Introduction: Overview and Method 1

N OTES

Introduction: Overview and Method 1 . Rabinow and Rose describe the phenomenon of biosociality as a deeply interdependent field between life and the social enviorn- ments that produce, support, and sustain it. Any initial survey of the contemporary problematization of life itself would begin by recognizing that, at the turn of the twenty-first century, the practices and dilemmas of life politics are not merely monopo- lized by states and doctors. There are a multitude of other actors in this new field of biosociality, not least among them being the patients, their families, their communities, not to mention transnational pharmaceutical companies, the biotech industry, publicly funded science programs, ethics commissions, regulatory agencies—and the vociferous social critics of bioscience and genomics that resist them (Rabinow and Rose 2003: 25). 2 . The entry point for this study thus begins from the presumption of attention’s nonexistence and the affirmation of its reality. This is not a contradiction, but coupling both of these devices together indicates another path not taken up by this project: the question of ontology. If it is not for me to address the issue in the present volume, I might at least provide the possibility for the pursuit of the question of the ontology of attention in an alternative way than how it is taken up by most discourses and studies on attention to date. I would never refute that attention might be governed by an ontology, but lay down the strict provision that the ontology of attention is entirely conditional. Attention exists, but the existence of attention depends on the conditions that govern its transactions. The method here is seeking a way out of a critical impasse by shifting away from the tendency to ground attention in an new materialist, object-oriented ontology, and alternatively ground attention in a political ontology, because political existence is always limited by the historically bounded manipulation of different forces to solve discrete social problems through a general strategy. 204 Notes

1 B e h a v i o r 1 . Pavlov offers an equally vituperative attack on introspection and the word “psychical” in his 1928 lectures on conditioned reflexes, one that descends into a peculiarly nihilistic rant: The dog sees, hears, and sniffs all these things, directs his attention to them, tries to obtain them if they are eatable or agree- able, but turns away from them and evades their introduction into the mouth if they are undesired or disagreeable. Everyone would say that this is a psychical reaction of the animal, a psychical excitation of the salivary glands. How should the physiologist treat such facts? How can he state them, how analyse them? Where do they stand in comparison with physiological facts? What are their common and what are their individual characteristics? To understand these phenomena, are we obliged to enter into the inner state of the animal, and to fancy his feelings and wishes as based on our own? For the investigator, I believe there is only one possible answer to the last question—an absolute “No.” Where does there exist so incontestable a criterion that one may judge by it, and may use it in understanding the internal state of an animal by comparison with our own, even though the animal be so highly developed as the dog? And further: does not the eter- nal sorrow of life consist in the fact that human beings cannot understand one another, that one person cannot enter into the internal state of another? Where is that knowledge, where is the understanding that might enable us to know correctly the sate of our fellow man? In our “psychical” experiments on the salivary glands (we shall provisionally use the word “psychical”), at first we honestly endeavored to explain our results by fancying the subjective condition of the animal. (Pavlov 1928, 50) 2 . Edward Thorndike’s writings on connectionism published post Animal Intelligence (1911) can be found in a number of works: Education Psychology: Briefer Course (1913), The Teacher’s Word Book (1921), The Psychology of Arithmetic (1922), The Measurement of Intelligence (1927), A Teacher’s Word Book of the Twenty Thousand Words Found Most Frequently and Widely in General Reading for Children and Young People (1932), The Fundamentals of Learning (1932), The Teacher’s Word Book of 30,000 Words (1944). 3 . “Wobblie” was an informal term for a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a labor organization that from 1905 through the mid-20s began to seek platforms of organization that would cut across localized craft unions to form wider networks of solidarity among workers. Notes 205

4 . The Gilbreth motion studies have been all but written out of the history of cinema. Despite the fact that they share such a strik- ing genealogical proximity to the very similar studies of Eadward Muybridge and Jules Marey, the work of the Gilbreths is rarely included as part of “precinema” and early cinema history. I believe that this exclusion arises from a disciplinary problem. The prevalent critical and historical methodology that links the history of motion study to cinema is tends to emphasize an aesthetic and technological history, rather than in a material, social, or political one. Muybridge and Marey can be safely placed within the former lineage without disrupting the strong tendency of the discipline of Cinema Studies to code politics as a metaphor, safely contained within textuality rather than within social practice. From this perspective, something like scientific management or industrial labor can comfortably be acknowledged as secondary support to help illuminate textual analysis by placing it in an supporting historical context. If one were to list the books, scholarly articles, anthologies, and conference proceedings that address cinema in this way, one would already have a sizeable library of resources. Cinema Studies has always been at home with the view that the cinema is the aesthetic corollary of the industrial revolution. Waxing lyrical about the ways in which train travel or factory labor parallel the taxing perceptual demands made of the early cinematic spectator provokes a kind of aestheticist fris- son, all the while keeping the aesthetics of cinema at a safe distance from the material conditions of production that birthed them, yet close enough that cinema may still bask in the gritty conferral of its legitimacy. The Gilbreth motion studies, by contrast, cannot be safely introduced into this history without endangering the sanc- tity of such disciplinary master narratives and their attendant text- centric paradigms. Because the Gilbreths’ work directly implicates the development of the cinematic medium in a series of industrial operations geared toward the technological capture and domination of the laboring body, it interrupts the tenability of Cinema Studies’ aestheticist hegemony. I mean to suggest that the Gilbreth omission is not mere oversight, but indicates a rearguard action defending its disciplinary territory, belying Cinema Studies’ own narrow myth of the development of its central object of study.

4 Resources 1 . The relaxation of regulations in 1988 through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) enabled diagnostic technology to bypass FDA regulation and go directly to market under something called “premarket notification” in Section 510(k) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. 206 Notes

Listings of CDRH Substantially Equivalent 510(k)s are normally available about the 5th of each month for the prior month. See the links on the left side of this page to find monthly listings of 510(k)s cleared by the FDA. US Food and Drug Administration. “510(k) Clearances: Overview.” WebContent, Accessed Wed., April 27, 2011. http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsand- clearances/510kclearances/default.htm 2 . h t t p : / / w w w . q u a c k w a t c h . c o m / 3 . T h e DSM II’s short description of hyperactivy makes only a passing reference to a short attention span. “308.0* Hyperkinetic reaction of Childhood (or adolescence)* This disorder is characterized by overactivity, restlessness, distractibility, and short attention span, especially in young children; the behavior usually diminishes in adolescence. If this behavior is caused by organic brain damage, it should be diagnosed under the appropriate nonpsychotic organic brain syndrome (q.v.)* (DSM II 1968). 4 . h t t p : / / w w w . n a m i . o r g /. 5 . See Todd Vess v. Novartis, CHADD, and the APA. http://caselaw. findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1213341.html 6 . Which was attended notably by George P. Shultz (the US Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, under President Nixon; the US Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, also under President Nixon; and the US Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, under President Reagan).

5 Game of Life 1 . h t t p : / / w w w . m i c r o t a s k . c o m / BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Adamson, Morgan, 182 see also Agamben, Giorgio; critique of human capital, 182 Crary, Jonathan; epistemology; Adderall, 3, 170 Foucault, Michel; Kittler, see also Attention Deficit Friedrich; media archeology Hyperactivity Disorder Ascott, Roy, 96, 128 (ADHD) Asendorf, Christoph, 6 Adorno, Theodor, 5, 69 Ashby, W.R., 94 affective labor, 7 assemblage, 2, 13, 14, 32–3, 86, 99, Agamben Giorgio, 27–8, 33–4, 167, 189 81, 127 see also Deleuze, Gilles Althusser, Louis, 6 attention, 1–3 Amen, Daniel, 162–3, 165 attention complex, 2–3, 9, American Pragmatism, 4 12–15, 19, 23, 30, 36–7, 48, 69–70, see also Dewey, John; James, 86, 88, 102, 125–30, 132–3, 152, 156, William 159, 163, 165, 171–2, 182, 195, 197, Anderson, Ben, 78, 84 201–2 Application Programming attention economy, 7, 10, Interface (API), 193 164–5, 182, 194, 195, 197, 199–201 apparatus, 33, 93, 102, 107, 109, attention scarcity, 155, 196–7 117–19, 125, 129, 182 attention studies, 3–5, 7, 9, apparatus theory, 6 10–11, 12–13 cognitive apparatus, 155 cognitive attention, 65, 111, disciplinary apparatus, 132 172, 175 and governmentality, 16 as cognitive system, 106, 109, state apparatus, 181 111–12, 127, 128, 154, 155, 172, 175 see also Agamben, Giorgio; critical attention studies, 4–13 assemblage; Deleuze, Gilles; and economic logic, 50, 58, 65, 182 dispositif; Foucault, Michel; integration into civil society, 22 governmentality as mental state, 111–12 Applied Psychology Unit (APU), selective attention , 108, 109, 113, 106, 114, 121, 123, 124, 125, 114, 119 157–9, 172 sustained attention, 77–8, 102, 114, see also Cognition and 119, 162, 172 Brainscience Unit see also Attention Deficit archeology, 3, 5–6, 9–13, 15, 22–3, 27, Hyperactivity Disorder; 36, 92, 127, 132, 165, 172, 200–1 vigilance 238 Index

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Bernays, Edward, 133–4, 135 Disorder (ADHD), 1, 8, 19, 35–6, Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 95, 96, 128 161–8, 170–1, 172, 173, 175, 182, Bigelow, Julian, 94 195, 197 Bills, Arthur, 84, 86 and ADD, 163, 168, 169–70 biocapitalism, 2 and pharmaceuticals medicine, 19, bioethics, 166 22, 35, 160, 169–70, 195, 203 and neuroethics, 166 and Quotient ADHD System, 161 biological determinism, 159, 171 see also Diagnostic and Statistical biopolitics, 11, 15, 18, 20, 168 Manual of Mental Disorders biopower, 9, 11, 17 autopoiesis, 10, 94, 95, 184, 185, and Foucault, 15, 167 186, 187 biosocial, 2, 8, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 132, 159, 203 Bachelard, Gaston, 9, 28, 68, 103, 116 Black-Scholes equation, 190 epistemic break , 10, 116 Bogen, David, 199 see also epistemic space see also Gordon, Eric Baddeley, Alan, 158 Boorstin, Daniel, 6, 135 Bartlett, Frederic , 121–2 bounded rationality, 24, 92, 154–5, 191 Bateson, Gregory, 94, 96, 128, 141 see also Simon, Herbert see also Mead, Margaret Broadbent, Donald, 93, 101, 104–10, Bauerlein, Mark, 199 113–18, 123–5, 127–9, 153, 157–8, Beck, John, 195, 198 172, 198 The Attention Economy, 195 and critique of behaviorism, 104–5, see also Davenport, Thomas 106–7, 109–10 Becker, Gary, 179, 180, 181, 191 Perception and Communication, see also human capital theory 109–10, 113, 117–18, 123 behavior, 19, 59–60, 105, 133, 202 see also filter theory; limited behavioral disorders, 35, 163 capacity filter behavioral science, 3, 68, 131 Bush, Vanavar, 94 behaviorism, 9, 43, 45–6, 48–9, 50, 63–5, 67, 76, 78, 104, 109, 112, Canguilhem, Georges, 28–30 116–18, 159, 172 Canetti, Elias, 189–90 crowd behavior, 154, 188, 191 Crowds and Power, 189 economic behavior, 179–80, see also crowds 186–7, 191 capacity, 7, 63–4, 65, 68, 72, 74–6, neurobiological behavior, 166–8 109–25 and pedagogical science, 47–50 bandwidth, 91, 106, 109 see also crowds; dispositif; habit; vs. resource theory, 151–2, neurocognitive theory; 155–9, 197 positivism, Skinner, B.F. S/N ratio, 91, 116, 154 Beer, Stafford, 96, 98 see also limited capacity filter Bell Laboratories, 90, 91 Carr, Nicholas, 196, 199 Beller, Jonathan, 6–7, 9, 10, 11–12 cellular automaton, 184, 185 Benjamin, Walter, 5, 155 see also Conway, John Horton Bergson, Henri, 4, 42, 112 Chabris, Christopher, 7 Index 239

Cherry, E. Colin, 106–7, 128 Cooper, D.G., 168, 171 on cocktail party effect, 107, 114 Craik, Kenneth, 83, 86, 93, 102, Cheskin, Louis, 133, 135 121–2, 128 children, 1, 34–5, 49–50, 158, 160, Crary, Jonathan, 5–6, 9, 10–11 170–1, 179–80, 188, 206 Suspensions of Perception, 5 Chomsky, Noam, 117 critical attention studies, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, Churchill, Winston, 81–2 12–13 Cinema Studies, 5, 6, 7, 205 critical history, 4, 5, 6, 23 civil society, 2, 12, 21–2, 75, 121, 124, crowds, 58, 133, 152, 154, 173, 186, 130, 160, 166, 178, 181–2, 202 187–94, 202 see also Foucault, Michel; crowd control, 187, 191, 194 governmentality crowdsourcing, 3, 192–4 cognition, 11, 65, 67–8, 76–7, 105, cybernetics, 9, 10, 94–5, 97, 99, 128, 11–12, 117–18, 132, 152, 154–6 131, 177, 184, 186 Cognition and Brainscience atomistic cybernetics, 95, Unit, 160 184, 186 cognitive capitalism, 7 cybernetic theory, 11, 88, 95, 97, 98, cognitive labor, 69, 111, 194 184, 187 cognitive science, 3, 9, 11, 22, 68–9, holistic cybernetics, 95, 97, 76, 89, 102, 110–13, 118, 130–2, 128, 184 159, 171, 193 see also Applied Psychology Unit Darwin, Charles, 44–5 (APU); neurocognitive theory; Darwinism, 61 psychology Davenport, Thomas, 195, 198 Cold War, 65, 75–6, 94, 120, The Attention Economy, 195 123, 186 see also Beck, John Concentration, 1, 19, 28, 61, 62, 89, Davidson, Cathy, 8, 199 114, 158, 160, 176, 196 Debord, Guy, 6 Connors, Keith, 162, 163, 172 decrement, 63, 64, 84, 93, 102, Connors Rating Scale (CRS), 103–4, 107 162, 163 see also efficiency and CPT II, 163 DeGrandpres, Richard, 165 and Journal for Attention Deleuze, Gilles, 17, 30, 32–4, 86, 99 Disorders, 163 see also assemblage; control society; Continuous Performance Task dispositif (CPT), 119, 162, 163, 172 Derrida, Jacques, 9 control grammatization, 8–9, 12 control society, 86 Pharmakon, 9 communication and information, see also Stiegler, Bernard 88, 89–99, 99, 101, 155, 196 Dewey, John, 4, 41 mechanisms and systems, 75, 78, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 121, 185 Mental Disorders, 162 see also cybernetics; Deleuze, Gilles DSM-III, 168, 175 Conway, John Horton, 184, 185, 187 DSM-IV, 163, 169, 173 see also Game of Life DSM-V, 175, 176 240 Index diagram, 10, 13, 19, 36, 52, 61, 68, 70, epistemic space, 9–10, 13, 16, 27–8, 92–9, 102, 112, 129, 132, 152, 155, 56, 119, 125, 202 160, 165, 172, 201 epistemologization, 11, 26, abstract function of, 32–3, 92 28–9, 65, 69–70, 77–8, 88, diagrammatics, 23, 30, 32–4; 36 102–3, 116, 119, 125, 126, 130, 152, feedback, 84, 93–9, 101, 109, 120, 155, 174, 201 127–8, 131, 153, 174, 185–7 see also archeology, Bachelard, diagrammatology, 23, 30, 32 Gaston; Foucault, Michel limited-capacity filter, 109, 127, extinction, 101, 103, 104–5 129–30, 132, 153, 172 leading to political ontology, 33, 36, Facebook, 192, 193 69–70 Fechner, Gustav, 41 symbolic logic of, 30–2 Feyerabend, Paul, 27 see also dispositif; Deleuze, Gilles; filter theory, 101, 106, 109–11, 114, Foucault, Michel; icon; 118–19 mereology; Stjernfelt, Frederik First World War, 48, 49, 121, 189 digital information economy, 2 Food and Drug Administration Dilthey, Wilhelm, 4 (FDA), 161, 169, 170, 205–6 disciplinary power, 34 Fordism, 48 see also Foucault, Michel Forrester, Heinz von, 94 dispositif, 12, 23–4, 30, 33–6, 47, 64–5, Forrester, Jay, 97 69, 117 Foucault, Michel, 9, 52, 81, 117, functional overdetermination, 126, 168, 178, 180 34–5 and archeology, 5, 12, 15–16, 22, 23 strategic completion, 34–6 The Archeology of Knowledge, strategic elaboration, 34–6 15–16, 27 see also Agamben, Giorgio; The Birth of Biopolitics, 18 apparatus; Attention Deficit and civil society, 12, 21–2, 178, 182 Hyperactivity Disorder; Discipline and Punish, 15–16 Deleuze, Gilles; Foucault, and governmentality, 15, 16–17, 167, Michel 178, 182 distraction, 3, 5–6, 46, 60, 62, 69, 195 The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1, 26 see also attention The History of Sexuality, Vol. 2, 25 Driving, 1, 65, 114–15, 124, 159 and lectures at the College de see also vigilance France, 15, 23, 34 Durkheim, Emile, 5 Madness and Civilization, 24–5 on method, 15–18 efficiency, 50–1, 52–3, 55, 57–8, 63–4, and microphysics of power, 48 84, 107, 121, 151, 153, 159, 175 The Order of Things, 27 see also decrement, Taylorism problematization, 23, 24–6 Ellul, Jacques, 153 on psy-function, 132 entropy, 91, 93, 94, 153 repudiation of universals, epistemology, 2, 10, 27, 83, 84, 102, 23, 24–6 110, 116, 119 Security, Territory, Population, 16 episteme, 9, 17, 23–4, 26–9, 117, 126 Stiegler’s critique of, 12 Index 241

see also archeology; diagram; Hartley, Ralph, 91 disciplinary power; dispositif; see also Bell Laboratories; episteme; governmentality; Shannon, Claude transactional reality Harvey, David, 7, 156 Frankfurt School, 5, 10, 188, 189 Hayek, Friedrich von, 176–9, Freud, Sigmund, 6, 42, 44, 133, 188 186–7, 191 Hayles, N. Katherine, 7–8, 9, 11, 95 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 69 HCI (human-computer interaction), Game of Life, 184–6, 194, 200 6, 161 see also Conway, John Horton Healy, David, 167–8 gestalt, 31, 43, 87, 90, 187 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 4, 41 Gilbreths, Frank and Lillian, 51–63, Hjelmslev, Louis, 31, 90 76, 205 Holmes, Brian, 121, 190–1 chronocyclograph, 53–5, 58 Howe, Jeff, 192 motion studies, 52, 55–6, 59, 76, 205 on crowdsourcing, 192 The Psychology of Management, 58, 59 Hull, Clark, 44, 103, 117 see also management; Marey, see also extinction Étienne-Jules; Muybridge, human capital theory, 152, 179, 181–2 Eadward; Taylor, Frederick and Chicago School, 151, 179 Winslow and civil society, 160, 166, 178, Glasgow, Janice, 30 181, 182 Goldhaber, Michael, 7, 198 and homo oeconomicus, 160, 179, Google, 193, 196 180, 181 Gordon, Eric, 199 and labor, 159, 173, 176, 180 see also Bogen, David and management of crime, 180, governmentality, 2–3, 15–16, 17, 98, 182, 191 152, 167, 178, 182 Hurwicz, Leonid, 192 see also civil society; Foucault, Husserl, Edmund, 4, 31 Michel; management hyperactivity, 162, 169, 170, 206 Graham, Dan, 96 see also Attention Deficit Greimas, A. J., 90 Hyperactivity Disorder Gunning, Tom, 6 (ADHD); children Gutting, Gary, 28, 68, 103 hyper-attention, 7–8 see also attention; vigilance Haas, Martine, 7 habit, 44–6, 49–50, 55, 60–3, 64–5 IBM, 97, 98 habituation, 44, 47, 48, 68, 76, 86, icon (semiotics), 30–1 103, 130, 163 see also diagram; Peirce, Charles habitus, 90 Sanders; Stjernfelt, Frederik rehabituation, 55, 59–60 idealism, 4 see also behavior immaterial labor, 7, 65, 69 Hansen, Miriam, 6 see also cognitive labor Hansen, Morten, 7 intelligence regime, 70, 75–6, 78, Hardt, Michael, 7, 156 86, 88, 91, 94, 102, 119, 125, 134, see also Negri, Antonio 163, 172 242 Index

International Computers Lanham, Richard, 7, 195, 198 Limited (ICL), 98 The Economics of Attention, 195–6 iPhone, 3 Le Bon, Gustave, 133, 188, 190 The Crowd, 188 Jackson, Maggie, 196, 199 see also crowds Distracted: The Erosion of Attention lebensphilosophie, 4, 42 and the Coming Dark Age, 196 Lewin, Kurt, 94 Jakobson, Roman, 31 Lewontin, Richard, 167, 172 James, William, 1, 4, 19, 28, 41–4, 45, liberalism, 2, 21–2, 48, 121, 159, 160, 62, 86, 103, 110–11, 198 164, 176–7 The Principles of Psychology, 1, 28, see also governmentality; 41, 49 neoliberalism James, Henry, 42 limited-capacity filter, 109, 127, Jay, Martin, 10 129–30, 132, 153, 172 Joyce, James, 42 see also Broadbent, Donald; Shannon, Claude Kant, Immanuel, 41 Lindstrom, Richard, 5 Kantian synthetic reason, 31 Keynesianism, 156, 176, 187 Mackworth, Norman, 83, 84–6, economics, 96 93, 96, 101, 102–6, 118–19, reform, 119–20, 121 122–3, 128 Kittler, Friedrich, 5, 6, 72, 92 Mackworth Clock, 84–6, 87, 93, knowledge, 23–5, 125–6, 129, 131–2, 106, 172 157, 159, 164, 204 see also vigilance distribution of, 51, 52, 106, 176–8, management, 50–63 194, 196, 200 and postwar state, 65, 67–9, 78, 87, practice and discourse, 10, 46 90, 98 see also epistemology; Foucault, scientific management, 50–1, 53, Michel; power 57–8, 59, 62–3 Kracauer, Siegfried, 5 self-management, 151, 198, 202 Kuhn, Thomas S., 26–8, 34, 116 see also Gilbreths, Frank and see also paradigm Lillian; governmentality Marcuse, Herbert, 6, 69, 153 labor, 6–7, 51–2, 53–7, 61–4, 76, 84, Marey, Étienne-Jules, 54, 205 120, 125, 129, 131, 151, 153, 159, 173, Marxism, 5, 6, 11, 23, 56, 188 176, 180, 187, 192, 197, 198, 205 Maturana, Humberto, 95, 184, 185 see also affective labor; Beller, see also autopoiesis; Varela, Franciso Jonathan; cognitive labor; Maskin, Erik, 192–3 immaterial labor, human capital Mead, Margaret, 94, 128 theory media archeology, 6, 23 Labor Party (United see also archeology; Kittler, Kingdom), 157–8 Friedrich Lacan, Jacques, 6 Meldman, Monte, 69 Laing, R.D., 168, 171 mereology, 31 Lalvani, Suren, 57 see also Stjernfelt, Frederik Index 243

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 96 Pask, Gordon, 94 see also phenomenology Pavlov, Ivan, 44, 45, 60, 103, Microtask, 192, 194, 206 104, 204 see also crowdsourcing Pearl Harbor, 70–4 Miller, Toby, 167–8, 170 Pearl Harbor Congressional Mincer, Jacob, 180, 181 Report, 71, 76, 77 Moray, Neville, 69, 114, 128–9, 172 see also Second World War; Tyler, see also cocktail party Kermit Metz, Christian, 6 pedagogy, 7, 8, 12, 46, 64, 199 Montgomery, David, 57 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 4, 30, Morgenstern, Oskar, 94, 186, 187 90, 92 see also Neumann, John von see also icon (semiotics) Mulvey, Laura, 6 phenomenology, 4, 30, 42 Muybridge, Eadward, 205 Pilsbury, Walter, 41 Myerson, Roger, 192 Polanyi, Karl, 121 population management, 135, 187 Nabeth, Thierry, 199 positivism, 4, 24, 45, 103 Nash, John, 94, 177, 186, 191, 192 power and Prisoner’s Dilemma, 186 relations of force National Alliance on Mental and knowledge Illness, 169 see also biopolitics; biopower; Negri, Antonio, 7, 156 crowds; Foucault, Michel; see also Hardt, Michael knowledge; labor-power; Neisser, Ulric, 114, 117 psychopwer neoliberalism, 160, 187, 193 Project Cybersyn, 98 see also liberalism Proust, Marcel, 42 Neumann, John von, 94, 184, 186–7 psychoacaoustic, 106, 107 see also Morgenstern, Oskar psychoanalysis, 42, 133 neurocognitive theory, 11, 160 psychology, 5, 28, 41–6, 49,63–4, 69, see also behavior 76, 83, 87, 94, 105, 117–18, 130, neuroscience, 7–9, 35, 112, 151–2, 159, 166, 188, 189, 190, 193 163–6, 171–5 applied, 43, 84, 96, 124, 157 see also Hayles, N. Katherine clinical, 22 noise, 45, 84, 90–1, 93, 94, 101, 106, cognitive, 2, 67–9, 89, 102, 111–12, 107, 109–10, 113, 128, 185 116, 125, 128, 132–4, 152–4, 157–8, 162, 171–2 Okihiro, Gary, 72 conative, 67–8 ontology, 30, 31, 33, 36, 69–70, 94, 203 experimental, 43, 48, 58, 67, 83, 86, 88, 93, 101, 103, 107, 110, Packard, Vance, 135 121–2, 131 paradigm, 26–7, 34, 43, 126, 202 gestalt, 31 paradigm shift, 47, 56, 116–17 see also Applied Psychology Unit see also Agamben, Giorgio; (APU); behavior; cognition; epistemic space; Foucault, crowd; James, William; Michel; Kuhn, Thomas management 244 Index psychopower, 11 self-help, 36, 159, 163, 170, see also Crary, Jonathan; 196–7, 201 Foucault, Michel; Stiegler, self-organization, 3, 10, 75, 94–5, Bernard 152, 160, 172, 174–5, 177, 184, psychotechnique, 8, 12 186, 193 see also Stiegler, Bernard self-reflexive, 172, 187, 189 self-regulation, 2, 48, 96, 98, 159, 160, Quotient System, 161–2, 163, 172 173, 175, 197 Semi-Automatic Ground Rabinow, Paul, 2, 25, 69, 203 Environment (SAGE), 97, 123 see also Foucault, Michel; Semiotics, 30–1, 71, 72, 75, 76, 90 Rose, Nikolas Shannon, Claude, 91–4, 96, 105, 106, RADAR, 70–1, 77, 83–4, 86, 87, 93, 109, 128, 129, 174, 185 102, 129, 132 see also Bell Laboratories; filter see also decrement; vigilance theory; Hartley, Ralph; Reagan, Ronald, 121, 156, 158, 206 Shannon-Hartley theorem; see also Thatcher, Margaret Shannon-Weaver model resource theory, 151–60, 173, Shannon-Hartley theorem, 91 174, 175–6, 178, 180, 181, 196, Shannon-Weaver model, 92–3 197, 198, 199 signature, 34, 36, 69, 95, 96, 127, Ribot, Théodule, 4, 41 129, 132 Ricardo, David, 56 see also Agamben, Giorgio Roosevelt, Theodore, 57 Simmel, Georg, 4, 5, 155 Rose, Nikolas, 2, 9, 69, 167, Simon, Herbert, 92, 94, 154, 168, 203 155, 191 see also Rabinow, Paul see also bounded rationality Rose, Steven, 167, 171 Simons, Daniel, 7 Rosenbluth, Arturo, 94 Sjaastad, Larry, 181 Royal Air Force (RAF), 77, 83, 93, Skinner, B.F., 44, 177 102, 103, 121, 122, 125 spectacle, 5, 6–7, 10–11, 134, 190 see also vigilance see also Beller, Jonathan; Crary, Ruggie, John, 121 Jonathan, Debord, Guy Rushkoff, Douglas, 199 Spence, Kenneth, 44 Spencer, Herbert, 44 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 77 Spitzer, Robert, 168 Schmitt, Carl, 81 statement, 25 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 41 Foucault on, 16–17, 23, 27–9, Scholz, Trebor, 7 32–34, 126 Schultz, T.W., 151, 180, 181 Stjernfelt, Frederik, 30–2 Second Industrial Revolution, 5, 47, see also diagram; mereology 63, 64 Stiegler, Bernard, 8–9, 12 Second World War, 48, 63, 64, 67, 81, Taking Care of Youth and the 121, 130, 134, 189 Generations, 8 Index 245

Stigler, George, 181, 198 time, 56–9 stimulus-response (S-R), 49, 86, 89, real-time motion study, 161–2 104–5 response time, 84, 103, 162 see also vigilance watch time, 83 Stroop, John Ridley, 89, 172 see also Gilbreth, Frank Bunker; and Stroop effect, 89–90, 106, 118, Gilbreth, Lillian Moller; 119, 128, 163, 172 Taylorism; vigilance; wartime see also Bell Laboratories Titchener, Edward Bradford, 4, 41 Styhre, Alexander, 10 Tolman, Edward, 44 subjectification, 9, 12, 15, 34, 48, transactional reality, 3, 20–2, 25–6, 102, 129 110, 160, 200 see also Foucault, Michel; see also civil society; Foucault, technology of the self Michel; governmentality subjectivity, 68–9, 75, 82, 96, 105, 175, Treisman, Anne, 113–14, 128–9, 172 178, 204 Trotter, Wilfred, 188 Sully , James, 49–50 Turing, Alan, 94, 177 Szasz, Thomas, 168, 171 Turing machine, 187 Twitter, 192 tasks, 63–5 Tyler, Kermit, 70–3, 75, 75, see also capacity; labor; vigilance 77, 115–16 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 50, see also Pearl Harbor 51–2, 57, 62 see also Gilbreth, Frank Bunker; United Kingdom, 67, 77, 81, 120, 156, Gilbreth, Lillian Moller; 167, 171 Taylorism United States of America, 19, Taylorism, 48, 50–2, 59, 64, 67, 70, 97, 101, 120, 132, 133, 169, 194, 198 170, 171 see also Fordism; management US Military, 49, 71, 73, 120 technology of the self, 3, 25, 202 see also Foucault, Michel; self; Varela, Franciso, 95, 172, 184 subject see also autopoiesis; Maturana, television, 6, 65, 124, 129, 135, Humberto 170, 190 Vernon, H.M., 84 Teicher, Martin, 162 video games, 6, 7 Tenner, Edward, 57 Vienna School, 176 Thatcher, Margaret, 121, 156, vigilance, 78–99, 101–5, 118–19, 122–3, 157, 158 128, 131, 172 see also Reagan, Ronald see also attention; decrement; Thorndike, Edward, 43, 44, 45, 48, driving; efficiency; 49, 60 hyper-attention; RADAR; Animal Intelligence, 49 Royal Air Force; time; war on connectionism, 204 Virno, Paolo, 7 The Elements of Psychology, 43, 48 vitalism, 4, 42, 45 246 Index war, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 120 Wiener, Norbert, 94, 95, 109, see also vigilance 174, 186 Watson, John, 44, 45–6, 49, 60, 103 Wiener Process, 186, 190 Watt, James, 96 Woolf, Virginia, 42 Weaver, Warren, 91–2, 94, 96, 105 World Health Organization, 168 see also Shannon, Claude; World Trade Organization, 156 Shannon-Weaver model Wickens, Christopher, 155, 160, 174 YouTube, 192