Alcohol, Other Drugs and Sexual Assault

Wednesday, February 13, 2019 Ms. Gina Firth, Associate Dean of Wellness Ms. Monnie Huston Wertz, Associate VP of Operations and Planning The University of Tampa

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Research Overview

• Between 50-70% of Collegiate Sexual Assault (CSA) involves alcohol1,2

• Alcohol use with Generation Z is declining, while marijuana use is increasing6

• Findings suggest that marijuana use is associated with a 54% increase in the odds of physical dating violence victimization, and a 45% increase in the odds of perpetration7

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

Research Overview

• Alcohol is the most often used drug to facilitate sexual violence, both on and off campus1,2

• Alcohol is more likely to be a factor in collegiate assaults than those in the general population20 o the odds of experiencing sexual aggression were 9x higher on heavy alcohol consumption days o 3x higher on non-heavy days of alcohol consumption27 • With regard to sexual violence, alcohol works in conjunction with other risk factors, not in isolation2,3

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

Research Overview • Correlational personal traits that lead to both heavier drinking and greater likelihood to perpetrate assault:2 o Antisocial behavior o Low empathy o Traditional gender role belief o Acceptance of rape myths o Internalizing of stereotypes of women who drink o Socializing with others that normalize objectification of women and delinquent behavior o Childhood sexual abuse

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

Audience Question

• Can you have consensual sex under the influence of alcohol or other drugs?

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Something to talk about...

• Our culture as a whole has a complicated relationship with alcohol and sex. • Mixed messages in the media • Consent education is largely absent in K-12 settings • Lack of comfort with talking about sex and sexual activity articulated by college students • Nuanced conversations around this topic are so crucial

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Substance Use and Consent

• Current research on consent and alcohol is complicated and somewhat contradictory4

• Internal vs. External Consent4 o College students begin to assess consent cues in contexts where alcohol is consumed such as bars, clubs, or parties4

• Alcohol effects are very different between men and women.

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Impairment, Intoxication and Incapacitation

Both male (180 lbs) and female (120 lbs) have 2 drinks and 2 shots in an hour

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Substance Use and Consent

• Alcohol Myopia - Alcohol impairment narrows your focus of attention and thoughts to the most obvious information in your surrounding environment28

o perpetrator may perceive the victim as being encouraging when he/she really is not4

o For the victim, alcohol’s effects on motor skills may limit his/her ability to communicate resistance4

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Impairment, Intoxication and Incapacitation

• We must teach: • AOD impairs judgement, decision-making and communication

• Everyone reacts different to alcohol and other drugs.

• Students to err on the side of caution when engaging in sexual activity after using alcohol or other drugs1,2,4

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

Impairment, Intoxication and Incapacitation • Have nuanced conversations discussing the effects of alcohol on decision making, judgement and emotions1,2,4

• Not all sexual contact is considered sexual assault if alcohol/other drugs are involved, but it adds another layer of risk to a sexual encounter, especially if you don’t know the person well

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Audience Question

• What should be your talking points when a sexual assault occurs and both parties have been drinking?

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Some special populations to consider... ….as it relates to drug-facilitated sexual assaults

• First year students

• LGBTQ/Transgendered students

• Sorority women

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 First Year Students

• Traditionally a high-risk group • Research on Generation Z indicates these students have less experience than previous generations with alcohol use and sexual experiences 24, 25 • Lack of experiences may increase vulnerability to alcohol misuse and lack of knowledge of appropriate sexual consent/confidence in self- assertion 24, 25

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 LGBTQ/Transgendered students

• Research has indicated that LGBTQ students have a higher percentage of binge-drinking and illegal drug use when compared to heterosexual students 18 • Transgendered students have been found to be at a higher risk for alcohol-related assaults 20 • Bisexual women are at the greatest risk for sexual, IPV, and stalking when compared to lesbian and heterosexual women 17

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Sorority women

• Women who reside in sorority houses or belong to sororities are at higher risk for AOD related sexual violence than non-sorority members 12, 19 • Participation in sisterhood events, general level of activity within the organization, and participation in events where alcohol is not served is negatively correlated with sexual victimization 19 • Greek Life cultures may be insular and protective. Having campus partners in this area can be crucial

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Audience Question

• Trauma brought on by victimization causes many victims to turn to substance use as a way of coping.

What do you think are some of the post victimization factors that would cause victims to abuse substances?

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Post Victimization Factors for Abusing Alcohol/Other Drugs • Dealing with PAIN- Both emotional and physical

• Stress – dealing with the student conduct system, criminal justice system, friends,other factors

• The CYCLE of violence if this is repeated victimization

• FEAR of repeat victimization

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Post Victimization Factors for Abusing Alcohol/Other Drugs

• Lack of opportunity/outlets to talk –secrets/shame

• Expectations by others that the victim just “get over it”… “be happy”

• Repressed Anger

• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – characterized by nightmares, anxiety, depression, insomnia

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

Alcohol and Other Drugs and Coping with Victimization

• Substance use after victimization increases risk for PTSD8

• This is not only true for alcohol use but also for marijuana9

• Victims of sexual assault report feeling more guilt or self-blame if they drank before the assault occurred.2

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Identity, Culture and Social Justice Implications We have to do better.

• Most of the research is on white, cisgender men and women who are heterosexual • Advocates and prevention specialists are typically white women while those in leadership positions are more often white men • Culture and identity influence all aspects of an assault/recovery particularly when substances are involved

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Audience Question

How have you incorporated a broader understanding of the importance of culture and identity into practice on your campuses?

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Dating Violence

• At least 18% of collegiate women reporting some type of physical victimization while in a dating relationship 13 • Alcohol and other drug use has been found to be risk factor in dating violence perpetration and victimization 21 • Both male and female perpetrators were 5x more likely to use alcohol than non-perpetrators. For males, alcohol was the most significant predictor, second for women 21 • While alcohol is frequently correlated to IPV, illegal drug use may have a more significant correlation 22

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Stalking

• In a 2002 study, 13.1% of collegiate women reported being stalked 25 • Stalking victimization was significantly higher when perpetrated by people who used both alcohol and drugs than those who did not use either 22 • One of the risk factors found in the 2000 Sexual Victimization of College Women study by the NIJ for stalking was “the propensity to be in places with alcohol” (p.28) 23 • Stalking is frequently associated with IPV 22

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Audience Question

How does your campus address the issue of victim under-aged alcohol or illegal drug consumption in their conduct process?

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Navigating Conduct Processes

• Amnesty codes o Solidifying our own understanding to better support victims o Assisting in educating the campus community in their scope and utilization

• Support for reporting o Understanding our role and its limitations o Articulating the process, in its entirety, to the victim as well as options for testimony/advisors/etc.

• Education of staff and boards on effects of trauma and victim blaming

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Engaging Others

• An evaluation of campus partners is important to the work of prevention and response

• First responders (emergency clinicians, campus safety, resident assistants, athletic coaches) to incidents are important campus allies

• Bystander intervention programs offer the opportunity to educate and involve the entire campus community in violence prevention and awareness

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 First Responders

• A drug-facilitated sexual assault may initially present with other symptoms. • Signs that may accompany a DFSA: o Altered mental status o Apparent or reported memory loss o Impaired speech or coordination o Physical injuries without explanation o Apparent intoxication out of proportion to amount of substances consumed/used o Absent or rearranged clothing o Reported out-of-body experience o Strong emotions including denial, shock, anger, sadness, shame, and anxiety 15

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 First Responders

• Need to work with campus partners to: o Recognize the possibility of an accompanying incident of sexual/relationship violence o Understand the role of trauma in initial reactions o Utilize language that is non-blaming and supportive in fulfilling their roles • Important to support them with multi-doses of training and informational updates.

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 Bystander Intervention Programs • Evidence-based prevention strategy

• Several national models (Green Dot, Bringing in the Bystander, Step UP)

• Engages the campus community in understanding their role in prevention and general campus safety10

• Removes the primary prevention burden from the victim10 National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 References 1. Lorenz, K. and Ullman, S. (2018). Alcohol and Sexual Assault Victimization: Research findings and future directions. 2. Klein, L., Helmken Cherry, L., Rizzo, A. and Woofer, R. (2018). Addressing Alcohol's Role in Campus Sexual Assault - A tool kit by and for Prevention Specialists. [online] Cola.unh.edu. Available at: https://cola.unh.edu/sites/cola.unh.edu/files/media/SAAlcToolkit.pdf 3. Pegram S, Abbey A, Helmers B, et al 60 Men who sexually assault intoxicated women: similarities and differences with other perpetrators Injury Prevention 2017;23:A23. 4. Kristen N. Jozkowski & Jacquelyn D. Wiersma (2015) Does Drinking Alcohol Prior to Sexual Activity Influence College Students’ Consent?, International Journal of Sexual Health, 27:2, 156-174, DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2014.951505

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 References

5. American College Health Association National College Health Survey Fall 2017 Reference Group Executive Summary, Acha.org. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/NCHA- II_FALL_2017_REFERENCE_GROUP_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf 6. Drugabuse.gov. (2018). Monitoring the Future Survey: High School and Youth Trends. [online] Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/monitoring-future- survey-high-school-youth-trends. 7. Renee M. Johnson, Michael LaValley, Kristin E. Schneider, Rashelle J. Musci, Kayley Pettoruto and Emily F. Rothman, Marijuana use and physical dating violence among adolescents and emerging adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.012, 174, (47-57), (2017)

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 References

8. Dworkin, E., Ojalehto, H., Bedard-Gilligan, M., Cadigan, J. and Kaysen, D. (2018). Social support predicts reductions in PTSD symptoms when substances are not used to cope: A longitudinal study of sexual assault survivors. 9. Shorey, R., McNulty, J., Moore, T. and Stuart, G. (2018). Being the victim of violence during a date predicts next-day cannabis use among female college students. [online] Society for the Study of Addiction. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.13196 10. Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S., & Martin, S. L. (2009). College women's experiences with physically forced, alcohol-or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college. Journal of American College Health, 57(6), 639-649.

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

References

11. Abbey, A. (2002). Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, supplement, (14), 118-128. 12. Mohler-Kuo, M., Dowdall, G. W., Koss, M. P., & Wechsler, H. (2004). Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women. Journal of studies on alcohol, 65(1), 37-45. 13. Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Holland, L. J. (2003). A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women. American Journal of public health, 93(7), 1104-1109. 14. Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L., & Sweeney, B. (2006). Sexual assault on campus: A multilevel, integrative approach to party rape. Social problems, 53(4), 483-499. 15. Gorstein, L. N. Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Implications for Collegiate-Based Emergency Medical Services. Issues, 1(1).

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 References 16. Coulter, R. W., Blosnich, J. R., Bukowski, L. A., Herrick, A. L., Siconolfi, D. E., & Stall, R. D. (2015). Differences in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems between transgender-and nontransgender- identified young adults. Drug and alcohol dependence, 154, 251-259. 17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). NISVS: An overview of 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Retrieved on December 7, 2018, 1(22), 18. “Substance Use and SUDs in LGBT Populations.” National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Sept. 2017, www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/substance-use-suds-in-lgbt- populations. 19. Minow, J. C., & Einolf, C. J. (2009). Sorority participation and sexual assault risk. Violence Against Women, 15(7), 835-851. 20. Lorenz, K., & Ullman, S. E. (2016). Alcohol and sexual assault victimization: Research findings and future directions. Aggression and violent behavior, 31, 82-94.

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019 References 21. Luthra, R., & Gidycz, C. A. (2006). Dating violence among college men and women: Evaluation of a theoretical model. Journal of interpersonal violence, 21(6), 717-731. 22. Willson, P., McFarlane, J., Malecha, A., Watson, K., Lemmey, D., Schultz, P., Gist, J. & Fredland, N. (2000). Severity of violence against women by intimate partners and associated use of alcohol and/or illicit drugs by the perpetrator. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(9), 996-1008. 23. Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2000). The Sexual Victimization of College Women. Series. NCJ. 24. Twenge, J. M. (2017). IGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us. Simon and Schuster. 25. Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2016). Generation Z goes to college. John Wiley & Sons. National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019

References

26. Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2002). Being pursued: Stalking victimization in a national study of college women. Criminology & Public Policy, 1(2), 257-308. 27. Parks, K. and Fals-Stewart, W. (2004). The Temporal Relationship Between College Women???s Alcohol Consumption and Victimization Experiences. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 28(4), pp.625-629. 28. Steele, C. M., and Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychology, 45, 921–933.

National Advocacy Leadership Center • 20182019