovary, style, and stigma. Petiolar relating to the petiole. Pistillate having one or more pistils; having pis- Petiolate having petiole. tils but no stamens. Petiole leaf stalk. adj. petiolate. Placenta the region within the ovary to which Petiolulate supported by its own petiolule. ovules are attached. pl. placentae. Petiolule the stalk of a leafl et in a compound Placentation the arrangement of the placentae leaf. adj. petiolulate. and ovules in the ovary. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a Plano- a pre fi x meaning level or fl at. solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the Pleonanthic refer to palms in which the stem activity of dissolved hydrogen (H+). does not die after fl owering. Phenology the study of periodic plant life cycle Plicate folded like a fan. events as in fl uenced by seasonal and interan- Plumose -like, with fi ne hairs arising lat- nual variations in climate. erally from a central axis; feathery. Phyllary a bract of the involucre of a compos- Pneumatophore modi fi ed root which allows ite plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, beneath the fl ower-head in Asteraceae. e.g. mangroves. Phylloclade a fl attened, photosynthetic branch Pod a dry 1 to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, as or stem that resembles or performs the func- applied to the fruit of Fabaceae ie. Caesalpini- tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented aceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. by scales. Podzol, Podsolic soil any of a group of acidic, Phyllode a petiole that function as a leaf. adj. zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, phyllodineous. cf. cladode. gray and ashy appearance. Also called Phyllopodia refer to the reduced, scale-like spodosol. leaves found on the outermost portion of the Pollen cone male cone or microstrobilus or corm where they seem to persist longer than pollen cone is structurally similar across all typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. conifers, extending out from a central axis Phytoremediation describes the treatment of are microsporophylls (modi fi ed leaves). environmental problems (bioremediation) Under each microsporophyll is one or several through the use of plants which mitigate the microsporangia (pollen sacs). environmental problem without the need to Pollinia the paired, waxy pollen masses of excavate the contaminant material and dispose fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. of it elsewhere. Polyandrous (Botany) having an inde fi nite Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. number of stamens. Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, Polyembryonic seed seeds contain many as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- embryos, most of which are asexual (nucel- like extensions. lar) in origin and genetically identical to the Pilose covered with fi ne soft hairs. maternal parent. 992 Scientific Glossary

Polygamous with unisexual and bisexual fl owers Pyrene the stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of on the same or on different individuals of the the hardened endocarp and seed. same species. Pyriform pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; Polymorphic with different morphological attached at the broader end. cf. obpyriform. variants. Pyxidium seed capsule having a circular lid Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. posed of distinct, separable petals. Raceme an indeterminate in fl orescence with a Pome a fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, are developed from the receptacle. youngest at the top. adj. racemose. P o r e a tiny opening. Rachilla the main axis of a grass spikelet. Porrect extended forward. Rachis the main axis of the spike or other Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten in fl orescence of grasses or a compound leaf. or broken off as of a leaf. Radiate arranged around a common centre; as Procumbent trailing or spreading along the of an in fl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray- fl orets and to stems. cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, Prophyll a plant structure that resembles a leaf. disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. Prostrate lying fl at on the ground. Radical arising from the root or its crown, or Protandous relating to a fl ower in which the the part of a plant embryo that develops into anthers release their pollen before the stigma a root. of the same fl ower becomes receptive. Ray the marginal portion of the in fl orescence of Proximal end of any structure closest to the Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct from point of attachment. cf. distal. the disc. Also, the spreading branches of a Pruinose having a thick, waxy, powdery coating compound umbel. or bloom. Receptacle the region at the end of a pedicel or Pseudocarp a false fruit, largely made up of tis- on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. sue that is not derived from the ovary but from adj. receptacular. fl oral parts such as the receptacle and calyx. Recurved curved downwards or backwards. Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a Re fl exed bent or turned downward. banana plant composed of overlapping leaf Regosol soil that is young and undeveloped, bases. characterized by medium to fi ne-textured Pteridophyte a vascular plant which reproduces unconsolidated parent material that maybe by spores; the ferns and fern allies. alluvial in origin and lacks a signi fi cant hori- Puberulent covered with minute hairs or very zon layer formation. fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. Reniform kidney shaped in outline. Puberulous covered with a minute down. Repand with slightly undulate margin. Pubescent covered with short, soft hairs. Replicate folded back, as in some corolla lobes. Pulvinate having a swelling, pulvinus at the Resinous producing sticky resin. base as a leaf stalk. Resupinate twisted through 180°. Pulvinus swelling at the base of leaf stalk. Reticulate having the appearance of a network. Pulviniform swelling or bulging. Retrorse bent or directed downwards or back- Punctate marked with translucent dots or wards. cf. antrorse. glands. Retuse with a very blunt and slightly notched Punctiform marked by or composed of points apex. cf. emarginated. or dots. Revolute with the margins inrolled on the lower Punctulate marked with minute dots; a diminu- (abaxial) surface. tive of punctate. Rhizine a root-like fi lament or hair growing Pusticulate characterized by small pustules. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Scientific Glossary 993

Rhizoid root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, Salinity is characterised by high electrical con- fungus, etc. that attach the plant to the ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations substratum. compared to calcium and magnesium Rhizome a prostrate or underground stem con- Salverform applies to a gamopetalous corolla sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with having a slender tube and an abruptly expanded adventitious roots and which generally grows limb. horizontally. Samara an indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. Rhizophore a stilt-like outgrowth of the stem Sand a naturally occurring granular material which branches into roots on contact with the composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral substrate. particles range in diameter from 0.0625 m m to Rhombic shaped like a rhombus. 2 mm. adj. sandy Rhomboid shaped like a rhombus. Saponins are plant glycosides with a distinc- Rib a distinct vein or linear marking, often tive foaming characteristic. They are found in raised as a linear ridge. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Riparian along the river margins, interface wort plant ( Saponaria) . between land and a stream. Saprophytic living on and deriving nourishment Rosette a tuft of leaves or other organs arranged from dead organic matter. spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form Sapwood outer woody layer of the tree just from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. adj. adjacent to and below the bark. rosetted, rosulate. Sarcotesta outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad Rostrate beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- seeds below which is the sclerotesta. der, usually obtuse point. Scabrid scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, Rostrum a beak-like extension. irregular projections or delicate scales. Rosulate having a rosette. Scabrous rough to the touch. Rotate wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a Scale dry bract or leaf. very short tube and a broad upper part which Scandent refer to plants, climbing. is fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf. salver- Scape erect fl owering stem, usually lea fl ess, ris- form . ing from the crown or roots of a plant. adj. Rotundate rounded; especially at the end or scapose. ends. Scapigerous with a scape. Rugae refers to a series of ridges produced by Scarious dry, thin and membranous. folding of the wall of an organ. Schizocarp a dry fruit which splits into longi- Rugose deeply wrinkled. tudinally multiple parts called mericarps or Rugulose fi nely wrinkled. cocci. adj. schizocarpous. Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an Sclerotesta the innermost fl eshy coating of extended period. cycad seeds, usually located directly below Ruminate endosperm uneven endosperm sur- the sarcotesta. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Scorpioid resembling a ’s tail, circin- or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. nate. homogenous endosperm. Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped Rz value is a numerical reference to the mesh/ like a shield. emulsion equalization on the screen. Secondary venation arrangement of the lateral Saccate pouched. veins arising from the midrib in the leaf lamina. Sagittate shaped like an arrow head. Secund with the fl owers all turned in the same Saline soils soils that contain excessive levels direction. of salts that reduce plant growth and vigor by Sedge a plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyper- altering water uptake and causing ion-speci fi c aceae. toxicities or imbalances. Segmented constricted into divisions. 994 Scientific Glossary

Seminal root or seed root originate from the Sodic soils contains high levels of sodium salts scutellar node located within the seed embryo that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- and are composed of the radicle and lateral ment and causes poor germination and crop seminal roots. establishment and plant toxicity. Senescence refers to the biological changes Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of which take place in plants as they age. the soil. See pH. Sensu lato In a broad or wide sense. Solitary usually refer to fl owers which are borne Sensu stricto In a narrow or strict sense. singly, and not grouped into an infl orescence Sepal free segment of the calyx. adj. sepaline. or clustered. Septum a partition or cross wall. pl. septa. adj. Sorocarp fruiting body formed by some cellular septate. slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. Seriate arranged in rows. Sorophore stalk bearing the sorocarp. Sericeous silky; covered with close-pressed, Sorosis fl eshy multiple fruit formed from fl owers fi ne, straight silky hairs. that are crowded together on a fl eshy stem e.g. Serrate toothed like a saw; with regular, pineapple and mulberry. asymmetric teeth pointing forward. Sorus a discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. Serrated toothed margin. pl. sori Serratures serrated margin. Spadix fl eshy spike-like in fl orescence with an Serrulate with minute teeth on the margin. unbranched, usually thickened axis and small Sessile without a stalk. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Seta a bristle or stiff hair. pl. setae. adj. setose, spathe. pl. spadices. setaceous. Spathe a large bract ensheathing an infl orescence Setaceous bristle-like. or its peduncle. adj. spathaceous. Setate with bristles. Spatheate like or with a spathe. Setiform bristle shaped. Spathulate spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Setulose with minute bristles. the tip and narrowed towards the base. Sheathing clasping or enveloping the stem. Spicate borne in or forming a spike. Shrub a woody plant usually less than 5 m high Spiculate spikelet-bearing. and many-branched without a distinct main Spike an unbranched, indeterminate infl orescence stem except at ground level. with sessile fl owers or spiklets. adj. spicate, Silicula a broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit spiciform. derived from two or more carpels which usu- Spikelet a small or secondary spike character- ally dehisce along two sutures. cf. siliqua. istics of the grasses and sedges and, gener- Siliqua a silicula which is at least twice as long ally composed of 2 glumes and one or more as broad. fl orets. Also applied to the small spike-like Silt is soil or rock derived granular material of in fl orescence or in fl orescence units commonly a grain size between sand and clay, grain found in Apiaceae. particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in Spine a stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by diameter. adj. silty. modi fi cation of a plant organ. adj. spinose. Simple refer to a leaf or other structure that is Spinescent ending in a spine; modifi ed to form not divided into parts. cf. compound. a spine Sinuate with deep wavy margin. Spinulate covered with small spines. Sinuous wavy. Spinulose with small spines over the surface. Sinus an opening or groove, as occurs between Spodosol see podsol. the bases of two petals. Sporidia asexual spores of smut fungi. Sodicity is characterised by low electrical con- Sporangium a spore bearing structure found ductivities and high sodium ion concentrations in ferns, fern allies and . pl. compared to calcium and magnesium. sporangia. adj. sporangial. Scientific Glossary 995

Sporocarp a stalked specialized fruiting Stipe a stalk that support some other structure structure formed from modifi ed sporophylls, like the frond, ovary or fruit. containing sporangia or spores as found in Stipel secondary stipule at the base of a lea fl et. ferns and fern allies. pl. stipellae. adj. stipellate. Sporophore a spore-bearing structure, espe- Stipitate having a stalk or stipe, usually of an cially in fungi. ovary or fruit. Sporophyll a leaf or bract which bears or sub- Stipulated having stipules. tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and Stipule small leaf-like, scale-like or bristle-like gymnosperms. appendages at the base of the leaf or on the Sporophyte the spore-producing phase in the petiole. adj. stipulate. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation Stolon a horizontal, creeping stem rooting at the of generations. nodes and giving rise to another plant at its tip. Spreading bending or spreading outwards and Stoloniferous bearing stolon or stolons. horizontally. Stoma a pore in the epidermis of the leaf or stem Spur a tubular or saclike extension of the corolla for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. or calyx of a fl ower. Stone the hard endocarp of a drupe, containing Squama structure shaped like a fi sh scale. pl. the seed or seeds. squamae. Stramineous chaffy; straw-liked. Squamous covered in scales. Striae parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj. Squarrose having rough or spreading scale-like striate. processes. Striate marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel Stamen the male part of a fl ower, consisting typ- lines or ridges. ically of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen-bearing Strigose bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed portion (anther). adj. staminal, staminate . hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. Staminate unisexual fl ower bearing stamens but Strobilus a cone-like structure formed from no functional pistils. sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl. strobili Staminode a sterile or abortive stamen, often Style the part of the pistil between the stigma reduced in size and lacking anther. adj. sta- and ovary. minodial. Stylopodium enlargement of the base of the style Standard refers to the adaxial petal in the fl ower in some members of the Apiaceae family. of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. Sub- a prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in Starch a polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- subglobose or subequal. ing of a large number of glucose units joined Subcarnose nearly fl eshy. together by glycosidic bonds a -1-4 linkages. Sub-family taxonomic rank between the family Stellate star shaped, applies to hairs. and tribe. Stem the main axis of a plant, developed from Subglobose nearly spherical in shape. the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- Subretuse faintly notched at the apex. ing leaves. Subsessile nearly stalkless or sessile. Sterile lacking any functional sexual parts Subshrub intermediate between a herb and shrub. which are capable of fertilisation and seed Subspecies a taxonomic rank subordinate to production. species. Stigma the sticky receptive tip of an ovary Substrate surface on which a plant or organism with or without a style which is receptive to grows or attached to. pollen. Subtend attached below something. Stilt root a supporting root arising from the Subulate narrow and tapering gradually to a fi ne stem some distance above the ground as in point, awl-shaped. some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Succulent fl eshy, juicy, soft in texture and prop root. usually thickened. 996 Scientific Glossary

Suckers young plants sprouting from the under- Terminal at the apex or distal end. ground roots of a parent plant and appearing Ternate in threes as of leaf with three lea fl ets. around the base of the parent plant. Testa a seed coat, outer integument of a seed. Sulcate grooved longitudinally with deep furrows. Thallus plant body of algae, fungi, and other Sulcus a groove or depression running along the lower organisms. internodes of culms or branches. Thyrse a dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as of Superior refers to the ovary is free and mostly the lilac, in which the lateral branches termi- above the level of insertion of the sepals, and nate in cymes. petals. cf. inferior. Tomentose refers to plant hairs that are bent and Suture line of dehiscence. matted forming a wooly coating. Swidden slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. Tomentellose mildly tomentose. Symbiosis describes close and often long-term Torus receptacle of a fl ower. mutualistic and bene fi cial interactions between Transpiration evaporation of water from the different organisms. plant through leaf and stem pores. Sympetalous having petals united. T r e e that has many secondary branches supported Sympodial refers to a specialized lateral growth clear of the ground on a single main stem or pattern in which the apical meristem. cf trunk. monopodial. Triangular shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and Synangium an organ composed of united spo- 3-sided. rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- Tribe a category intermediate in rank between taining spores. pl. synangia. subfamily and genus. Syncarp an aggregate or multiple fruit formed Trichome a hair-like outgrowth of the epider- from two or more united carpels with a single mis. style. adj. syncarpous. Trichotomous divided almost equally into three Syncarpous carpels fused forming a compound parts or elements. pistil. Tridentate three toothed or three pronged. Syconium a type of pseudocarp formed from a Tri fi d divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached Trifoliate having three leaves. to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries Trifoliolate a leaf having three lea fl ets. of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded Trifurcate having three forks or branches. achenes, e.g. fi g. Trigonous obtusely three-angled; triangular in Tannins group of plant-derived phenolic com- cross-section with plane faces. pounds. Tripartite consisting of three parts. Taxon the taxonomic group of plants of any rank. Tripinnate relating to leaves, pinnately divided e.g. a family, genus, species or any infraspeci fi c three times with pinnate pinnules. category. pl. taxa. Tripliveined main laterals arising above base of Tendril a slender, threadlike organ formed from lamina. a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, by coil- Triveined main laterals arising at the base of ing around objects, supports a climbing plant. lamina. Tepal a segment of the perianth in a fl ower in Triploid describing a nucleus or cell that has which all the perianth segments are similar three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of in appearance, and are not differentiated into chromosomes. calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Triquetrous three-edged; acutely 3-angled. Tetrasporangium a sporangium containing four Trullate with the widest axis below the middle and haploid spores as found in some algae. with straight margins; ovate but margins straight Terete having a circular shape when cross- and angled below middle, trowel-shaped. sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at Truncate with an abruptly transverse end as if each end. cut off. Scientific Glossary 997

Tuber a stem, usually underground, enlarged Urceolate shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. as a storage organ and with minute scale-like Utricle a small bladdery pericarp. leaves and buds. adj. tuberous. Valvate meeting without overlapping, as of a wart-like protuberance. adj. tubercu- sepals or petals in bud. cf. imbricate. late. Valve one of the sections or portions into which Tuberculate bearing tubercles; covered with a capsule separates when ripe. warty lumps. Variant any defi nable individual or group of indi- Tuberization formation of tubers in the soil. viduals which may or may not be regarded as Tuft a densely packed cluster arising from an representing a formal taxon after examination. axis. adj. tufted. Variegate, variegated diverse in colour or Turbinate having the shape of a top; cone-shaped, marked with irregular patches of different with the apex downward, inversely conic. colours, blotched. Turgid distended by water or other liquid. Variety a taxonomic rank below that of subspe- Turion the tender young, scaly shoot such as cies. asparagus, developed from an underground Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tissue. bud without branches or leaves. Velum a fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium Turnery articles made by the process of turning. in the fern, Isoetes. Twining winding spirally. Velutinous having the surface covered with a Ultisols mineral soils with no calcareous mate- fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne rial, have less than 10% weatherable minerals hairs; velvety. cf. sericeous in the extreme top layer of soil, and with less Venation distribution or arrangement of veins in the 35% base saturation throughout the soil. a leaf. Umbel an in fl orescence of pedicellate fl owers of Veneer thin sheet of wood. almost equal length arising from one point on Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, top of the peduncle. adj. umbellate. opposed to dorsal. Umbellet a secondary umbel of a compound Vernation the arrangement of young leaves umbel. cf. umbellule. or fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf. Umbellule an, a secondary umbel of a com- circinnate pound umbel. cf. umbellet. Verrucose warty Umbo projection at the scale tip of a seed bear- Verticil a circular arrangement, as of fl owers, ing cone. leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; Uncinate bent at the end like a hook; unciform. a whorl. Undershrub subshrub; a small, usually sparsely Verticillaster false whorl composed of a pair of branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf . opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. shrub. Verticillate whorled, arranged in one or more Undulate with an edge/margin or edges wavy whorls. in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to Vertisol a soil with a high content of expansive strongly undulate or crisped. cf. crisped. montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks Unifoliolate a compound leaf which has been in drier seasons or years. reduced to a single, usually terminal lea fl et. Vertosols soils that both contain more than 35% Uniform with one form, e.g. having stamens of clay and possess deep cracks wider than 5 mm a similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf. during most years. dimorphic. Vesicle a small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled with Uniseriate arranged in one row or at one level. air or fl uid. adj. vesicular. Unisexual with one sex only, either bearing the Vestigial the remaining trace or remnant of anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, an organ which seemingly lost all or most referring to a fl ower, in fl orescence or individ- of its original function in a species through ual plant. cf. bisexual. evolution. 998 Scientific Glossary

Vestiture covering; the type of hairiness, scali- of the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous ness or other covering commonly found on the fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of Poly- external parts of plants. cf. indumentums . galaceae. cf. keel, standard. Vibratile capable of to and for motion. Xanthophylls are yellow, carotenoid pigments Villose covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives than in pilose. of carotenes. Villous covered with soft, shaggy unmatted hairs. Xeromorphic plant with special modi fi ed Vine a climbing or trailing plant. structure to help the plant to adapt to dry con- Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment ditions. with an orange color found in a variety of Xerophyte a plant which naturally grows in dry plants like pansies. regions and is often structurally modi fi ed to Viscid sticky, being of a consistency that resists withstand dry conditions. fl ow. scraping of the pigmented outermost layer Vittae oil tubes in some plants e.g. in the Api- of the rind of citrus fruit used as a culinary aceae. ingredient. Viviparous describes seeds or fruit which sprout Zygomorphic having only one plane of sym- before they fall from the parent plant. metry, usually the vertical plane, referring to a Whorl a ring-like arrangement of leaves, sepals, fl ower, calyx or corolla. cf. actinomorphic. stamens or other organs around an axis. Zygote the fi st cell formed by the union of Winged having a fl at, often membranous expan- two gametes in sexual reproduction. adj. sion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or one zygotic. Common Name Index

A Bael fruit tree , 594 A549. See Lung carcinoma cell lines (A549) Bael tree , 594, 598, 605 Acid lime , 742 Bakong , 124 A2780/CP70 , 708 Balinese Pepper , 351 A431 human epidermoid carcinoma , 12 Bali , 106 Alder Leaf Shadbush , 358 Ball tree , 594 Aleppo Oak , 19 Banana , 118, 122, 144, 182, 382, 400, 401, 406, 419, nut , 3, 483 423, 452, 469, 560, 763, 851 , 12, 84, 298, 305, 312, 442, 443, 452, 480–490, Barbadine , 174, 181, 184 507, 620 Bartender’s Lime , 742 Amalki , 263 , 600, 641 American Black Raspberry , 570 Bawang Hutan , 77 Amla , 258, 259, 262, 265–267, 274–276, 278–282, 285, Beach Pandan , 138 286, 288, 290 Beam tree , 590 Andean blackberries , 545 Bearss Lime , 662 Androgen insensitive DU145 , 707 , 1 Androgen sensitive LNCaP , 707 Beet , 600 , 111, 112, 120, 905 Bela tree , 594 Anise Pepper , 904 Bel fruit , 594 Annatto , 641 Bencoi , 243, 246, 247 Apple pear , 423, 428, 535 Bengal Quince , 594 Apples , 4, 132, 359, 371, 372, 375, 376, 378, 400, 401, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) , 316, 819 410, 412–432, 459, 468, 469, 472, 517–519, 533, Beniseed , 187 535, 560, 594, 667, 760, 762, 763, 816, 884–888 Benneseed , 187 Apple-shaped Quince , 371 Bergamot , 685, 762, 775, 777, 812, 825, 834, 840, Apple tree , 413, 887 854–856, 862 Apricot , 3, 442–450, 464, 465, 788 B16F10. See Murine melanoma cells (B16F10) Aprium , 449 Bigarade Orange , 786 Arctic bramble , 398, 403, 548, 557, 572 Bignay , 220–224 Ashes , 2 Bigrade , 786 Asian Holly-Oak , 16 Bilberry , 34, 403, 404, 562 Asian pear , 531, 533, 535–538 Bing cherry , 451, 452, 458 Asian pennywort , 600 cherry , 451 Asian plum , 509 Bitter almond , 480, 482, 490 Asiatic apple , 410 Bitter leaf , 751 Astrocytoma , 687, 706 Bitter melon , 386, 405 Australian Lime , 625 , 700, 786, 788, 790–793, 797–800, 812, Australian Round Lime , 629, 630 825, 893 Australia sweet , 629 Blackberry , 3, 48, 49, 54, 400–403, 456, 459, 544–552, 559–563, 572, 573, 575, 577, 581, 583, 584, 587, 589 B Blackcap , 570 Bacang , 238 Black currants , 1, 27–37, 39, 40, 44, 47–49, 54, 57, 58, Baccaurea , 3, 225–250 197, 220, 459, 560, 562, 585, 586, 788 Baden , 181 Black currant tree , 220 Bael , 4, 594–613 Black olive , 82, 84 Bael fruit , 594–597, 600, 606, 607, 609, 611–613 Black Passionfruit , 147, 148

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits, 999 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 1000 Common Name Index

Black pepper , 3, 322–333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, Cancer cell line HO8910 , 708 343–345, 356, 678, 745, 851 Cancer cell line MCF-7 , 69, 92, 158, 160, 270, Black raspberry , 32, 49, 401, 403, 545, 549–551, 271, 316, 341, 403, 404, 424, 425, 487, 551, 559–563, 570–577, 583–585 563, 564, 604, 693, 708, 709 Blond orange , 817, 822 ODS (Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi) , 270 , 700, 806, 810, 812, 814–816, 822, 827 Caneberries , 560, 561, 572, 583 Blueberry , 32, 33, 49, 358, 360, 400, 402–404, 456, 459, Canton , 849 548–551, 558, 560, 562, 563, 573, 575, 576, 583, , 84, 312, 335 585, 627 Carberry , 51 B-lymphoid Raji , 269, 604 , 343, 344, 620 B16 melanoma , 170, 336 CaSki cervical cancer cell , 403 Bourbon Vanilla , 106 Castor oil , 286, 336, 355, 565, 606, 826 Boysenberry , 3, 550, 558–561, 581–586, 588, 589 Cattle tick , 288, 613 BPH. See Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Cauli fl ower , 401, 469, 560, 763 Bramble , 398, 403, 548, 557, 572 Cedar Pine , 297 Bramble Berry , 544 Cedars , 3 Breast cancer cell lines, 49, 74, 88, 91, 92, 94, 158, 159, CeHa cell lines , 698 170, 205, 212, 270, 271, 389, 424, 489, 513, 551, CEM-SS leukemia cell line , 80 604, 708, 763, 766, 820 Cervix (HeLa) , 389, 425, 709 MCF-7 , 69, 92, 158, 160, 270, 271, 316, 335, 341, Cervix epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa) , 425 403, 404, 424, 425, 487, 551, 563, 564, 573, 604, Cervix epitheloid (HeLa) cell lines , 389 693, 708, 709, 736, 820, 877 Chagas’ disease , 317 MDA-MB-231 , 270, 425, 513, 604 Checker tree , 590 T47-D , 121, 403 Cherry , 3, 48, 360, 452, 453, 455–460, 464, Breast carcinoma Mcf-7 and Mcf-7:Her18 cells , 424 564, 756 Broccoli , 401, 469, 560, 763, 960 Chess tree , 590 Brown plant hopper , 613 , 1, 6–14, 249 Brown River Finger Lime , 739 Chili , 84, 190, 905 Buah Merah , 117, 120, 121 , 745, 788, 905 Buccal pouch epidermoid carcinomas , 708 Orange , 806, 865 Buddha’s fi ngers , 690 Chinese almond , 442 Buddha’s-hand , 690 Chinese Bitter Orange , 786 Buddha’s-hand , 690, 691, 693 Chinese Crabapple , 410 Bullace , 474 Chinese Dwarf Lemon , 619 Bullace Plum Damask Plum , 476 Chinese Flowering Apple , 410 Bullet , 654 Chinese Flowering Quince , 364 Burmese Grape , 248 Chinese Laurel , 220 Bush Lemon , 846 Chinese Lemon , 849 Bush Passion fruit , 166 Chinese Loquat , 381, 392 Chinese Orange , 865 Chinese Pear , 535, 540 C Chinese Pepper , 904 C-33A (HPV16-/HPV18-, squamous cell Chinese Pinenut , 297 carcinoma) , 574 Chinese Plum , 509 Cabbage , 135, 143, 401, 469, 560, 763 Chinese Prickly Ash , 904 Caco-2 colon cancer cells , 35, 62, 93, 341, 342, Chinese Quince , 364, 376, 378, 515–520 403, 421, 423, 424, 429, 472, 566, 777 Chinese star anise , 120 Caf fi r Lime , 634 Chinese White Pear , 523 Calamandarin , 865 Chinotto , 700 , 865 Chokeberry , 34 Calamondin , 834, 840, 865–870 Chokecherry , 360 Calamondin Orange , 865 Cholera , 213, 368, 431, 607, 612, 751, 869 Californian Plum , 509 Chupak , 228 Calmondin , 865 , 111, 112, 382, 443, 528 Cancer cell line , 49, 69, 257, 271, 425, 573, 574, Cinquefoils , 3 687, 706, 865 Cisplatin-resistant human cells Cancer cell line A549 , 120, 121, 269, 270, 341, (2008/C13) , 708 389, 403, 551, 707–709, 876, 877 , 806, 893, 898 Cancer cell line HL-60 , 68, 92, 93, 335, 389, , 893, 898 424, 551, 604, 639,676, 703, 705, 708, 709, Citronelle , 846 766, 819, 820, 858, 859, 880, 895 , 634, 666, 682–688, 691, 812, 849, 850, 854 Common Name Index 1001

Clementine , 685, 702, 704, 786, 812 D mandarin , 700 Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) , Cleopatra mandarin , 815 268, 269, 274 Cloudberry , 403, 545, 548, 557, 572 Damson plums , 3, 469, 474, 476–478 , 3, 4, 659 Danshen , 392 , 107, 121, 125, 129, 140, 144, 382, 443, 635, Deberries , 51 745, 885 , 732, 733 Coconut oil , 121, 132, 145, 256, 338, 826, 886 Dekopon mandarin , 732 Cold Hardy Mandarin , 721 Dessert pear , 528, 572 Colitis-associated colon cancer , 426 Dewberry , 544, 581 COLO 201 , 676 DLA. See Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) Colon cells. See Human colon cancer cell lines Dooja , 629 Colonic adenocarcinoma , 709, 736 Double fl ower Chinese Crabapple , 410 Colorectal cancers , 121, 425, 426, 577, 706, 736 Downy Oak , 16 Colorectal carcinoma COLO 205 , 708 Dried plums , 465, 471–474, 585 Columbia SK , 677 DU-145. See Prostate cancer cell lines Commercial Vanilla , 106 Duck Pear , 523 Common Apricot , 442 Duck’s Eye , 72 Common Blackberry , 544 daun , 238 Common carp , 613 Durian nyekak , 238 Common Currant , 43 Dwarf lemon , 619 Common , 755 Dyer’s oak , 16 Common Lime , 742, 744 Common Olive , 82, 97 Common Orange , 700 E Common Pear , 527, 532 EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Common Plums , 463, 474 Egyptian Lime , 742 Common Quince , 371 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell , 37, 604, Common Rambai , 239 676, 886 Common Vanilla , 106 Ehrlich ascites cells , 37 Coolie Orange , 806 Elderberry , 404 Coral Ardisia , 65 Elephant apple , 4, 594, 884 Coralberry , 65 Elliptical-Leaf Ardisia , 72 Coralberry tree , 65 Emblic , 258, 260, 261, 264, 267, 269, 272, 274, 275, Coral Bush , 65 278, 279, 281, 283–286, 289, 290 Cork oak , 1 Emblica , 258–290 Cornelian cherry , 48, 54, 549, 562 Emblic Myrobalans , 260, 289 Country Gooseberry , 252 English Gooseberry , 51 Coxsackie A21 viruses , 677 Ependymoma , 706 Coxsackie B1 , 677 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) , 639, 674, 677, 858 Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) , 205, 206, 277 ER-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) , 270, 389, Crabapples , 410–412 425, 513, 604 Crab Cherry , 451 Erythroleukemic HEL , 269, 604 Cranberry , 49, 402–404, 419, 549–551, 559, 563, 573, Erythroleukemic HEL cell lines , 269 585, 772, 866 Eurasian Wild Plum , 476 Crisp Chinese Pear , 523 Eureka lemon , 748, 852, 853 CT-26 colon carcinoma , 504 European Blackberry , 544 Cubeb , 311, 312, 319, 320 European , 27 Cubeb Pepper , 311, 313, 314, 319 European chestnuts , 6, 9 Culate Mandarin , 695 European Gooseberry , 51 Cultivated blackberry , 544 European Mandarin , 695 Cultivated Currant , 43 European Olive , 82 Cultivated Olive , 82 European Pear , 527, 528, 531, 537 Curculigo , 1, 59, 61, 63 European Plum , 463, 464 Curd fruit , 884 European Raspberry , 555, 581 Currant tree , 220 European Red Raspberry , 555, 581 Currentwood , 220 European , 304 Curry leaf , 4, 325, 635, 866 Evening primrose , 300, 301, 565 CVB3. See Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) Evergreen blackberry , 549, 550, 559, 560, Cyprus Oak , 16 583, 584 1002 Common Name Index

F , 4, 400, 419, 459, 468, 560, 597, 700, 747, Fagara , 904 755–779, 792, 813, 832, 854 False Pepper , 311 Grape marc , 11 False sandalwood , 2 Greater Tampoi , 236 Feaberry , 51 Green and white currants , 32, 47 Feabes , 51 Green cabbage , 400, 401, 468, 469, 560, 763, 816 Feronia , 887 Greengage , 468, 470, 474 Feverberry , 51 Green gooseberries , 33, 48, 54 Fingered Citron , 688, 690, 692, 693 Green grape , 401, 469, 560, 763 Finger Lime , 625, 627 Green huajiao , 905, 906 Firs , 3 Green Olives , 82, 86 Flat-Leaved Vanilla , 106 Green Pepper , 322, 324, 325, 329, 330, 332 Flatspine Prickly Ash , 904 Green peppercorns , 325, 332 Flaxseed , 204, 206, 211 Green tea , 376, 377, 779 Flesh-Finger Citron , 690 Grenadia , 174 Flounder , 737 Grenadine , 181 Flowering Merrillia , 890 Grenedilla , 181 Flowering-Quince , 364 Groser , 51 Flower pepper , 904 Grozet , 51 Flying Dragon , 893 Gympie Lime , 629 Foetid Passion Flower , 166 Fool’s Curry Leaf , 871 , 667 H Forest Onion , 2, 77 H441 Human lung cancer , 820 Forsythia , 2 H2058 tumour , 676 Fragrant Pear , 540–542 Hala tree , 138, 139 Fresh Nectarine , 492 Hallabong , 732–737 Fringetrees , 2 Hallabong Mandarin , 732 Harbin Pear , 540 Hardy Orange , 893 G HA22T tumour , 676 Gage , 463, 468, 470, 471 Hawthorns , 3 Gall nuts , 1, 16–20, 23, 24 , 486 Gall Oak , 16 H9c2 cardiomyoblastoma , 908 Galls , 17, 18, 21, 22, 24 H460 Human lung cancer cells , 820 Garden Blackcurrant , 27 HCT-116 colon cancer cells , 425, 605 Garden Currant , 43 Head lice , 773 Garden Plum , 463, 466 Hedge Lime , 659 Garden Strawberry , 395 HeLa. See Human cervica cancer (HeLa) Garlic , 2, 77, 78, 81, 84, 197, 312, 744, 751, 903 Hemlocks , 3 Garlic Nut , 77 Hen’s-Eyes , 65 Garraway’s Australian Wild Lime , 631 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) , 23, 317, 710, 726, 765, 895 Gastric human tumour cells , 551 Hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 , 270, 279 Gean , 451 Hepatoma cells. See Human hepatocellular Giant Granadilla , 181–183, 185, 186 carcinoma (HepG2) Giardia and rotavirus , 606 HepG2. See Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) Gingelly , 187 Heps tumour , 707 Ginger , 111, 112, 144, 189, 515, 635, 745, 751, 788, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) , 36, 74, 277, 427, 861, 905 639, 677, 903, 940 Glioblastoma multiforme , 706 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) , 36, 74, 277, 427, Gliosarcoma (9 L) cell line , 705, 819 677, 903, 940 Golden Apple , 417, 594 High-bush lueberry , 49 Golden Lime , 865 Hilo Holly , 65 Golden Orange , 154, 647–649 Hinggan Red Pine , 297 Gooseberry , 1, 30, 33, 47, 48, 51–55, 58, 549, 562, 788 Hispid granadilla , 166 Goosegogs , 51 HIV , 69, 121, 122, 276, 377, 390, 710, 749, 774, 880 Granadilla , 147–149, 174, 175, 181–184 HIV-1NL4.3 , 276, 606 Granadilla Cimarrona , 166 HIV-1(IIIB) virus , 276 Granadille True , 181 HL-60. See Human promyelocytic leukaemia Grant Lemon , 619 (HL-60) cells Common Name Index 1003

Hog-plum , 2 Human lymphoblastoid T leukemia cell line (MOLT-4) , Holy Fruit , 594 639, 706, 710, 726, 821 Honeyblobs , 51 Human lymphoid leukemia Molt 4B cells , 205 Honeydew melon , 400 Human monocytic leukaemia (THP-1) cell , 96, 316, 343 HPV. See Human papillomavirus (HPV) Human neuroblastoma (IMR32) , 354 HSC-3 squamous cell carcinoma , 424 Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells , 585, 708, HT-29 human colon cancer cells , 93, 403, 425, 426, 771, 820 458, 551, 563, 573, 607, 706–708, 736, 764, Human oesophageal cancer , 575 794, 820, 895 Human oral (KB, CAL-27) , 403, 551, 563, 573 Huangpi , 877 Human pancreatic cancer cells , 271 Human breast cancer cell lines Human papillomavirus (HPV) , 276 MDA-MB-435 , 708, 736, 820 Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) , 276 MDA-MB-453 , 748, 765 Human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60) cells , 68, 80, Human cancer cells derived from colon (HT29) and 92, 93, 205, 335, 389, 406, 424, 551, 586, 604, stomach (MKN45) , 458 674, 676, 703, 705, 706, 708–710, 726, 727, 766, Human cervica cancer (HeLa) , 403, 574, 877 794, 819–821, 858, 859, 880, 895, 908 cervical , 270 Human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) , 316, 403, 404, human uterine carcinoma , 269 551, 563, 573, 707 Human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa (HPV16-/ Human prostate carcinoma CWR22Rnu1 HPV18+, adenocarcinoma) , 574 and DU145 cells , 424 Human cholangiocarcinoma CL-6 cell , 354 Human prostate epithelial cell line (P21) , 404 Human chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) , 269, Human tumor cell lines , 388, 389 604, 639, 706, 794, 820 Human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HTB43) , 388, Human colon adenocarcinoma , 93 389, 705, 819 Human colon adenoma cells (LT97) , 426 Human T47D mammary cancer cells , 708 Human colon cancer cell lines , 93, 377, 403, 404, 426, Hybrid Strawberry , 395 458, 551, 563, 573 Caco-2 , 403 HCT116 , 706 I HT-29 , 425, 706, 708, 736, 794, 820, 895 Iberian Olive , 82 SW-480 , 748, 767 Ichang Lime , 634 Human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 , 93 Immunode fi ciency virus (HIV)-1 , 903 Human coxsackieviruses B1-B6 , 605 Indian Bael , 594 Human fi brosarcoma HT-1080 cells , 706 Indian gooseberry , 252, 258, 259 Human gastric adenocarcinoma Indian Lime , 742 AGS cells , 707 Indian Ocean Vanilla , 106 MK-1 , 269, 707 Indian Pepper , 322 Human gastric cancer cell lines Indian Quince , 594 MKN-45, MKN-74 and KATO-III , 706, 736 Indian Wood-Apple , 884 TMK-1 , 706, 736 Indonesian Vanilla , 106 Human gastric cancer cells , 705 In fl uenza A2/Asian/J305 , 677 Human gastric carcinoma (SGC-7901) , 876 In fl uenza viral , 519 Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) , 37, 69, 269, Inkberry , 72 277, 335, 423–425, 513, 563, 709, 712, 769, 841, Italian , 6 876, 880 Italian Stone Pine , 304 cells , 69, 269, 277, 390, 425, 513, 769, 841, 859 hepatoma cell line , 676, 712, 769, 841 liver cancer , 37, 69, 270, 401, 423, 424 J Human hepatoma Bel-7402 cells , 69 Jaborandi Pepper , 351 Human immunode fi ciency virus HIV-1NL4.3 , 276 Jamberi , 846 Human immunode fi ciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) , 276, Jambhiri Orange , 846 390, 710 Jambu mawar , 238 Human laryngeal (Hep-2) , 354 Jambu susu , 238 Human leukaemia cells (U937) , 639, 676 Japanese Bitter Orange , 893 Human lung adenocarcinoma cancer cell (A-549) , 551, Japanese Blood Plum , 509, 511, 512 707–709, 876 Japanese Box Plum , 509 Human lung cancer (H1299) , 820 Japanese Hardy Orange , 893 Human lung fi broblast-like cell line (CCL 135) , 819 Japanese Holy , 65 Human lymphoblastoid B cell line RPMI-8866 , Japanese Loquat , 381 748–749 Japanese Mandarin , 721 1004 Common Name Index

Japanese Medlar , 381 Lemba , 59, 63, 181 Japanese Pear , 535 , 550 Japanese Plums , 381, 510–513 Lemon China , 900 Japanese Sweet Orange , 721 , 4, 60, 84, 147, 152, 167, 174, 182, 325, 365, Jasmines , 2, 801 377, 378, 382, 419, 423, 528, 550, 619–622, 634, Java , 351–353, 355, 356 635, 637, 654, 666, 668, 683–685, 691, 700, 701, Javanese Long Pepper , 351 708, 710, 742, 743, 745, 747–749, 762, 763, 766, Javanese Pepper , 311 772, 787, 792, 801, 812, 813, 818, 825, 834, 840, Javanese Peppercorn , 311 846–862, 865, 866, 868, 870, 890, 900 Java Pepper , 311, 351 Leprous Lime , 623 Java Vanilla , 106 Lettuce , 161, 401, 469, 560, 763 JCS leukemic cells , 706 Lewis lung cancer and human nonsmall Jentik-jentik , 238 lung cancer , 121 Jeruk Limo , 623, 624 Licorice , 111, 112, 392 Jostaberry , 54, 56–58 Lilacs , 2 Juneberry , 3, 358 Lima orange , 704 Jungle Belimbing , 115 Lime , 708, 792 Juniper berries , 84 Limeberry , 4, 900 Lime Chinese , 900 Lime Orange Berry , 900 K , 753, 843–845 K562. See Human chronic myelogenous leukemia Limes , 4, 182, 213, 612, 623, 625–627, 629–632, (K562) 634–641, 644, 645, 659, 662–666, 708, 739, 740, Kaf fi r Lime , 634, 636–641 742–753, 763, 787, 788, 792, 801, 818, 843, 844, Kalamansi , 865, 869 851, 854–857, 865, 866, 868, 869, 893, 900 Kapundung , 243 Lingonberry , 34, 403, 562 , 128–130 Liver cancer cells. See Human hepatocellular carcinoma Karuka Nut , 128, 130 (HepG2) Katinga , 890 LNCaP. See Human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) KATO III , 472, 706, 736 Loganberry , 3, 581, 584, 587, 588 KB (oral human epidermal carcinoma) , 676, 877 Long-Leaved Kumquat , 659 Ketupa , 228 Long Pepper , 345, 351–354, 356 , 742, 747, 843 Loose-Skinned Orange , 695 Kidney bean , 62 Loquat , 3, 378, 381–392, 405 King mandarins , 715 Love-In-A-Mist Passion fl ower , 166 King of Siam , 837 Low-bush blueberry , 49 King Orange , 837 Lumbah , 59 Kirsten murine sarcoma virus , 707 Lung carcinoma cell lines (A549) , 120, 121, 269, 270, Kiwi fruit , 400, 459, 486 341, 389, 403, 551, 707–709, 876, 877 Knob-Fruited Screwpine , 124 Korean Cedar , 297 Korean Pear , 535 M Korean Pine , 297, 299–302 Mafai , 239, 248–250, 871, 877 Korean Pinenut , 297, 299 Maize , 301, 751 KU812F chronic myelogenous leukemia cell , 80 Malacca Tree , 258 Kuini , 238 Malarial parasites , 677, 887 , 4, 647–649, 651–660, 700, 834, 840, Malayan Kumquat , 659, 660 843–845, 865, 866, 870 Malay Gooseberry , 252 Malay lemon , 890 Maltese Orange , 695 L Mammary carcinoma , 271, 272 L1210. See Mouse lymphocytic leukemia (L1210) Manchurian Pear , 540 Lampaong , 232 Mandarin oranges , 4, 480, 619, 623, 685, 695–702, 705, LanternTree , 248 709–711, 715, 721–726, 728, 729, 732, 733, 735, Larches , 3 742, 802, 812, 815, 825, 832, 834, 837, 840, 842, Large-Fruited Strawberry , 395 848, 854, 859, 865, 868 Large leaf Australian wild lime , 644 Mango , 760, 989 Large Round Kumquat , 651 Mangosteen , 600 Lime , 634 Maracuya , 147, 149, 181 Leek , 400, 401, 468, 469, 560, 762, 763, 816 Maredoo Quince-Apple Of India , 594 Common Name Index 1005

Marionberry , 558–560, 583, 584 N Marion blackberry , 550, 559, 583 Nagami kumquats , 649, 652–658, 865 Marita , 117, 118, 122 Nai Plum , 509 Marmalade Orange , 786 Nashi , 527, 535–540 Marron , 6, 11, 166, 167 Nashi Pear , 535, 536, 538 Marumi kumquats , 647–649, 652, 653 Nasnaran , 623 Mauritius , 634 Nasnaran Mandarin , 623 Mauritius Vanilla , 106 Naspli , 381 Mazoe Lemon , 846 Native Finger Lime , 625 Mazzard , 451 Native Lime , 629 MCF-7. See Breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 Native Orange , 629 MDA-HB-435 human breast cancer cell , 708, 736, Navel oranges , 675, 700, 735, 806, 809, 810, 812–814, 765, 820 816–819, 822, 825, 827 MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines , 270, 425, 513, 604 Navel sweet orange , 813, 818 Meadowsweets , 3 NCI-H460 Liver cancer cell lines , 69 Mediterranean Olive , 82 NCI-H187 (human, small cell lung cancer) Mediterranean Stone Pine , 304 cell lines , 877 Medlar , 3, 381, 437–440 Nectarines , 3, 465, 492–496, 500, 503, 504 Medlar Tree , 437 Nectar Raspberry , 555 Meiwa kumquat , 651–653 , 786, 788, 793 Melanoma cells. See Murine melanoma cells Nicobar- , 131 (B16F10) Nigger’s Cord , 220 Melanoma Colo38 , 604 Non-melanoma skin cancer , 505 Menteng , 239, 243–247 Norovirus , 765 Meth-A- fi brosarcoma , 389 Noxious Blackberry , 544 Mexican lime , 663, 665, 666, 742, 752 Nut-Galls , 16–18, 20, 22 Mexican Vanilla , 106 Nutmeg , 111, 112, 182, 346 Meyer lemons , 619–622 Nutwood , 77 Tree , 619 Mikan , 634, 696, 721, 722, 729, 807 Mint , 111, 112, 791, 869 O Mirabelle , 470, 471, 474 Oak , 1, 16, 72 MK-1 human gastric cancer cell line , 269 Oil Pandan , 117 MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line , 706, 736 Oligoastrocytoma , 706 MKN-74 human gastric cancer cell line , 706, 736 Olives , 83–85, 89, 91, 94, 96, 101 Mock Orange , 893 Olive Tree , 82–84, 88, 89, 101 MOLT-4 cells. See Human lymphoblastoid T leukemia Omani Lime , 742 cell line Onion , 77, 371, 401, 405, 468, 469, 560, 745, 762, 763, Mongolian Pear , 540 813, 905 Monkey Fruit , 884 Oral (KB, CAL-27) , 403, 551, 563, 573 Monkey-Guzzle , 178 Oral epithelial dysplasia , 574 Mosquito , 23, 113, 288, 345, 355, 611, 641, 713, 752, Orangeberry , 4 825, 861, 887, 894, 897, 898 Oranges , 4, 402, 406, 651, 675, 696–699, 701, 708, 713, Mossy Passion fl ower , 166 765, 788–790, 792, 809, 810, 813, 815, 816, 818, Mountain ash , 3, 590 819, 834, 839, 840, 842, 854 Mountain Juneberry , 358 Orchid , 2 Mount White Lime , 631, 632 Oriental Pear , 535 Mouse embryonal carcinoma (PCC4) , 354 Ornamental Quince Japanese Quince , 364 Mouse lymphocytic leukemia (L1210) , 676, 794 , 771 Mouse Sarcoma-180 , 121 Osmanthuses , 2 Mouse thymic lymphoma (barcl-95) , 271 Otaheite Gooseberry , 252, 254 Mulberry , 386, 405, 737 Oval Kumquat , 654, 655, 845, 870 Murine B16/F10 melanoma cells , 713 Ovarian cancer , 708 Murine leukemia P-388 , 709 Murine melanoma cells (B16F10) , 68, 211, 269, 334, 707–710 P Murine myeloid leukemic cell clone WEHI 3B , 705 Paci fi c Serviceberry , 358 Musk Lime , 865, 868–870 Pamplemousses , 667, 755, 834, 840 Myrobalan , 258, 260, 289 Panama Orange , 865 Myrrh , 715 Panc-28 cancer cell , 748 1006 Common Name Index

Pancreatic cancer (MDA Panc-28) , 271, 404, 709 Portuguese Chestnut , 6, 9, 10 Pandan , 138, 139 Privets , 2 Pandanas , 138, 139 Prostate cancer cell lines , 270, 316, 403, 404, 424, Pandanas Palm , 138 564, 707 Nut , 117, 124, 128 Prostate tumor cell. See Human prostate cancer cells Pandanus Palm , 134 (LNCaP) Pandan Wong , 131 Prune Plum , 463, 467 Papaya , 122, 182, 744, 866 Prunes , 465, 468, 470–474, 591 Papuan Wild Lime , 739 Pseudorabies viruses , 677 Paradise apple , 667 Pumello , 4 Parasol Pine , 304 Pummelo , 667, 668, 670–675, 756, 770, 775, 802 Passion fl ower , 166, 181 Purple and yellow passion fruit , 153, 154 Passion fruit , 2, 147–149, 151–158, 160, 161, 178, 760 Purple Granadilla , 147, 148 PC-3. See Prostate cancer cell lines Purple Passion Fruit , 147–151, 153, 154, 159, 160 Pea , 17, 401, 469, 560, 763 Purple Raspberry , 545, 570 Peach , 3, 400, 401, 419, 422, 423, 449, 465, 468, 469, Purple Water Lemon , 147 481, 492, 493, 495, 496, 498–507, 560, 760, 762, Pyrene Oil , 82 763, 788, 816 Peachcot , 449 Peach Tree , 496, 498, 499, 503 Q , 134, 201, 482, 486, 635, 688, 745 Queensland Finger , 625 Pear , 3, 372, 378, 422, 524, 525, 527–533, 536, 541 Queensland Wild , 644 Pearl lemon , 654 Queensland Wild Lime , 644 Pear Tree , 527, 533, 593 Quince , 3, 372–378, 515, 517–519 Pegaga , 638 Quince Seeds , 371, 375, 378 Pepper 3 , 81, 182, 189, 256, 323, 745, 869, 905 Quince Tree , 371 , 3, 322–333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 343–345, 356, 678, 745, 851 green pepper, 322, 324, 325, 329, 330, 332 R white pepper, 322, 324–328, 330, 331, 333, 341, Rambai , 221, 228, 232, 236, 239, 241, 243, 248 342, 345 Rambi , 239, 243 Pepper tree Raspberry , 3, 34, 48, 49, 54, 360, 400–404, 459, 468, Perry Pears , 527 469, 545, 548–550, 555–566, 571, 583, 762, 816 Persian Gum , 476 Raspberry Bush , 555 , 662, 665, 818 Raspberry seeds , 403, 404, 559, 562 Persimmon , 405, 600 Raspberry x blackberry hybrids , 48, 54, 549, 562 Petitgrain , 664, 688, 697, 700, 715, 788, 801, 861 histiocytoma (BC-8) , 354 petitgrain mandarin oil , 697, 700 Red Angled Tampoi , 225 Phenomenal-Berry , 587 Red currants , 1, 32, 33, 43–49, 54, 459, 549, 562 Philippine Lime , 865 Red delicious , 415–417, 421–423, 425, 459 Pickling Olive , 82 Red fruit , 66, 117, 118, 120–122, 556, 903, 905 Pignolia-Nut Pine , 304 Red Granadilla , 178 Pimentos , 84 Red grape , 400, 419, 423, 758, 759, 761, 763, 765, Pineapple , 142, 182, 419, 452, 459, 683, 772 769, 770 Pineapple strawberry , 395 Red huajiao , 905 Pine nuts , 3, 298, 299, 301, 302, 305, 307–309 Red orange , 819, 821, 838 Pines , 3, 305, 308, 309 Red Pandanus , 117 Pine seed , 300–302, 307 Red Passion Flower , 178 Pine strawberry , 395 Red passionfruit , 147, 150 Pink grapefruit , 400, 760, 771 Red Passion Vine , 178 P388 leukemia cells? , 676 Red peppercorns , 324 Plumcot , 449 Red plum , 400, 401, 468, 469, 560, 762, 763, 816 Plums , 3, 449, 464–466, 468–470, 474, 477, 478, 513 Red raspberry , 398, 400, 401, 403, 456, 548–551, Pluot , 449 555–563, 565–567, 572, 573, 575, 583, 584, 587 Poliovirus type 2 , 639 Renal adenocarcinoma , 377 , 667–672, 675, 676, 678, 755 , 390 , 696, 700–704, 708, 711, 732 Riversii Chinese Crabapple , 410 Porcupine orange , 634 Rocky Mountain Blueberry , 358 Porcupine orange lime , 634 Roses , 3, 265, 275, 276, 384, 772, 801, 993 Portugal Orange , 806 , 634, 846–848 Common Name Index 1007

Rough Seville , 786 SKBR3 human breast adenocarcinoma , 74, 92, 170 Round kumquat , 647, 649, 651, 843, 845 SK-HEP-1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells , 895 Round Lime , 629, 630 SK-MEL-1 melanoma cell , 707, 708 Rowan , 3 SK-OV3 (ovarian) human cancer cell lines , 270 Running Pop , 167 Sloe , 3, 464 Russell River Lime , 644 Smoky berries , 360 Smooth-Skinned Peach , 492 Snow Pear , 540 S Soft Pear , 527 Saf fl ower , 202, 300, 301 Sorb tree , 590, 591 Tree , 220 Sour cherry , 48, 402, 452, 455, 457, 459 Sand fl y , 860 Sour Lime , 742, 745 Sand Pear , 535 Spanish chestnut , 6, 13 Sarcoma 180 cells , 334 Spear Flower , 65 Sarvisberry , 358 Spiceberry , 65, 66 Saskatoon , 358, 360, 362 Spicy-peeled kumquat , 654 Saskatoon berry , 358–362 Spinach , 400–402, 468, 469, 560, 762, 763, 816 Saskatoon Serviceberry , 358 Spruces , 3 Satsuma , 695, 721–729, 834, 840 Squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2 , 424 Satsuma mandarins , 697, 700, 715, 721–726, 728, Square Stalked Passion Flower , 181 729, 735 Square-Stem Passion Flower , 181 Satsuma Orange , 647, 695, 721, 866 S-180 sacrcoma cells , 533 Satsuma , 721 Starfruit , 2 Sauvage Lime , 625 Star Gooseberry , 252–254, 256 Scarlet Lime , 865 Stinking Granadilla , 167 Scarlet Passion Flower , 178 Stinking Passion fl ower , 167 Scotch Cap , 570 St. John’s Wort , 799 Screw Palm , 134 Stomach (NCI-SNU-1) , 709 Screw Pine , 124, 134, 138 Stone Apple , 594 Sea buckthorn , 49, 360 Stone pine , 305, 307, 309 Seashore Ardisia , 72 Stone , 305 Seedless Lime , 662 Strawberry , 3, 48, 49, 360, 386, 395–407, 411, 419, 423, Seedless Mandarin , 721 456, 459, 468, 469, 548–551, 557, 559–561, 563, Semliki forest , 677 572–576, 585, 762, 816 Semsem , 187 Submandibular gland carcinoma HSG , 424 Serviceberry , 3, 49, 358 SunAmla , 265, 279, 280 Service tree , 590 Suntara Orange , 695 Service Tree Mountain Ash , 590 Swatow Tangerine , 695 Sesame , 3, 187–213, 288, 623 Sweet Almond , 480, 490 Seville , 786 Sweet cherry , 400, 451–460, 548, 560, 564 Seville Orange , 786, 787, 808 Sweet chestnut , 6, 7, 11, 13 Seville , 799 Sweet Cup , 147 Seychelles Vanilla , 106 Sweet granadilla , 174–177 Shadbush , 358 Sweet kumquat , 651 Shaddock , 667, 668, 672 Sweet orange(s) , 696, 699, 700, 721, 748, 763, 766, 788, Shamuti Orange , 806 790, 792, 800, 801, 806–827, 837, 839, 857 Sheep fl uke , 288, 613 Sweet Passion Fruit , 174 Shiranui , 732–737 Sweet-Peeled kumquat , 647 Shiranui Dekopon , 732 Sweet , 118, 600 Shoebutton , 72 SW620 (colorectal) human cancer cell lines , 270 Shoebutton Ardisia , 72 Swingle’s kumquat , 659 Shrubby Blackberry , 544 Szechuan pepper , 4, 189, 904, 905 Siberian Apricot , 442 Siberian Pear , 540 pepper , 189, 904, 905, 909 T Sichuan peppercorn(s) , 904, 905 Table Nectarine , 492 SiHa (HPV16+/HPV18-, squamous cell carcinoma) , 574 Tagua Passion Flower , 167 SiHa cervical cancer cell , 403 Tahitian Gooseberry , 252 Sindbis virus , 390 Tahitian Lime , 662–665 Sindu , 77 Tahitian Screwpine , 138 1008 Common Name Index

Tahitian Vanilla , 106 Valley Lemon , 619 Tahiti Lime , 662, 663, 665, 745, 748, 856 Vanilla , 2, 106–113, 149, 456, 528, 801 Tailed Pepper , 311 Vanilla vine , 106, 108 Tampoi , 225, 226, 228, 230, 231, 236, 238, 243, 248 Varicella-zoster virus , 36 Tampoi kuning , 236, 238, 248 Veitch Screw-Pine , 138 Tampoi Merah , 230, 248 Velvet leaf blueberry , 49 Tampoi putih , 236, 238 Village Ardisia , 65 Tampui , 236, 243 (s) , 832–835, 839–841 , 695, 698, 700, 713, 733, 790, 815, 837, 839 W mandarin , 842 Wampee , 4, 871–876, 880 , 700, 815, 837, 839 Wampi , 871 Tart cherries , 457 Wart Lime , 634 Tayberry , 587 Washington Navel , 809, 817, 819, 825 Temple Orange , 837 Washington Navel orange , 809 Textile Screw-Pine , 138 Water lemon , 147, 167, 174 Thai Bai Makrut , 634 Weevil Lily , 59 Thai cobra , 24 Western equine encephalitis , 677 Thatch Screw-Pine , 138 Western Serviceberry , 358 Thick-Skinned Finger Lime , 631 Western Shadbush , 358 Thimble Berry , 570 West Indian Lime , 742 Thornless blackberry , 1, 546, 547, 549 West Indian Vanilla , 106 THP-1 cells. See Human monocytic leukaemia White currants , 32, 43, 44, 47–49 (THP-1) cell White grape , 400, 704, 759–761, 763, 767 Tight-skinned orange , 806 White Pear , 523 T-lymphoid Jurkat , 269, 604 White Pepper , 322, 324–328, 330, 331, 333, 341, TMK-1. See Human gastric cancer cell 342, 345 lines, TMK-1 White peppercorns , 325, 327 Tobacco army worm , 641 White Pine , 56, 297 Tomato , 400, 401, 468, 469, 560, 745, 762, 763, 816 White sapote , 4 Tonkan , 700, 711 Whitty Pear , 590 Toothache tree , 904 Wild bilberry , 403, 404 Trifoliata , 893–898, 900 Wild Blackberry , 544, 550 Trifoliata Orange , 893, 894 Wild blueberry , 360, 403 Trifoliate Limeberry , 900 Wild Carambola , 225 , 4, 900–903 Wild Cherry , 220, 451 Triphasia Limeberry , 4, 900 Wild chestnut , 9 Tristeza virus disease , 801, 848 Wild Gooseberry , 51 True Mandarin , 695 Wild Lemon , 846 True Service tree , 590 Wild Lime , 631, 634, 644, 645, 739 Type A and B in fl uenza viruses , 36, 519 Wild Maracuja , 167 Wild Passionfruit , 167 Wild Water Lemon , 167 U Willow-leaf cherry , 509 U937. See Human leukaemia cells (U937) Wood apple , 594, 884–888 U14 cervical cancer , 300 Wood Garlic , 2, 77–81 Ugli fruit , 832 Woodland Onion , 77 Umbrella Pine , 304 Wood , 2 Unshiu , 695, 703, 704, 710, 721–729, 732, 735, 737, 817 Urinary bladder cancer 5637 cells , 710 Ussurain Plum , 509 X Ussurian Pear , 540, 541 Xinjiang pear , 533, 541

V Y Valencia , 665, 700, 806, 809, 811–813, 815, 817, 818, Ya Li Pear , 523, 524 825, 827 Ya Pear , 523, 524 Valencia oranges , 665, 809, 811, 815, 818, 827 Yellow passion fruit , 147–154, 156 Scientifi c Name Index

A persica var. scleropersica , 498 Acacia catechu , 19, 20 sativa , 480 Acinetobacter baumannii , 20, 37 , 611 Adenocrepis lanceolatus , 232 Anguillaria solanacea , 72 Aedes aegypti , 344, 345, 355, 611, 641, 887, 897, 898 dirus , 641 albopictus , 23, 887 maculates , 887 togoi , 344 minimus , 887 Aegiceras , 2 stephensi , 23, 611, 861, 887 Aegle stephensi mosquito , 611 marmelos , 4, 269, 594–613 subpictus , 610, 611 sepiaria , 893 Anthadenia sesamoides , 187 Aeromonas hydrophila , 869 Antiaris toxicaria , 80 , 312 Antidesma , 3 Albizia lebbeck , 264, 282 andamanicum , 220 Alchemilla , 3 bunius , 220–224 Allium bunius var. cordifolium , 220 cepa , 609 bunius var. fl oribundum , 220 sativum , 861 bunius var. genuinum , 220 Aloe vera , 275, 276, 611 bunius var. pubescens , 220 Alstonia scholaris , 599 bunius var. sylvestre , 220 Amelanchier , 441 bunius var. wallichii , 220 alnifolia , 358–362 ciliatum , 220 canadensis var . alnifolia , 358 colletii , 220 carrii , 358 cordifolium , 220 leptodendron , 358 crassifolium , 220 macrocarpa , 358 fl oribundum , 220 sanguinea var . alnifolia , 358 glabellum , 220 Amygdalus glabrum , 220 amara , 480 retusum , 220 armeniaca , 442 rumphii , 220 communis , 480 stilago , 220 communis var. amara , 480 sylvstre , 220 communis var. dulcis , 480 thorelianum , 220 communis var. fragilis , 480 Aphanamixis polystachya , 269 dulcis , 480 Apinus fragilis , 480 koraiensis , 297 persica , 498 pinea , 304 persica [unranked] aganonucipersica , 498 Ardisia persica [unranked] aganopersica , 498 bicolor , 65 persica [unranked] scleronucipersica , 498 compressa , 69 persica [unranked] scleropersica , 498 crenata , 2, 65–70, 74 persica var. aganonucipersica , 498 crenata var. bicolor , 65 persica var. compressa , 498 crenulata , 65 persica var. nectarina , 492 crispa , 65, 68, 69 persica var. nucipersica , 492–496 crispa var. taquetii , 65 persica var. scleronucipersica , 498 elliptica , 2, 72–75

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits, 1009 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 1010 Scientifi c Name Index

Ardisia (cont.) cauli fl ora , 248 hainanensis , 72 dulcis , 228–229 henryii , 65 edulis , 230–231 humilis , 72, 74, 75 fl accida , 248 ketoensis , 72 glabri fl ora , 232 konishii , 65 grif fi thii , 236 kusukusensis , 65 lanceolata , 232–234 labordei , 65 macrocarpa , 236–238 lentiginosa , 65 motleyana , 239–242 linangensis , 65 oxycarpa , 248 littoralis , 72 pierardi , 248 miaoliensis , 65 polyneura , 238 pyrgus , 72 propinqua , 248 solanacea , 72 pubescens , 239 squamulosa , 72, 74 pyrrhodasya , 232 Areca , 107 racemosa , 243–247 Areca catechu , 24, 63, 752 rami fl ora , 248–250 Armeniaca sapida , 248 armeniaca , 442 suvrae , 228 bericoccia , 442 wallichii , 243 communis , 442 wrayi , 248 epirotica , 442 Bacillius macrocarpa , 442 subtilis , 21, 37, 58, 100, 160, 317, 342, 343, 448, vulgaris , 442 606, 675, 687, 763, 825, 860, 902, 907 Aronia alnifolia , 358, 362 cereus , 20, 37, 58, 100, 112, 241, 317, 427, 640, 675, Artemia salina , 223 764, 794, 859 Arthrobacter luteus , 21 megaterium , 161 Artocarpus gomezianus , 903 pumilus , 317, 887 Ascaris lumbricoides , 678 sphaericus , 342, 355 Aspergillus thuringiensis israelensis , 861 fl avus , 317, 607, 687, 710, 764, 859 Bacillus spp. , 750 fumigates , 161, 640 Bacopa monnieri , 611 niger , 342, 343, 687, 710, 751, 764, 825, 859 Bacteroides ochraceous , 80 distasonis , 856 ochraceus , 342 fragilis , 431 parasiticus , 750 uniformis , 856 saitoi , 677, 678, 857, 858 Bacteroides spp. , 751 Aspergillus spp. , 607 Bactrocera oleae , 801 Atalantia polyandra , 659 Ballota nigra , 13 Aucklandia lappa , 693 Barrotia Aulacia punctata , 871 gaudichaudii , 124 Aurantiifolia , 742 macrocarpa , 124 Aurantium tetrodon , 124 acre , 786 Batidea idaea , 555 decumanum , 667 Belou marmelos , 594 maximum , 667 Bergera , 3 medicum , 682 Bergera kongii , 4 sinensis , 806 Bi fi dobacteria , 489, 922 var. citrus , 786 Bilacus marmelos , 594 Aurota latifolia , 59 Bixa orellana , 641 Australasica var . sanguinea , 626, 627 Bladhia Averrhoa , 2 crenata , 65 Averrhoa acida , 252 crispa , 65 crispa var. taquetii , 65 elliptica , 72 B kotoensis , 72 Baccaurea , 3, 226, 229 lentiginosa var. lanceolata , 65 angulata , 225–227 solanacea , 72 bhaswatii , 243 Blastocystis hominis , 23 borneensis , 236 Blattella germanica , 641 Scientifi c Name Index 1011

Boerhaavia diffusa , 599 Chaenomeles , 3, 378, 517 Boesenbergia lagenaria , 364 pandurata , 639 sinensis , 515–520, 699–701, 704, 710 rotunda , 641 speciosa , 364–369, 520, 521 Boronia , 4 Chavica Bothrops atrox , 185 maritima , 351 Botrycarpum nigrum , 27 of fi cinarum , 351 Botrytis cinerea , 675, 880 peepuloides , 351 Brevibacterium fermentans , 21 retrofracta , 351 Brucea javanica , 23 Chromobacterium violaceum , 342, 427, 902 malayi , 610 Chrysosporium tropicum , 160 Bryantia butyrophora , 117 Cicca Bulinus truncates , 23 acida , 252 Bunius sativus , 220 acidissima , 252 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , 256 disticha , 252 emblica , 258 nodi fl ora , 252 C racemosa , 252 Calloselasma rhodostoma , 24 Cinnamomum zeylanicium , 21 Camellia sinensis , 376 Citreum vulgare , 682 Campylobacter jejuni , 100 Citrobacter freundii , 869 Candida Citrobacter spp. , 751 albicans , 54, 80, 100, 256, 275, 317, 342, 343, 449, 459, 607, 657, 676, 687, 711, 736, 751, 764, 794, microcarpa , 865 825, 859, 969 mitis , 865 glabrata , 37–38, 58, 275, 302 X Citrofortunella fl oridana , 843 krusei , 54 X Citrofortunella swinglei , 843 lipolytica , 38, 58, 80 Citrus , 3, 627, 645, 798, 840, 989 lusitaniae , 54 abyssinica , 849 maltosa , 763 acida , 742 norwegica , 38, 58 alata , 682 parapsilosis , 38, 58 albicans , 54, 459 pulcherrima , 54 amara , 786 tropicalis , 38, 58, 275 amblycarpa , 623–624 zeylanoides , 38, 58 aurantifolia , 747, 750, 814, 815, 823, 825 Candida spp. , 37 aurantiifolia var. latifolia , 662 Capraria integerrima , 187 aurantiifolia var. tahiti , 662 Carum carvi , 750 aurantium , 682, 693, 695, 700, 742, 786, 791–802, Casimiroa edulis , 4 806, 846 Castanea , 1 aurantium b sinensis , 806 castanea , 6 aurantium f. cyathifera , 790 prolifera , 6 aurantium f. deliciosa , 695 sativa , 1, 6–14 aurantium f. kabusu , 790 sativa f. discolor , 6 aurantium f. var. aurantium , 806 sativa var. hamulata , 6 aurantium L. subsp. sinensis , 806 sativa var. microcarpa , 6 aurantium ssp. amara , 786 sativa var. prolifera , 6 aurantium subsp. aurantium , 806 sativa var. spicata , 6 aurantium subsp. jambhiri , 846, 862 sativa var. typica , 6 aurantium subsp. sinensis , 806 vesca , 6 aurantium subsp. suntra , 695 vulgaris , 6 aurantium var. 1 , 695 Cattleya , 2 aurantium var. amara , 792 Cellulosimicrobium cellulans , 21 aurantium var. aurantifolia , 742 Centella asiatica , 638 aurantium var. bigaradia , 786 Cerapu 2 (Garcinia prainiana) , 238 aurantium var. dulcis , 766 Cerasus aurantium var. medica , 682 avium , 451 aurantium var. sinensis , 806 avium var. aspleniifolia , 451 auraria , 634 dulcis , 451 australasica , 625–627 nigra , 451 australis , 629–630 1012 Scientifi c Name Index

Citrus (cont.) medica , 682–688 bergamia , 825 medica f. limon , 849 bigaradia , 786 medica f. monstrosa , 690 cedrata , 682 medica L. var. digitata , 690 changshanensis , 704 medica subf. aurantiifolia , 742 chrysocarpa , 695 medica subf. pyriformis , 667 costata , 667 medica subsp. acida , 742 crassa , 682 medica subsp. genuina , 682 daoxianensis , 695 medica subsp. limonia , 849 decumana , 667, 755 medica subsp. limonum , 849 decumana var. paradisi , 755 medica var. acida , 742 decumana var. racemosa , 755 medica var. ethrog , 685 deliciosa , 695, 800 medica var. limau kasturi , 865 depressa , 695 medica var. limon , 848 echinata , 634 medica var. limonum , 849 erythrosa , 695 medica var. medica , 682 fortunella , 700 medica var. sacordactylis , 692, 693 fragrans , 682 medica var. sarcodactylis , 685, 690–693 fusca , 786 medica vulgaris , 682 garrawayae orth. var , 631 ‘Meyer,’ 619–622 garrawayi , 631–633 meyeri , 619 grandis , 667–672, 670–672, 674, 676, 677, 700, 723, microcarpa , 143, 637, 685, 868, 869 725, 755 myrtifolia , 700 grandis var. pyriformis , 667 nobilis , 623, 695 grandis var. racemosa , 755 nobilis var. amblycarpa , 623 grandis var. sabon , 667 nobilis var. poonensis , 695 guilliermondii , 38 nobilis var. unshiu , 695 hyalopulpa , 634 notissima , 742 hystrix , 634–641, 685, 742, 753, 868 obovoidea , 667 inaequalis , 849 odorata , 682 inconspicua , 38, 58 pampelmos , 667 inodora , 644–645 papeda , 634 jambhiri , 847, 848 paradisi , 701, 704, 748, 755, 756, 759, 762, 764, 766, japonica , 364, 520, 647, 651, 656, 843 770, 825, 857, 859 javanica , 742 polyandra , 659 junos , 723, 725 pompelmos , 667 kerrii , 634 pompelmos racemosus , 755 khasia , 695 ponki , 695 kwangsiensis , 667, 682 poonensis , 695 latifolia , 662–666 pyriformis , 667 lemon , 710 racemosa , 755 lima , 742 reticulata , 695–715 limetta , 742 reticulata Blanco , 721, 732, 837 limetta var. aromatic , 742 reticulata cv. ‘Unshu’ , 721 limon , 621, 701, 748, 766, 800, 813, 848, 854, 856, reticulata cv. ‘Wenzhou ,’ 721 858–861 reticulata cv. ‘Wenzhou ’ , 721 limonellus , 742 reticulata ‘Shiranui,’ 732–737 limonellus var. amblycarpa , 623 reticulata subsp. deliciosa , 695 limonia , 800, 848, 862 reticulata subsp. tachibana , 695 limonia s. lat. , 846 reticulata subsp. unshiu , 695 limonum , 849 reticulata Tangor , 837 macracantha , 806 reticulata var. austera , 695, 865 macroptera var. kerrii , 634 reticulata var. austeres , 695, 865 madurensis , 695, 865 reticulata var. chrysocarpa , 695 madurensis var. deliciosa , 695 reticulate Satsuma Group , 721–729 maideniana , 644 sabon , 667 mangshanensis , 695 sarcodactylis Hoola , 690 margarita , 654 sinenis , 703, 704, 710, 732, 735, 748, 750, 756, maxima , 667–678 764, 771, 800, 806, 812–826, 837, 857, 859, maxima var. racemosa , 755 860, 862, 898 maxima var. uvacarpa , 755 sphaerocarpa , 737 Scientifi c Name Index 1013

succosa , 695 Citrus x limonia , 846 suhuiensis , 637, 685, 695, 868 Citrus x limonum , 849 sunki , 695 Citrus x meyeri , 620 swinglei , 659 Citrus x meyeri , 849 tachibana , 695 Citrus x meyerii , 619 tachibana subf. depressa , 695 Citrus x microcarpa , 865–870 tachibana subf. ponki , 695 Citrus x mitis , 865 tachibana subf. suhuiensis , 695 Citrus x nobilis , 837 tachibana subf. sunki , 695 Citrus x nobilis subf . deliciosa , 695 taitensis , 848 Citrus x nobilis subf . erythrosa , 695 tangerina , 695 Citrus x nobilis subf . reticulate , 695 tankan , 695, 700, 711 Citrus x nobilis subf . succosa , 695 trifolia , 893 Citrus x nobilis subf . tachibana , 695 trifoliata var. Monstrosa , 893 Citrus x nobilis subf . unshiu , 695 triptera , 893 Citrus x nobilis var . deliciosa , 695 tuberosa , 682 Citrus x nobilis var . major , 695 unshiu , 695, 703, 704, 710, 721–729, 735, 817 Citrus x nobilis var . ponki , 695 vangasy , 695 Citrus x nobilis var . spontanea , 695 verrucosa , 846 Citrus x nobilis var . sunki , 695 vulgaris , 786 Citrus x nobilis var . tachibana , 695 warburgiana , 740 Citrus x nobilis var . unshiu , 695, 721 wintersii , 739–741 Citrus x nobilis var . vangasy , 695 Citrus hystrix ssp. acida , 742 Citrus x paradisi , 755, 756 Citrus x acida , 742 Citrus x paradisi x Citrus reticulata Citrus x aurantiifolia , 662, 666, 742–753, 843, 845, 857 (Tangelo group) , 832 Citrus x aurantiifolia subsp . latifolia , 662 Citrus x reticulata Tangelo , 832 Citrus x aurantiifolia subsp . murgetana , 742 Citrus x sinensis subsp . jambhiri , 862 Citrus x aurantium , 667, 678, 695, 742, 755–779, Citrus x taitensis , 846–848, 862 786–802, 806–827, 832–835, 837–842 Citrus x tangelo , 832 Citrus x aurantium L. pro parte [Sweet Orange group] , Citrus x tangor , 837 755–779, 806–827 Citrus maxima x Citrus sp 1. , 742 Citrus x aurantium f. grandis , 667 Citrus medica x Citrus reticulata , 848, 862 Citrus x aurantium pro sp. [Grapefruit Group] (chapter Citrus medica x Citrus reticulate , 848 91) , 755–779 Citrus medica x Citrus x limon x Citrus reticulate , 848 Citrus x aurantium pro sp. Tangelo Group(ch 94) , Citrus reticulata x Citrus paradise , 832 832–835 Citrus reticulata x Citrus sinensis tangor , 839 Citrus x aurantium Sour orange group (ch 92) , Citrus reticulata Citrus sinensis var . Commune , 702 786–802 Citrus tangerina x Citrus paradisi , 832 Citrus x aurantium subsp. aurantiifolia , 742 x Citrus sinensis × Citrus reticulata , 732 Citrus x aurantium subsp. bergamia , 849 Citrus unshiu Marc. x Citrus unshiu Osbeck × Citrus Citrus x aurantium subvar. amilbed , 682 reticulata , 735 Citrus x aurantium subvar. chakotra , 682 Cladosporium fulvum , 213 Citrus x aurantium Tangor Group (ch 95) , Clausena 837–842 lansium , 4, 871–880 Citrus x aurantium var. bergamia , 849 punctata , 871 Citrus x aurantium var. decumana , 667 wampi , 871 Citrus x aurantium var. mellarosa , 849 Clostridium Citrus x aurantium var. proper , 742 butyricum , 856 Citrus x aurantium var. sinensis , 806 perfringens , 431 Citrus x aurantium var. tachibana , 695 Clostridium spp. , 751 Citrus x bergamia , 849 Clymenia , 3 Citrus x bergamia subsp. mellarosa , 849 Clymenia polyandra , 4, 659 Citrus x bergamota , 849 Coccomelia racemosa , 243 Citrus x fl oridana , 843–845 Coleus ambonicus , 599 Citrus x jambhiri , 846, 848 Collinsela aerofaciense , 431 Citrus x javanica , 742 Colubrina asiatica , 317 Citrus x latifolia , 662–666 Commiphora molmol , 715 Citrus x lima , 742 Connaropsis Citrus x limodulcis , 849 acuminata , 115 Citrus x limon , 620, 849–862 diversifolia , 115 Citrus x limon , 666, 846, 848–862 grandi fl ora , 115 1014 Scientifi c Name Index

Cookia gossypifolia , 166 punctata , 871 polyadena , 166 wampi , 871 Dysosmon amoenum , 187 Coprinus comatus , 880 Coptis chinensis , 19 Cormus E domestica , 590 Echinochloa crusgalli , 160, 161 mas , 48, 54, 549, 562 Edwardsiella tarda , 869 Corynebacterium , 449 Eleutherococcus senticosis , 275 Corynebacterium diptheriae , 448 Embelia , 2 Corypha laevis , 136 arborea , 258 Cotoneaster , 3 of fi cinalis , 263, 265, 267, 269, 273, 277, 281–285, Crataegus , 3 287, 288 Crataegus bibas , 381 Entada phaseoloides , 869 Crataeva marmelos , 594 Entamoeba histolytica , 23, 915 Crategus , 441 Enterobacter Crateva religiosa , 594 aerogenes , 448 Cryptococcus neoformans , 100, 302 aerogenesis , 902 Cubeba of fi cinalis , 311 amnigenus , 765, 859 Culex faecalis , 20 pipiens , 23, 861 gergoviae , 765, 859 pipiens pallens , 344, 345 Enterococcus , 431 quinquefasciatus , 355, 641, 713, 825, 887 faecalis , 275, 317, 687, 825 tritaeniorhynchus , 288, 610, 611 faecium , 825 Curculigo , 1 Ephedra sinica , 800 latifolia , 1, 59, 61, 63 Epidendrum , 2 latifolia var. latifolia , 63 Epidendrum vanilla , 106 Curcuma longa , 641, 693 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 859 Cuscuta re fl exa , 269 Eremocitrus , 3, 741 Cydonia , 3, 378, 678 Eriobotrya , 3 communis , 371 Eriobotrya japonica , 381–392 cydonia , 371 Erwinia amylovora , 678 europaea , 371 Escherichia coli , 19–21, 37, 58, 100, 112, 113, indica , 594 160, 161, 171, 241, 256, 275, 276, 317, japonica var. lagenaria , 364 427, 431, 448, 533, 606, 675, 687, 711, lagenaria , 364, 366 750, 751, 763–765, 793, 794, 825, 859, oblonga , 371–378 860, 869, 907, 940, 963, 965, 972 sinensis , 515 Eubacterium speciosa , 364 limosum , 431 vulgaris , 371 rectale , 489 Cynips quercufolii , 17 Eugenia jambolana , 600, 602 Cynodon dactylon , 599 Cyperus rotundus , 693 F Fagara D podocarpa , 904 Debaryomyces hansenii , 711, 764, 794, 825, 859 setosa , 904 Dendrobium , 2 Fagus Diasperus emblica , 258 castanea , 6 Dichelactina nodicaulis , 258 castanea var. variegate , 6 Dieffenbachia spp. , 665 procera , 6 Dione juno , 171 f. albiplena , 412 Diplolepis gallae tinctoriae , 17 f. edulis , 148 Drosophila melanogaster , 335 Feronia , 888 Druparia avium , 451 elephantum , 884 Durio kutejensis , 238 limonia , 884, 886 Dysosmia pellucid , 594 ciliata , 166 Ficus , 535 fl uminensis , 166 Ficus pyrifolia , 535 foetida , 166 Filipendula , 3 Scientifi c Name Index 1015

f. nodi fl orus , 252 H Foeniculam vulgare , 597 Haemaphysalis bispinosa , 288, 613 Fortunella , 3, 753, 898 b -Haemolytic Streptococci , 751 crassifolia , 651 Hanseniaspora guilliermondii , 711, 764, 794, japonica , 647, 649 825, 859 japonica var. margarita , 654, 657 Hedycarpus lanceolatus , 232 margarita , 654, 656–658, 845 Helicobacter pylori , 20, 37, 100, 403, 429, margarita var. margarita , 654 551, 897 polyandra , 659 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , 63 sagittifolia , 634 Holarrhena antidysenterica , 19 swinglei , 659 Hombronia edulis , 124 Fortunella spp. , 648, 652, 656, 843, , 268 845, 898 Hypoxis , 1 X Fortunella spp. , 843 Fortunella x crassifolia , 651 Fragaria , 3, 399 I ananas , 575 Icacorea solanacea , 72 ananassa , 48 Indigofera , 687 bonariensis , 395 Indoplanorbis exustus , 319 calyculata , 395 Ipomoea digitata , 599 caroliniensis , 395 chilensis b ananassa , 395 chilensis d tincta , 395 K chilensis g calyculata , 395 Kaempferia chiloensis , 395, 396, 398 galanga , 19 chiloensis var. ananassa , 395 parvi fl ora , 268 grandi fl ora , 395 Kerria , 3 hybrida , 395 Klebseilla moschata , 398 aerogenes , 342 tincta , 395 pneumonia , 20, 100, 112, 113, 160, 171, 275, 276, vesca , 395, 398 687, 711, 751, 764, 794, 825, 859, 860 vesca ananassa , 395 Klebseilla spp. , 751 vesca e ananas , 395 Kluyveromyces fragilis , 711, 764, 794, 825, 859 vesca var. sativa , 395 virginiana , 396 Fragaria x ananassa , 395–407, 549, 560, 561 L Fragaria x cultorum , 395 Lactobacillus , 431 Fragaria x magna , 395 acidophilus , 19 Fraxinus , 2 curvatus , 765, 859 f. stap fi ana , 535 sakei , 765, 859 Fusarium Lagerstroemia speciosa , 269 graminearum , 342 Languas galanga , 639 oxysporum , 161, 432, 880 Lavandula of fi cinalis , 550 udum , 607 Leishmania donovani , 318, 355 Limon x vulgaris , 849 Limonia G acidissima , 4, 742, 884–888 Garcinia mangostana , 20 aurantiifolia , 742 Gatnaia annamica , 248 diacantha , 900 Gingko biloba , 600 trichocarpa , 893 Glycosmis pentaphylla , 4 trifolia , 900 Glycyrrhiza Limonia x aurantiifolia , 742 glabra , 281 Linusm usitatissium , 21 uralensis , 19, 392 , 20, 459, 640, 711, 764, Grossularia 794, 859 nigra , 27 Litsea reclinata , 51 chinensis , 317 uva , 51 cubeba , 641 uva - crispa , 51 Luffa cylindrica , 693 vulgaris , 51 Lutzomyia youngi , 860 1016 Scientifi c Name Index

M Muldera Macaranga nicobarica , 132 multinervis , 322 Maesa , 2 wightiana , 322 Mallotus pallidus , 903 Murraya , 3, 638 Malus , 3, 414 Murraya caloxylon , 890 communis , 413 Musca domestica , 613 dasyphylla , 413 Mus musculus , 272, 273 dasyphylla var. domestica , 413 Mycobacterium domestica , 413–432 fortuitum , 448 domestica subsp. pumila , 413 smegmatis , 343, 448, 711, 764, 794, 859 domestica var. spectabilis , 410 Mycosphaerella arachidicola , 880 malus , 413 Myrobroma fragrans , 106 microcarpa var. spectabilis , 410 Myrsine , 1, 2 niedzwetzkyana , 413 Myrtus communis , 22 pumila , 261, 413 pumila auct . var. domestica , 413 sorbus , 590 N spectabilis , 410–412 ‘Nagami’ x Citrus japonica , 651 sylvestris , 413, 414 Naja sylvestris subsp. mitis , 413 kaouthia , 23, 24, 287 sylvestris var. domestica , 413 naja kaouthia , 24 Mangifera Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 275, 276, 751, 938 foetida , 238 Nelumbo nucifera , 613 indica , 263, 266 Neostylopyga rhombifolia , 641 odorata , 238 Nilaparvata lugens , 613 Mappa borneensis , 236 Notylia planifolia , 106 Melanobatus , 570 neglectus , 570 occidentalis , 570 O Melissa of fi cinalis , 550, 860 Ocimum sanctum , 599 Merrillia , 3 Oerskovia xanthineolytica , 21 Merrillia caloxylon , 890–892 Olea. europaea , 2, 82–101 Mespilus , 3, 441 Olea domestica , 590 ferruginea , 101 germanica , 437–441 laperrinii , 101 japonica , 381 of fi cinarum , 82 sylvestris , 437 pallida , 82 Microcitrus , 3 Orchis , 2 australasica , 627 Oroxylum indicum , 269 australasica var. astralasica , 625, 626 Oxalis , 2 australis , 629 , 3 garrawayae orth. var , 631 Oxyacanthus uva-crispa , 51 inodora , 644, 645 maideniana , 644 papuana , 739 P warburgiana , 740 Pandanas tectorius , 145 Micrococcus Pandanus , 124, 134, 139, 140, 142–144 fl avus , 763 absonus , 136 luteus , 448, 711, 764, 794, 859 adscendens , 136 Microsporum aequor , 136 canis , 473 aitutakiensis , 136 gypseum , 160, 859 alloios , 136 Mirobalanus embilica , 258 andamanensium , 124 Molineria bagea , 124 latifolia , 59–63 bergmanii , 136 latifolia (Curculigo latifolia) , 1, 61 bicurvatus , 136 Momordica charantia , 599, 602 bidoer , 124 Monochoria vaginalis , 161 bidur , 124 Morinda citrifolia , 268, 599 brosimos , 130 Mortierella alpine , 204 butyrophorus , 117 Scientifi c Name Index 1017

ceramicus , 117 semiarmatus , 134 chamissonis , 136 spiralis , 134–135 citraceus , 136 spiralis var. convexus , 134 collatus , 136 spiralis var. fl ammeus , 134 cominsii , 117 spiralis var. multimammillatus , 134 cominsii var. augustus , 117 spiralis var. septemlocularis , 134 cominsii var. micronesicus , 117 spiralis var . spiralis , 134 complanatus , 136 spiralis var. thermalis , 134 compressus , 124 subumbellatus , 117 conoideous , 117–122 sylvestris , 117 convexus , 134, 137 tahitensis var. exiguous , 138 cooperi , 136 tahitensis var. niueana , 138 coronatus , 136 tectorius , 136–145 crassiaculeatus , 136 tectorius var. zollingeri , 138 crassus , 136 temehaniensis , 138 cylindricus , 136 tetrodon , 124 cylindricus var. sinnau , 136 thermalis , 134 cymatilis , 136 yamagutii , 124 darwinensis , 134 yirrkalaensis , 134 darwinensis var. darwinensis , 134 yorkensis , 138 darwinensis var. latifructus , 134 yunckeri , 138 dubius , 124–126 Papeda rumphii , 634 dubius var. compressus , 124 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis , 161 englerianus , 117 Paralichthys olivaceus , 737 erythros , 117 Paramphistomum cervi , 288, 613 eyesyes , 136 Passi fl ora fahina , 136 alata , 155, 156, 158 fi scherianus f. bergmanii , 136 ciliata var. polyadena , 166 fi scherianus f. bryanii , 136 ciliata var. quinqueloba , 166 fi scherianus var. bryanii , 136 ciliata var. riparia , 166 fi scherianus var. rockii , 136 ciliate , 166 grantii , 136 coccinea , 178–180 guamensis , 136 diaden , 147 haapaiensis , 136 edulis , 147–162 heronensis , 136 edulis ‘edulis’ , 159 hivaoaensis , 136 edulis f. edulis , 149, 151 hollrungii , 117 edulis f. fl avicarpa , 149, 151, 153, 155, 158, 159 hollrungii f. caroliniana , 117 edulis var. edulis , 154 hombronia , 117 edulis var. fl avicarpa , 154, 155, 157 horneinsularum , 137 edulis var . pomifera , 147 indicus , 131 edulis var . rubricaulis , 147 integer , 134 edulis var . verrucifera , 147 julianettii , 128–130 foetida , 157, 166–172 kafu var. con fl uentus , 124 foetida forma latifolia , 166 latericius , 117 foetida forma longifolia , 166 latifolius , 124 foetida forma suberecta , 166 latifructus , 134 foetida var. albi fl ora , 170 latissimus , 124 foetida var. balansae , 166 leram , 124, 131–133 foetida var. galapagensis , 166 leram var. macrocarpus , 131 foetida var. gardneri , 166 macrocarpus , 124 foetida var. glaziovii , 166 magni fi cus , 117 foetida var. gossypifolia , 166 mellori , 131 foetida var. hastate , 166 minusculus , 117 foetida var. hibiscifolia , 166 odoratissimus var. suvaensis , 137 foetida var. hirsute , 166 odoratus , 124 foetida var. hirsutissima , 166 oronatus f. minor , 136 foetida var. hisbiscifolia , 169 paci fi cus , 124 foetida var. hispida , 166, 169 plicatus , 117 foetida var. subpalmata , 166 rubber , 113 gossypiifolia , 166 1018 Scientifi c Name Index

Passiflora (cont.) glomeratus , 258 grandi fl ora , 181 longifolius , 252 gratissima , 147 mairei , 258 incarnate , 162 mimosifolius , 258 iodocarpa , 147 niruri , 599 ligularis , 148, 174–177, 174–180 Physalis angulata , 316 lowei , 174 Physalospora piricola , 880 macrocarpa , 181 Picrorrhiza kurroa , 600 middletoniana , 147 Pierandia miniata , 178–180 racemosa , 243 minima , 147 dulcis , 228 pallidi fl ora , 147 fl accid , 248 picroderma , 147 macrocarpa , 236 polyadena , 166 motleyana , 239 pomifera , 147 pyrrhodasya , 232 quadrangularis , 181–186 sapida , 248 quadrangularis var . variegata , 181 Pine nut (Pinus pinea ) , 307, 308 rigidula , 147 Pinus , 3 rubricaulis , 147 armandii , 302, 309 serratistipula , 174 cembra b -excelsa , 297 sulcata , 181 cembra var . manchurica , 297 tetragona , 181 cembra var . mandschurica , 297 tiliaefolia , 174 domestica , 304 variegate , 166 esculenta , 304 vernicosa , 147 fastuosa , 304 verrucifera , 147 gerardiana , 302, 309 vesicaria , 166 halepensis , 308 Pediculus humanus capitis , 773 koraiensis , 297–302, 309 Peltophorum pterocarpum , 19, 20 maderiensis , 304 Penicillium mandschurica , 297 chrysogenum , 710, 764, 859 maritima , 11 digitatum , 764, 825 pinaster , 308 expansum , 432, 675 pinea , 298, 302, 304–309 italicum , 825 pinea var. maderiensis , 304 verrucosum , 710, 711, 764, 859 prokoraiensis , 297 viridicatum , 317, 342 sativa , 304 Penicillium spp , 342, 343 Sibirica , 302, 309 Pentace burmanica , 24 strobes , 297 Peperomia , 3 umbraculifera , 304 Periplaneta Americana , 641 Piper Persica aromaticum , 322 ispahanensis , 498 betel , 280 platycarpa , 498 brachystachyum , 332 vulgaris , 492, 498 chaba , 351, 353–355 vulgaris var . compressa , 498 cubeba , 311–320, 332, 333, 344, 355 Phaedon cochleariae , 613 guineense , 333, 338 Phaeoramularia angolensis , 666 longum , 264, 282, 319, 328, 332, 334, 338, Phalaenopsis , 2 343, 345, 351 , 62 nigrum , 3, 264, 282, 315, 322–346, 356, Philodendron spp , 665 641, 3315 Photinia , 3 nigum , 338, 343 Photinia japonica , 381 of fi cinarum , 351 Phyllanthus , 752 retrofractum , 318, 351–356 acidus , 252–256 trioicum , 322 cicca , 252 umbellatum , 333, 338 cicca var . bracteosa , 252 Pirus cochinchinensis , 252 communis b hortensis , 527 distichus , 252 sorbus , 590 emblica , 258–290 Pithecellobium dulce , 24 fl uitans , 3 Plasmodium Scientifi c Name Index 1019

berghei , 677 persica var. nucipersica , 492–496 falciparum , 69, 75, 288, 713 persica var. platycarpa , 498 vinckei , 677 pleioceracus , 452 yoelii , 677 salicina , 509–514 Pleurocitrus inodora , 644 salicina var. pubipes, 514 Plutella xylostella , 909 salicina var. salicina , 514 Polyandra , 659–660 sativa L. subsp. domestica , 463 Polygonum , 687 species , 460 Poncirus , 3, 893, 896 spinosa , 464 trifoliata var. monstrosa , 893 thibetica , 509 trifoliate , 893–898 tiliaefolia , 442 trifoliata , 893–898 tri fl ora , 509 Porphyromonas spp , 751 Pseudaegle Potentilla , 3, 395 sepiaria , 893 Potentilla x ananassa , 395 trifoliate , 893 Propionibacterium acnes , 640, 657, 736 Pseudocydonia sinensis , 515–521 Proteus Pseudomonas , 431, 729, 750, 793 mirabilis , 276, 448, 751, 763 aeruginosa , 20, 21, 37, 75, 100, 112, 113, 160, vulgaricus , 241 161, 171, 241, 276, 281, 317, 342, 343, 459, Proteus spp. , 750 606, 687, 711, 751, 764, 794, 825, 859, Prunus , 3 869, 902 amygdalus , 480 putida , 171 amygdalus var. amara , 480 solanacearum , 317 amygdalus var. dulcis , 480 Pseudomonas spp. , 750 amygdalus var. fragilis , 480 Psidium guajava , 19, 641 amygdalus var. sativa , 480 Punica granatum , 19, 20, 263 armeniaca , 442–450 Pyracantha , 3 armeniaca L.var. vulgaris , 442 Pyrenia sorbus , 590 avium , 48, 451–461, 564 Pyrus avium var. aspleniifolia , 451 asiae-mediae , 527, 540 avium var. sylvestris , 451 balansae , 527 campanulata , 452 bourgaeana , 527 cerasifera , 464 bretschneideri , 523–525 cerasus , 48 cathayensis , 515 cerasus var. avium , 451 chinensis , 515 communis , 463, 480 communis , 463, 480, 527–533, 536, 540 communis var. dulcis , 480 communis subsp. bourgaeana , 527 communis var. fragilis , 480 communis subsp. caucasica , 527 communis var. sativa , 480 communis subsp. pyraste , 527 domestica , 463–474, 477, 478 communis var. mariana , 527 domestica L. subsp. insititia , 476 communis var. pyraster , 527 domestica L. var. insititia , 476 communis var. sativa , 527 domestica ssp. domestica , 474 cydonia , 371 domestica ssp. institia , 476–478 domestica , 527, 590 domestica ssp. italica , 474 elata , 527 domestica subsp. insititia , 476–478 lindleyi , 540 domestica subsp. oeconomica , 463 malus , 413 domestica var. damascene , 463 malus var. pumila , 413 dulcis , 3, 480–490 medvedevii , 527 dulcis var. amara , 580 montana , 535 insititia , 478 ovoidea , 540 insititia L. , 476 pyraster , 527 macrophylla , 451 pyrifolia , 525, 535–539, 537 nucipersica , 492 sativa , 527 persica , 474, 498, 504, 505 serotina , 523, 535, 536 persica (L) Batsch var. persica , 498 serotina var. stap fi ana , 535 persica nucipersica , 492 simonii , 540 persica subsp. platycarpa , 498 sinensis , 515, 535, 540 persica var. compressa , 498 sinensis a ussuriensis , 540 persica var. nectarine , 492 sinensis var. asiae-mediae , 540 1020 Scientifi c Name Index

Pyrus (cont.) vulgare var. macrocarpum , 43 sinensis var . ussuriensis , 540 vulgare var. sylvestre , 43 singkiangensis , 525 x nidigrolaria , 54, 56–58 sinkiangensis , 533, 541 Ribes x pallidum , 32 sogdiana , 540 Rosa , 3 sorbus , 590 canina , 592 spectabilis , 410 damascene , 22 sylvestris , 527 hybrid , 316 ussuriensis , 540–542 Rourea diversifolia , 115 ussuriensis var. chinesis , 523 Roussinia indica , 131 ussuriensis var. ovoidea , 542 Rubus , 3, 32, 34, 48, 544–546, 548, 549, 551, 557, 571, ussuriensis var. viridis , 542 572, 588 Pyrus sp. nr. communis , 525 acuminatus , 550 Pyrus x bretschneideri , 523, 525 alleghaniensis , 545 anglocandicans , 544 argutus , 545 Q armeniacus , 3 Quercus , 1, 22 chamaemorus , 545 infectoria , 1, 16–24 cissburiensis , 544 infectoria ssp. euinfectoria , 16 echinatus , 544 lusitania var. infectoria , 23 erythrops , 544 lusitanica ssp . infectoria , 16 fructicosus , 48, 54, 549, 562, 575 lusitanica var . infectoria , 16 fruticosus , 544, 548, 550, 552 suber , 1 fruticosus aggr , 544–552, 589 Quinaria lansium , 871 fruticosus L. aggr , 544 idaeus , 3, 34, 48, 54, 401, 459, 545, 549, 550, 555–567, 578, 581, 584, 587 R idaeus subsp. vulgates , 555 Reshni , 815 idaeus var.americanus , 570 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus , 613 jamaicensis , 550 Rhizoctonia laciniatus , 3, 544, 560, 583 cerealis , 909 leightonii , 544 solani , 161, 909 leucostachys , 544 Rhizopus stolonifer , 675 loganobaccus , 581, 587–589 Rhizotonia solani , 160 loganobaccus cv. boysenberry , 581 , 275 michiganus , 570 Rhodohypoxis , 1 neglectus , 570, 578 Rhodotorula rubra , 711, 764, 794, 825, 859 nitidioides , 545 Rhodotypos , 3 occidentalis , 3, 545, 560, 561, 570–578, 584 Ribes , 1, 30, 32, 33, 34, 45, 46, 48, 54, 55, 58 phaeocarpus , 544 divaricatum , 56, 57 plicatus , 117, 544 domesticum , 43 polyanthemus , 544 glossularia , 48, 54, 549, 562 racemosus , 550, 551 grossularia , 30, 45, 54, 56 riddelsdellii , 544 nigrum , 27–40, 48, 54, 56, 562 rosifolius , 550, 551 nigrum , 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 39, 45, 46, 54, 56, 57 rubritinctus , 544 nigrum forma chlorocarpum , 27 strigosus , 558 nigrum var. chlorocarpum , 27 thrysiger , 545 nigrum var. europaeum , 27 ulmifolius (= Rubus rusticanus) , 545 nigrum var. pauci fl orum , 27 ulmifolius , 544, 545, 550–552 nigrum var. sibiricum , 27 ulmifolius var. anoplothyrsus , 544 olidum , 27 ulmifolius var. ulmifolius , 544 pauci fl orum , 27 ursinus , 545, 560, 583, 587 pubescens , 51 ursinus var. loganobaccus , 581, 587 reclinatum , 51 ursinus var loganobaccus cv Boysenberry , 581 rubrum , 30, 31, 34, 43–49, 54 vestitus , 544 rubrum L. var. sativum , 43 Rubus x loganobaccus , 581, 587–589 rubrum subsp. vulgare , 43 Rubus idaeus x occidentalis , 570 sativum , 43, 48, 54, 549, 562 Rubus loganobaccus x baileyanus , 581, uva-crispa , 30, 51–57 583, 584 vulgare , 43 Rubus occidentalis x strigosus , 558, 570 Scientifi c Name Index 1021

Rubus spp. , 3, 32, 34, 48, 544, 545, 549, 551, 571 oleiferum , 187 Rubus ursinus x idaeus , 560 orientale , 187 Rubus ursinus x idaeus Boysenberry , 581–586, 588 radiatum , 193 Rubus ursinus x Rubus idaeus , 587 trifoliatum , 187 Rume x maritimus , 269 Shigella Ruta , 4 boydii , 161 dysenteriae , 161, 448, 520, 606, 607 fl exneri , 20, 171, 275, 533, 606, 607, 751, 765 S fl exneri , 171 Saccharomyces sonnei , 275 boulardii , 13 Shigella spp. , 606 cerevesiae , 254 Sinocitrus reticulata , 695 cerevisiae var . sake , 640 Sarcotheca ochracea , 116 lipolytica , 80 Sonneratia punctata , 871 Salmonella , 20, 75, 473, 750, 751, 825, 869 Sorbus , 3 choleraeasuis , 902 cydonia , 371 enterica serovar Typhimurium , 765 domestica , 590–593 enteritidis , 675, 764 edulis , 590 paratyphi , 160, 751 pyrus , 527 paratyphi A , 276, 448 Spiraea , 3 paratyphi B , 275, 276, 448 Spodoptera litura , 345 typhi , 112, 113, 160, 161, 276, 448, 533, Staphycoccous 606, 860 aureus , 13, 19–21, 37, 54, 58, 69, 80, 100, 160, typhimurium , 21, 273, 459, 764–766, 795 161, 241, 256, 275, 371, 342, 427, 431, 448, Salmonella spp. , 20, 750, 751 449, 459, 520, 533, 551, 606, 640, 675–676, Salvia miltiorrhiza , 392 687, 711, 750, 752, 763, 764, 793, 794, 825, Sambucus ebulus , 13 859–860, 902, 907 Santalodes diversifolium , 115 carnosus , 765, 859 Santalum album , 600 epidermidis , 21, 54, 58, 657, 736 Sapindus mukorossi , 275, 276 epidermis , 448 Sapium crassifolium , 220 xylosus , 765, 859 Saraca asoka , 269 Staphylococcus spp. , 750 Sarcina lutea , 161 Stilago bunius , 220 Sarcodactilis helicteroides , 690 Streptococcus , 171, 431 Sarcotheca agalatiae , 869 acuminata , 115 faecalis , 112, 317, 448, 751 diversifolia , 2, 115–116 feacalis , 113 Sarcotheca mitis , 317 glauca , 116 mutans , 19, 20 grif fi thii , 116 pyogenes , 20, 171, 448 macrophylla , 116 salivarius , 19, 317 rubrinervis , 116 sanguis , 19 subtriplinervis , 115 a -Streptococcus hemolyticus , 69 Sauropus androgynus , 637 Streptococcus spp. 869 Schinifolium , 905, 910 Strobus koraiensis , 297 Schinus limonia , 884 Syzygium Schistosoma mansoni , 318, 715 aromaticum , 23, 263, 288 Scorodocarpus borneensis , 2, 77–81 cumini , 601 Semecarpus anacardium , 271, 272, 282, 283, 289 jambos , 238 Serratia marcescens , 37, 58, 112, 276, 763 malaccense , 238 Serratia spp. , 751 Serviceberry , 3, 49, 358 Sesamum T africanum , 187 Tectona grandis , 599 alatum , 193 Terminalia angustifolium , 193 arjuna , 269 brasiliense , 187 belerica , 264, 266, 270, 275, 287, 288 indicum , 2, 187–213 bellerica , 264, 273, 280, 282, 288 luteum , 187 bellirica , 289 malabaricum , 187 chebula , 264, 266, 268, 270, 273, 275, 280, 282, 287, mulayanum , 187 288, 289 1022 Scientifi c Name Index

Thymus rubra , 106 serpyllum. , 550 sativa , 106 vulgaris , 750 sylvestris , 106 Tinospora cordifolia , 278, 279, 281, tahitensis , 111 599, 600 virid fl ora , 106 Tinus Vernonia amygdalina , 751 humilis , 72 Vibrio squamulosa , 72 cholerae , 171, 275, 606, 751, 869, 887 Trachyspermum ammi , 597 harveyi , 764 Tribulus terrestris , 319 mimicus , 161 Tricarium cochinchinense , 252 parahemolyticus , 161 Trichoderma harzianum , 161 parahemolytics , 869 Trichoderma spp. , 343 Vinca rosea , 337 Trichophyton Vipera russellii , 287 mentagrophytes , 859, 880 Vitex negundo , 599, 600 simmi , 473 Volkameria terrestre , 160 orientalis , 187 Triphasia sesamoides , 187 aurantiola , 900 trifoliate , 900 trifolia , 4, 900–903 W Tripsilina foetida , 166 Walsura robusta , 19 Trypanosoma brucei brucei , 825 cruzi , 317 X evansi , 825 Xanthomonas campestris , 887 Tylophora indica , 599 Xanthosoma spp , 665 Typhimurium , 765 Ximenia , 2 Ximenia borneensis , 77

U Uncaria gambir , 19 Y Upaca , 3 Yersinia enterocolitica , 869 Urtica dioica , 550

Z V , 4 Vaccinium , 32, 34, 48 acanthophyllum , 904 macrocarpon , 549 ailanthoides , 910 myrtillus , 34, 562 argyi , 904 vitis-idaea , 34, 562 armatum , 910 Vaccinium spp , 549 bungeanum , 904–910 Vanilla , 2 bungei , 904 aromatica , 106 bungei var . inermis , 904 bampsiana , 106 fraxinoides , 904 carinata , 106 piperitum , 910 domestica , 106 podocarpum , 904 duckei , 106 schinifolium , 905, 910 epidendrum , 106 setosum , 904 fragrans , 106, 110, 113 simulans , 4, 904–910 majaijensis , 106 simulans var . podocarpum , 904 mexicana , 106 Zingiber of fi cinale , 264, 282, 641 planifolia , 2, 106–113 Zingiber spp. ,356