Infection and Immunity

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

VOLUME 56 0 JANUARY 1988 0 NUMBER 1 J. W. Shands, Jr., Editor in Chief Dexter H. Howard, Editor (1991) (1989) University of California University ofFlorida, Gainesville Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1989) Los Angeles, Calif. Phillip J. Baker, Editor (1990) University of Cincinnati Stephen H. Leppla, Editor (1991) National Institute ofAllergy and Cincinnati, Ohio U.S. Army Medical Research Institute Infectious Diseases Roy Curtiss III, Editor (1990) of Infectious Diseases Bethesda, Md. Washington University Frederick, Md. Edwin H. Beachey, Editor (1988) St. Louis, Mo. Stephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1989) VA Medical Center National Institute ofDental Research Memphis, Tenn. Bethesda, Md. EDITORIAL BOARD Julia Albright (1989) Stanley Falkow (1988) Jerry R. McGhee (1988) Charles F. Schachtele (1988) Leonard t. Altman (1989) Joseph Ferretti (1989) Floyd C. McIntire (1988) Julius Schachter (1989) Michael A. Apicella (1988) Richard A. Finkelstein (1989) John Mekalanos (1989) Patrick Schlievert (1990) Neil R. Baker (1989) Vincent A. Fischetti (1989) Jiri Mestecky (1989) June R. Scott (1990) Alan Barbour (1989) David FitzGerald (1989) Suzanne M. Michalek (1989) Philip Scott (1988) John B. Bartlett (1988) Robert Fitzgerald (1989) David C. Morrison (1989) Gerald D. Shockman (1989) Joel B. Baseman (1988) James D. Folds (1988) Steven Mosely (1990) W. A. Simpson (1988) Robert E. Baughn (1990) Peter Gemski (1988) Antony J. Mukkada (1990) Phillip D. Smith (1988) Gary K. Best (1988) Robert Genco (1988) Robert S. Munford (1989) Ralph Snyderman (1988) Jenefer Blackwell (1988) Ronald J. Gibbons (1988) Juneann W. Murphy (1990) Maggie So (1989) Arnold S. Bleiweis (1990) Jon Goguen (1989) H. Nikaido (1989) P. Frederick Sparling (1990) William H. Bowen (1988) William E. Goldman (1989) Alison O'Brien (1988) Susan Straley (1989) David E. Briles (1988) Emil Gotschlich (1988) Itzhak Ofek (1989) Barnet M. Sultzer (1988) Gerald Byrne (1988) Frank M. Griffin, Jr. (1990) Dennis Ohman (1989) Catharina Svanborg-Edkn (1988) Richard A. Calderone (1990) Thomas L. Hale (1990) Andrew B. Onderdonk (1990) John L. Swanson (1990) Janne G. Cannon (1990) Robert E. W. Hancock (1988) Paul Orndorff (1990) Diane Taylor (1990) Gail H. Cassell (1990) Eric J. Hansen (1989) Shelley M. Payne (1988) John Thompson (1990) Bruce Chassy (1990) Thomas P. Hatch (1988) Nathaniel F. Pierce (1989) Michael R. Thompson (1990) John 0. Cisar (1988) Fred Heffron (1990) Matthew Pollack (1989) K. N. Timmis (1990) William B. Clark (1988) David Hentges (1988) Richard A. Proctor (1990) Ivo van de Rijn (1990) P. Patrick Cleary (1990) Penny J. Hitchcock (1989) Reuben Ramphal (1988) Johannes van Houte (1988) Steven Clegg (1990) Vincent J. Iacono (1988) Richard R. Ranney (1988) Michael L. Vasil (1990) John Clements (1988) James B. Jensen (1989) Jonathan I. Ravdin (1989) Stefanie Vogel (1988) Don B. Clewell (1990) Howard M. Johnson (1988) Richard F. Rest (1990) Peter A. Ward (1988) Rebecca Cox (1990) Russell C. Johnson (1988) John B. Robbins (1989) Rodney Welch (1990) Jorge H. Crosa (1988) William Johnson (1988) Donald Robertson (1990) Tracy D. Wilkins (1990) Jim E. Cutler (1990) Keith A. Joiner (1989) Burton Rosan (1989) Peter H. Williams (1990) Charles J. Czuprynski (1989) Dennis L. Kasper (1988) Raoul S. Rosenthal (1989) Herbert H. Winkler (1989) James B. Dale (1988) Stefan H. E. Kaufmann (1989) Roy R. B. Russell (1989) Donald E. Woods (1989) Judith E. Domer (1989) Paul Kolenbrander (1989) David Sacks (1989) William W. Yotis (1989) James L. Duncan (1988) Maurice J. Lefford (1990) Catherine Saelinger (1990) Elizabeth J. Ziegler (1988) Roman Dziarski (1990) F. Y. Liew (1988) Ann L. Sandberg (1989) Wendell D. Zollinger (1988) Robert A. Eisenberg (1990) Francis L. Macrina (1988) Phillippe Sansonetti (1989) Barry Eisenstein (1988) John Mansfield (1988) Dwayne C. Savage (1990) Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board Kirk Jensen, Director of Publications Linda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals Thomas M. Rogers, Production Editor Infection and Immunity (ISSN 0019-9567), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the advahcement and dissemination offundamental knowledge concerning: (i) infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and unicellular parasites; (ii) the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; (iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in host resistance and susceptibility to infection; and (v) immunology of microbial infection. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Department. Infection and Immunity is published monthly, one volume per year. The nonmember subscription price is $340 per year; single copies are $30. The member subscription price is $41 (foreign, $63 [air drop shipping]) per year; single copies are $8. Correspondence relating to subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts, and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Department, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006 (phone: 202 833- 9680). Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because offailure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed. Second class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Infection and Immunity, ASM, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006. Made in the United States of America. Copyright C) 1988, American Society for Microbiology. at:dfi Mr t,,A T 1i't{ (I' All Rights Reserved. The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Author Index

Abdallah, Mohamed A., 291 Gregoire, Stephen, 112 Mack, Douglas G., 83 Sandberg, Ann L., 252, 267 Adinolfi, Luigi E., 135 Maddaus, Michael A., 278 Sastry, Parimi A., 18 Alderete, John F., 28 Hackstadt, Ted, 40 Mahrt, J. L., 270 Sell, Stewart, 71 Amano, Shigeru, 272 Haigh, A. M., 247 Malech, Harry L., 267 Shafer, William M., 51 Andersen, Roxanna N., 219 Hall, Robert, 161 Martin, Larry E., 51 Shenker, Bruce J., 122 Apicella, Michael A., 128, 259 Hanazawa, Shigemasa, 272 Massad, George, 275 Shi, Yufang, 270 Hansen, Eric J., 182 McGehee, J. Lucius, 182 Simmons, Richard L., 278 Baker, Carol T., 64 Simonson, Lloyd G., 60 Hart, David A., 182 McLaughlin, John, 92 Simpson, Lance L., 24 Baskin, Gary, 1 Hasegawa, Akira, 149 McLeod, Rima, 83 Simpson, Linda M., 275 Black, Robert E., 161 Herrington, Deirdre, 161 Mekalanos, John J., 142 Singh, Bhagirath, 18 Blanco, David R., 168 Hirose, Kimiharu, 272 Metcalf, D., 247 Siraganian, Reuben P., 219 Bockowski, Stephen W., 60 Ho, Margaret, 197 Metcalf, Julia A., 267 Small, Pamela L. C., 225 Boncyk, Louis, 13 Holmes, Randall K., 106 Miller, James N., 168 Smart, Wallace, 18 Bonventre, Peter F.. 135 Holmgren, Jan, 230 Mody, Christopher H., 7 Spitznagel, John K., 51 Botzenhart, Konrad, 291 Homma, J. Yuzuru, 149 Morgan, Herbert R., 99 Spotila, Loretta D., 128 Bourgeois, A. Louis, 99 Hsu, Pei-Ling, 71 Morris, J. Glenn, 161 Stanley, E. R., 247 Broes, A., 241 Hudson, J. L., 156 Moser, Stephen A., 34 Stein, Daniel C., 112 Burr, Donald H., 99 Mudrick, Linda L., 267 Stoll, Barbara, 230 lizawa, Yuji, 45 Muller, Eugene, 259 Svennerholm, Ann-Mari, 230 Calderone, Richard A., 252 Imada, Akira, 45 Murphy, Genevieve M., 64 Caldwell, M. Blake, 99 Takimoto, Hiroaki, 149 Inada, Katsuya, 149 Murphy, Juneann W., 13 Tall, Ben, 161 Chamberlain, Neal R., 71 Ivins, Bruce E., 176 Murphy, Timothy F., 128 Teh, Hung-Sia, 197 Champion, Cheryl I., 168 Thompson, Michael R., 135 Chedid, Louis A., 204 Jacques, M., 241 Nagumo, Terukazu, 149 Timms, Peter, 287 Cheers, C., 247 Jertborn, Marianne, 230 Nakai, Toyotsugu, 234 Toews, Galen B., 7, 182 Cisar, John O., 267 Johnson, W. M., 241 Nakatsuka, Mitsunobu, 149 Travis, James C., 275 Clements, Mary Lou, 161 Nauman, Robert K., 92 Tsuchiya, Kanji, 45 Cox, Rebecca A., 13 Kaack, M. Bernice, 1 Nelson, M. Bud, 128 Tylenda, Carolyn A., 54 Cray, William C., Jr., 142 Kaper, James B., 142, 161 Nishi, Takeshi, 45 Czarniecki, Christine W., 283 Kathariou, S., 79 Norgard, Michael V., 71 van de Rijn, Ivo, 117 Kelso, A., 247 Vankeulen, Harry, 128 de Deckker, Francine A., 204 Kennell, Wiebke, 13 O'Brien, Alison D., 106 Vishwanath, Suryanarayanan, de la Maza, Luis M., 283 Kiso, Makoto, 149 Ohishi, Iwao, 24 40 Delisle, Allan L., 54 Ohmori, Yoshihiro, 272 Kitano, Shigeo, 272 Wadsworth, Elsa, 252 De Souza, J. B., 88 Knudson, Gregory B., 176 Okada, Hiroshi, 191 Donkersloot, Jacob A., 54 Olenick, John G., 92 Walker, Richard I., 99 Koker, Paul J., 34 Warren, H. Shaw, 204 Doring, Gerd, 291 Paul Oliver, James D., 275 Duque, R. E., 156 Kolenbrander, E., 54, Weinstein, Debra L., 106 219 Oyamada, Toshifumi, 234 Weiss, Ervin I., 219 Kondo, Masahiro, 45 Eaves, Fredrick W., 287 Paranchych, William, 18 Welkos, Susan L., 176 Ebisu, Sigeyuki, 191 Kuhn, M., 79 Wells, Carol L., 278 Parsonnet, Jeffrey, 135 Williams, James E., 34 Eisenhauer, Patricia, 83 Kumazawa, Yoshio, 149 Patterson, George M., 1 Kume, Katsumi, 234 Williams, Laura D., 197 Engle, Sharon A., 51 Peterson, Ellena M., 283 Wistar, Richard, Jr., 99 Erlandsen, Stanley L., 278 Pfestorf, Martina, 291 Wolff, Ruth, 92 Lally, Edward T., 122 Piekarowicz, Andrej, 112 Lamont, Richard J., 64 Fairbrother, J. M., 241 Pierce, Nathaniel F., 142 Yamamoto, Akihiro, 149 Falkow, Stanley, 225 Lariviere, S., 241 Playfair, J. H. L., 88 Martin Yamazaki, Yoji, 191 Fischler, Cynthia, 219 Lavin, F., 287 Yoshida, Masao, 149 Flynn, M., 156 Leblanc, Donald J., 176 Rabie, Geoffrey, 122 Yoshikawa, Hiroyasu, 234 Furuya, Teisuke, 149 Levine, Myron M., 161 Radolf, Justin D., 71 Yoshikawa, Takashi, 234 Linehan, Lisa, 252 Rekosh, David, 128 Young, A. M., 247 Garza, Guillermo E., 28 Lipscomb, Mary F., 7 Riveau, Gilles R., 204 Gillis, Zoe A., 135 Loesche, W. J., 156 Roberts, James A., 1 Zakaria-Meehan, Zairani, 275 Gijes, Adeeb A., 287 London, Jack, 219 Robinson, J. P., 156 Zehavi-Willner, T., 213 Goebel, W., 79 Losonsky, Genevieve, 161 Rosan, Burton, 64 Zepeda, Hector, 24 Gothefors, Leif, 230 Lovett, Michael A., 168 Rouse, Robert F., 60 Zhong, Guangming, 283 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1988 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS of original research results, (ii) in a form whereby Submit manuscripts directly to the ASM Publications peers ofthe author can repeat the experiments and test Department, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006. the conclusions, and (iii) in a journal or other source Since all submissions must be processed through this document [emphasis added] readily available within office, alternate routings, such as to an editor, will the scientific community." delay initiation of the review process. 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Limit changes to correction of section should include sufficient technical information spelling errors, incorrect data, serious grammatical to allow the experiments to be repeated. When cen- errors, and completion of "in press" references. Such trifugation conditions are critical, give enough infor- references can be listed in Literature Cited in alpha- mation to enable another investigator to repeat the betical order by adding "a," "b," etc., to the refer- procedure: make of centrifuge, model of rotor, tem- ence number; i.e., if the reference falls after citation perature, time at maximum speed, and centrifugal 12, give it the designation "12a." Do not renumber force (x g, rather than revolutions per minute). For references. commonly used materials and methods (e.g., media Questions about late proofs and problems in the and protein determinations), a simple reference is proofs should be directed to the ASM Publications sufficient. 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When Regular Papers large numbers of microbial strains or mutants are used Regular full-length papers should include the ele- in a study, include tables identifying the sources and ments described in this section. properties of the strains, mutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc. Title. Each manuscript should present the results of A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several an independent, cohesive study; thus, numbered se- experiments reported in the paper may be described in ries titles are not permitted. Exercise care in compos- the Results section or very briefly (one or two sen- ing a title. Avoid the main title/subtitle arrangement, tences) in a table footnote or figure legend. complete sentences, and unnecessary articles. On the title page, include the title, running title (not to exceed Results. 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A double-reciprocal plots used to determine apparent Km list of key words may also be included on the title values should not be presented as graphs; instead, the page. These will be considered during compilation of values should be stated in the text. Similarly, graphs the subject index. illustrating other graphic methods commonly used to derive kinetic or physical constants (e.g., reduced Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewer, viscosity plots and plots used to determine sedimen- and concisely summarize the basic content of the tation velocity) need not be shown except in unusual paper without presenting extensive experimental de- circumstances. All tabular data must be accompanied tails. Avoid abbreviations and -do not include dia- by either standard deviation values or standard errors grams. When it is essential to include a reference, use of the means. The number of replicate determinations the full literature citation but omit the article title. (or animals) used for making such calculations must Because the abstract will be published separately by also be included. All statements concerning the signif- abstracting services, it must be complete and under- icance of the differences observed should be accom- standable without reference to the text. panied by probability values given in parentheses. The statistical procedure used should be stated in Materials Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi- and Methods. Limit photographs (particularly photo- cient background information to allow the reader to micrographs and electron micrographs) to those that understand and evaluate the results of the present are absolutely necessary to show the experimental study without referring to previous publications on the findings. Number figures and tables in the order in topic. The introduction should also provide the ratio- which they are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all nale for the present study. Choose references carefully figures and tables. to provide the most salient background rather than an exhaustive review of the topic. Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter- iV INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS pretation of the results in relation to previously pub- 4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p. lished work and to the experimental system at hand 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manual of and should not contain extensive repetition of the clinical immunology, 1st ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Results section or reiteration of the introduction. In 5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen short papers, the Results and Discussion sections may novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons be combined. (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financial 6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p. assistance and of personal assistance are given in 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring separate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl- Harbor, N.Y. edgment of grant support is as follows: "This work 7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellular was supported by Public Health Service grant cations on the germination ofbacterial spores, p. 437-442. CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute." In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiology, Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen- Washington, D.C. tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles, Parenthetical references in the text should be cited authors, and Literature Cited sections that are distinct as follows: are If from those of the primary article not allowed. it ... and protects the organisms against oxygen toxic- is not feasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in ity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. 35:1686, the by-line or the Acknowledgment section of the 1976). primary article, rewrite the appendix so that it can be . . . system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H. considered for publication as an independent article, Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Res. either full length or Note style. Equations, tables, and figures should be labeled with the letter "A" preceding Commun., in press). . . in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. thesis, the numeral to distinguish them from those cited in the of California, Los Angeles, 1972). main body of the text. University ... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. W. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Literature Cited. The Literature Cited section must Slayman, Abstr. include all relevant published work, and all listed 1976, K15, p. 139). references must be cited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabetical order by first author and Notes number consecutively. (Abbreviate journal names according to Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data Base, Submit Notes in the same way as full-length papers. BioSciences Information Service, 1987.) Cite each They receive the same review, and they are neither listed reference by number in the text. published more rapidly than full-length papers nor The following types of references are not valid for considered preliminary communications. The Note listing: unpublished data, personal communications, format is intended for the presentation of brief obser- manuscripts in preparation, manuscripts submitted, vations that do not warrant full-length papers. "in press" references, pamphlets, abstracts, patents, Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50 theses, dissertations, newsletters, letters to the editor, words. Do not use section headings in the body of the and material that has not been subjected to peer Note; report methods, results, and discussion in a review. References to such sources should be made single section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. The parenthetically in the text. An "in press" reference to text is not to exceed 1,000 words, and the number of an ASM publication should state the control number figures and tables should be kept to a minimum. (e.g., IAI 576-88) or the name of the publication if it is Materials and methods should be described in the text, a book. not in figure legends or table footnotes. Present ac- Follow the styles shown in the examples below. knowledgments as in full-length papers, but do not use 1. Alderete, J. F., and D. C. Robertson. 1978. Purification a heading. The Literature Cited section is identical to and chemical characterization of the heat-stable entero- that of full-length papers. toxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 19:1021-1030. 2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E. Minireviews Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi- Minireviews are brief summaries (limit of six printed bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessin- pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. They ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. must be based on published articles: they may address 3. Finegold, S, M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding. any subject within the scope of IAI. Minireviews may 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co- be either solicited or proffered by authors responding ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society for to a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, mini- Microbiology, Washington, D.C. reviews are subject to editorial review. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS v

Errata Color Photographs The Erratum section provides a means of correcting Color photographs are discouraged. However, if errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles. they are necessary, include an extra copy so that a Changes in data and the addition of new material are cost estimate for printing may be obtained. The cost of not permitted. Send errata directly to the Publications printing color photographs must be borne by the Department. author. Drawings Author's Corrections Submit graphs, charts, complicated chemical or The Author's Correction section provides a means mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other drawings of adding citations that were overlooked in a published as glossy photographs made from finished drawings article. The author who failed to cite a reference and not requiring additional artwork or typesetting. No the author whose paper was not cited must agree to part of the graph or drawing should be handwritten. such a publication; the editor, editor in chief, chairman Both axes of graphs must be labeled. Most graphs will of the Publications Board, and director of publications be reduced to one-column width (35/16 inches), and all will not be involved. Letters from both authors must elements in the drawing should be large enough to accompany the author's correction sent to the Publi- withstand this reduction. Avoid heavy letters, which cations Department. tend to close up when reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printer may not be able to reproduce in the legend. One of the two sets of drawings may consist of Disclaimers photocopies; the other, however, must consist of Statements disclaiming governmental or any other photographs. type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by the In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well as in Publications Department. table column headings), avoid ambiguous use of numbers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to use the International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m for ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES 10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of The figure number and authors' names should be SI symbols can be found in the International Union of written on all figures, either in the margin or on the Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of back (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro- Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan- graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well. tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu- Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figure script with paper clips. Insert small figures in an ordinate is to be made by the number 20, accompanied envelope. by a label kcpm. When powers of 10 must be used, the journal Continuous-Tone and Composite Photographs requires that the exponent power be associated with the number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml, When submitting continuous-tone photographs (e.g., the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and the polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal page label would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x size: 35/16 inches for a single column and 60/8 inches for 10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml a double column (maximum). Include only the signif- would be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 icant portion of an illustration. Photos must be of U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss of labeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml. contrast and detail inherent in the printing process. Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figure Figure Legends for each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are not Legends should provide enough information so that acceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should be the figure is understandable without frequent reference the size they will appear when published so that no to the text. However, detailed experimental methods reduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, make must be described in the Materials and Methods sure that all elements, including labeling, can with- section, not in a figure legend. A method that is unique stand reduction and remain legible. to one of several experiments may be reported in a If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tone legend only if the discussion is very brief (one or two photograph and a drawing or labeling, the original sentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations used composite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not a in the figure that have not been defined elsewhere. photograph of the composite). This original, labeled "printer's copy," may be sent with the modified Tables manuscript to the editor. Type each table on a separate page. Arrange the Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop- data so that columns of like material read down, not ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnification across. The headings should be sufficiently clear so with a scale marker on each micrograph. that the meaning of the data will be understandable Vi INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS without reference to the text. See the Abbreviations Amino Acid Sequences section of these instructions for those that may be used Single-letter designations, rather than three-letter in tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but designations, should be used for sequences of amino more extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes acids. should not include detailed descriptions of the experiment. A well-constructed table is shown below. Drugs Chemical or generic names of drugs should be used; the use of code numbers or trade names is not permit- TABLE 1. Trapping of previously perfused piliated S. typhimurium by mouse livers ted. Nomenclature of Microorganisms Bacteria % Recovery ina: Total Liver Perfusate recovery Binary names, consisting of a generic name and a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), should be used Control 60.1 ± 11.2 46.2 ± 10.5 106.2 ± 8.7 Previously 39.4 ± 8.4b 66.2 ± 9.5b 105.6 ± 10.3 for all microorganisms. Names of higher categories perfused may be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi- thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded by a Mean + standard deviation of at least seven experiments. b p < 0.001 versus control by the White rank order method (21). a generic name the first time it is used in a paper. Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided there Tables that can be photographically reproduced for can be no confusion with other genera used in the publication without further typesetting or artwork are paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for fungi, divisions], referred to as "camera ready." They should not be classes, orders, families, genera, species, and subspe- hand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con- cies) are printed in italics and should be underlined in form with the style of the journal. The advantage of the manuscript; strain designations and numbers are submitting camera-ready copy is that the material will not. appear exactly as envisioned by the author, and no The spelling of bacterial names should follow the second proofreading is necessary. This is particularly Approved Lists ofBacterial Names (American Society advantageous when there are long, complicated tables for Microbiology, 1980) and the validation lists and and when the division of material and spacing are relevant articles published in the International Journal important. of Systematic Bacteriology since 1980. If there is reason to use a name that does not have standing in nomenclature, the name should be enclosed in quota- NOMENCLATURE tion marks and an appropriate statement concerning the nomenclatural status of the name should be made Chemical and Biochemical Nomenclature in the text (for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. The recognized authority for the names of chemical 30:547-556, 1980). compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Abstract It is recommended that a strain be deposited in a Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) and its recognized culture collection when that strain is nec- indexes. For biochemical terminology, including ab- essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte- breviations and symbols, consult the following: Bio- riological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society for chemical Nomenclature and Related Documents Microbiology, 1975). (1978; reprinted for The Biochemical Society, Lon- Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it is don), instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiolog- the responsibility of the author to determine the ac- ical Chemistry and the Archives ofBiochemistry and cepted binomial for a given yeast or mold. Some Biophysics (first issues of each year), and the Hand- sources for the spelling of these names include The book of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G. D. Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study (3rd ed., N. J. W. Kreger- Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd ed., 1976). van Rij, ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984) Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec- and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass is Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Commonwealth Myco- expressed in daltons. logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971). For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should be assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In- given designations consisting of letters and serial num- ternational Union of Biochemistry as described in bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker's Enzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1984). initials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory, If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant, (trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstract isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial) and text. Use the EC number when one has been designation. This designation should be distinct from assigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals those of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypic (preferred) or in the older system of micromoles per and phenotypic symbols should not be included. minute. A registry of plasmid designations is maintained by INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS .ii the Plasmid Reference Center, Department of Medical unit. (Note: Established designations of some viruses Microbiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA and cell lines, although they consist of initials, are 94304. acceptable [e.g., JC virus, BK virus, HeLa cells].) Do not identify patients by race, country or region Genetic Nomenclature of origin, or occupation unless the relevance of this Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are information is readily apparent or demonstrated in the described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. The text. phenotype designation describes the observable properties of an organism. The genotype refers to the Verb Tense genetic constitution of an organism, usually in refer- Use the past tense to narrate particular events in the ence to some standard wild type. Use the recommen- past, including the procedures, observations, and data dations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) as of the study you are reporting. Use the present tense a guide to the use of these terms. If your manuscript for general statements, including your own general contains information including genetic nomenclature, conclusions, the conclusions of previous researchers, please refer to the Instructions to Authors in the Janu- and generally accepted facts. In addition, the present ary issue of the Journal ofBacteriology. tense should be used for discourse having an immedi- ate effect on the reader ("the data indicate"; "Fig. 1 "Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc- shows"). tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primary sequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (a Abbreviations strain carrying one or more mutations). One may General. Abbreviations should be used as an aid to speak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannot the reader, rather than as a convenience to the author, map a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no genetic and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia- locus, only a phenotype. tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC- IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu- Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en- ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can be zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser- made for necessity, such as in tables and figures. tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) should It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrase follow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene a long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "the 5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec- substrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivial tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser- names or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g., used for terms that appear in full in the neighboring zef-123::Tn5, has been described by Chumley et al. text. (Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, use It is strongly recommended that all abbreviations the nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al. except those listed below be introduced in the first (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and paragraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively, plasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe- 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of Roberts sis the first time it is used; e.g., "cultures were grown (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) for restriction in Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener- enzymes and DNA fragments derived from treatment ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at least with these enzymes. Recombinant DNA molecules, five times in the text (including tables and figure constructed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for in- legends). sertions in general. DNA inserted into recombinant DNA molecules should be described by using the gene Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia- symbols and conventions for the organism from which tions for standard units of measurement and chemical the DNA was obtained. The Plasmid Reference Cen- symbols of the elements, the following should be used ter, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, without definition in the title, abstract, text, figure CA 94304, assigns Tn and IS numbers to avoid con- legends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); flicting and repetitive use and also clears nonconflict- cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucleic ing plasmid prefix designations. acid); cRNA (complementary RNA); RNase (ribonu- clease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA (ribo- ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS somal RNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, ddATP, GTP, Patient Identification etc. (for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosine or When isolates are derived from patients in clinical other nucleosides) (add 2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed for studies, do not identify them by using the patients' contrast); ATPase, dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphos- initials, even as part of a strain designation. Change phatase, deoxyguanosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD the initials to arabic numerals or use randomly chosen (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); NAD+ letters. Do not give hospital unit numbers; if a desig- (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH nation is needed, use only the last two digits of the (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP . .i. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); units, such as g or min, in the denominator instead of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos- fractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10 min. For phate, reduced); poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic example; "pmol/min" would be preferable to acid, polydeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. "nmol/10 min," and "pLmol/g" would be preferable to (oligodeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophos- "nmol/,ug." It is also preferable that an unambiguous phate); PP1 (pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU form such as exponential notation be used instead of (plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-forming units); multiple slashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-" is MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration); MBC (mini- preferable to ",umol/g per min." mal bactericidal concentration); Tris [tris(hydroxy- See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de- methyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con- A260 (absorbance at 260 nm); and EDTA (ethylene- tained in this source is information on the appropriate diaminetetraacetic acid). Abbreviations for cell lines SI units for the reporting of illumination, energy, (e.g., HeLa) also need not be defined. frequency, pressure, and other physical terms. Always The following abbreviations should be used without report numerical data in the appropriate SI unit. definition in tables: Isotopically Labeled Compounds amt (amount) SD (standard deviation) For simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the approx (approximately) SE (standard error) chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20, H235S04). avg (average) SEM (standard error of the Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol is concn (concentration) mean) to a word which is not a specific chemical diam (diameter) sp act (specific activity) attached expt (experiment) sp gr (specific gravity) name (e.g., '311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H- ht (height) temp (temperature) ligands, etc.). mo (month) tr (trace) For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope is mol wt (molecular vol (volume) placed in square brackets directly preceding the part of weight) vs (versus) the name that describes the labeled entity. Note that no. (number) wk (week) configuration symbols and modifiers precede the iso- prepn (preparation) wt (weight) topic symbol. The following examples illustrate cor- yr (year) rect usage: Reporting Numerical Data [14C]urea UDP-[U-'4C]glucose Standard metric units are used for reporting length, L-[methyl-14C]methionine E. coli [32P]DNA weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity, [2,3-3H]serine fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate use the prefixes m, pL, n, and p for lo-3, 10-6, lo-9, [o-14C]lysine [y_32P]ATP and 10-12, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for 103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,u or ,u,. Use This journal follows the same conventions for iso- pug/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units of topic labeling as the Journal ofBiological Chemistry, temperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K. and more detailed information can be found in the When fractions are used to express units such as instructions to authors of that journal (first issue of enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use whole each year). 1988 APPLICATION FOR FULL MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 1913 1 Street, NW . Washington, D.C. 20006 * (202) 833-9680 COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION REQUESTED AND RETURN FORM WITH REMITTANCE IN U.S. FUNDS Eligibility ASM welcomes to full membership anyone who is interested in its objectives and has a minimum of a bachelor's degree or equivalent in microbiology or a related field. Initiation Memberships are initiated and renewed in January each year. 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