Sexual Violence: Prevention, Consent, and the Law A debate by students from Amherst College and the Hampshire County Jail.

INDEX Equality and Violence We studied the new laws governing consent By Martha Saxton in colleges and in schools as well as the effects 2 Amanda of the Prison Rape Elimination Act that denies 3 Xavier The media has focused on campus rape in the the possibility of consent to men and women 4 Teresa past few years and the frightening information inside. We read about the decades of cuts to our 5 Philip coming out of investigations, which shows system of welfare and to our mental institutions 6 Rachael that 20 to 25 per cent of college women will have where mental health disorders were addressed 7 Tylor unwanted sexual aggression during their years in the days before mass incarceration. 8 Mae on campus. But, even greater numbers of sexual Students drafted position papers on 9 Pete assault victims do not go to college and endure changing the culture that creates sexual and 10 Billy violence in their homes and communities. The domestic violence, which appear in this 11 Sylvia fastest rising number of men and women pulled newspaper. They evaluate the ways in which we 12 Sean in to the criminal justice system are those as a society treat these problems. Along with 13 Caroline involved in domestic violence. the articles are photographs illustrating their 14 Grace This year an Amherst College Inside/Out ideas. Wendy and the Amherst College students 15 Tobi course—Equality and Violence—took place at set up an impromptu studio in a classroom 16 Chloe the Northampton Jail and House of Correction. and the Inside/Out students shot their photos in 17 Ernest The artists Harrell Fletcher, Wendy Ewald, the exercise yard of the Jail on a warm, sunny 18 Jean and Professor Martha Saxton, worked with an autumn day. 19 Johnathan equal number of Amherst College students The brief essays that appear in this and incarcerated students to understand the newspaper form the basis of the debate that relationship between inequality and sexual we have organized for December 16th at the and domestic violence. jail. At that time, students will explain, discuss, Our students read about the economic and sometimes disagree about the best ways causes of domestic violence around the to treat and prevent sexual assault on campuses, globe as well as the more immediate kinds of in homes and elsewhere. The debate will cover pressures that ideals of masculinity and three main topics: whether or not consent in femininity create. They read studies on the sexual matters should be legislated (Legislating treatment of domestic violence and sexual Consent: Yes or No?); how to best change assault in the criminal justice system as well as the culture that produces sexual assault and programs outside that system that can provide domestic violence—through education help and hope. They discussed their readings or economic support (Changing the Culture of in small groups and presented their findings to Sexual and Domestic Violence: Education vs. the group. Economics); and whether or not perpetrators We also discussed the drawbacks to of sexual violence should be put through the criminalizing sexual assault and the positive criminal justice system or treated in alter­native and the negative effects of prosecuting ways (Criminalizing Gender Violence: Pros, campus rape in the criminal justice system. Cons and Alternatives). DEBATE 1: LEGISLATING CONSENT: YES OR NO

know the victims of sexual assaults and rapes are telling the truth? What if the perpetrator did get consent, but the victim didn’t like the Say Yes to choices he or she made and reports rape or sexual assault? If no one was there with them to witness what went down, it’s his word versus hers. So is this justice if a victim regrets their actions the night before or after they give Affirmative Consent consent to the so-called perpetrator? California has a consent contract for students: another good idea, but it can also create problems. The consent form says, By Amanda boards should proceed in sexual assault “you can terminate this agreement at anytime investigations. This legislation crafts a line of during the period of consent agreed upon Sexual consent should be legislated. If questioning that focuses on the actions of herein by mutual written consent of both determining consent is left up to individuals the accused rather than focusing on whether proposer and consenter.” But if the proposer or not the accuser said no. Instead of asking doesn’t listen to what his partner says when instead of the government, people will be if and how the victim said no, and whether or she asks to terminate the consent, since even more vulnerable to the negative physical not the no was good enough, the questions she already signed the consent form, how is now include, “Did she want to have sex with you?” she going to prove that he raped or assaulted and psychological effects of sexual assault. and “Did she want to do everything the two of her? The victim now has to prove she Affirmative consent laws assist in determining you did?” This standard of investigation inspires terminated the contract. whether or not consent was given and facilitate increased communication among partners in College peers feel more comfortable order to prevent the risk of sexual assault. hooking up after a few drinks, but too many investigations of sexual assault. These laws Consent is typically thought of as “no drinks lead to trouble, and the consent laws can lead to increased communication among means no.” Under “no means no” legislation, a also bring trouble. The law says that a person sexual partners. sexual encounter may proceed until one party who is intoxicated or high is physically helpless objects. This doesn’t take into account that to give consent. How do you decide another one cannot object if one is unconscious or goes person is too drunk to have sex especially if you In 2014, California adopted a new law that into shock. When confronted with an assault, are drunk? Getting consent is very risky. At a requires affirmative consent both on and off victims often respond by shutting down, going By Xavier certain stage your body and mind could college campuses; New York, shortly after, silent, or lying motionless. In this case, they be saying things you wouldn’t say or do if you signed a similar law into action, requiring are not welcoming the sexual advances, but they The states of New York and California have were 100% substance free. The idea that it affirmative consent on college campuses. These are not actively objecting. Affirmative consent laws about consenting to sexual activities. New is unethical to hook up with a person who is too laws do not aim to micro-manage the sex lives is “yes means yes” consent. It is much easier York uses “yes means yes”, which means drunk is not widely respected. Who is the blame of college students—as many critics argue— to determine if an advance is unwanted when you you just ask, and if your partner says yes, you on, the woman for drinking too much or but serve to clarify how university disciplinary are waiting for a yes, instead of assuming not have consent for any sexual act. California the man because he’s drunk too and can’t tell? getting a “no” is an implied yes. By switching to has a similar law, “yes means yes”, but you have What are some ways to fix the problems with “yes means yes” consent, we change the to get consent before each sexual act takes place. the consent laws so that victims can have traditional sex script in which males and “Lack of protest or resistance does not mean a fair case and investigation? Now, most accused females typically communicate silently and consent,” the law states, “nor does silence mean students have to prove they’re innocent. The ambiguously during sexual activity. consent. Affirmative consent must be ongoing consent laws certainly make it easier to find Affirmative consent requires “an affirmative, and can be revoked at any time.” These laws people guilty, but if they’re not guilty it really conscious and voluntary agreement to engage in have amazingly good intentions for the college undermines the due process and rights of sexual activity.” Critics worry that innocent people campuses, but how can California and New York the accused students. So should college students will be incriminated if they engage in sex after make these laws for college campuses? be scared to be sexually involved with other they and their partner have been drinking, or if Nationally, in 2012 there were 5,000 students because of the consent laws? their partner did not explicitly say, “I want to have allegations of forcible offences reported sex with you.” These laws are in place to protect by college campuses to the U.S. Department people, not to implicate more people. The law of Education. So it’s risky nowadays when itself does not specify that the people engaging you hook up with someone. First, how do you in sexual actions need to be stone sober, or that the agreement needs to be explicitly verbal, they just need to be in a mental state in which they can make decisions, and the consent needs to be mutually acknowledged-however it is given. These laws ask that you approach a sexual encounter with both partners understanding that you should The Problems with not continue if you both don’t want to. Despite its many critics, the new consent legislation in California and New York will have a positive effect. Sexual assault investigations will proceed more clearly. The laws encourage mutual Consent Laws in consent, respect, and communication. The California and New York laws will be effective, and more states should adopt these practices to facilitate a safer, more consensual nation. New York and California

2 / 3 DEBATE 1: LEGISLATING CONSENT: YES OR NO The Effectiveness of the Prison Rape Elimination Act

By Philip That is, of course, if abusers are staff, but other inmates can be charged and prosecuted, George Bush signed the Prison Rape too. Staff should undergo PREA training. Each Elimination Act to go into law on Sept 4, 2003 corrections agency is required to make its to fight the ugly effects of rapes and sexual best efforts to comply on a regular basis with a assaults in prisons and confinement facilities. staffing plan that provides for adequate levels The law requires corrections agencies to of staffing and video monitoring. have a written policy mandating zero tolerance The decline in reported prison rapes toward all forms of sexual abuse for men and has not been much yet, but the law is still women. It also puts restrictions on cross- a deterrent to sexual assault for two reasons. gender pat down searches of female inmates. First, Federal facilities are forced to comply The law says that a prisoner may shower, with PREA. County jails and private prisons perform bodily functions, and change clothes have many more loopholes to compliance, without non-medical staff of the opposite but many prisons are seeking out funding to gender viewing the body or genitalia. run the PREA successfully. The Department PREA helps female victims of sexual abuse of Justice estimates the cost of covering PREA to report incidents without retaliation. The standards in all facilities will be around $6.9 law also gives access to forensic examinations billion between 2012-2016, or $468.5 million a Against PREA to victims of both genders and states that year—annually that ‘s $55,000 for each prison, abusers will be investigated, prosecuted and $50,000 for a jail, $24,000 for a community terminated from employment if found guilty. confinement facility, $54,000 for a juvenile facility, and $16,000 for a police lockup. By Teresa 18 in prisons would be one of the most effective seeking protection from rape. LGBT inmates, The second reason that the law is a legislative responses, but was not “politically who are very vulnerable to prison rape, are deterrent is that it makes it available for The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) was realistic.” Hence the PREA act was signed into often housed in LGBT units that may lack access victims of sexual abuse behind the wall to enacted into law in 2003 to try to prevent legislation without acknowledging that it to basic human rights like educational, sue for their pain and suffering. Thirty-two prison rape. Instead of focusing on reducing does little to address the fact that underage vocational, medical, and rehabilitative services. women prisoners who claimed they had incarceration or humanizing imprisonment, inmates are unlikely to report sexual assault for Although the overall goal of PREA was been sexually assaulted were awarded $2.8 PREA insisted that prisons should be held fear of worse consequences than rape, while admirable, I think that preventing prison rape million by a federal court. Michigan Attorney accountable for rape and legislated that inmates at the same time it continues to allow underage requires reducing mass incarceration and Deborah LaBelle offered to settle a similar as a whole were incapable of giving consent. youths to be jailed in adult facilities. PREA lowering levels of violence, as well as offering case involving 250 women prisoners for $25 The Department of Justice estimated in only calls for jails to prove that they’re “working therapy, rehabilitation, and resources to both million. In 2007, that number grew to 381. 2008 that 216,000 inmates were sexually to comply” with its requirements, therefore , violent inmates and potential victims. PREA LaBelle made another offer to settle, this time assaulted while serving time, compared to only some think that PREA only provides an excuse fails to protect prisoners and can hurt victims for $47 million. In 2009, the state of Michigan 90, 479 rape cases outside of prison. PREA was for the government not to search for solutions and members of the LGBT community. It paid $100 million to thousands of female drafted partly in response to the increasing rate that could be more effective but more difficult also illustrates the problems that arise with prisoners who endured years of sexual abuse of juvenile incarceration in adult prisons, as to implement. legislating consent, including the disem­ by prison staff. Currently, prisoners are suing juveniles continue to be one of the most at-risk PREA’s doctrine that “No means no and powerment and sometimes punishment of again because the improvements have not populations for sexual assault. The legislation yes is not allowed” disenfranchises and victims and collapsing the distinction between been sufficient. was in part a response to a tragedy in 1996, dehumanizes prisoners by making them violent manipulative rape and consensual Protecting prisoners from sexual when a 17-year-old inmate, Rodney Hulin Jr., incapable of giving consent, regardless of sexual encounters. abuse remains a challenge in correctional committed suicide after having been raped and their feelings or desires. This pushes same-sex facilities across the country. Despite the beaten within just three days of his arrival. His relationships into hiding, possibly leading to apparent shortcomings of the PREA standards, case was unexceptional. A 1989 study found abusive relationships that prisoners would if adopted and enforced they will have a that inmates under 18 in adult prisons reported be unwilling to report for fear of punishment significant impact on reducing prison rape being sexually attacked five times more often under PREA. The legislation finally fails and sexual abuse. than their peers in juvenile detention. to permit consensual sexual acts by denying American University law professor Brenda all prisoners the right to consent. PREA can Smith, on the National Prison Rape Elimination also end up punishing victims in addition to Commission, argued putting a blanket ban perpetrators. Under PREA, a prison can on incarcerating individuals under the age of deny exercise privileges to a prisoner who is

4 / 5 DEBATE 1: LEGISLATING CONSENT: YES OR NO

clothes and acting flirtatious would feel improbable and the idea that consent can be objectified to learn that men only talk to her freely given, despite differences in power can until they learn that she is not “easy” and does A Legacy further harm the people whom the legislation is not intend to go further than flirting. A poll supposed to protect. found that a surprising percent of women have Legislating consent will do nothing to initially said “no” to sex, while still intending change deeply engrained gendered and to have sex with that person. The reason given racialized stereotypes about who can be raped. for this coy behavior was the societal standards of Legislative It will do nothing to stop the rapists who hold by which a woman is considered “easy” or these beliefs or the jurors who don’t convict “loose” if she agrees to sex too quickly. This rapists. Women of color, through cultural justifi­ kind of behavior can cause a person to falsely cations and legal protections for attackers, believe that her “no” means “yes,” and more remain incapable of being raped under the law dangerously, that any “no” from any woman Failures because of the way society constructs them as can be overridden with force or physical sexually available. History reveals law’s inability “persuasions.” Affirmative consent takes power to prevent or penalize rape, regardless of how away from assumptions and assumers and gives By Rachael it is articulated. the power back to the words “yes” and “no.” Colonizers and slave owners constructed Some who are opposed to setting a Raping indigenous and black women are two racialized stereotypes that affirmed that women legislated consent standard boldly state they of the longest lasting legacies of colonialism of color welcomed their advances, or rather won’t “get what I want” if they have to ask and racism in the United States. This history of assaults, because of their supposed sexual clearly if the person they are pursuing wants dehumanization and subjugation relied in large insatiability. This understanding of Black and to have sex. It should not be a person’s sole part on sexual domination. These two groups Native women’s sexuality assumes their priority to obtain a “hook-up” at the cost of his of women still experience the highest rates of consent simply on the basis of their race, not or her integrity, or another person’s rights. A sexual assault of any population in the U.S. what they say or do. sexual fling should not be so important that we Both indigenous and black women were, and These caricatures lead to the frequent are willing to forget our morals; forego common continue to be, forced to rely on a legal system dismissal of their claims, if they report the rape sense; forego safety; and forego another’s and definition of rape that has denied their at all, even though the Department of Jusice human rights. humanity. Until the cultural understandings of has found that less than 4% of rape allegations I recently read a blog in which a young man who these women are change, consent laws will are false. Studies have shown that jurors stated that it would ruin it for him to have to be irrelevant. assume black women are more sexually stop a “hot and heavy” moment to ask Consent laws require that both parties active than white women and less harmed by By Tylor very formally for consent to continue. Really? actively and affirmatively, consent to any and all sexual assault. Is there something I am missing? Is there a sexual activities that they engage in. Although Before the institutionalization of Anglo- Admittedly, the idea of “legislating consent” difference between asking “does this feel good?” this may seem positive, it is flawed because it American jurisprudence, the legal systems seemed both redundant and foolish to me. and “do you like that?” from “do you want me to relies on a false notion of an individual’s ability in indigenous communities were widely used. I wondered how can men in prison—for stop?” Or “You’re turning me on, we should stop to consent. Inequality makes real consent But as a result of the 1885 Major Crimes Act, tribal example—who break the law continuously and now if you don’t want this to go any further?” courts now lack the authority to prosecute rape have little respect for authority, be expected If you truly care about the rights of others, this cases, and indigenous people are forced to to follow a new law meant to support a law that is a small compliance, a small consultation that rely upon the federal government, prosecutors, is already being broken? This seemed insane. can save people from pain and suffering. and U.S. laws. Given that rape is one of the I decided to research the true goals of If you don’t care about other people’s hardest crimes to try, attorneys often reject affirmative consent. rights, and the pain you can cause—perhaps these cases, leaving the survivors with little legal Initially, as a I man, I assumed that the human interaction is not for you. There will recourse. If their cases are heard, indigenous consent standard was a typical law makers’ be times when a one—night stand goes off people are, like black women, often harmed by effort to increase penalties and jail sentences without a hitch, and both parties get what they the process. Given its origins, this cannot be on those who don’t obtain affirmative sexual are seeking. For every other time, where a man surprising. When the system that is meant to consent—in other words, more charges, more or women is not sure, feeling pressured, or distinguish right from wrong and deliver justice jail time for a rapist, but no preventive measures incapacitated, there is the consent standard. disregards the crime of rape, it simultaneously to keep women safe and men rational. I admit, It prevents lurking predators from taking condones it and affirms the dehumanizing beliefs I was wrong. advantage of the weak or inebriated. It gives upon which the assault took place. Obtaining affirmative consent gives power powerful words to the lips of the meek…. In the same way consent is irrelevant to back to the words we use to communicate our This will not be a “fix-all” solution, but rapists, so, too, would any laws be in protecting wishes. A man may sag his pants, wear jewelry, the beginning of creating an awareness of survivors and their voices. Legislation on speak slang, yet he would be indignant to a problem and a step in the correct direction— consent would further disempower and degrade learn that he has been stereotyped as a thug or toward the safety of our youth, both males the women for whom the legislation is pur­ a criminal. Similarly, a woman wearing tight and females. portedly created. All too often rape victims, as opposed to rapists, are the ones put on trial and forced to prove their sexual innocence. Consent, in particular, is a dangerous concept to legislate for it places further responsibility on survivors and removes the rapists from the story. More important than reframing rape-related Consent Laws Can laws and adding on consent is addressing the intention and ideas of rapists and the impact of rape, not only on survivors but also on their communities. Change Sexual Culture

6 / 7 DEBATE 2: CHANGING THE CULTURE OF SEXUAL AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: EDUCATION VS. ECONOMICS Assisting Re-Entry

By Mae by society. Many long-term studies have found that abusers often reoffend at another point in Transitioning to an employed, stable life outside their lives, but these efforts to break the cycle can of prison is a huge predictor of whether or not be effective. As scholar Jacqui True writes, “The the 700,000 Americans, who leave prison each destabilization of social and economic life is year, will go back. Former offenders whose associated with growing inequalities and increasing levels of violence against women.” crimes include sexual violence—crimes of Economic support that eases the re-entry of power and control, need to stabilize their lives former prisoners into the workforce and invests through both re-education and economic in their reform and education can turn them from further violence and recidivism. While 270 aid: reforming their patterns of violence and million dollars were invested in these programs finding jobs. through the Second Chance Act, current incarceration costs are $65 billion. Second Chance programs fight further incarceration and One widely used re-education program further violence against women, by aiding former is a batterer intervention program called prisoners in finding a stable income and helping Manalive (Men Allied Nationally Against Living them break their patterns of violence. in Violent Environments). Participants learn One important strategy that involves to recognize moments of “fatal peril—the crucial economic support is called “rapid attachment” or period between a negative experience and “work first,” to help former prisoners look for jobs the reaction to it.” This program has become a and provide work experience, while also offering mandated parole condition in many states education. For example, the Gain Avenues of for sexual offenders re-entering society. Another Independence (GAIN) Program supports former sexual offender reform program, Domestic sexual offenders by offering one-on-one training Abuse Intervention Project, focuses on self- sessions and “job clubs” for resume writing, job Early Sex Education awareness and behavioral modification through applications, and interview skills. The rapid changing the internalized gender roles created attachment strategy is effective in helping people re-enter the work world quickly. “Transitional Jobs,” another strategy, places By Pete way, allowing each child to grow and gain understood as about human relations, not just former prisoners in programs as well as in knowledge from life experiences and the media. biological information, begins early in life jobs where the program subsidizes wages. The By getting adolescents involved earlier in Allowing children to explore their attitudes, and is built on throughout the formative years, program, in Action: Center for Employment sex education, might we be able to lower values, and ask questions concerning sex students will be comfortable in navigating Opportunities (CEO) provides people supportive the rate of violence and change the entire and relationships should give them more discussions about safe sex, sexual abuse, repro­ services and a place on a work crew in which culture around sex in this country? A information and choices upon reaching the duction, and consent. They will also carry participants provide service to organizations or recent study out of Georgetown University con­fusing time of puberty. Opening up those tools home and into relationships where in the community. The program itself is the recommends that sex education begin before topics, such as family relationships, sexuality, the real tests are. employer. Work-crew members are paid daily, puberty. This is when children are most pre­ferences, and love can give these children providing an incentive to return each day. After a responsive to material that can shape their a better grounding for issues they will face. successful stint on a work crew, the program attitudes towards sex. It is also when they Sometimes states in America teach helps people find more long-tem employment. can be better guided through this life stage basic reproduction topics along with some Another program called “Occupational Training” by education, supportive families and sex education, beginning in the 5th grade. studies the specific needs of local employers and the community. However, this doesn’t function to lower sexual offers relevant training. Though it does not provide In an article by the World Health violence towards women. Sex education an immediate source of income, in the long Organization (WHO) about primary prevention is so much more than just information. It can run participants get better and higher-wage jobs. of intimate-partner violence and sexual encompass self-image, identity develop­ment, Although these programs can provide violence, WHO states that early childhood boundaries, gender roles, and learning how returning inmates with useful and timely training experiences and discussions have a major to express oneself appropriately in rela­tionships. for higher quality, long-term work, it is still effect on the development of a child sexually, By beginning the process of communication difficult to find employers who will hire former emotionally, and socially. When they learn with adults early, children can begin to prisoners once they have checked the, “Have you healthy emotional, physical, social habits feel more comfortable with opening up and ever been convicted of a crime?” box. This raises through families and a community environ­ asking questions. the risk of recidivism. Many states are adopting ment, this has the potential to reduce the The Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexual the Ban the Box law, which prohibits employers prevalence of all forms of violence, including Education-K-12th grade state the primary goal from asking about criminal records in initial sexual violence. of sexual education is to promote adult sexual steps of the hiring process. This law gives people As the children progress in grades and health—healthy relationships, interpersonal a chance to show their capabilities for a job, age, topics of sexuality become more perplexing, skills, and the decision-making ability needed before being rejected for their past. so questions need to be addressed along the to build relationships. If sex education,

8 / 9 DEBATE 2: CHANGING THE CULTURE OF SEXUAL AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: EDUCATION VS. ECONOMICS Education and the Prevention of Sexual Violence

By Sylvia Almost half of students have had sex in education starts in kindergarten (although high school, and the majority (over 70 percent) sex itself is not talked about at such a young We need to create an environment where sexual have had sex by the time they are twenty. age), students “develop skills to protect against assault is less common and where people Studies show that discussing sex with children sexual coercion, intimidation and abuse.” \are equipped to address it when it does happen. does not lead to more students having sex or Students in the Netherlands are more likely to According to the Center for Disease Control’s having it earlier. If students do not hear about have safe sex and more likely than students 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, among sex from a class, they are more likely to get all in the U.S. to have had their first sexual activity high school students surveyed, 10.5% of of their information—or misinformation—from be enjoyable and to take place when they female and 4.2% of male students had been friends or partners. This may make kids more were ready. They were also found to be “more forced to have intercourse. Additionally, in likely to be susceptible to pressure to engage in assertive and better communicators” when it the previous 12 months, about 10 % of students unsafe practices or be taken advantage of. came to sex. Being able to speak up and ask (14.4% of women and 6.2% of men) had experi­ In a recent poll, many college sexual assault questions in class can normalize conversations enced physical dating violence, and the same survivors said they believed that more infor­ about sex. percentage had experienced sexual dating mation on consent and relationships before There is no federally mandated sex violence. Studies show that it requires attitude college would have helped them be safer education, and state laws vary tremendously. changes to decrease acquaintance rape. Specific in college. In one study, 58% of public school principals programs, like one in London high schools Sex education should stress that people reported that the main message of their to target intimate relationship violence, have do not need to be sexually active if they do sex education was comprehensive, while 34% The Cost of Domestic positive influences on attitudes and knowledge. not want to be and give students the confidence reported that it was abstinence-only. Twenty- School programs for bullying prevention also and skills to say no as well as assert personal two states require sex education in public show positive attitude changes. boundaries. In the Netherlands, where sex schools, but only 19 states stipulate that if sex education is provided it must be medically accurate, and “35 states and the District of Violence in America Columbia allow parents to opt-out on behalf of their children.” Clearly, kids are receiving very different messages about sex and health. By Billy costs can be decreased by allotting funds The United States does have a set of national for programming and intervention. $5.8 billion guidelines for comprehensive K-12 sex The current state of handling domestic is spent on medical costs, and $2.5 on lost education, called the National Sexuality violence in American costs far more than productivity. Domestic violence victimization Education Standards, but few school districts preventive programming and assistance averages $954 per incident; this includes have fully adopted them. With models already would. Social costs, medical billing, and lost medical and mental health care and 9.5 days available, if schools adopted them (and they workplace productivity are reasons to begin of lost work. receive funding), it would not only empower implementing programming in order to avoid Preventing domestic violence will not students, but begin to change the larger culture. such heavy expenses. only save lives, but it will also save us a We must educate children on consent The physical costs of domestic violence large financial burden. The net benefit of the and positive ways to interact with others. They come with economic costs. Domestic violence Violence Against Women Act of 1994 was need the tools and opportunities to be able leads to reduced education, loss of workplace $14.8 billion. The initial cost was $1.6 billion to discuss sex and relationships issues openly productivity, and medical treatment. Medical while $16.4 billion was saved through the and assert their individual rights, agency, issues such as chronic pain, central nervous services this bill provided. Investing just $15.50 and humanity. system disorders, and reproductive problems per U.S. woman can save $159 per U.S. woman are all effects of domestic violence victims. in averted costs. The issue of domestic violence needs to be common in our culture. The victim is just that, a victim; they are not at fault for what happened to them. “When people are educated about the frequency of domestic violence, they are more comfortable talking with others.” The monetary costs of domestic violence in the U.S. have a major economic impact. Annual spending on social issues and medical

10 / 11 DEBATE 2: CHANGING THE CULTURE OF SEXUAL AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: EDUCATION VS. ECONOMICS

training has become required for all freshmen, and over the past four years the resources like the Counseling Center and Peer Advocates for Family Welfare Sexual Respect (PAs) have increased on campus, but the engagement of the entire community is still missing. To change a culture, everyone must participate, men and women, students, By Sean (or even mainly) a response to crime, but rather faculty, and staff. a perverse form of social spending that uses Amherst has sought to increase students’ In 1935, in response to the Great Depression state power to address a host of social problems awareness of the College’s policies concerning and as part of Roosevelt’s New Deal, Congress at the back end, from poverty to drug addiction Title IX and cases of sexual assault. The created the initial safety-nets—Social Security, to misbehavior in school.” During and after the details of the policies are available to students Unemployment Insurance, and Aid to Depend­ civil rights movement, policy makers began to through the website and Student Handbook. ent Children (then ADFA now AFDC). Since turn to criminalization as a way to clean up the However, opportunities to meet with the deans then, our country’s poor have benefitted from streets in America. Instead of addressing racism who deal with Title IX or student behavior some form of federal and state stimulus aid. and its relationship to poverty throughout before something happens are lacking; such Welfare was formed in a period where our country, our local and state governments interactions could build trust and make racial segregation was a factor in the social, turned to expansion of the criminal justice students more comfortable to reach out in cases economic, and political agendas of liberal and system “in the name of law and order”. What when something goes wrong like in cases of conservative parties alike. The New Deal the government did not realize is how this rape or sexual assault. The College should offer not only extended social rights but also changed perpetuates the problem. When you take the clarity and transparency in both the policies the racial divide in American democracy and sole provider out of an already financially and the cases. economy, as “the act created two tiers of racially suffering family, you only make matters The College has also changed its disciplinary segregated benefits”. worse. It also has a multi-generational impact: procedures to make it easier for victims to report By the 1960s, Lyndon Johnson, after the children of imprisoned folks are far more anonymously, and if they wish, to set in motion Civil Rights movement, tried to eradicate likely to become incarcerated as adults. “Mass the adjudication process. The Dean’s office can poverty and racial inequality. Our nation’s incarceration can be seen as racial policy.” As order a no contact order to give the survivor cities were full of impoverished ghettos, heavily Ta Nehisi Coates shows, “the association of other protections while an investigation takes populated from the migration of southern black and criminality in the white mind is so place. Members of the disciplinary panel blacks over years past. His solution was the War deeply rooted in American history as to be are no longer solely from Amherst College, on Poverty that funded education, housing, virtually unassailable.” By Caroline on college campuses. Students everywhere but trained members of the Five Colleges and community action in urban ghettos, but Sexual violence and domestic abuse are are familiar with the startling statistic that community. Still, given the very low percentage because of the political turmoil of the time, social issues that are prevalent in areas of About two months into my first year at Amherst, one in four women will be the victim of sexual of assaults reported at the time they happen, the they failed to become effective. Urban poverty poverty. We can dramatically decrease their The Amherst Student published Angie Epifano’s assault during her time in college. The procedures could be improved. grew, as did the rate of people seeking public rates merely by addressing poverty through a account of her rape and its fallout from her safety and health of students’ lives are at 20.2 million students attend colleges assistance. Meanwhile, “angry suburban home more humane welfare policy and ending time at Amherst. The story quickly went viral. stake in the actions the U.S. government, and universities nationwide. Given those owners” resisted opening their communities mass incarceration. It seemed as if college students across the colleges, and universities are taking to address numbers, if schools committed to making a few to minorities, forcing federal officials to “retreat nation were shocked. It was strange to the prevalence of sexual assault. President changes the culture would begin to change from a commitment to low-income housing think that two months earlier I had arrived Obama’s administration launched the “It’s On as well. These changes could include campuses and to back away from fair-housing laws.” at Amherst, bright-eyed, and excited for Us” campaign, schools have revamped their adopting affirmative consent (“yes means In the 1960s, the AFDC finally included the beginning of college; that during our orientation schedules to include “awareness yes”), or providing follow- up with orientation black women. By 1992, many AFDC recipients orientation, Student Health Educators (SHEs), workshops” and bystander training to teach presentations in a more meaningful way. Rather were single black mothers. This rise, coupled squad leaders, administrators, professors, students not only how to protect themselves, than just at the beginning of a students’ first with the resonating attitudes from the ongoing and coaches talked at us about sex, sexual but also how to help their friends out of year, students could be required to attend civil rights backlash, formed a very unfor­ respect, and consent. We were inundated with potentially harmful situations. a presentation or workshop every semester to tunately yet common idea that people using “ways to practice safe sex” and “how to get Underlying the conversations is a learn and discuss issues of consent or sexual these program were simply taking advantage and give consent,” while at night, we hit the simmering debate: is there a “rape culture” respect. Professors can add classes to educate of the system. “Those drawing on government party dorms for the first time discovering on college campuses? If yes, then current students. Going forward, Amherst, and all benefits were derided as ‘Welfare Queens.’ what it meant to “go out” at Amherst. efforts are not enough to change the culture. colleges and universities should do what they In 1992, Bill Clinton pledged to “end welfare Over the past four years, a national Amherst College is an example. The College do best: educate. And with education, so too as we know it.” The idea was to shift the empha­ conversation has taken off about sexual assault is making solid efforts: active bystander will come change. sis from dependence to empowerment, though the result was far from that. “A five year limit was introduced and single mothers were required to work at least 30 hours per week or risk losing their benefits.” The result was that thousands of single moms, predominantly inner city black women, were promptly shoved off the program. A Call for Greater Now one in every four low- income single mothers is unemployed without any cash aid. By allowing our children to be raised in such conditions, we are perpetuating poverty. Govern­ ments should be putting programs in place Efforts at Colleges and that secure the economic stability of all families. Another form of political policy that serves to keep people stuck in poverty is mass incarceration. “Mass incarceration is not just Universities

12 / 13 DEBATE 3: CRIMINALIZING GENDER VIOLENCE: PROS, CONS, AND ALTERNATIVES Criminalization Works

By Grace place to protect citizens, all citizens, from violence, no matter where it might occur. The United States has a justice system set in place The criminal justice system succeeds in separating the perpetrators from the victims, to handle law-breaking. Domestic violence falls which is necessary to ensure the safety of under this category. People who beat their wives, the victim. Over the past years the justice system partners or significant others are breaking the has taken drastic steps to improve domestic law, and the justice system is there to ensure they violence laws within the United States. In 1994, receive the correct punishment for their crime. the Violence Against Woman Act was passed which allotted “$1.62 billion in federal funding Eighty-five percent of the victims are women. to improve prevention, protection, victim Every day, 3 women are killed by their partners services, law enforcement and data collection.” Criminalizing domestic violence includes steps in domestic violence. This number needs like victims being able to obtain restraining to be brought down and the way to do that is to orders against their attacker, which guarantees guarantee that domestic violence perpetrators their safety without necessarily putting the perpetrator in jail. are taken off the street and out of society. While restraining orders can work, sometimes jail time is necessary. Now, mandatory arrest policies “require police to If a man walks up and kills another man, he arrest anyone who they have probable cause gets tried through the justice system. Domestic to believe has committed domestic violence.” violence should be no different. Some have This policy immediately removes the aggressor Thoughts Against argued that the home is a private sphere, and while allowing the victim to remain at the law should stay out, but laws were put in home. Shelters and other domestic violence outreach programs require the victim to move, sometimes resulting in loss of jobs, missing of doctors’ appointments, or lack of contact Domestic Violence with outside family for women who seek help. Kelly Dunne, chief operating officer at the Jeanne Crisis Center outside of Boston, says By Tobi children who have suffered various forms of the abusers from committing further acts shelters are often a “ticket to welfare.” While abuse when they become adults. Approximately of aggression upon release from the criminal victims do have to go through a trial, they get Holding a perpetrator of sexual assault 60% of individuals are affected–this is why we justice system. to do so from their own homes while their accountable by standards of current law is not need to rehabilitate the offenders. With the high recidivism rates for perpetrators are locked away. effective; it only ignores the problem by Development of a program for offenders released prisoners, our current criminalization Criminalization does not necessarily isolating the offender from the public. We should not be seen as a privilege bestowed methods do not work and need to be replaced mean perpetrators are locked away forever. instead need to carefully try to re-integrate the upon them, but as a preventative measure, with new forms of behavioral correction. The Duluth program, for example, after individual back into society, while instilling decreasing the likelihood of further offenses. For this to be successful, the perpetrator needs an arrest, trial and conviction, works with the in that person a sense of why their act When you put offenders in jail, they are not to be isolated from their community of batterer through the criminal justice system to of aggression was wrong and should not be being conditioned to re-enter the community, origin and then be gradually reintroduced educate and hold him or her accountable repeated. In some anti-domestic violence nor are they being taught why their actions once counseled back to being a functional before re-entering society. Research shows that organizations such as the Battered Women’s were wrong. Being imprisoned without really member of society. These programs need to “by applying all the components of the Project, “staff members [work to] maximize understanding the error of one’s own ways take three major steps: (1) Assessment of the Duluth Model, 68% of offenders who move victim safety and offender accountability.” But, will inevitably cause frustration. Such individual, (2) the treatment of individual, through Duluth’s criminal justice system and maximizing offender accountability results frustration will find an outlet (perhaps after and (3) the reintroduction of the individual to men’s nonviolence classes do not reappear in more offenders going through the criminal release from prison) and another act of society. Programs of this kind should focus on in the system eight years out.” This program justice pipeline, often increasing their anger aggression is more likely to be committed. the social-psychology behind the origins of works with the criminal justice system to and increasing the likelihood of repeat offenses. This is by no means a call to end of whatever pushed them to violence. The stress ensure the safety of women. Our justice system A clear pattern exists of victims who support services for victims; they are a factors in the perpetrators lives need to be has been in place for years with the goal of experienced various forms of abuse: child necessary remedy for getting the victim to be discovered through intense counseling and protecting citizens of the United States, and abuse, sexual abuse, and domestic violence, of independent and stronger. Multiple programs therapy. The response to domestic violence it has worked. When the process is followed, becoming abusers themselves. The Adverse already offer victim support–Battered should not be punishment or extended perpetrators get off the streets and women Childhood Experience (ACE) study indicates Women’s Project, National Coalition Against isolation from society; intense counseling and remain at home with the peace of mind that that there is a dramatically increased likelihood Domestic Violence, Futures Without Violence, rehabilitation should help break the cycle of their attacker no longer has access to them. of negative mental and physical health for and INCITE–however, they do not prevent domestic violence.

14 / 15 DEBATE 3: CRIMINALIZING GENDER VIOLENCE: PROS, CONS, AND ALTERNATIVES

By Ernest

In poor communities, women in particular, The Facts on rate safety as their number one concern. They face crime, violence, and drugs in their neighborhoods. Poor communities are homes to single parents, and havens to addicts, drug- dealers, gangs and people back from the prison Adjudication of system without re-entry resources. In poor communities, it is more difficult for victims of violence to report their abuse for fear of retaliation or being labeled a “traitor,” especially in neighborhoods subject to drug activity. Many Sexual Assault black women also feel compromised when reporting black men as “violent,” from a deep historical resistance to opening up black family life to scrutiny. Black women often see family By Chloe of that student’s rights. Though many colleges life as a respite from a deeply racist world and have taken steps to improve their previously hesitate to call the authorities. In past decades, victims of sexual assault flawed judicial processes in the wake of negative According to the Police Executive Research in college had many reasons not to report an publicity, the evolution has tended towards Forum a poor economy is driving an increase assault to police. Accusers risked social victim protection at the expense of justice for the of domestic violence up 56% from 40%. ostracism, a lack of sympathy from officials, the accused. The “quick and dirty” investigations Unemployment and other stresses can trigger prospect of a long, public trial, and continued that result often end in noncommittal verdicts domestic violence, and the reduction of income threats from their attacker. like suspensions instead of more definitive and status can cause upheavals in every day Opponents of the criminal justice judgments. However, because adjudication in life. People in the upper classes don’t face these approach to adjudicating sexual assault one system does not preclude adjudication same challenges. hold that victims can avoid these menaces in another, it is theoretically possible for a Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) by resolving complaints through a college victim to adjudicate her case through the courts have a disproportionate impact on poor disciplinary board. Because these boards while receiving protections from her school. communities. These experiences include have little oversight, they possess a power Title IX empowers schools to offer students emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and agility fundamentally absent in the these protections, which range from no-contact emotional and physical neglect, growing up the outcome of police intervention, realizing I am also in favor of programs that criminal justice system. Boards are enabled orders to interventions with professors. This with domestic violence, parental discord, that they want to save the relationship. I believe concentrate on counseling and communication to resolve cases quickly, minimize social recipe proved successful in the recent case of a substance abuse, mental illness, and the that victims and perpetrators should have in relationships. There should be romance ostracization of the victim, and protect the Stanford University swimmer, who was barred incarceration of a household member. When access to education and programs that prepare courses that reintroduce the “old fashioned” victim physically and emotionally through from living on-campus after his arrest, and a home is broken, and the environment is them for reintegration in on the model of customs of how to treat each other, emphasizing no-contact orders and schoolwork extensions. could provide a model for moving forward. unsafe, as is so often true in poor communities, in-patient and out-patient services. the relevance of respect, the proper way to After conviction, sentencing is also far more children are more likely to grow up with Effective reintegration programs for communicate during disagreements, and flexible: a perpetrator cannot be jailed, but can serious emotional and physical problems formerly incarcerated people should showing appreciation through romantic words face a range of punishments such as expulsion, themselves. include healthcare, counseling, housing, and gestures. Children should learn from adults suspension, or a ban from student housing. For too long, the philosophy regarding substance abuse treatment, employment and the importance of healthy communication While this process offers protections to domestic violence has been to “arrest now business/career develop­ ment.­­ Minorities and interaction. the victim, it is fundamentally prejudiced and talk later.” Without healthier alternatives, with criminal records have a very hard time When broken people are returned to against the accuser. Due to the lower burden of people will continue to behave as products finding jobs at a competitive wage. One an environment, the environment remains proof (a “preponderance of evidence”), the of poverty, adverse childhood experiences, and organization that helps build communities broken. There seems to be more concern accused is likelier to receive a black mark on his the prison system. In severe cases of violence, and assist with re-entry is The Prison for investing in stocks than in people. Only or her record without an extensive trial or some individuals may have to be removed Entrepreneurship Program. PEP is Houston- when the need to invest in people becomes comprehensive review of evidence. The accused from society for the victim’s safety. However, based and has graduated more that 1,100 a priority, can we work on fixing the ill is also typically kept intentionally uninformed as an overall strategy for ending violence, students, has helped inmates to launch over effects of poverty and how it creates violence of his or her case in the name of protecting the criminalization has not worked. Too many 165 businesses and reduced the recidivism rate in our communities and especially victim. In recent years, Amherst College domestic violence victims have come to regret to 7% (compared with a 23% overall for Texas). against women. has seen serious accusations that it has treated both parties in sexual assault cases unfairly, including a high-profile case picked up by several media outlets in which most reported mistreatment of the accused. Unlike the college adjudication process, the criminal justice system affords the accused his Community Solutions or her full constitutional rights. There is some evidence that being convicted of sexual assault, even by a college judicial board, may diminish students’ odds of graduating, transferring, or getting a job. Critics see the possibility that a and Alternatives student might face these consequences without a fair hearing, in which he or she is afforded legal representation, access to evidence, and the presumption of innocence, as a violation to Criminalization

16 / 17 DEBATE 3: CRIMINALIZING GENDER VIOLENCE: PROS, CONS, AND ALTERNATIVES Recognizing Family Violence as a Crime

By Johnathan preference in the US for criminalization has meant that policy makers, politicians, and the The focus on domestic violence as a crime public can most easily embrace and understand is crucial for family violence to be taken domestic violence as a problem of individual seriously as a social problem. Before the criminals who should be punished and abused battered women’s movement of the 1960s and women who must be protected. 1970s, domestic violence was seen as a private Putting money and emphasis on a issue outside of the jurisdiction of the state. criminal and penal response, the feminist Each husband had the right to control and own movement, in conjunction with the state, his wife as property. The state either condoned cemented the legal system as the primary intimate abuse or saw it as a private matter, response system for domestic violence. As the completely different from the violence of a U.S. Attorney General’s Task Force on Family stranger. Both English common law and the 1824 Violence recommended, “family violence Bradley v. State case in Mississippi supported should be recognized and responded to as a the right to privacy in the home and a husband’s criminal act” and the state should “establish right to “chastise” or abuse his wife. Though arrest as the preferred response.” Under the wife abuse became criminalized in the United Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), money States in the 1880s, state sexism created an has been funneled to federal programs environment in which domestic violence was that are designed to strengthen law enforce­ By Jean $40,000 to send a person to prison, more than it not taken seriously as a public problem until the ment response to domestic violence such as costs to attend many colleges and universities. 1970s feminist movement promoted criminal Services for Training Officers and Prosecutors From 1998 to 2008, the number of people Prisons and jails that were once owned justice intervention. (STOP) and the Grants to Encourage incarcerated has almost doubled—from 1.8 by the federal and state governments are now American society relies heavily on Arrest Policies. Policy that has legitimated million to 2.3 million. That does not include being bought for profit by private owners, such criminalization and the American legal system domestic violence as a public problem and the number of juveniles locked up. In less that as the Correctional Corporation of America. as a solution to social problems. The cultural social responsibility has been centered on thirty years our prison population has grown Once privately owned, prisons usually lose criminalization as a positive element. to be six to ten times higher than the prison programming for rehabilitation, and prisoners The success of domestic violence population of any other industrialized nation in maintain the prison for free. About 16% of inter­vention and policy is measured by arrests, the world. Many of these people are imprisoned federal prisoners, (33,830) and nearly 7 percent prosecutions, and the criminal justice because of the war on drugs and many others of state inmates (94,365) are currently being response. For example, urging the Senate to for domestic violence. housed in these privately owned prisons. reauthorize the VAWA in 2000, Wisconsin I believe in reforming our prison I believe that the overcrowded prison Senator Russell Dean Feingold cited the fact systems. The National Advisory Commission population is not only caused by crime, but also that “police are participating in training on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals has because prisoners are not being rehabilitated. programs to arrest and bring abusers to justice,” announced that prisons unmistakably To reform prisons, first I would have specialists arguing that “women are safer today because create crime rather than prevent it. I oppose, diagnose the inmate in the first month to of this legislation.” Though far from ideal, however, prison abolition because without find the cause of the incarceration instead of criminalization has been a key element in any consequences for crime, our justice system generalizing the rehabilitation needs of bringing domestic violence and sexual abuse would ultimately fail. the inmates and prescribing one system of into policy conversations and is a necessary Cedar Junction, a prison in Walpole, treatment for addiction, anger, and domestic legitimating factor in political discourse. Massachusetts once was the murder capitol violence and teaching life skills. In my view, of the US. In Florida, about 300 inmates a lot of inmates have physical, psychological, get murdered every year. In Texas prisons 550 behavioral, substance abuse, and relationship people have died so far this year. It costs about problems. If we were to sort these inmates case by case and treat them according to their issues, not only would the incarceration rate decrease substantially, but also the government would have more money to better structure these treatment programs in the future. I believe that we don’t need to abolish Prison Abolition prisons. That would be a radical decision. But I believe, from first hand experience in state and county institutions that we need to reform the system—not for profit, but for a or Reform? healthier future.

18 / 19 December 16, 2–4pm, Visitors’ Room, Hampshire County Jail and House of Corrections, Northampton, Ma.

ADDITIONAL READINGS prearesourcecenter. Council of the United States Harper, Hill, Letters to an Photography by Wendy org/about/prison-rape- (SIECUS), March 2008. Incarcerated Brother, 2013. Ewald and the students — elimination-act-prea. in Equality and Violence, theatlantic.com/politics/ “Primary Prevention of Hart Barbara, “Legal an Inside/Out course. Legislating Consent archive/2015/02/rape-in-the- Intimate Partner Violence Advocacy, the Criminalization american-prison/385550. and Sexual Violence,” World of Domestic Violence: Project concept developed Campus Sexual Assent Health Organization, May 2, Promises and Limits,” 1995. by Harrell Fletcher Form, State of California, Smith, Tovia, NPR, 3, 2007. www.Blue Republican.org. “Campuses Consider Law, Victoria, “Against Design by Following New York’s Quadagno, Jill, The Color of Carceral Feminism,” Kimberly Sutherland “Can I Put My Hand There?. Lead on ‘Yes Means Yes” Welfare, 1984. jacobinmag.com/2014/10. syracuse.com/state/index/ Policy,” http//www.npr. — ssf/2015/07. org.2015/07/08/421225048. Sinclair, Hamish, “Manhood McFarlane, Mia M. and Violence,” Tikkun “Mandatory Reporting We are grateful for the Culp-Ressler, Tara, “What — Magazine, Feb. 2012. of Domestic Violence: An help and cooperation of the ‘Affirmative Consent’ Inappropriate Response Hampshire County Jail and Actually Means” http:// Changing the Culture Smith, Jalisa, “Reducing and for New York Health Care House of Correction staff. thinkprogress.org/ of Sexual and Domestic Preventing Violence against Professionals.” Buffalo Public We are grateful to every one ealth/2014/06/25/3453041. Violence Women: Implementing Interest Law Journal 17 of the staff and especially Education about Sexual (1999 1998): 1. to Mindy Cady, Kip Fonsh, Kozlowska, Hanna“Yes “A Cost Benefit Analysis of Assault to Adolescents,” Sheriff Robert Garvey who Means Yes: The Big the Violence Against Women Rutgers University Scheller, Alissa, “At Least made this work possible. Consent Debate” by http:// Act of 1994,” April 2002. Colloquium 2014. a Third of All Women op-talk.blogs.nytimes. Murdered in the U.S. Are com/2014/10/15. “The Economic Toll of — Killed by Male Partners, “ Violence Against Women in Huffington Post. kcet.org/news/agenda/ the United States,” Violence Criminalization: Pros, Cons, prisons/lgbt-behind-bars- and Victims, Vol. 19, #3, and Alternatives Websdale, Neil, “Nashville: removal-from-general- June 2004. Domestic Vilence and population-causing-problems. American Academy of Incarcerated Women in Poor Lichetenstein, Alex, “Mass Pediatrics, Adverse Black Neighborhoods,” in Marcotte, Amanda, Incarceration Has become Childhood Experiences and Sokoloff, Natalie, Domestic “Do Not Fear California’s the New Welfare,”theatlantic. the Lifelong Consequences Violence at the Margins, new Affirmative Consent com/politics/archive/2015. of Trauma. 2005. Law,” What Women Really Think, The XX Factor, Maguire, Sheila, Laura E. Battered Women’s Project “What is the Duluth Model?” Sept. 29, 2014. Johnson, and Angelique Website bwip.org. theduluthmodel.org/about. Jessup. “Supporting Second Medina, Jennifer, “Yes Means Chances: Employment Bumiller, Kristin. “The Yes, but It’s Tricky,” nytimes. Strategies for Reentry Nexus of Domestic Violence com/2015/10/15. Programs,” 2013. Reform and Social Science: From Instrument of Social dailymail.co.uk/news/ “Managing the Challenges Change to Institutionalized article-2449454/More-men- of Sex Offender Reentry,” Surveillance.” Annual Review raped-US-women-including- Center for Sex Offender of Law and Social Science, prison-sexual-abuse. Management, Department 2010, 173. Of Justice. Perez-Pena, Richard and Goldfarb, Sally F.,“A Clash of Lovett, Ian, “California “National Data Shows Cultures: Women, Domestic Law on Sexual Consent Comprehensive Sex Violence, and Law in the Pleases Many but Leave Education Better at United States,” In Gender Some Doubters,” The Reducing Teen Pregnancy and Culture at the Limit of New York Times, http:// than Abstinence-Only Rights, 55–77. nytimes?YJHQE4, Sept. 29, Programs,” Sexuality 2015. Information and Education