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Care of the Machine Self: Physiology, Cybernetics, Humanistic Systems in Ergonomics A dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESTOTA BY: Mark A. Martinez IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIERMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Walter Greene January 2013 © Mark A. Martinez 2014 i Acknowledgements There are numerous people to whom I am grateful for their support during this arduous process. Thank you to Dr. Kyle Stine, who welcomed me either at The Foxhead or Georges, where there were no shortage of whiskey or ideas. I thank my oldest and dearest friend Juan Linz who, either in person, by phone or by text, sent positive energy my way. To Dr. Matthew Bost who I thank for being my closest “theory-head” confidant in our department, and who pushed me to know more through his own excellence. To my entire committee I thank you for your efforts and feedback. Thank you Dr. Donald Browne for stepping up to my committee and contributing on such short notice—and thank you for letting me meet my future wife in your Mass Communication course. Thank you Dr. Rembert Hueser for giving me access to another body of literature, another community of scholars, another direction for me to take, and ultimately in my opinion, another way to try to become a better person through philosophy. I thank Dr. Ronald Walter Greene for giving me a communication scholar to look up to. Thank you for having patience with slow work and tolerance for strange tangents. Thank you for producing nothing but generosity and productive guidance that showed me you truly have love for thinking anew. To Deborah Wessels and Robert Warner I say thank you for being perfect loving grandparents and for those times when “visiting grandmother,” actually meant a chance for me to slip away for the weekend and write. To my brother Ricky I thank you for always being my bigger brother and modeling the kind of success I’d like to have—in everything you’ve ever done. To my father Richard Martinez and Mary Bufkin thank you for being there for me, and thank you Daddy because if not for you then nothing… To my son Sebastian Gustavo Martinez thank you for reminding me that nothing I excruciated and cried over in the dissertation meant much at all compared to living, laughing, wrestling, going to the park or seeing trains. To my mother Gloria Martinez—anything approaching grace within me was provided by you. Though you left us all devastatingly early—I found that, against even my own beliefs you found a way to reassure me that your spirit has been with me all along—so thank you. Love, Emanuelle, you have given me everything that I have needed to complete this journey. You have witnessed the dark places I put myself in and you have offered me lifeboats in the form of understanding, joy, and counsel. My efforts are yours, so it is you that I thank most. ii Dedication This Dissertation and my graduate career I dedicate to the life and spirit of my Mother… iii Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………….….….1 Part 1: Saving the Technical Object….…………………………….…..4 Part 2: Ergonomics, an Openness to Biotechnology………………....16 Part 3: Contribution of the Dissertation………………………….……..24 1. New Materialism………………………………………….……24 2. Affect……………………………………………………….…...26 Part 4: Chapter Outline………………………………………….……….31 Ch. 2: Physiology, or Nonhuman Epistemology…………………………..38 Part 1: Introduction……………………………………………………….38 Part 2: Critical Histories of the Life Sciences………………………….44 1. Fatigue and the Marginalization of Physiology..……………………………………………………44 2. George Canguilhem and Michel Foucault on Physiology……………………………………………………...48 3. Canguilhem and the Vitalistic Tendency………………….…55 4. Vitalism vs. Mechanism and Emergence…………………….60 a) Emergence……………………………………………...70 Part 3: Renee Descartes or the Hegemony of Mechanism……………………………………………………………....74 Part 4: The Beginnings of Machine without Mechanism………………………………………………………………....83 1. La Mettrie, Man a Machine and Plant……………………………………………………………...83 2. Purkyne and the Agency of Organs…………………………..87 3. Goethe, Gestalt, and Communication between a Whole and Parts…………………………………...89 iv Part 5: Conclusion: Physiology ushers in Environment, Systems and Cybernetics…………………………………………...……92 1. Uexkull, Physiology, Environment…………………………..92 Systems and Cybernetics Chapter 3: Cybernetics or Nonhuman Ethics/Subjectivity……………….98 Part 1: Introduction………………………………………………………....98 1. Cybernetics of Designing Ethics……………………………….102 2. Contribution of Chapter………………………………………....107 Part 2: Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, and Observing Ethics in Machines…………………………………………………………………….117 Part 3: Cybernetics Reconsidered………………………………………...121 1. As a Failure……………………………………………………….122 Part 3: The Cybernetics of the Human Ushers the Posthuman………………………………………………………………125 1. Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead, Heinz Von Foerster: The Cybernetics of Ethics………………………......128 2. Reflexivity from Cybernetics…………………………………...134 3. Heinz Von Foerster………………………………………….......140 4. The Ethics of Emergence……………………………………….145 Part 4: Conclusion: Continental Thought and Michel Foucault’s Cybernetics as Pushing beyond Machine Bare Life…………………….148 Chapter 4: Ergonomics or the study of Human Machine Affection………………………………………………………………….....166 Part 1: Introduction………………………………………………………….166 1. Ergonomics and Media Studies………………………………...172 2. Ergonomics Defined and Seeds of Humanism …………………………………………..……….…...176 v Part 2: A Subjugated Knowledge of Work Science ……………………...178 1. Humanism, Progressivism in Ergonomics……………………...182 2. Systems Theory, Cybernetics in Ergonomics………………….192 Part 2: Ergonomics is Radically Human………………………………….. 202 1. The Vitruvian Machine……………………………………………204 3. Wojeiech Jastrzebowski, Divine Labor, and Spinoza………………………………………………………215 4. Lillian Gilbreth, and the Feminization of Work Science………………………………………………….217 5. Elizabeth Duffy, Emotion, Affect, Energy……………………………………………………………..226 6. Ergonomic “Human Factor” and Anthropomorphism………………………………………………..227 Part 3: Conclusion: Ergonomics the Study of Affection………………………………………………………………………240 Chapter 5 Conclusion: Robots Today or Beyond the Bare Life of Machines……………………………………………...245 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...268 vi List of Figures: Figure 1: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Emblem…………………....202 Figure 2: Cover of the Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society………………………………………………………….....203 1 Chapter 1: Introduction “We start with atomic parts, but these atomic parts have transitions, passages, ‘tendencies,’ which circulate from one to another. These tendencies give rise to habits. Isn't this the answer to the question ‘what are we?’ We are habits, nothing but habits-the habit of saying ‘I.’ Perhaps, there is no more striking answer to the problem of the Self” (Gilles Deleuze). The above passage from Gilles Deleuze encapsulates the major ideas of my dissertation. He begins the problem of a “self” not with identity or body, but with its compositional nature. However, he also does not focus on these “atomic parts” as merely reductive identities constituting a self, but rather their relationships with one another. He wants to know first and foremost about the communicative aspects that work below the scale of the self. It is thus crucial that he selected the words, tendencies, and habits, both aspects of behavior that could be construed as non-conscious because they occur primarily at the level of affection, or a body’s capacity to produce and be productive of change. My project is primarily concerned with how we affect and are affected by machines. Like the above passage, I am interested in the compositional parts that make up both human and machine identities, as well as how those parts connect the two across the divide of being a living human being vs. being a machine devoid of the qualities of life and humanity. The dissertation will discuss this human/machine binary as resting on a fundamental problematic of communication—namely an ability or inability to self-express or communicate an identity that puts a body on one side or the other of the binary. The dissertation expands on Deleuze’s tendencies and habits by exploring the posthuman 2 thought within physiology, cybernetics, and ergonomics over a span of several hundred years. In the process I will sketch out the precursors and influences that resulted in concepts such as environment, system, autopoiesis, and emergence. All of these concepts work to redefine already constituted and engrained images and ideas of what life, subjectivity, and ethics are. These concepts also work to gain their epistemological and ethical significance, I argue, through the figure of the machine. My project takes ergonomics, or the scientific study of how humans behave in technological environments, as its research object. Since its academic inception in 1949, ergonomics has developed as a field that continues to research all aspects of human-machine interaction, all of our habitual uses of machines, so to speak. The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, founded in 1957, uses the two terms synonymously. The editors’ mission statement from its inaugural journal issue illustrates a discipline that has historically integrated radically non-anthropocentric theories together with humanistic principles: In this study [of human factors] in which cross-fertilization between life sciences and engineering is encouraged, the human factor is considered in relation to the machines and environments in which man works and plays…the ultimate aim…is toward
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