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Nasty Women Transgressive Womanhood in American History Nasty Women Transgressive Womanhood in American History Edited by Marian Mollin With the Students of HIST 4914 - Spring 2020 The saying goes that well-behaved women rarely make history. For centuries, American women have been carving out spaces of their own in a male-dominated world. From politics, to entertainment, to their personal lives, women have been making their mark on the American landscape since the nation’s inception, often ignored or overlooked by those creating the record. This collection takes the long view of the American woman and examines her transgressive behavior through the decades. Including stories of women enslaved, early celebrities, engineers, and more, these essays demonstrate how there is no such thing as an “average” woman, as even those ordinary women are found doing extraordinary things. This collection comes at a particularly poignant time, as August 2020 marked the 100th anniversary of the ratification and adoption of the 19th amendment, which – in a landmark for women’s right – granted American women the right to vote. Virginia Tech Department of History in association with ISBN 9781949373516 90000 > 9 781949 373516 Nasty Women Nasty Women: Transgressive Womanhood in American History is part of the Virginia Tech Student Publications series. This series contains book-length works authored and edited by Virginia Tech undergraduate and graduate students and published in collaboration with Virginia Tech Publishing. Often these books are the culmination of class projects for advanced or capstone courses. The series provides the opportunity for students to write, edit, and ultimately publish their own books for the world to learn from and enjoy. Nasty Women Transgressive Womanhood in American History h A class project by the students in the Department of History at Virginia Tech Edited by Marian Mollin With the Students of HIST 4914 - Spring 2020 VIRGINIA TECH DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN ASSOCIATION WITH BLACKSBURG◆ VIRGINIA Copyright © 2021 Virginia Tech Department of History Individual chapters copyright © 2021 respective authors First published 2021 by the Virginia Tech Department of History in association with Virginia Tech Publishing. Virginia Tech Department of History 431 Major Williams Hall 220 Stanger Street Blacksburg, VA 24061 Virginia Tech Publishing University Libraries at Virginia Tech 560 Drillfield Dr. Blacksburg, VA 24061 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, California, 94042, USA. Note to users: This work may contain components (e.g., photographs, illustrations, or quotations) not covered by the license. Every effort has been made to identify these components but ultimately it is your responsibility to independently evaluate the copyright status of any work or component part of a work you use, in light of your intended use. Nasty women: transgressive womanhood in American history / edited by Marian Mollin, with the spring 2020 students of HIST 4914. Blacksburg, Virginia : Virginia Tech Department of History, in association with Virginia Tech Publishing, 2021 | Includes bibliographical references. | This collection of essays began as a class project for a Virginia Tech Department of History undergraduate capstone research seminar (HIST 4914), focussing on the history of American women who transgressed cultural bounds and societal constraints. ISBN: 978-1-949373-51-6 (pbk) | ISBN: 978-1-949373-52-3 (PDF) | ISBN: 978-1- 949373-53-0 (epub) | DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/nasty-women Women—United States—Social conditions. 2. Women slaves—United States— Social conditions. 3. Women in public life—United States. 4. Women in popular culture—United States. 5. Feminism—United States. I. Mollin, Marian Cover design by Liv Wisnewski. See cover image credits on p. 249. Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 #TeamNastyWomen Part I. Making the Move from Private to Public 1. Resistance: Strength of the Enslaved Women's Spirit 7 Alyssa Thompson 2. “I feel O so lonely and desolate": White Northern and 23 Southern Women's Feelings of Loneliness and Sadness during the Civil War Gillian Barth 3. The American Plan: How Women Came to Be Viewed as 41 Dangerous Caroline McLean 4. Alice Roosevelt and the Rise of the Infamous American 59 Woman Liv Wisnewski 5. Paving Her Own Best Way: Lillian Gilbreth's Journey From 75 Housewife to Career Woman Helen Hickman Part II. Wartime Opportunities 6. Fighting Nazis: A Collective of Trailblazing American 95 Women in the 1930s and 1940s Savannah Lawhorne 7. The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: The 109 New Women of World War II Madison Sheehan 8. Seeing Eleanor: The First Lady of the World 127 Olivia Wood Part III. Popular Culture and Modern Women 9. “Funny Like A Guy”: Women in American Standup Comedy 145 Elizabeth Sholtis 10. A Different Kind of Feminine: How Marilyn Monroe 161 Challenged Expectations of Womanhood Alicia Aucoin 11. Mary Tyler Moore: The Unlikely Feminist 177 Grace Barth 12. A Tight White Super Suit: How Women’s Underground 191 Comics Came to Be Trenton Spilman 13. Dolly Parton: The Appalachian Advocate, Wild Wife, and 203 Sexualized Singer Bethany Stewart 14. Keepin' It Movin': Appalachian Women's Resistance 223 Through Music Kat McGowan Notes on Contributors 245 Photo Credits 249 Acknowledgments The chapter authors of this book are particularly grateful for the assistance given by Dr. Marian Mollin, who guided each of us in our own unique writing and revision path and dedicated extensive time to teach us how to become historical writers. Dr. Mollin also taught us the importance of teamwork and friendship, and that they hold just as much value as the words written in these chapters. We would like to express our deepest gratitude for her patience, understanding, and hard work in taking this book to publication. Additionally, our research would not have been possible without the support of the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. Research librarians and Interlibrary Loan support staff helped us to locate and obtain necessary primary and secondary sources. The Virginia Tech Publishing team—especially Robert Browder, Lauren Holt, and Grace Baggett—played an instrumental role in turning our writing into a polished publication. We could not have completed this book without them. We would like to dedicate this book to all the “Nasty Women” who came before our time. Without them, women would not enjoy the freedoms we have today. This book is also dedicated to “Nasty Women,” now and in the future, that continue the fight for women’s rights. We hope that these women will follow their predecessors to reach new heights of equality. | vii Introduction #TEAMNASTYWOMEN This collection of essays began as a class project for a Virginia Tech Department of History capstone research seminar and was transformed into an act of resilient defiance to the many disruptions caused by the spring 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Our class topic, a shared exploration into the history of American women who transgressed cultural bounds and societal constraints, brought us deep into the experiences of women who dared to resist the odds of their times and who worked to live their lives on their own terms. In response to the pandemic, the students of this class decided to resist the odds and complete their semester and the research projects that comprise this book on their own terms as well. The result is a volume that reflects the determination and will to persist of both the student authors and the women they chose to study. This volume is very much a collaborative endeavor. Under the broad framework of Nasty Women in American History, each student author selected a topic of their choice, engaged in original primary source research, and developed their research and analysis into a chapter-length essay. In addition to writing each chapter, class members also chose the book’s organizational structure, crafted a title, designed the cover, and engaged in extensive editing and copyediting. While the class professor, Dr. Marian Mollin, served as “head coach,” sounding board, and developmental editor, this book is primarily the product of an intentionally collective student- centered effort that drew on everyone’s interests and skills. The students’ nickname for themselves—#TeamNastyWomen—quite accurately highlights their shared commitment to making this book a reality. Part I: Making the Move from Private to Public The first five chapters examine the way women pushed the boundaries of the private sphere and increased their interaction with the public world. From the early nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, women in all social classes were expected to remain in the private sphere, sheltered from the more masculine public arena. Despite societal prescriptions, there | 1 have always been women who transgressed the limitations of their time. The first chapter, “Resistance: Strength of the Enslaved Women’s Spirit in Virginia in the Last Decades of Slavery,” focuses on enslaved women that rebelled against the institution of slavery in an era where they were expected to be obedient to their masters. These women completely disregarded societal hierarchies in an effort to maintain a sense of self and dignity, while also breaking out of the private realm. The second chapter, “‘I feel O so lonely and desolate’: White Northern and Southern Women’s Feelings of Loneliness and Sadness during the Civil War,” examines the diaries and letters of Sarah Morgan Dawson, Kate Stone, Catharine Peirce, and Rachel Cormany. Each of these women, from different regions and different social classes, expressed similar sentiments of apprehension, loneliness, and sadness as they navigated new domestic lives when their husbands, fathers, and brothers left their homes to fight in the Civil War. Chapter three, titled, “The American Plan: How Women Came to Be Viewed as Dangerous,” analyzes women’s promiscuity in relation to the Chamberlain-Kahn Act, also called the American Plan.
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