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Ecosystem Services – Concept, Methods and Case Studies Karsten Grunewald Olaf Bastian Editors Ecosystem Services – Concept, Methods and Case Studies 1 C Editors Karsten Grunewald Olaf Bastian Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development and Regional Development Dresden Dresden ISBN 978-3-662-44142-8 ISBN 978-3-662-44143-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44143-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940761 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) V Preface Humankind is a part of nature. It depends on nature for its existence, its well-being and its economic activity, and is connected with it by numerous ties. Nature provides food and water for our daily existence, the raw materials for handicrafts and industry and medicinal plants for healthcare. Forests not only supply us with wood, berries, mushrooms and wild game, but also protect us against soil erosion and flooding, create the oxygen we breathe and bind green- house gases that endanger our climate. Natural ecosystems act as water filters, and habitats for a large variety of plant and animal species, including the wild bees which are important for the pollination of our crops. People find spiritual inspiration and fulfillment in nature together with a esthetic pleasure, rest and recreation. In recent years, the term ‘ecosystem services’ has become popular as the designation for all these benefits which are useful to people. Nature provides many effective, low-cost and sus- tainable solutions for human needs. Often however, people are not even aware of the role of natural resources or ecosystem services, or they see nature simply as an endlessly bubbling, never slacking fountain of human prosperity. Careful dealing with nature and investment in an intact natural environment is often considered a luxury, and conservation is generally a secondary issue. No wonder biodiversity is declining at a rapid pace worldwide–and also in Germany–and that the capacity of ecosystems to provide services is also being reduced to such a degree as to cause major concern. Generally, growing economic use of nature involves a reduction of the regulatory and so- ciocultural services rendered. One goal of the concept of ecosystem services is to better demonstrate these contexts and move them into the public consciousness. It is therefore im- portant to recognise and improve the standing of the non-marketable services of nature by improving the understanding for the systemic context and the dynamics between ecosystem properties, functions and services, natural capital and their beneficial effects in various spa- tial and temporal scales, and in connection with their multiple drivers. Valuating the ser- vices provided by ecosystems and landscapes–i. e. assigning economic/monetary value to them–is in accordance with the widespread tendency of our times. Often, the argument is raised that ‘concrete’ arguments need to be developed to persuade political leaders, and to gain broad acceptance by business and society at large. After all, monetary value and sup- posedly ‘hard’ figures are the language that is most easily understood, especially outside of the conservationist community. However, can we and should we really reduce nature, in all its complexity and its immeasurable significance for us human beings, to monetary values? The reason and goal of the first comprehensive German-language discussion of this issue in 2013 was to present the multiple relationships between economics, ecology and ethics in a theoretically well-grounded manner, and to provide practical recommendations for the analysis, evaluation, control and communication of ecosystem services. We seek to address all those interested in building bridges and crossing borders between disciplines: both sci- entists and practitioners in the administrative, volunteer and professional spheres, especially those who deal with the environment, conservation and regional and land-use planning; ex- perts from the business community, activists in politics, students, and all those interested in fundamental ecological, economic, ethical and environmentalist issues and issues which affect ecosystems and landscapes. VI Preface After a very positive reception of the German book, the English translation has now been completed. Springer-Spektrum as editor has initiated this project and made it possible; the organisation and the cooperative effort were carried out in a notably pleasant atmosphere. We would like to thank the numerous authors, from Dresden to Bonn and from Freiburg to Greifswald, for their contributions, and also apologise to those of our colleagues working in this and similar areas whom we were unable to accommodate for reasons of space. We hope that the present treatment will spark a constructive discussion with them. The length of the book was strictly limited, so that, in our view, while a number of very essential aspects of this highly complex topic have been addressed, others unfortunately have not. Most of the authors provided their own translations; Phil Hill of Berlin translated the rest, and the publisher provided the final redaction. Our sincere thanks to all. Phil Hill passed away suddenly on 22nd of December 2014. With the book we want say thank you to you, Phil, for the wonderful years of collaboration. Karsten Grunewald and Olaf Bastian Dresden, January 2015 VII Contents 1 Ecosystem Services (ES): More than Just a Vogue Term? . 1 2 Development and Fundamentals of the ES Approach . 13 2.1 Key Terms . 14 2.2 ES in Retrospect . 19 2.3 Values and Services of Nature for Humans. 25 References . 31 3 Conceptual Framework . 35 3.1 Properties, Potentials and Services of Ecosystems . 36 3.1.1 The Cascade Model in the TEEB Study . 36 3.1.2 The EPPS Framework . 36 3.1.3 The Application of the EPPS Framework–The Example ‘Mountain Meadow’ . 44 3.2 Classifi cation of ES . 45 3.2.1 Introduction . 45 3.2.2 Provisioning Services . 46 3.2.3 Regulation Services . 46 3.2.4 Sociocultural Services . 46 3.2.5 Additional Classifi cation Aspects . 49 3.3 Space and Time Aspects of ES . 53 3.3.1 Fundamentals, Control Scheme . 53 3.3.2 Case Study: EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and ES . 59 3.4 Landscape Services . 65 References . 69 4 Ascertainment and Assessment of ES . 75 4.1 Indicators and Quantifi cation Approaches. 76 4.1.1 Introduction . 76 4.1.2 Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand Assessment at the Landscape Scale–the ‘Matrix’ . 77 4.1.3 Conclusions and Outlook . 82 4.2 Approaches to the Economic Valuation of Natural Assets . 85 4.2.1 Principles of Economic Valuation . 85 4.2.2 The Total Economic Value . 90 4.2.3 Valuation Methods and Techniques . 91 4.2.4 Conclusion . 103 4.3 Scenario-Development and Participative Methods . 104 4.3.1 Basics and Fields of Application . 104 4.3.2 Framework of Scenario Development . 105 4.3.3 Participation and the Case Study Görlitz . 108 4.4 Complex Analyses, Evaluation and Modelling of ES . 110 4.4.1 Background . 110 4.4.2 Energy Crop Production–A Complex Problem for Assessing ES . 112 4.4.3 Application of Models of InVEST to Assess Ecosystem Services . 118 4.5 Communicating ES . 126 VIII Contents 4.5.1 The Importance of Communication . 126 4.5.2 ‘Ecosystem Services’ as an Umbrella Term for Communicative Intent . 127 4.5.3 Government and the Market Instead of Communications?.