DOCSLIB.ORG

B1150 a Guide to Ticks of Mississippi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
B1150 a Guide to Ticks of Mississippi Bulletin 1150 September 2006 Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station Vance H. Watson, Director Robert H. Foglesong, President • Mississippi State University • Vance H. Watson, Vice President A Guide to the Ticks of Mississippi MississiJpeprioDmeepaGrtomdednatrod f Health Department of EnBtolamkoeloLgayytaonn d Plant Pathology Mississippi State University The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. J.E. Keirans and Dr. L.A. Durden at the Institute for Arctkhnroopwoldeodloggmyeanntsd:Parasitology at Georgia Southern University for identifying unfamiliar specimens and provid - ing the National Tick Collection (Rocky Mountain Laboratory) records of Mississippi ticks. In addition, Dr. Durden reviewed portions of the manuscript and provided helpful comments. Bulletin 1150 was published by the Office of Agricultural Communications, a unit of the Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University. A Guide to the Ticks of Mississippi INTRODUCTION Members of the superfamily Ixodoidea, or ticks, Hard ticks have are acarines that feed obligately on the blood of mam - three motile life stages mals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Ticks have (Figure 3A). Some significant medical and veterinary importance, and ticks complete their knowledge of species present in a given area is impor - development on only tant to physicians, veterinarians, wildlife biologists, one or two hosts, but and farmers of livestock. most Mississippi ticks The two major families of ticks recognized in have a three-host life North America (Figure 1) are Ixodidae (hard ticks) cycle. A fully fed and Argasidae (soft ticks). Hard ticks have a hard female tick drops from scutum on top of their bodies and display obvious the host animal to the sexual dimorphism (Figure 2); the blood-fed females ground and lays from are capable of enormous expansion (Color Figure 1). 5,000 to 18,000 eggs. Their mouthparts are anterior and visible from dorsal The eggs hatch in about view. Soft ticks lack a hard scutum and sexual 35 days into a six- Color Figure 1. dimorphism and are mainly adapted for feeding rap - legged larva (seed tick Engorged female tick. idly and leaving the host promptly. Their mouthparts stage), which feeds pre - are generally subterminal and not visible from a dor - dominantly on small animals. The fully fed seed ticks sal view. drop to the ground and transform into eight-legged nymphs. These nymphs seek an animal host and likewise feed and drop to the ground. They then molt into the adult stage, thus complet - ing the life cycle. The biology of soft ticks dif - fers from that of hard ticks. Adult soft ticks feed and lay eggs repeat - edly, whereas hard ticks feed once and then lay eggs. Argasid females may feed and lay eggs several times, but they lay fewer eggs than do hard ticks. Also, soft tick species may undergo several nymphal SOFT TICK HARD TICK molts before reaching the adult A B stage (Figure 3B). Figure 1. Dorsal view of argasid (A) and ixodid (B) ticks (From USAF Publ. USAFSAM-SR-89-2). Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station 1 This bulletin summarizes the knowledge on ticks occurring in Mississippi. Many of the distribu - tion records used to generate this list of species are the result of extensive collecting conducted by the senior author from 1982 to 2004 throughout much of the state (Goddard and Norment 1983a, 1983b; Goddard 1986, 1992, 1993; Jackson and Goddard 1995; Jackson et al. 1996, Goddard 1997a, 2002a). In addition, several projects conducted by wildlife researchers have cited tick records Scutum from Mississippi (Prestwood 1968, FEMALE MALE Smith 1977, Andrews et al. 1980, Figure 2. Hard ticks showing sexual dimorphism Handrick 1981). Other medical or (From USAF Publ. USAFSAM-SR-89-2). veterinary projects have reported tick records from the state (Ward 1932, Archer 1946, representing 16 of the 19 species discussed are Carpenter et al. 1946, Philip and White 1955, Rhodes deposited in the Mississippi Entomological Museum or and Norment 1979, Nause and Norment 1984, Norment in the National Tick Collection (originally, Rocky et al. 1984, Goddard et al. 2003). The collection records Mountain Laboratory specimens). Three species have and literature show 19 tick species as occurring or hav - been reported for which specimens have not been ing occurred in Mississippi. Voucher specimens examined by the authors or verified as valid. A B Figure 3. Motile life stages of hard ticks (A) and soft ticks (B) (From USAF Publ. USAFSAM-SR-89-2). 2 A Guide to the Ticks of Mississippi TICKS AND HUMAN DISEASE has been widely known for some time that 1–3% of Lyme disease, mLoyrme eacDcuisraetealsye termed Lyme borre - lone star ticks, , carry spiro - liosis (LB), is caused by the spirochete, chetes similar tAomblyomma ame.riTcahneurem fore, cases of , and is a systemic illness with manyBcolrinreicliaa l LB-like illness inBt.hebusrogudtohrefaesrti ern and south-central mbuarngidfeosrtfaetriions. It occurs in temperate zones over much U.S. could be caused by this new spirochete (or others) of the world (Goddard 1997c). Although rarely fatal, the and not by . At least one case of erythema disease may be long and debilitating with heart, nerve, migrans haBs .bbeuerngcdaoursfeerdi by a spirochete called and joint involvement (Burrascano 1989). Initial symp - (James et al. 2001). B. lon - toms include a flu-like syndrome with headache, stiff estari neck, pain in the joints and muscles, a generalized feel - ing of weakness, and low-grade fever. Often, a RockRy oMcokuyntMaionusnpotattiend Sfepvoertt(eRdMFSeFv)eisr the most more-or-less circular, painless rash called erythema frequently reported rickettsial disease in the U.S. with migrans (EM) is present at the bite site. The EM lesion about 600 cases reported each year (CDC 2001). Many is often said to be the hallmark sign for LB, although not more cases probably occur but are unreported. People all patients develop it. EM lesions may steadily increase with RMSF usually show the classic triad of RMSF in size with subsequent central clearing, resembling a features — fever, rash, and history of tick bite. Other bull’s-eye. Untreated EM and associated symptoms usu - symptoms are weakness, severe headache, chills, and ally resolve in 3 to 4 weeks. However, the disease often body aches. Sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms such spreads throughout the body within weeks or months, as abdominal pain and diarrhea are reported. The rash, resulting in cardiac, neurologic, and joint manifestations appearing on about the third day, usually begins on the that may last for years. The number of reported LB extremities and then spreads to the rest of the body. cases in the U.S. continues to increase annually. There However, there have been confirmed cases of RMSF were 23,763 cases reported to the Centers for Disease without rash. Mental confusion, coma, and death may Control and Prevention (CDC) during 2002 (CDC occur in severe cases. The mortality rate is about 20% 2004). In the U.S., the vast majority of cases are from if untreated and 4% if treated. the northeastern and north-central states. Only about 11- 20 cases of LB are reported in Mississippi annually, although these are usually not officially confirmed. Lyme borreliosis is transmitted by tick bite. In the U.S., is the primIxaorydevsecstcoarpiunlatrhies East, and in the West. IOxothdeers tpicakcifsipceucs ies may be involved in the ecol - ogy of Lyme borreliosis in the U.S. Alternatively, there may be several, as-of-yet undescribed species that cause LyBmorer-elilkiae illness. In the southern U.S., researchers have doubted for several years whether reports of an LB-like illness Figure 4. Example of tick-borne disease cycle: are actually true LB. Also, it Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station 3 The agent of RMSF circulates in nature among small other two, but thus far, has only been identified in a few mammals (an example of a tick-borne disease life cycle patients, most of whom were immune compromised. is given in Figure 4) and is usually transmitted to people Therefore, much is yet unknown about human infection by the bite of an infected tick, although it is possible for with this agent. a person to get the disease while manually de-ticking Clinical and laboratory manifestations of infection dogs when infectious fluids get on the skin. Not all tick with HME or HGA are similar (Goddard 1997b). The species are effective vectors of the rickettsia, and even in patient usually gets a fever, headache, body aches, and the vector species, not all ticks are infected. Generally, progressive leukopenia (low white cell count). only 1% to 5% of vector ticks in an area are infected. Sometimes there is a cough, gastroenteritis, or meningi - Several tick vectors may transmit RMSF organisms, but tis. Rarely is there a rash, so ehrlichiosis is sometimes the primary one in the eastern U.S. is the American dog called “spotless” Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Illness tick, (Burgdorfer 1975). Ticks due to HME is thought by some to be milder than with are ofDteenrmbraocuegnhtotrinvtoarcialobsieliscontact with people via pet HGA based on reported fatality rates of 2–5% and dogs or cats (dog ticks may also feed on cats). 7–10% for HME and HGA, respectively. Ehrlichiosis is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected tick. HME, which primarily occurs within OTtheerre SarpeostetveedraFl eovtheerrGhuromuapn Rdiiscekaseetstsciaousseds by the geographic distribution of the lone star tick, spotted fever group rickettsias, including rickettsialpox , seems to have a close associ - and Mediterranean spotted fever. In the southern U.S., a aAtmiobnlywoimthmtahaatmtiecrkicanndum the white-tailed deer. However, new spotted-fever-like disease called American bouton - detection of the HME agent in other tick vectors and a neuse fever, transmitted by , few cases outside the distribution of the lone star tick was recently discovered thatAcmaubslyeosmfmevaer,mahceuadlaatcuhm e, suggests that additional vectors occur.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vector Hazard Report: Ticks of the Continental United States
    Vector Hazard Report: Ticks of the Continental United States Notes, photos and habitat suitability models gathered from The Armed Forces Pest Management Board, VectorMap and The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit VectorMap Armed Forces Pest Management Board Table of Contents 1. Background 4. Host Densities • Tick-borne diseases - Human Density • Climate of CONUS -Agriculture • Monthly Climate Maps • Tick-borne Disease Prevalence maps 5. References 2. Notes on Medically Important Ticks • Ixodes scapularis • Amblyomma americanum • Dermacentor variabilis • Amblyomma maculatum • Dermacentor andersoni • Ixodes pacificus 3. Habitat Suitability Models: Tick Vectors • Ixodes scapularis • Amblyomma americanum • Ixodes pacificus • Amblyomma maculatum • Dermacentor andersoni • Dermacentor variabilis Background Within the United States there are several tick-borne diseases (TBD) to consider. While most are not fatal, they can be quite debilitating and many have no known treatment or cure. Within the U.S., ticks are most active in the warmer months (April to September) and are most commonly found in forest edges with ample leaf litter, tall grass and shrubs. It is important to check yourself for ticks and tick bites after exposure to such areas. Dogs can also be infected with TBD and may also bring ticks into your home where they may feed on humans and spread disease (CDC, 2014). This report contains a list of common TBD along with background information about the vectors and habitat suitability models displaying predicted geographic distributions. Many tips and other information on preventing TBD are provided by the CDC, AFPMB or USAPHC. Back to Table of Contents Tick-Borne Diseases in the U.S. Lyme Disease Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi and the primary vector is Ixodes scapularis or more commonly known as the blacklegged or deer tick.
    [Show full text]
  • TICKS in RELATION to HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED by <I
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Navy Research U.S. Department of Defense 1967 TICKS IN RELATION TO HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY RICKETTSIA SPECIES Harry Hoogstraal Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usnavyresearch This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. Navy Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. TICKS IN RELATION TO HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY RICKETTSIA SPECIES1,2 By HARRY HOOGSTRAAL Department oj Medical Zoology, United States Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three, Cairo, Egypt, U.A.R. Rickettsiae (185) are obligate intracellular parasites that multiply by binary fission in the cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. They are pleomorphic coccobacillary bodies with complex cell walls containing muramic acid, and internal structures composed of ribonucleic and deoxyri­ bonucleic acids. Rickettsiae show independent metabolic activity with amino acids and intermediate carbohydrates as substrates, and are very susceptible to tetracyclines as well as to other antibiotics. They may be considered as fastidious bacteria whose major unique character is their obligate intracellu­ lar life, although there is at least one exception to this. In appearance, they range from coccoid forms 0.3 J.I. in diameter to long chains of bacillary forms. They are thus intermediate in size between most bacteria and filterable viruses, and form the family Rickettsiaceae Pinkerton. They stain poorly by Gram's method but well by the procedures of Macchiavello, Gimenez, and Giemsa.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehrlichiosis
    Ehrlichiosis What is ehrlichiosis and can also have a wide range of signs Who should I contact, if I what causes it? including loss of appetite, weight suspect ehrlichiosis? Ehrlichiosis (air-lick-ee-OH-sis) is a loss, prolonged fever, weakness, and In Animals – group of similar diseases caused by bleeding disorders. Contact your veterinarian. In Humans – several different bacteria that attack Can I get ehrlichiosis? the body’s white blood cells (cells Contact your physician. Yes. People can become infected involved in the immune system that with ehrlichiosis if they are bitten by How can I protect my animal help protect against disease). The an infected tick (vector). The disease organisms that cause ehrlichiosis are from ehrlichiosis? is not spread by direct contact with found throughout the world and are Ehrlichiosis is best prevented by infected animals. However, animals spread by infected ticks. Symptoms in controlling ticks. Inspect your pet can be carriers of ticks with the animals and humans can range from frequently for the presence of ticks bacteria and bring them into contact mild, flu-like illness (fever, body aches) and remove them promptly if found. with humans. Ehrlichiosis can also to severe, possibly fatal disease. Contact your veterinarian for effective be transmitted through blood tick control products to use on What animals get transfusions, but this is rare. your animal. ehrlichiosis? Disease in humans varies from How can I protect myself Many animals can be affected by mild infection to severe, possibly fatal ehrlichiosis, although the specific infection. Symptoms may include from ehrlichiosis? bacteria involved may vary with the flu-like signs (chills, body aches and The risk for infection is decreased animal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Seasonality, and Hosts of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick in the United States Author(S): Angela M
    Distribution, Seasonality, and Hosts of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick in the United States Author(s): Angela M. James, Jerome E. Freier, James E. Keirans, Lance A. Durden, James W. Mertins, and Jack L. Schlater Source: Journal of Medical Entomology, 43(1):17-24. 2006. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0017:DSAHOT]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/ full/10.1603/0022-2585%282006%29043%5B0017%3ADSAHOT%5D2.0.CO %3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. SAMPLING,DISTRIBUTION,DISPERSAL Distribution, Seasonality, and Hosts of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick in the United States ANGELA M. JAMES, JEROME E. FREIER, JAMES E. KEIRANS,1 LANCE A. DURDEN,1 2 2 JAMES W. MERTINS, AND JACK L. SCHLATER USDAÐAPHIS, Veterinary Services, Centers of Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Ave., Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526Ð8117 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaplasmosis: an Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Importance in Canada
    IDCases 14 (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect IDCases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/idcr Case report Anaplasmosis: An emerging tick-borne disease of importance in Canada a, b,c d,e e,f Kelsey Uminski *, Kamran Kadkhoda , Brett L. Houston , Alison Lopez , g,h i c c Lauren J. MacKenzie , Robbin Lindsay , Andrew Walkty , John Embil , d,e Ryan Zarychanski a Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada b Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada c Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada d Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada e CancerCare Manitoba, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada f Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, MB, Canada g Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada h Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada i Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Winnipeg, MB, Canada A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) is an infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Received 11 September 2018 Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective
    biology Review Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective Valentina Virginia Ebani 1,2,* and Francesca Mancianti 1,2 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 2 Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968 Simple Summary: Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract: The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
    Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation Biology of Tortoises
    The Conservation Biology of Tortoises Edited by Ian R. Swingland and Michael W. Klemens IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5 IUCN—The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC 3. To cooperate with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the in developing and evaluating a data base on the status of and trade in wild scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biological flora and fauna, and to provide policy guidance to WCMC. diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species of 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their con- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna servation, and for the management of other species of conservation concern. and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, sub- vation of species or biological diversity. species, and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintain- 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: ing biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and vulnerable species. • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of biological diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conserva- tion Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitor- 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Boophilus Curtice Genus Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton
    3 CONTENTS General remarks 4 Genus Amblyomma Koch 5 Genus Anomalohimalaya Hoogstraal, Kaiser & Mitchell 46 Genus Aponomma Neumann 47 Genus Boophilus Curtice 58 Genus Hyalomma Koch. 63 Genus Margaropus Karsch 82 Genus Palpoboophilus Minning 84 Genus Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton 84 Genus Uroboophilus Minning. 84 References 86 SUMMARI A list of species and subspecies currently included in the tick genera Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus, and Rhipicentor, as well as in the unaccepted genera Palpoboophilus and Uroboophilus is given in this paper. The published synonymies and authors of each spécifie or subspecific name are also included. Remaining tick genera have been reviewed in part in a previous paper of this series, and will be finished in a future third part. Key-words: Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus, Rhipicentor, Uroboophilus, Palpoboophilus, species, synonymies. RESUMEN Se proporciona una lista de las especies y subespecies actualmente incluidas en los géneros Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus y Rhipicentor, asi como en los géneros no aceptados Palpoboophilus and Uroboophilus. Se incluyen también las sinonimias publicadas y los autores de cada nombre especifico o subespecifico. Los restantes géneros de garrapatas han sido revisados en parte en un volumen previo de esta serie, y serân terminados en una futura tercera parte. Palabras claves Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus, Rhipicentor, Uroboophilus, Palpoboophilus, especies, sinonimias. 4 GENERAL REMARKS Following is a list of species and subspecies of ticks d~e scribed in the genera Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalorma, Margaropus, and Rhipicentor, as well as in the unaccepted genera Palpoboophilus and Uroboophilus. The first volume (Estrada- Pena, 1991) included data for Haemaphysalis, Anocentor, Dermacentor, and Cosmiomma.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Ticks on Mule Deer in Central Utah
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 37 Number 3 Article 7 9-30-1977 Occurrence of ticks on mule deer in central Utah Jordan C. Pederson Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Environmental Studies, Springville, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Pederson, Jordan C. (1977) "Occurrence of ticks on mule deer in central Utah," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 37 : No. 3 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol37/iss3/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. OCCURRENCE OF TICKS ON MULE DEER IN CENTRAL UTAH Jordan C. Pederson' Abstract.— Two species of ticks were collected from mule deer and identified as Dertnacentor alhipictus (Packard) and Ixodes sp. The rate of occurrence of these ticks was found to be 99.6 percent and 0.4 percent, re- spectively. The infestation rate increased from 18.2 percent in January, to 87.5 percent in February, to 100.0 per- cent in March. From January through March 1976, a ens (1967) found this parasite on mule deer mule deer {Odocoileus hemionus Rafi- in Daggett County, Utah, where the pro- nescjue) trapping operation was conducted portion of deer infested with this tick rose by Utah State University, the Cooperative from 37 percent in January to 92 percent in Wildhfe Research Unit, and the Utah State March of 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • Amblyomma Maculatum) and Identification of ‘‘Candidatus Rickettsia Andeanae’’ from Fairfax County, Virginia
    VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume 11, Number 12, 2011 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0654 High Rates of Rickettsia parkeri Infection in Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) and Identification of ‘‘Candidatus Rickettsia Andeanae’’ from Fairfax County, Virginia Christen M. Fornadel,1 Xing Zhang,1 Joshua D. Smith,2 Christopher D. Paddock,3 Jorge R. Arias,2 and Douglas E. Norris1 Abstract The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, is a vector of Rickettsia parkeri, a recently identified human pathogen that causes a disease with clinical symptoms that resemble a mild form of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Because the prevalence of R. parkeri infection in geographically distinct populations of A. maculatum is not fully understood, A. maculatum specimens collected as part of a tick and pathogen surveillance system in Fairfax County, Virginia, were screened to determine pathogen infection rates. Overall, R. parkeri was found in 41.4% of the A. maculatum that were screened. Additionally, the novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp., tentatively named ‘‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae,’’ was observed for the first time in Virginia. Key Words: Amblyomma maculatum—Rickettsia andeanae—Rickettsia parkeri—Virginia. Introduction isolated from Gulf Coast ticks in Texas (Parker et al. 1939). Although the bacterium was pathogenic for guinea pigs he Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, is an (Parker et al. 1939), it was thought to be nonpathogenic for Tixodid tick that has been recognized for its increasing humans until the first confirmed case of human infection was veterinary and medical importance. In the United States the described in 2002 (Paddock et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The External Parasites of Birds: a Review
    THE EXTERNAL PARASITES OF BIRDS: A REVIEW BY ELIZABETH M. BOYD Birds may harbor a great variety and numher of ectoparasites. Among the insects are biting lice (Mallophaga), fleas (Siphonaptera), and such Diptera as hippohoscid flies (Hippohoscidae) and the very transitory mosquitoes (Culicidae) and black flies (Simuliidae), which are rarely if every caught on animals since they fly off as soon as they have completed their blood-meal. One may also find, in birds ’ nests, bugs of the hemipterous family Cimicidae, and parasitic dipterous larvae that attack nestlings. Arachnida infesting birds comprise the hard ticks (Ixodidae), soft ticks (Argasidae), and certain mites. Most ectoparasites are blood-suckers; only the Ischnocera lice and some species of mites subsist on skin components. The distribution of ectoparasites on the host varies with the parasite concerned. Some show no habitat preference while others tend to confine themselves to, or even are restricted to, definite areas on the body. A list of 198 external parasites for 2.55 species and/or subspecies of birds east of the Mississippi has been compiled by Peters (1936) from files of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine between 1928 and 1935. Fleas and dipterous larvae were omitted from this list. According to Peters, it is possible to collect three species of lice, one or two hippoboscids, and several types of mites on a single bird. He records as many as 15 species of ectoparasites each from the Bob-white (Co&us uirginianus), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and Robin (Turdus migratorius). The lice and plumicolous mites, however, are typically the most abundant forms present on avian hosts.
    [Show full text]