Supplementary Materials

Table S1. Plant families that include wild food plants (WFPs) and semi-cultivated species that are known to contribute to food and nutrition security in project countries and in the study cases mentioned in this review.

Common Part Plant Family Species Name Range Name Eaten/Commercialized Amaranthus S. America, Amaranthaceae Amaranth Seeds, leaves tortuosus worldwide Chenopodium spp. Goosefoots Seeds Worldwide Ambacam, Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Fruit Southeast Asia Bacang * Foeniculum sp., cf Apiaceae Fennel Bulb, leaves Mediterranean F. vulgare South America— Apocynaceae Hancornia speciosa Mangaba * Fruits Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay S. America—Bolivia, Astrocaryum Fruits, seeds, leaves, Brazil, Trinidad and Arecaceae Tucumã * aculeatum palm heart Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname Wooly Jelly S. America—Southern Butia eriospatha Fruit and seed Palm Brazil Euterpe edulis Jussara * Fruit and palm heart Brazil Euterpe oleracea Açaí palm Fruit and seeds S. America—Brazil Eremurus Asphodelaceae Foxtail lily Leaves Mediterranean spectabilis Scolymus Asteraceae Golden thistle Root, young leaves Mediterranean hispanicus Porophyllum spp. Leaves Mesoamerica Diplazium Athyriaceae Vegetable fern Young leaves Asia, Oceania esculentum Nasturtium Brassicaceae Watercress Leaves Europe, Asia officinale Capparis spinosa Capparaceae Capers Fruits and flowers Mediterranean and C. decidua S. America—Brazil, Vasconcellea Bolivia, Peru, Caricaceae microcarpa (Carica Col de monte * Fruit, leaves Ecuador, Colombia, microcarpa) Venezuela; C. America—Panama Caryocar Caryocaraceae Pequi * Fruit, seeds Brazil brasiliense Worldwide in shallow Caulerpaceae Caulerpa racemosa Sea grapes Leaves temperate and tropical seas Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra Spider plant Leaves Africa Water spinach, Young shoots and Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica water morning Southeast Asia leaves glory Garabato yuyo Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis hostilis Young shoots Amazonia * Tacca S.E. Asia, Indo-Pacific Dioscoreaceae Arrow root Root leontopetaloides tropics Strawberry Mediterranean and W. Ericaceae Arbutus unedo Fruit tree Europe S. America—Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Plukenetia Ecuador, Colombia, Euphorbiaceae Inca nut Leaves, seeds volubilis Venezuela, Surinam; Caribbean— Windward Isles Elateriospermum S.E. Asia—Thailand, Tapos Fruits, seeds tapos Malaysia, Indonesia Mongongo Schinziophyton tree, or Fruit and nut Sub-Saharan Africa rautanenii manketti tree Fabaceae Crotalaria spp. Leaves Mesoamerica S. America— Dipteryx alata Baru Nut Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil Tropical regions of Water mimosa Neptunia prostrata Young leaves, shoot tips Africa, S.E. Asia, or sensitive (syn. N. oleracea) and young pods Australia and S. neptunia America Southern Africa— Tylosema Kalahari desert and Morama tree Seeds esculentum neighboring sandy regions Fagaceae Quercus spp. Oak, acorns Acorns Northern hemisphere Lamiaceae (or Mentha spp. Mint Leaves Mediterranean Labiatae) Origanum compactum, O. Oregano Leaves Mediterranean elongatum Salvia Rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus Rosemary Leaves Mediterranean officinalis) Salvia spp. Sage Leaves Mediterranean Thymus Savory thyme Leaves Mediterranean satureioides North and western S. America—Brazil, Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa Brazil nut Seeds Venezuela, the Guyanas Eastern and southern Africa—Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Strychnos Black monkey Loganiaceae Fruit Zimbabwe, madagascariensis orange Mozambique, Botswana, Swaziland, S. Africa, Madagascar Tropical Africa— Mauritania to Sudan, Malvaceae Adansonia digitata Baobab Fruit, seeds south to Angola and Tanzania Anoda spp. Mesoamerica Chorchorus Jew’s mallow Leaves Africa, Asia olitorius Fringed Lavandula dentata Leaves Mediterranean lavender Malva sylvestris Mallow Leaves Mediterranean Worldwide in Moraceae Morus spp. Mulberries Fruits temperate regions Oleaceae Fraxinus dimorpha Ash tree Fruits and seeds Mediterranean Australasia—Papua Pandanaceae Pandanus brosimos Karuka * Nuts New Guinea Sugar plum or Phyllanthaceae Uapaca kirkiana Fruit African tropics mahobohobo Katuk, star E. Asia—India, Sauropus Leaves, flowers and gooseberry, or Bangladesh, S. China androgynus fruits sweet leaf to Indonesia, Vietnam Docks and Polygonaceae Rumex spp. Leaves Mediterranean sorrels Portulacaceae Portulaca spp. Purslane Leaves Mesoamerica Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujube Jujube Fruits S. Asia, S.E. Europe Raspberries, blackberries, Rosaceae Rubus spp. Fruits, leaves Worldwide and dewberries Wood-apple Andaman Islands, Rutaceae Limonia acidissima and elephant- Fruit Bangladesh, India and apple Sri Lanka Northwest Africa— Sideroxylon Algeria, Morocco, Sapotaceae spinosum (syn. Argan Nuts Western Sahara, Argania spinosa) Mauritania S. America—N. Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; Pouteria multiflora Bullytree Fruit C. America—Panama; Caribbean—Trinidad to Jamaica Solanaceae Solanum spp. Nightshades Leaves Africa, Americas Note: Species’ names were reconciled against Kew’s Plants of the World Online (POWO; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/). * Where no common name is available the local name was given. Table S2. Summary of actions that can be undertaken across the four pillars by the main stakeholders involved in WFP conservation and use.

Research Private Governments Organizations/ NGOs WFP collectors Consumers sector/Retailers Academia Provide the background context for WFPs: • Situation of WFP conservation in the Undertake policy analysis of: country. Occurrence • International agreements entered inside and outside Companies to Engage in citizen into, relevant to WFPs (e.g. CBD, protected areas, in situ review what Be mindful of Identify key informants science: ITPGRFA, GSPC, CITES actions affecting WFPs; supply chains rely food and well- or custodians of • provide data on • National legal frameworks relevant representation in on wild plant being products biodiversity that can act WFP to WFPs genebanks, ingredients, assess that contain as key change agents or abundance/distribution • National biodiversity strategy and assessments of use, their ecological WFP community mobilizers • participate in food action plan trade and threat status and social ingredients consumption surveys • National and international • Identification of sustainability Inform information system on WFP stakeholders that benefit from use of WFPs (indigenous communities, value chain actors, consumers, breeders)

Mobilize communities Compile a national to take part in inventory of WFPs. Undertake a gap analysis to establish information gathering From the national where gaps exist in conservation and report back to inventory, select a list measures and sustainable use (e.g. communities (and of priority species that governance, land rights, wildlife governments) once will be the focus of legislation) information is analyzed promotion and as part of standard conservation activities development practice Build targets to Review existing demonstrate national/regional data Continue valuing commitment to sources on WFPs: Promote the marketing traditional foods and Consider the moving supply Enable effective regulation of wild- • food composition and consumption of add economic value to nutritional and chains to verifiable harvesting and incentivize adherence to and consumption data biodiverse or WFPs derived products health benefits sustainability, and certification schemes • traditional biodiversity-friendly using new information, of WFPs and implement third- knowledge products innovation or their products party standards • importance for food processing and certification security schemes

Carry out a baseline assessment for the Value priority species, including: • ecogeographic Assist community actors status and threat in value chain Increase research support to enhance the assessment development for WFPs, visibility of WFPs and their contribution • socio-economic to create markets for Adhere to certification to status of consumers, biodiversity-derived standards and schemes diets/livelihoods/economies/biodiversity food culture, local products that are knowledge, food collected and managed security; cultural and sustainably health contexts • cultural food list data, food use and nutrient intake patterns

Reduce For species requiring ex Advocate policies that pressure on situ conservation, favor sustainable Develop/integrate WFPs by Revive related propose sampling and approaches to the requirements consumers Put in place national strategies, plans or customary rules or storage in national or collection/consumption of sustainable choice (e.g. Conserve programmes to address the conservation follow new guidelines international (e.g. local food sourcing and trade buying fair and sustainable use of WFPs to sustainably harvest genebanks, botanic movements; farmers’ in existing trade and WFPs gardens or other long- markets; participatory standards supporting term facilities guarantee systems) best practices (such as FairWild- certified products)

Propose Promote sustainable complementary management and Engage in community actions to protect WFPs collection practices seedbanks and Integrate the management of WFPs into outside protected areas, based on customary complementary relevant cross-cutting policies such as easements, management, national activities to conserve incentive-based regulations or WFPs schemes or micro- certification schemes reserves.

Develop guidelines for sustainable harvest/management. Take part in For priority species, Partner with relevant nature walks, outline in situ Pass on traditional ministries to undertake food festivals conservation action knowledge and train Implement research and education nutrition education and cooking Educate (including threat youth to sustainable programmes with a focus on WFPs programmes that foster demonstration management), both collect and manage the sustainable use of that enhance within protected areas, WFPs WFPs the value of preferably as a network WFPs of genetic reserves, and outside currently protected areas.