Detection of Babesia Odocoilei in Ixodes Scapularis Ticks Collected from Songbirds in Ontario and Quebec, Canada
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Tick Borne Diseases Nebraska 2018 HAN FINAL DRAFT APRIL 19 2018
TO: Primary care providers, infectious disease, laboratories, infection control, and public health FROM Thomas J. Safranek, M.D. Jeff Hamik State Epidemiologist Vector-borne Disease Epidemiologist 402-471-2937 PHONE 402-471-1374 PHONE 402-471-3601 FAX 402-471-3601 FAX Thomas Williams, M.D. Chief Medical Officer Director, Division of Public Health Department of Health and Human Services RE: TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN NEBRASKA DATE: April 20, 2018 The arrival of spring marks the beginning of another tick season. In the interest of public health and prevention, our office seeks to inform Nebraska health care providers about the known tick- borne diseases in our state. Key messages for Nebraska clinicians: Spotted fever rickettsia including Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) Our office receives reports of from 6 to 31 patients with spotted fever rickettsia every year. Health care providers risk overlooking this diagnosis because of its rarity. RMSF NEEDS TO BE A DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATION IN ANY PERSON WITH A FEVER AND A HISTORY OF EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTS WHERE TICKS MIGHT BE PRESENT. The skin rash is not always present when the patient first presents to a physician. This disease is frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed, with numerous reports of serious and sometimes fatal consequences. Nebraska experienced a fatal case of RMSF in 2015 where the diagnosis was missed and treatment was delayed until the disease was well advanced. Laboratory diagnosis is made by detecting a rise in antibody titer to Rickettsia rickettsii between acute and convalescent sera. Treatment requires tetracycline-class of antibiotics or chloramphenicol. Tetracycline-class treatment is recommended for persons of all ages, including children. -
Anaplasmosis: an Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Importance in Canada
IDCases 14 (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect IDCases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/idcr Case report Anaplasmosis: An emerging tick-borne disease of importance in Canada a, b,c d,e e,f Kelsey Uminski *, Kamran Kadkhoda , Brett L. Houston , Alison Lopez , g,h i c c Lauren J. MacKenzie , Robbin Lindsay , Andrew Walkty , John Embil , d,e Ryan Zarychanski a Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada b Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada c Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada d Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada e CancerCare Manitoba, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada f Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, MB, Canada g Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada h Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada i Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Winnipeg, MB, Canada A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) is an infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Received 11 September 2018 Anaplasma phagocytophilum. -
Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis Definition: Anaplasmosis is an infection caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It is most commonly transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Signs and symptoms: Symptoms of anaplasmosis can range from mild to very severe and may include: fever, headache, muscle pain, malaise, chills, nausea, abdominal pain, cough, and confusion. Severe symptoms may include: difficulty breathing, hemorrhage, renal failure, or neurological problems. It can be fatal if not treated correctly. People who are immunocompromised or elderly are at higher risk for severe disease. Transmission: Anaplasmosis is primarily transmitted to a person through the bite of an infected deer tick; this tick is endemic throughout Maine. Rarely, it can also be transmitted by receiving blood transfusions from an infected donor. Diagnosis: Anaplasmosis is diagnosed by clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. A blood test is necessary for confirmation. Co-infections with other tick-borne diseases may occur and should be considered. Role of the School Nurse: Prevention • Provide education on prevention efforts including: wearing protective clothing, using an EPA- approved repellent, using caution in tick infested areas, and performing daily tick checks. • Encourage the use of EPA approved repellents when outside (following local policy guidelines), and always performing a tick check when returning indoors. o School nurses can apply repellent with parental permission • If a tick is found, the school nurse should remove the tick using tweezers or a tick spoon. o Tick identification cards are available at: http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious- disease/epi/vector-borne/posters/index.shtml. o Testing of the tick is not recommended. -
Ixodes Scapularis) Affected Species: Humans PATHOBIOLOGY and VETERINARY SCIENCE • CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY
Tick Borne Diseases In New England Bullseye rash- common symptom of Lyme disease and STARI Skin lesions- common symptom of Tularemia Tularemia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii Agent: Francisella tularensis Brown Dog Tick Symptoms: fever, “spotted” rash, headache, nausea, Symptoms: fever, skin lesions in people, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, lack of appetite, face and eyes redden and become (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) red eyes inflamed, chills, headache, exhaustion Affected Species: humans, dogs Affected Species: humans, rabbits, rodents, cats, dogs, sheep, many Dog Tick mammalian species (Dermacentor variabilis) Ehrlichiosis Agent: Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii Symptoms: fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, red eyes Affected Species: humans, dogs, cats Babesiosis Anaplasmosis Agent: Babesia microti Agent: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Symptoms: (many show none), fever, chills, sweats, Lone star tick Symptoms: fever, severe headache, muscle aches, headache, body aches, loss of appetite, nausea chills and shaking, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Affected Species: humans (Amblyomma americanum) Affected Species: humans, dogs, horses, cows Borrelia miyamotoi Disease Agent: Borrelia miyamotoi Southern Tick-Associated Lyme Disease Symptoms: fever, chills, headache, body and joint Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi pain, fatigue Rash Illness (STARI) Symptoms: “bullseye” rash Affected Species: humans Agent: Borrelia lonestari (humans only), fever, aching joints, Symptoms: “bullseye” rash, fatigue, muscle pains, headache, fatigue, neurological headache involvement Affected Species: humans Affected Species: humans, Powassan Virus horses, dogs, many others Agent: Powassan Virus Symptoms: (many show none), fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, loss of coordination, Deer Tick speech difficulties, seizures (Ixodes scapularis) Affected Species: humans PATHOBIOLOGY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE • CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY. -
Tick-Borne Diseases in Maine a Physician’S Reference Manual Deer Tick Dog Tick Lonestar Tick (CDC Photo)
tick-borne diseases in Maine A Physician’s Reference Manual Deer Tick Dog Tick Lonestar Tick (CDC PHOTO) Nymph Nymph Nymph Adult Male Adult Male Adult Male Adult Female Adult Female Adult Female images not to scale know your ticks Ticks are generally found in brushy or wooded areas, near the DEER TICK DOG TICK LONESTAR TICK Ixodes scapularis Dermacentor variabilis Amblyomma americanum ground; they cannot jump or fly. Ticks are attracted to a variety (also called blacklegged tick) (also called wood tick) of host factors including body heat and carbon dioxide. They will Diseases Diseases Diseases transfer to a potential host when one brushes directly against Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted Ehrlichiosis anaplasmosis, babesiosis fever and tularemia them and then seek a site for attachment. What bites What bites What bites Nymph and adult females Nymph and adult females Adult females When When When April through September in Anytime temperatures are April through August New England, year-round in above freezing, greatest Southern U.S. Coloring risk is spring through fall Adult females have a dark Coloring Coloring brown body with whitish Adult females have a brown Adult females have a markings on its hood body with a white spot on reddish-brown tear shaped the hood Size: body with dark brown hood Unfed Adults: Size: Size: Watermelon seed Nymphs: Poppy seed Nymphs: Poppy seed Unfed Adults: Sesame seed Unfed Adults: Sesame seed suMMer fever algorithM ALGORITHM FOR DIFFERENTIATING TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN MAINE Patient resides, works, or recreates in an area likely to have ticks and is exhibiting fever, This algorithm is intended for use as a general guide when pursuing a diagnosis. -
The External Parasites of Birds: a Review
THE EXTERNAL PARASITES OF BIRDS: A REVIEW BY ELIZABETH M. BOYD Birds may harbor a great variety and numher of ectoparasites. Among the insects are biting lice (Mallophaga), fleas (Siphonaptera), and such Diptera as hippohoscid flies (Hippohoscidae) and the very transitory mosquitoes (Culicidae) and black flies (Simuliidae), which are rarely if every caught on animals since they fly off as soon as they have completed their blood-meal. One may also find, in birds ’ nests, bugs of the hemipterous family Cimicidae, and parasitic dipterous larvae that attack nestlings. Arachnida infesting birds comprise the hard ticks (Ixodidae), soft ticks (Argasidae), and certain mites. Most ectoparasites are blood-suckers; only the Ischnocera lice and some species of mites subsist on skin components. The distribution of ectoparasites on the host varies with the parasite concerned. Some show no habitat preference while others tend to confine themselves to, or even are restricted to, definite areas on the body. A list of 198 external parasites for 2.55 species and/or subspecies of birds east of the Mississippi has been compiled by Peters (1936) from files of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine between 1928 and 1935. Fleas and dipterous larvae were omitted from this list. According to Peters, it is possible to collect three species of lice, one or two hippoboscids, and several types of mites on a single bird. He records as many as 15 species of ectoparasites each from the Bob-white (Co&us uirginianus), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and Robin (Turdus migratorius). The lice and plumicolous mites, however, are typically the most abundant forms present on avian hosts. -
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis The Diseases and Transmission Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are related bacteria that are transmitted by ticks. These bacteria infect white blood cells in humans. There are three different bacteria that cause disease in humans: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia ewingii Pathogen (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila) Human monocytic Human granulocytic Disease Ehrlichiosis ewingii ehrlichiosis (HME) anaplasmosis (HGA, formerly HGE) Tick Vector Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick) Animal reservoirs for E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii are white-tailed deer and dogs. The reservoirs for A. phagocytophilum include cattle, deer, and rodents. You cannot get the diseases directly from animals. The diseases are not spread between humans other than through blood transfusions. Maryland is home to both the lone star tick and the black-legged tick. Symptoms and Treatment Disease Clinical Features . Symptoms appear 7 to 10 days after a tick bite. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, HME, and loss of appetite. Ehrlichiosis ewingii . Meningoencephalitis occurs in approximately 20% of cases. Development of a rash is possible. This may be confused with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Symptoms appear 7 to 14 days after a tick bite. HGA . Symptoms include fever, headache, and muscle aches. Meningoencephalitis is rare. Most infections occur when tick activity is highest, in late spring and summer. If left untreated, HME and HGA may be severe. Co-infection with more than one tick borne disease is possible. The immune system is directly infected. Secondary infection and other complications can arise quickly. The elderly and sick are more likely to develop severe illness. -
Ecology and Evolution of Malarial Parasites In
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MALARIAL PARASITES IN VERTEBRATE HOSTS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Holly Lynn Lutz August 2016 © Holly Lynn Lutz 2016 ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MALARIAL PARASITES IN VERTEBRATE HOSTS Holly Lynn Lutz, Ph.D. Cornell University 2016 This dissertation represents a culmination of extensive field work and collections of African vertebrates and their symbionts, as well as experimental studies carried out in the laboratory. Field work was conducted primarily in the East African countries of Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Uganda. Throughout these expeditions, efforts were made to improve field protocols for the comprehensive sampling of wild vertebrates and their symbionts, with particular focus on the sampling of avian blood parasites (haematozoa), ectoparasites (arthropods), endoparasites (helminths), and microbial symbionts (bacteria and viruses). This dissertation therefore includes a chapter with detailed guidelines and protocols for sampling avian symbionts based on these experiences. Following chapters rely on data from both field collections and laboratory experiments, which provide a foundation for addressing the ecology, systematics, and molecular evolution of malarial parasites in vertebrate hosts. Specifically, haemosporidian data from 2,539 Afrotropical birds and small mammals (bats, rodents, and shrews) collected during field inventories were used to (1) test hypotheses linking host life history traits and host ecology to patterns of infection by three haemosporidian parasite genera in birds (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon), and (2) re-evaluate the molecular phylogeny of the order Haemosporida by incorporating existing genomic data from haemosporidian parasites with data from novel parasite lineages infecting major vertebrate host groups, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. -
First Report of Ixodes Scapularis Ticks Parasitizing a North American Porcupine in Canada
Communication First Report of Ixodes scapularis Ticks Parasitizing a North American Porcupine in Canada John D. Scott Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Adult females of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), were collected from a North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum, in eastern Ontario, Canada. This porcupine parasitism indicates that an established population of I. scapularis is present in the local vicinity. This tick species is known to parasitize more than 150 different vertebrate hosts, including the North American porcupine. The presence of I. scapularis ticks parasitizing a North American porcupine constitutes a new tick-host record in Canada. Keywords: tick-host record; north American porcupine; Erethizon dorsatum; ectoparasite; herbivore; blacklegged ticks; Ixodes scapularis; parasitism; Canada 1. Introduction The North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (Rodentia: Erethizontidae), also known as the Canadian porcupine, is a herbivore rodent. This meso-mammal is one of the largest members in the rodent family, and has wide distribution across continental Citation: Scott, J.D. First Report of North America. This woodland denizen is native to coniferous and mixed forests across Ixodes scapularis Ticks Parasitizing a southern Canada, and its distribution extends southward into northeastern, north-central, North American Porcupine in and western United States as far south as the northern fringe of Mexico. Ecologically, Canada. Parasitologia 2021, 1, 45–49. free-ranging porcupines have a home range of up to 28 ha. This arboreal herbivore is https://doi.org/10.3390/ covered with a coat of quills that arm it from predators. -
Annotated List of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of New Jersey
applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Journal of Medical Entomology, 2019, 1–10 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz010 Review Review Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jme/tjz010/5310395 by Rutgers University Libraries user on 09 February 2019 Annotated List of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of New Jersey James L. Occi,1,4 Andrea M. Egizi,1,2 Richard G. Robbins,3 and Dina M. Fonseca1 1Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8536, 2Tick- borne Diseases Laboratory, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, 1901 Wayside Road, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, 3 Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, MSC, MRC 534, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746-2863 and 4Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Rebecca Eisen Received 1 November 2018; Editorial decision 8 January 2019 Abstract Standardized tick surveillance requires an understanding of which species may be present. After a thorough review of the scientific literature, as well as government documents, and careful evaluation of existing accessioned tick collections (vouchers) in museums and other repositories, we have determined that the verifiable hard tick fauna of New Jersey (NJ) currently comprises 11 species. Nine are indigenous to North America and two are invasive, including the recently identified Asian longhorned tick,Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann, 1901). For each of the 11 species, we summarize NJ collection details and review their known public health and veterinary importance and available information on seasonality. Separately considered are seven additional species that may be present in the state or become established in the future but whose presence is not currently confirmed with NJ vouchers. -
Infection(Prevalence(In(A
INFECTION(PREVALENCE(IN(A(NOVEL(IXODES' SCAPULARIS'POPULATION(IN(NORTHERN(WISCONSIN( ( ( ( ( ( ( A(thesis(submitted(in(partial(fulfillment(of(the( requirements(for(the(degree(of(Master(of(Science( ( ( ( By(( ( ( ( MARY(LYNN(WESTWOOD( B.S.,(Wright(State(University,(2015( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2017( Wright(State(University( WRIGHT'STATE'UNIVERSITY'' GRADUATE'SCHOOL' ' ' August'25th,'2017'' ' I'HEREBY'RECOMMEND'THAT'THE'THESIS'PREPARED'UNDER'MY'SUPERVISION'BY'Mary' Lynn'Westwood'ENTITLED'Infection'Prevalence'in'a'Novel'Ixodes'scapularis'Population'in' Northern'Wisconsin'BE'ACCEPTED'IN'PARTIAL'FULFILLMENT'OF'THE'REQUIREMENTS'FOR' THE'DEGREE'OF'Master'of'SciencE' ' '___________________________________________'' Thomas'RoonEy,'Ph.D.'ThEsis'DirEctor' ' ' '___________________________________________'' David'Goldstein,'Ph.D.,'Chair'' DEpArtment'of'BiologicAl'SciEncEs'' CollEgE'of'SciEncE'And'MAthEmatics'' ' CommittEE'on'FinAl'ExAminAtion' ' ' ____________________________________________'' Thomas'RoonEy,'Ph.D.' ' ' ____________________________________________' Jeffrey'Peters,'Ph.D.'' ' ' ____________________________________________'' Megan'Rúa,'Ph.D.'' ' ' ____________________________________________ RobErt'E.W.'FyffE,'Ph.D.' Vice'President'for'ResEArch'And' '''''''''''''''''''''''''Dean'of'Graduate'School' ' ' ' ' ' ABSTRACT' ' Westwood,'Mary'Lynn.'M.S.'Department'of'Biological'Sciences,'Wright'State'University,' 2017.'Infection'Prevalence'in'a'Novel'Ixodes'scapularis'Population'in'Northern'Wisconsin' ' ' ' Ixodes'scapularis'(i.e.'the'blacklegged'or'deer'tick)'is'an'important'vector'of' -
Mechanisms Affecting the Acquisition, Persistence and Transmission Of
microorganisms Review Mechanisms Affecting the Acquisition, Persistence and Transmission of Francisella tularensis in Ticks Brenden G. Tully and Jason F. Huntley * Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 21 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: Over 600,000 vector-borne disease cases were reported in the United States (U.S.) in the past 13 years, of which more than three-quarters were tick-borne diseases. Although Lyme disease accounts for the majority of tick-borne disease cases in the U.S., tularemia cases have been increasing over the past decade, with >220 cases reported yearly. However, when comparing Borrelia burgdorferi (causative agent of Lyme disease) and Francisella tularensis (causative agent of tularemia), the low infectious dose (<10 bacteria), high morbidity and mortality rates, and potential transmission of tularemia by multiple tick vectors have raised national concerns about future tularemia outbreaks. Despite these concerns, little is known about how F. tularensis is acquired by, persists in, or is transmitted by ticks. Moreover, the role of one or more tick vectors in transmitting F. tularensis to humans remains a major question. Finally, virtually no studies have examined how F. tularensis adapts to life in the tick (vs. the mammalian host), how tick endosymbionts affect F. tularensis infections, or whether other factors (e.g., tick immunity) impact the ability of F. tularensis to infect ticks. This review will assess our current understanding of each of these issues and will offer a framework for future studies, which could help us better understand tularemia and other tick-borne diseases.