January, 1976 No. 92

Photomicrograph of a Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear from a cow Photomicrograph of a Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear from a cow during the developmental stage of anaplasmosis shows marginal during the convalescent stage of anaplasmosis shows marginal anaplasma bodies in some of the erythrocytes. anaplasma bodies, large immature erythrocytes.

Diagnosing and treating anaplasmosis

by Dr. Gerald Buening, Department 0/ Veterinary Microbiology

Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease, and established methods of differentiating Blood Smears primarily of ca ttle, which is estimated to the stages (see Table 1). The choice of induce a loss of $100 million annually in treatment and prevention measures is Blood slides should be stained with the United States. The prevalence of the based upon the stage of the disease (see Giemsa stain or Wrights. One to five disease in Missouri, based on a 1973 Table 2). Setological tests available for days after the appearance of reticulocytes statistical sampling of mature slaughter use as an aid to diagnosis include a other imma ture RBC's such as cattle, was 13 % . complement fixation (CF) and anaplas­ polychromatophils and normoblasts wi ll mosis card test. The etiological agent Anaplasma be observed . After acute anaplas mos is has been marginale is an intraerythrocytic parasite diagnosed in a herd , various treatment which induces clinical disease in adult Anaplasma Vaccination and control options are avai lable to the ca ttle; calves are relatively resistant. Ticks veterinarian and herd owner. These An inactivated vaccine is avail able are the only proven biological vectors, and horseflies and eye gnats are implicated include (1) treatment of clinical disease but the program must be completed at as mechanical vectors. In addition blood only, (2) parenteral antibiotic treatment least two weeks before the venor contaminated instruments such as needles of herd members at 28-day intervals season. One dose is administered followed throughout the vector season , (3) simul­ by a second dose four weeks later, so a and dehorners ca n transmit the organism total of six weeks is needed before from one animal to another. taneous vaccination and antibiotic treat­ ment of herd, or (4) serological tes t protection. Duration of immunity is ap­ Clinical disease is characteri zed by with subsequent vaccination and antibio tic proximately six months and annual anemia, iCterus and fever. Researchers treatment or serolog ical tes t with sub­ revaccination is recommended. The have described four stages of the disease sequent antibiotic treatment. ( continued on page 3) Canine abortion? Don't overlook brucellosis Listeriosis time

When abortions occur late in gestation serves as a rapid screening diagnostic has arrived in the bitch or if pregnancy fails to aid. Positive or suspicious serological develop in apparently successful matings, tests should always be followed by Listeriosis is usually felt to be a highly canine brucellosis should be suspected . artempts to isolate the organism from seasonal problem, occurring mostly in Overt abortions may occur 50 to 55 blood or aborted material. late winter and early spring. It is mostly days after gestation, as well as early un­ There is still no completely sat is­ recognized in cattle and sheep. However, detectable embryonic deaths in the facrory treatment available but most such species as swine, dogs, birds and first few weeks of pregnancy. The early veterinarians use tetracycline, strepto­ human beings are known to be infected embryonic deaths go unnoticed as there mycin and sulfa drugs in therapy on occasIOn. is usually no detectable vaginal discharge regimens . There also is no immunization The disease is usually manifest by present. A prolonged vaginal discharge agent currently available for use. meningo-encephalitis in ruminants and often follows a late abortion and may Although the human is thought to have septicemia in the mono-gastri c species. persist for long periods of time. considerable resistance to the disease Many other syndromes are more rarely Other clinical features may include a organism , it is still possible for an owner recognized; e.g., focal myelitis or general lymphadenitis and splenitis. A to gain the infection from an infected pet. pericarditis. persistent bacteremia is common and the Two cases of human illness causen by Research in human listeriosis from organism has been found to persist in Brtlce/la canis were reported recently in Germany links listeria infection to such various tissues of the body for as long as non-laboratory workers. Investigation common problems as congenital hydro­ one year. Testicular atrophy (unilateral identified a household pet as the likely cephalus and mental retardation, or or bilateral), scrotal dermatitis and an source of one infection. In this individual's habitual abortion. The same seasonal epididymitis are common findings in the neighborhood 30% of the dogs were distribution to the recognition of male. The male may also become sterile. positive on either serological studies or listeriosis occurs in the human infection. Most affected dogs (male or female) may blood cultures. The diagnosis of listeriosis is difficult be free of clinical symptoms and may not Veterinarians should tell their clients to confirm , especially in species other have an elevation in body temperature. about canine brucellosis and what pre­ than sheep and cattle. Specialized Serological methods available include a cautions they should take to protect laboratory procedures are essential for tube agglutination and a plate agglutina­ their dogs' healt,h and their own. accurate diagnosis but have practical tion test. The plate agglutination test pitfalls in implementation. Accurate culture interpretation requires Vet. Med. Review changes up to three years of "cold enrichment" Unwanted animals processing; impractical, but true. No routine diagnostic laboratory can carry The Veterinary Medical Review is this out, and yet we do not get accurate cause problems in a state of healthy transition. The answers unless it is done. Studies in next issue (March, 1976) will be larger Holland using these time consumi ng Recent publicized accounts have and serve purposes which, in the past, laborarory methods show that up to 70% pointed up the increased magnitude of have been served by two publications; of randomly selected human beings are problems caused by unwanted or un­ the Veterinary Medical Review and fecal carriers. The same may be true controlled animals. ASCAPI Life-Long Learning newsletter. for various species of animals. In August 1975 the Center for Disease The purposes for the new Veterinary There is reason to believe that listeric Control reported that a 17 -year-old Ohio Medical Review are two-fold . The publica­ infection may have a true latent phase, girl was attacked by a 3-year-old Great tion will serve as a medium for continuing such as occurs in herpes simplex infections , Dane. A similar incident occurred in Ohio professional education and will distribute or "cold sores." Only the dedicated in 1974. news of professional interest. laboratory with that specific mission can Washington State University "Animal The continuing education section will really begin to answer the questions of Health Notes" reports an account of a emphasize single concept features, the real impact of listeriosis. pet monkey killing a 4-year-old New complete with self-assessment questions. How many problems are being caused Jersey boy in July, 1975. Each issue will contain a section of by listeriosis which we do not now The St. Louis Globe Democrat interest to food animal or companion recognize) Is it possible that the "seasonal" Sept. 10 , 1975 describes a huntin~ animal practitioners, or both. Also distribution in sheep, cattle and man are dog mauling a 2V2-year-old boy. included will be shorter items of seasonal simply the easiest forms to recognize) The surplus dog and cat problem has or current interest, practice tips, an­ When did you last see an encephalitis become major enough to warrant a national nouncements of important continuing or septicemic disorder, never specifically conference. In May 1974, American education events, etc. diagnosed, but which could have been Humane Association, American Kennel The news section will be informative listeriosis - even in small animals) Club, American Veterinary Medical As­ and focus on the College of Veterinary sociation, Humane Society of the U .S. Medicine and its role in the state of and the Pet Food Institute co­ Missouri . contact the Continuing Education Office , sponsored the National Conference on the We hope you will enjoy and be 23 Veterinary Sciences Bldg., College Ecology of the Surplus Dog and Cat motivated by this new format. Should of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO Problem in Chicago. (continued on page 4) you have suggestions on input please 6520 l. Table 1. Stages of Anaplasmosis Infection

Stage of Clinical Disease Descri ption Length Signs Serology Identification

Unexposed neg Serology during non-vector season Incubation Time of infection until 3-8 weeks - depends none neg Difficult 1% of RBCs contain upon dose marginal bodies Developmental Time from when 1% RBCs 4-9 days Fever, pos Blood smear - contain marginal bodies anemia , marginal anaplasma until reticulocytes icterus bodies and serology appear in peri pheral ci rculation Convalescent Time from appearance of Few weeks to several Varies pos Bl ood smear - reticulocytes to return months with marginal bodies , to normal blood value animal immature RBCs and serology Carrier Time of disappearance of Life of recovered none pos Serology marginal bodies to end animal (untreated) of animal's life

Table 2. Treatment and Prevention of Anaplasmosis Related to 5rages of Disease Anaplasmosis con't Stage of Disease Treatment Control vaccine should be used with caution In Unexposed none Parenteral tetracyclines cows because an incidence of neonatal 3-5 mg/lb, repeat at 28-day isoerythrolysis has been noted in some intervals; vaccinate; or low herds. Vaccination will reduce clinical level feed ing of tetracyclines disease, but animals can become infected Incubation Parenteral tetracycli nes Treatment at 28-day intervals; and become carriers. 3-5 mg/lb - may reduce serological testing with incidence of clinical anemia vacci nation and treatment; or serological testing with Drug Therapy treatment at 28-day intervals Developmental Parenteral tetracycline Treatment and segregation Parenteral injection of tetracycline 3-5 mg/lb 3- 5 mg/pound body weight is effective Convalescent No treatment, evaluate Segregation in reducing the severity of disease in the each case, use whole blood incubation and developmental stages. Carrier Tetracycl ine for clearing Segregation or treatment The injection of tetracycline . 2 gml of carrier state only (pa renteral, 5 mg/lb daily animal, repeated at 28-day intervals or for 10 days; oral, 5 mg/lb feeding 0.25-0.50 mg, of tetracycline daily for 60 days) per pound daily during the vector season, has been reported to provide protection. for diagnosing acute cases, the reliability 3. The treatment of choice for early The carrier state can be eliminated of both tests is greatly lessened on serum of developmental state of anaplasmosis is by parenteral injection of tetracycline animals which have been vaccinated or a) parenteral penicillin-streptomycin 5 mg/pound daily for 10 days or oral have received antibiotic treatment within b) parenteral tetracycline 3- 5 mg! tetracycline 5 mg/pound daily for 60 the past six months. pound body weight days. c) oral tetracycline. 2 5-.50 mg/pound Self-assessment Questions body weight Serological Test d) none 1. The prevalence of anaplasmosis In Missouri is approximately The complement fixation test is done a) 5% 4. Clinical anaplasmosis can be prevented at approved diagnostic laboratories s.uch as b) 25% by the Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab­ c) 13 % a) vaccination oratory at the College of Veterinary d) 7% b) oral tetracycline Medicine. The anaplasmosis card test, c) parenteral tetracycline at 28-day which can be done in the field, has not intervals been released for general use at this time. 2. Biological vectors for anaplasmosis d) all of the above The Missouri State Diagnostic Lab­ are oratory, Springfield, MO, has been con­ a) ticks ducting CF and card tests simultaneously b) horseflies and finds corresponding results 98% of c) eye gnats p 'q ' 17 'J :f.Ji1tnfuV the time. While the CF test is most reliable d) all of the above D r. J. E. Wagner, professor of veteri ­ Dr. J. H . Johnson, Dr. J. Co/finan , nary pathology, attended scientific associate professors of veterinary medicine Dr. L. D. OlJon, professor of ve teri­ sessions at the 26th Annual American and surgery, and Dr. H . E. Garner, nary pathology, attended the North Association for Laboratory Animal Science professor of veterinary medici ne and Central Technical Meeting of Research meeting in Boston Nov. 14-2l. He also surgery, presented one-hour semi nars on Workers on Respiratory Diseases of moderated a session and chaired the surgical management of subacute laminitis Poultry and presented a report on fowl meeting of the Laboratory Animal Science at the American Association of Equine cholera research. Nov. 28-Dec. 2 in Editorial Board. Practitioners in Boston Nov. 30-Dec. 3. Chicago. Dr. J. E. Harkness, research associate Dr. J. N. Berg, assistant professor in veterinary pathology, attended the Unwanted con't of veteri nary microbiology, presented 26th Annual American Association for Participants of the conference reached "Endotoxic and Leukotoxic Activity Laboratory Animal Science meeting in the conclusions that previousl y owned , of Three Strains of Fuso bacteriam Bos ton Nov. 14-21 and presented the presently unwanred an imals, rather than Necrophoram" at the Conference of paper, "What is your diagnosis?" . He fera l dogs and cats are the primary Research Workers in Animal Diseases was also autotutori al chai rman for the problem. in Chicago, Nov. 29-Dec. 2. convention. There is a real need for determining Dr. J. E. Wagner, professor of veteri­ Dr. R . Zumwalt, assistanr professor of the reason for rejection and disposal nary pathology, presented a paper entitled veterinary anatomy-physiology, presented of pets , the characteristics of an "Studies of Cytauxzoonosis in Domesti­ a talk entitled "The Application of "adoptable" animal which will not soon cated Cats" at the Conference fo r Analytical Methods from the Lunar join the ranks of the rejected , and the Research Workers in Animal Diseases Program to Biomedical Problems" to the reasons people allow wanred pets to be in Chicago, Dec. 1-3 . St. Louis Section of the American Ce real uncontrolled. Dr. L. D . Olson , professor of veteri­ Chemists Nov. 24 . Educational efforts at all levels directed nary pathology, presented "What You Can Dr. R . W . Loan, pmfessor and chair­ to the responsibilities of pet ownership Do If You Have Fowl Cholera in man of veterinary microbiology, attend ed are essential as the problem is growing Your Turkeys" at Iowa Turkey Day the Conference of Research Workers in larger. in Altoona, lA, Dec. 3. Animal Diseases and presided at the Dr. F . E. South, professor of veterinary meeting of the American College of anatomy-physiology, presented a seminar Veterinary Microbiologists in Chicago Dr. Dewhirst resigns on interaction of sleep and thermoregula­ N ov. 29-Dec. 1. tion at Sr. John's Memorial University Dr. L . D . Olson , professor of Dr. Leonard W. Dewhirst, Assistant of Newfoundland Dec. 9-10. veterinary pathology, attended the Con­ Dean for Student Affairs in the College Dr. C. J. Bierschwal , professor of ference of Resea rch Workers in Animal of Veterinary Med icine, has resigned. veteri nary medicine and surgery, presented Diseases in Chicago, Nov. 29-Dec. 1 and Dr. Dewhirst has accepted a position at "Management of the Dairy Cow Following presented two papers; "Induction of the University of Arizona as Associate Abortion, Dystocia and Induced Par­ Swine Dysentery by the Intravenous Director of Agricultural Experimenr turition" at the Bovine Practitioners' Injection of Filtered Spirochetes" and "An Station. Dr. Dewhirst's address will be: annual meeting in Atlanta, GA, Dec. Apparent Excitation of Swine Dysentery College of Ag riculture, University of lO-Dec. 13. in Carrier Swine Fed Sodium Arsanilate." Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85 72l.

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