DIAGNOSTIC INSIGHTS NOVEMBER 2017

KSVDL Welcomes Five New Members to the Diagnostic Team The Kansas State Veterinary Dr. Cindy Bell, an Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL) is anatomic pathologist, announcing the addition of a “Fab who grew up in hog Five” to its diagnostic team. and corn country in northwestern Four pathologists and one Illinois. She said she parasitologist have been hired in found veterinary recent months to help expand the medicine to be the services provided by the lab. ideal intersection for “This is a diverse group that someone with a brain will ultimately help us shorten for biology and a heart turnaround time as well develop for promoting healthy new tests and protocols in both rural economies. From left to right: Drs. Sarah Schneider, Cindy Bell, Brian pathology and parasitology,” said As an anatomic Herrin, Nora Springer and Diana Schwartz. Dr. Jamie Henningson, interim pathologist, Dr. Bell director of the lab. spent five years at the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Additionally, their knowledge base In this Issue and enthusiasm will help KSVDL Laboratory where dairy cattle grow into new areas of diagnostic constituted the majority of case Five New Teams Members 1 work. She also augments her medicine. Possible Anaplasmosis Fallacy 2 credentials as a poultry pathologist The new faculty are: and has distinguished herself in Panniculitis in a Toy Poodle 3 Dr. Sarah Schneider, an anatomic veterinary oral/dental pathology. BRD AMR Trends 4 She is currently faculty supervisor pathologist, who attended BRD AMR Results 5 veterinary college at the University of the KSVDL histology and of Tennessee. She then practiced immunohistochemistry laboratory. Timely Videos on YouTube 5 small animal medicine in Beaufort, Dr. Brian Herrin, a parasitologist, KSVDL Personnel Activities 6 South Carolina, for three years is originally from Lindsay, CE and Holiday Schedule 7 before returning to a residency in Oklahoma, and has completed anatomic pathology at Texas A&M both his Doctor of Veterinary University. Dr. Schnieder was board Medicine and doctorate at Accredited by the American certified in anatomic pathology Oklahoma State University. While in 2013, and continued teaching his current research focus is on the Association of Veterinary on the necropsy service at Texas epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis Laboratory Diagnosticians A&M while pursuing a doctorate in humans and dogs in North focused on cardiomyopathy in the America, he is also interested in TO SET UP AN ACCOUNT GO TO: golden retriever model of muscular www.ksvdl.org/accounting-and-billing/ dystrophy. Continued on bottom of page 2 page 1 DIAGNOSTIC INSIGHTS www.ksvdl.org

A Possible Fallacy of Anaplasmosis Control

By Dr. Gregg Hanzlicek The Concept of "Endemic Stability" Most practitioners and One, is to reduce the number of their producers would agree that new infections to a very low level. Anaplasmosis control at the herd The fewer number of animals level is very difficult. becoming initially infected with A common control recommendation A.marginale, logically the fewer suggests that Anaplasmamarginale the number of animals that will positive herds residing in endemic express clinical signs. The second areas let their herds become way stability can occur is when a “endemically stabile”. very large number of animals each year are infected. In this scenario, The definition for endemic stability is: Figure 1. When infection rates of all an anaplasmosis positive herd where logically, after a few years of a high ages of animals are very low (left the number of animals experiencing infectivity rate (force of infection), side of the graph) endemic stability clinical signs is minimal. only young animals will be able to can occur. When infection rates are become infected, Figure 1. Young very high (right side of the graph) Australian researchers recently animals (usually less than 2 years then only those animals from birth completed a multi-year study of age) rarely express clinical to 1 year of age are likely to become examining anaplasmosis positive signs when infected. The research infected, thus resulting in endemic herds to address the concept of indicated that when the force of stability. When the infection rate stability.¹ Their study resulted in infection is not small or great, is moderate (graph red area) herds some very interesting concepts. but moderate, the risk of clinical are most likely to be unstable. There are two primary ways for herds outbreaks is greatest. to experience endemic stability. Continued on page 6

NEW FACULTY (continued from previous page) the evaluation of diagnostic assays for tick-borne focused on hematopathology and hematopoietic diseases and surveillance of ticks and tick-borne neoplasia, particularly lymphoma and acute diseases from horses. Dr. Herrin said he enjoys leukemias. working with all parasites of veterinary importance Dr. Diana Schwartz, a clinical pathologist, through the diagnostic service and teaching/ earned her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from outreach opportunities. He is currently overseeing the University of Minnesota in 2013. She then the KSVDL parasitology laboratory and has already participated in a clinical rotating small animal made a change to improve antigen detection in internship at the Sacramento Veterinary Referral heartworm testing. Center prior to completing a residency in clinical Dr. Nora Springer, a clinical pathologist, is a 2008 pathology at the University of California, Davis. graduate of the Kansas State University College of Dr. Schwartz’s main focus is on diagnostic service, Veterinary Medicine. She subsequently completed with particular areas of interest including acute residency training in veterinary clinical pathology phase proteins and central nervous system neoplasia and a doctorate in comparative oncology and in dogs and cats. She recently, August 2017, passed translational medicine, both at Cornell University. the American College of Veterinary Pathologists Dr. Springer's clinical and research interests are board examination for clinical pathology. page 2 DIAGNOSTIC INSIGHTS www.ksvdl.org

An Injection Site Reaction Post-Rabies Vaccination Panniculitis in a Toy Poodle By Dr. Charan Ganta What is Post Rabies interval may be Vaccination Panniculitis? longer. The lesion manifests slowly An injection site reaction as a variably-sized secondary to post-rabies area of alopecia vaccination is a relatively with irregular common canine skin disease margins that often characterized by a focal subsequently area of hair loss, thickened skin become with minimal gross inflammation. erythematous, Figure 1. Post rabies vaccination panniculitis in a Toy In one study it was reported scaly, and Poodle. Alopecia with hyperpigmented area developed at that the presence of rabies viral hyperpigmented. the site of prior subcutaneous rabies vaccination above antigen in the walls of cutaneous A small subgroup the right hip area. Image courtesy of Dr. Darla Dwyer, vessels could cause vasculitis and Countryside Vet Clinic. of dogs may ischemic dermatopathy (2). develop material presumably constituting Breeds of Dogs Affected widespread alopecia and vaccine product (figure 3) can be skin lesions which is called This condition is most frequently noticed histologically within the “generalized vaccine-induced diagnosed in Toy or Miniature deep macrophages. Eosinophils ischemic dermatopathy” Poodles and Bichon Frises, as are usually present in reactions well as other long-haired small Biopsy Sample Collection due to other types of vaccines, breeds are affected with less and Histopathology but are inconspicuous in post- frequency which include Shih Tzu, rabies vaccination. A deep biopsy sample of the Lhasa Apso, Maltese, Silky Terrier, affected epidermis and subcutis Precautions: Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Toy just within the outer margin of Manchester Terrier, American Revaccination with subcutaneous the lesion is recommended, often Eskimo, Poodle crossbreeds, rabies vaccine is not samples collected from the central and Miniature Dachshunds. The recommended, as the syndrome affected area is of less diagnostic susceptibility of these breeds may exacerbate in response value. had been attributed to enhanced to further antigenic exposure. genetic susceptibility and a long Histopathological examination Therefore, for a dog with prior anagen hair growth cycle. This often reveals dermal pallor, history of post-rabies vaccination condition was very rarely reported smudging, and follicular atrophy panninulitis, it is advisable to in large breed dogs with only one in the superficial dermis and use rabies virus vaccines that case reported to date. moderate to severe nodular require administration every perivascular accumulations of three years. It is also advised to Clinical Presentation lymphocytes, fewer histiocytes, avoid administration of multiple Clinically, the time interval and occasional plasma cells in vaccines at one time, and inject between vaccination and the deep dermis and panniculus the vaccines intramuscularly observation of the lesion was (figure 2). Occasionally, an rather than subcutaneously. generally 2 to 4 months, but the amorphous basophilic foreign Continued next page page 3 DIAGNOSTIC INSIGHTS www.ksvdl.org

BRD Antimicrobial Resistance Trends are Updated! By Dr. Brian Lubbers Why summarize antimicrobial concerns with the established breakpoint. A recent susceptibility test data? publication* reported a significant number of ceftiofur-intermediate and ceftiofur-resistant isolates Cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility test recovered from a group of stocker cattle. KSVDL will summaries (also known as antibiograms) provide continue to closely monitor resistance to ceftiofur in practitioners with information on local antibiotic the BRD pathogens. resistance patterns, as an aid to adjusting empiric therapy recommendations. KSVDL routinely Comparing antimicrobial resistance rates within publishes the antibiotic susceptibility test summaries the macrolide class (tilmicosin & tulathromycin) for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida shows a very close correlation for all 3 BRD and Histophilus somni, and these summaries have pathogens. Use of 2 macrolides in the same been updated on the KSVDL website to include data treatment protocol is NOT advised. from 2015 and 2016. Some antimicrobials appear to show a decrease in What do the summaries show? resistance in the past few years; however, this should be interpreted VERY cautiously given the potential While there is significant value in the big picture of confounding factors associated with this data. There these summaries, it should also be understood that are occasional reports of decreasing antibiotic there is significant "noise" in the data. Geography, resistance in the human medical literature; however, disease status and prior exposure to antimicrobials I (BVL) am not ready to go there yet – if you have are all factors that can introduce bias worth thoughts otherwise, give me a call.... considering when interpreting these summaries. So without over / under – stating the data, some points Where can I find this information? of note: The KSVDL antimicrobial susceptibility test Antimicrobial resistance in Mannheimia summaries can be accessed from our laboratory haemolytica remains very high (≥50% of isolates) to homepage by clicking "BRD Antimicrobial Resistance almost all drugs used to treat BRD. Many of these Trends" (under the "Search KSVDL website" box) or isolates will be multi-drug resistant (MDR). directly at www.ksvdl.org/ab-resistance.html. If you have questions regarding the summaries, please Antimicrobial resistance in Pasteurella multocida contact Dr. Brian Lubbers at [email protected]. is: very low (<10% of isolates) for enrofloxacin, edu or 785-532-5650. florfenicol and penicillin; moderate (10 -25% of *Snyder E, Credille B, Berghaus R, Giguere S. (2017) Prevalence of multi drug antimicrobial resistance isolates) for tilmicosin and tulathromycin; high in Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from high-risk stocker cattle at arrival and two weeks after

(>30% of isolates) for oxytetracycline. processing. J Anim Sci. 95. Antimicrobial resistance in Histophilus somni very low (<10% of isolates) for florfenicol and penicillin; moderate (10 -25% of isolates) for tilmicosin and tulathromycin; high (>30% of isolates) for For more information please contact enrofloxacin; and very high (≥50% of isolates) for KSVDL Client Care at 866-512-5650 oxytetracycline. or [email protected]. Ceftiofur is not included in the summaries. In vitro resistance to ceftiofur is rare in isolates recovered at KSVDL; however, there are clinical

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PANNICULITIS (continued from page 3) Spontaneous hair regrowth may removed and the patient diseases of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2005;538–558. occur but can take up to 1 year recovered completely and doing 2. Wilcock BP, Yager JA. Focal cutaneous vasculitis and alopecia and may be associated with well. at sites of rabies vaccination in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc altered pigmentation. In this case, Reference: 1986;188:1174–1177. the skin lesion was surgically 3. Medleau L, Hnilica KA. Cutaneous vasculitis. In: Small animal 1. TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al. Diseases of the panniculus. In: Skin dermatology: a color atlas and therapeutic guide. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co,

2001;216–217. Acknowledgements:

Dr. Darla Dwyer and Dr. Amanda

Allison: Countryside Vet Clinic

Figure 2. Post rabies vaccination panniculitis Figure 3. Necrosis surrounds foci of amphophilic with characteristic nodular aggregates of homogeneous extracellular, intravascular perivascular lymphocytes in the subcutis with and intrhistiocytic material (vaccine product). follicular atrophy in the dermis. Arrows represent vaccine material. Image source: askjpc.org

BRD Antimicrobial Resistance Timely Videos on YouTube! Results 2008-2016

• Collecting Nasal Swabs in Dogs to Diagnose Canine Influenza Virus https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=mhBL2XzQCeo&feature=em-subs_ digest Follow this link to view graphs highlighting • Bovine Lung Sampling for PCR Testing the most common BRD antimicrobials and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fiBz8yKI30 resistance trends over the last 9 years. • Bovine Lung Sampling for Bacterial Culture http://www.ksvdl.org/ab-resistance.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llz_QiXX0lI

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ANAPLASMOSIS CONTROL (continued from page 2) KSVDL Personnel Activities Because this is a vector-borne disease Activities (can also be iatrogenic) and if the Drs. Gary Anderson and Mike Moore represented the KSVDL at the results of this research are correct, then American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association Conference in San the amount of vectors and disease Diego, CA. transmission must be consistently either Dr. Brad Njaa attended the American College of Veterinary low or high every/most years for the Pathologists Conference in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to present two topics: “Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the herd to become endemically stable. External and Middle Ear” and “Otic Pathology of Domestic Animals”. That this consistency is likely required, Dr. Cindy Bell presented “Oral mucosal diseases in dogs” at the but biologically not likely (tick and fly American College of Veterinary Pathologists Conference in Vancouver, populations are not usually stable from British Columbia, Canada. year to year), may explain why endemic Dr. Brian Lubbers attended the CanWest Veterinary Conference in herds periodically experience clinical Banff, Alberta, Canada. anaplasmosis including dead adults. Dr. Mike Moore represented the KSVDL at the Southwest Veterinary Symposium in San Antonio, TX. The KSVDL every year investigates herds Dr. Kelli Almes chaired the Laboratory Emergency Management that have been infected for many, many Committee at the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory years and are in an endemic area, have Diagnosticians in San Diego, CA. not observed any clinical signs for years, Drs. Megan Niederwerder and Dick Hesse will be presenting at the and now this year have experienced Kansas State University Swine Day in Manhattan, KS. anaplasmosis death losses. One of the Dr. Brian Lubbers attended the Central Plains Expo (Human plausible explanations for this is the Healthcare Professionals group) in Wichita, KS. concept explained above about the force Dr. Kelli Almes provided a necropsy demonstration for Shawnee of infection not being consistent across Mission STEM students in Manhattan, KS. years. Another plausible explanation is Dr. Brian Lubbers was a voting member at the Food Armor that a new more virulent strain has been Foundation Board meeting in Madison, WI. introduced into the herd. We now know Dr. Gregg Hanzlicek attended the KSU-ASI Extension Conference in that individual animals can carry more Manhattan, KS. than one A. marginale strain at a time— Dr. Brian Lubbers attended the AVMA Council on Biologic and Therapeutic Agents meeting as a voting member in Schaumburg, IL. the significance of this is unknown. The concept of a herd maintaining Grants Funded endemic stability consistently may Dr. Cindy Bell was co-awarded a grant from the Academy of not be possible given the biology of Veterinary Dentistry for research titled, “Analysis and Assessment of transmission. It might make sense Pulp Vitality in Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs. that practitioners and producers use Future Activities other tools available to reduce clinical signs, including the legal use of Drs. Brad Njaa and Gregg Hanzlicek will be presenting at the Southeast District of the Kansas Veterinary Medical Association in chlortetracycline in feed or mineral, the Cherryvale, KS. use of the experimental A. marginale Dr. Gregg Hanzlicek will be presenting at the Academy of Veterinary vaccine, and practicing appropriate Consultants in Kansas City, MO. biosecurity through pre-purchase A.marginale blood tests. Field Investigations 1Is endemic stability of tick-borne disease in cattle a useful concept? Milk quality issues on a Kansas dairy Trends in Parasitology, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 2012, pages 85-89 Nicholas N. Jonsson, Russell E. Bock, et al.

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Developing and Delivering Accurate, Innovative Diagnostic Services The mission of the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL) is to develop and deliver accurate, innovative, and timely diagnostic and consultative services to the veterinary and animal health community while providing support for teaching, training and research programs.

1800 Denison Avenue Phone: 785.532.5650 Manhattan, KS 66506 Toll Free: 866.512.5650

Continuing Education www.vet.k-state.edu/education/continuing/ Test Results and Schedules January 11-13, 2018 KVMA Annual Winter Conference Laboratory results available Manhattan, Kansas online, all the time! http://www.ksvma.org/ January 18-20, 2018 Holiday Schedule: Missouri VMA Conference Thanksgiving: Closed Thursday, Nov. 23 and Columbia, Missouri Friday Nov. 24 http://www.movma.org/general/custom. Open: Saturday Nov. 25, normal asp?page=20 business hours (8 a.m. to 12 noon) January 25-27, 2018 Christmas: Open Saturday, Dec. 23; Oklahoma 103rd Annual Veterinary Medical Closed Monday Dec. 25 Association Conference New Year's Day: Open Saturday Dec. 30; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Closed Monday Jan. 1 http://www.memberleap.com/ Open Tuesday, Jan. 2 members/evr/eventreg_login. php?mid=415642205&evid=10214377&md=& To receive this newsletter by email, February 16, 2018 contact: [email protected]. KSU-CVM Beef Cattle Veterinarian Conference Manhattan, Kansas http://www.vet.k-state.edu/education/ continuing/ March 4-6, 2018 Western States Veterinary Conference Las Vegas, Nevada https://www.wvc.org/

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