years This booklet was created by Ashley T. Haase, MD, Regents Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, with invaluable input from current and former faculty, students, and staff. Acknowledgements to Colleen O’Neill, Department Administrator, for editorial and research assistance; the ASM Center for the History of Microbiology and Erik Moore, University Archivist, for historical documents and photos; and Ryan Kueser and the Medical School Office of Communications & Marketing, for design and production assistance. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Introduction

CELEBRATING A CENTURY OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY

This brief history captures the last half century from the last history and features foundational ideas and individuals who played prominent roles through their scientific contributions and leadership in microbiology and immunology at the University of Minnesota since the founding of the University in 1851.

1. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology at Minnesota

MICROBIOLOGY AT MINNESOTA

Microbiology at Minnesota has been From the beginning, faculty have studied distinguished from the beginning by the bacteria, viruses, and fungi relevant to breadth of the microorganisms studied important infectious diseases, from and by the disciplines and sub-disciplines early studies of diphtheria and rabies, represented in the research and teaching of through poliomyelitis, streptococcal and the faculty. The Microbiology Department staphylococcal infection to the present itself, as an integral part of the Medical day, HIV/AIDS and co-morbidities, TB and School since the department’s inception cryptococcal infections, and influenza. in 1918-1919, has been distinguished Beyond medical microbiology, veterinary too by its breadth, serving historically microbiology, microbial physiology, as the organizational center for all industrial microbiology, environmental microbiological teaching and research microbiology and ecology, microbial for the whole University. Thus, an all- genetics, microbial development, and University Microbiology Department, pharmaceutical microbiology all run contributing to the basic science education through the history of Microbiology and of medical students, nurses, and medical Immunology at the University of Minnesota. technologists, as well as offering courses to students in liberal arts, biological sciences, agriculture, engineering, chemistry and technology, is one of the foundational concepts and themes in the history of Microbiology Before 1918 microbiology at Minnesota. A substantial history of bacteriology The breadth of the faculty’s teaching and in Minnesota predates establishment research linking fundamental and applied of the Department of Bacteriology and science to address important health and Immunology separate from the Department societal needs is also a consistent theme in of Pathology, Bacteriology and Public the history of the Medical School Department Health in October 1918. Dr. Charles N. of Microbiology and Immunology. Hewitt, who was primarily a bacteriologist, played a key role in persuading the Minnesota State Legislature to establish a State Board of Health in 1872 and was its first Director.

2. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology at Minnesota

Hewitt at the time lived in Red Wing, MN in the new building and began offering where his laboratory tested the safety of a course in bacteriology to the medical water, milk, cheese and other foods. Hewitt students by the spring of 1896. was the first to inoculate heifers to harvest virus for smallpox vaccination and was The State Board of Health also appointed perhaps the first to bring a microscope Wesbrook as their bacteriologist and to MN in 1879. Hewitt, along with Perry director of the bacteriological laboratory Millard and President Northrup, was also co-housed in the new building where instrumental in establishing the College Wesbrook directed the work of both of Medicine in 1888 with Millard as the laboratories on rabies, typhoid fever, and Dean, and J. Clark Stewart as Head of the diphtheria. Wesbrook became known Department of Pathology, Bacteriology state-wide by physicians and lay people and Public Health, the latter tasked with alike for the valuable research into rabies teaching “hygiene or the art of prolonging and diphtheria that he had directed and life in health,” with the first formal course in the common-sense approach he had bacteriology in 1892 taught with Thomas G. advocated for control of these public health Lee as the instructor. problems. Wesbrook was also responsible for the revision and growth of curriculum In 1895, the Minnesota legislature in laboratory medicine, revision of the appropriated $40,000 for building a new courses on bacteriology and pathology and the laboratory for pathology, bacteriology, lecture and laboratory course in which third histology, and embryology. Dr. Frank F. year medical students would prepare their Wesbrook, a Canadian who at the time own cultures of pathogenic bacteria from Microbiology Before 1918 was at Cambridge University, was hired diseased tissues and would learn to distinguish as Professor of bacteriology and adjunct pathogenic bacteria from other forms. Professor of pathology. Wesbrook established a bacteriology laboratory

Charles Hewitt Frank Wesbrook Bacteriology culture room in the Laboratory of Medical Sciences, 1896

3. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology at Minnesota

When the third-year students began to take Wesbrook’s laboratory course in the fall of 1898, they found that the preparation of culture media and the growing of bacterial cultures required long hours in the laboratory. The October 1899 issue of the student publication The Ariel noted that bacteriology was keeping the third- year students in the laboratory until nearly six o’clock, but that they found the work very interesting. A month later The Ariel commented enthusiastically:

Dr. Wesbrook is giving the Juniors a very interesting and instructive course “ in bacteriology. Medical students cannot too fully realize the important part in medicine played by this particular branch. Without it in many cases, precision in diagnosis would be entirely lost .... We are very fortunate in having one of the most thoroughly equipped laboratories in America, and all should embrace the exceptional opportunities there offered. ” The Board of Regents appointed Wesbrook as the first full time dean of the college in 1906, selecting a man who had built up his Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Public Health from essentially nothing to make it recognized as one of the strongest in both teaching and research to be found in the United States. Wesbrook served as Dean until his resignation in 1913 to accept the Presidency of the new University of British Columbia.

4. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial New Beginnings

NEW BEGINNINGS

With the continued development and specialization of bacteriology and immunology, the Medical School and University decided to create a separate department from pathology, bacteriology and public health, with Winford P. Larson (1880-1947) as head.

Larson had joined the faculty in 1911 to take over teaching bacteriology from Dean Wesbrook. In establishing the new department, Larson brought Dr. Arthur T. Henrici (1889-1943) with him from their previous department of pathology, bacteriology and public health, and within Winford P. Larson a few years added Robert G. Green and H. O. Halvorson, having identified these Bacteriology for Students of Agriculture” talented faculty at early stages of their “Household Bacteriology.” “Morphology and careers: Green when he was a medical Taxonomy of Bacteria,” “Bacteriological student, and Halvorson while he was Chemistry” “Pathogenic Protozoa” and seeking his Master’s degree in Chemical “Industrial Bacteriology.” Engineering. In consultation with Dr. Selman Waksman, Larson recruited one Larson served for 29 years as head of of Waksman’s students, Dr. Robert Starkey, the department. While his research on to develop a program in soil bacteriology. developing toxoids against diphtheria and When Starkey rejoined Waksman at staphylococcal toxins was important, his Rutgers University, Larson replaced him major contribution was recruiting talented with another Waksman protégé, Dr. Charles faculty and giving them the freedom and Skinner. The broad sweep of the faculty’s support to flourish, establishing Minnesota’s research on dental caries, fungi and microbiology department’s national mycotic infections, microflora of lakes, viral reputation and rankings just behind Harvard diseases of animals, soil microbiology and and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. industrial microbiology exemplify the all University character of the department, as did the curriculum in the 1920s: “Special

5. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial New Beginnings

Larson Lectureship, the Ordals and University Nepotism Rules

Larson is now remembered in the Larson Lectureship, the department’s principal honorary lectureship, made possible by a generous gift from Larson’s daughter, Lorna Ordal. Harlyn Halvorson, H. O. Halvorson’s son, relates the story that when Lorna Larson married Erling Ordal, a faculty member at the time in Larson’s department, the University’s nepotism rules required either Larson himself or the Ordals to leave the University. Erling, as you might guess, Larson Lecturers opted to leave and took a position at the University of Washington. The Table at right Barry Bloom, MD 1996 lists the remarkably distinguished Larson John J. Mekalanos, PhD 1997 Lecturers including two Nobel laureates (*). Stanley Falkow, PhD 1998 Julian E. Davies, PhD 1999 Richard Losick, PhD 2000 Moselio Schaechter, PhD 2001 Thomas Shenk, PhD 2003 Norman Pace, PhD 2005 Stanley Prusiner, MD* 2006 Michael B.A. Oldstone, MD 2006 Rita R. Colwell, PhD 2009 J. Michael Bishop, MD* 2010 Claire Fraser-Liggett, PhD 2011 Beatrice H. Hahn, MD 2014 Max D. Cooper, MD 2016 Sir John Skehel, PhD 2018 Margaret McFall-Ngai, PhD 2019

6. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Milestones in Microbiology

MILESTONES IN MICROBIOLOGY

In 2019, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) will designate the University of Minnesota as an ASM Milestones in Microbiology Site. The University faculty whose contributions figured most prominently in the department’s application for this award are so noted in the faculty descriptions that follow.

Milestone: artist—one of his watercolors still graces the current department’s “living room”— Biofilms, Freshwater and a virtuosic flutist. He was in his Microbial Ecology, Molds, time called “America’s Bacteriologist” by Dr. René Dubos for work spanning Yeasts and Actinomycetes medical microbiology; yeasts, fungi and actinomycetes; biofilms; and freshwater Arthur T. Henrici microbial ecology. (1889-1943) Henrici graduated at the head of his medical school class at the University of Pittsburgh in 1911 and came to the University of Minnesota in 1913 to spend his entire career on the bacteriology faculty. Henrici began his career by studying infections of the gums and teeth because of the connections known at the time to acute rheumatic fever, chronic rheumatism and bacterial endocarditis. Henrici and his collaborator Dr. Thomas Hartzell in the dental college substantiated the link between streptococci and rheumatic fever Dr. Arthur T. Henrici was a Renaissance and between Streptococcus viridans and man of diverse talents, who made major bacterial endocarditis. More generally, contributions across a broad swath their studies documented the importance of microbiology. Henrici won prizes in of teeth as a portal of entry for systemic photography, national rifle competition, infections in careful characterization of steel etching, and was an accomplished

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oral flora and the vascular and lymphatic routes by which the particularly predominant streptococci could be disseminated.

Henrici’s studies of actinomycetes began in 1921 when he was asked to identify the cause of an unusual pneumonia, which he showed to be caused by a new species of Actinomyces. Subsequent studies with shaped, a bacillus; and if rod-shaped with Gardner and Nelson of the characteristics a spiral twist, a spirillum. By showing that of the actinomycetes and fungi culminated bacterial cells were changing in form at all in a monograph, “Molds, yeasts, and stages of their growth, Henrici shook the actinomyctes” that was considered a foundations of bacterial classification. classic in the field 15 years after his death. During the 1920s, Henrici also initiated During the late 1920s, in collaborative basic studies on bacterial morphological studies of tularemia with Robert G. Green variation and the relationship of the shape on an island in Lake Alexander not far from of bacteria to their growth rate that resulted Wadena where Green was born, Henrici in his 1928 monograph, “Morphologic became more interested in bacteria living in variation and the rate of growth of bacteria”, the lake water. He had earlier noticed that which established his international if he put a microscope slide in an aquarium reputation as a bacteriologist. in his lab at the University and stained the slide, there was a thin film of micro colonies The two key insights from this work were of bacteria growing on the slide, which he first, that the size and shape of bacterial called “benthic” distinguishable from freely cells varies with the stage of growth; and, floating planktonic cells: “It is quite evident second, that size and shape varies with that for the most part the water bacteria the rate of growth. In his own words: “In are not free floating organisms, but grow this work I shall show that, contrary to the on submerged surfaces; they are of the orthodox teaching, the cells of bacteria benthos rather than the plancton”, likely the are constantly changing in size and form earliest description of what we now call and structure; but that instead of these biofilms.Henrici repeated the aquarium changes occurring in a haphazard or experiment in the waters of Lake Alexander, meaningless fashion, or instead of being using glass slides attached to a wire and phases in a rather vague and complex anchored to the bottom of the lake with life cycle, they occur with great regularity easily visible floats and signs requesting and are governed by simple laws…” Since that curious passers-by leave them the pioneering bacteriological work of undisturbed. The 1932 photo illustrates Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch fifty both retrieving the slides and support for years earlier, species of bacteria had been minority microbiologists, here C. W. Buggs, recognized by their shape. If their cell a PhD candidate under Green who became were spherical, they were a coccus; if rod- the first black bacteriologist trained at the

8. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Milestones in Microbiology

University of Minnesota, and the first black Beyond his extraordinary scientific PhD microbiologist to hold faculty rank in achievements, Henrici was a teacher a non-historically black college/university without peer whose textbook Biology (Wayne State University Medical School) of Bacteria went through three editions. (ASM News 1997;63:77-82). He served as President of the Society of American Bacteriologists (now the Buggs went on to chair the Microbiology American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Department of Howard University Medical in 1939. School before moving to California for a distinguished academic and influential career, where he was responsible for obtaining federal funding for science education centers at historically black colleges and universities. The California Legislature proclaimed September 4, 1997 “Dr. Charles W. Buggs Day” to honor his role as a guiding light for many black physicians and scientists.

In papers on freshwater bacteria, Henrici and D. E. Johnson described stalked bacteria (see Figure at right) including the genus Caulobacter, which became a favored microbe for studying development and morphogenesis. More generally, Henrici’s work provided glimpses of the remarkable diversity of bacteria living in freshwater lakes.

The Henrici Society for Microbiologists, was organized by former students at the 1949 Annual Meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists held in Minneapolis, and first led by Jim Jezeski and J. Olson and then S. Gaylen Bradley. The Henrici Society aims to perpetuate Henrici’s memory and the camaraderie generated at the 1949 meeting by holding informal dinners three to four times a year.

Dr. Henrici and Students. Courtesy ASM Archives 9. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Milestones in Microbiology

At these dinners, microbiologists in Minnesota can enjoy conversation together and a dinner followed by a Milestone: lecture on microbiological topics of Virus Infections of interest to academia and industry. There was also a “Henrici Memorial Animals, First Adenovirus Library” in the Mayo Memorial Building where students and staff had access Robert G. Green to the latest periodicals and books and (1895-1947) where seminars were held. Dr. Henrici’s microscope, given to him by his father, was housed in the Henrici Library. Known as Zentmayer’s “Grand American,” the scope, dated 1862, is among a very few of its kind still in existence, and now resides in a memorial cabinet in the current Department of Microbiology and Immunology’s home in the Microbiology Research Facility (MRF).

Dr. Robert Green graduated from the U of MN Medical School in 1922 and joined the new Department of Bacteriology and Immunology where Larson encouraged him to pursue his interest in diseases of animals that grew out of his boyhood experiences trapping and hunting in Northern Minnesota. Green certainly qualifies as one of the foundational figures in animal virus infections of economic importance and is credited with saving the Minnesota fur industry and for the discovery of the first adenovirus, infectious canine hepatitis virus. Green became interested in diseases of silver fox and mink on the

10. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Milestones in Microbiology

large fur farms of the Fromm Brothers the department’s history. In his tribute, in Wisconsin. Because of their value at Nobel Laureate Peyton Rous said of Green: the time, complete genetic, dietary and “Green was a shy warmhearted man whom fatality records of thousands of foxes science emboldened. Patient in act, he were available to enable Green to carry was restless in thought, as becomes the out studies of diseases of silver foxes discoverer. Jenner and John Hunter would with a thoroughness that could not have have liked him well.” (Science 1949;109:93) been possible in the study of diseases of any other animal. Green’s studies led first to the discovery of a new virus disease called fox encephalitis and to control measures based on his studies Halvor Orin Halvorson that nearly eliminated the loss of 12 to (1897-1975) 20 percent of the foxes each year. Fur farmers also lost at times a third of their foxes to canine distemper, representing losses of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Green adopted the successful approach in developing an effective yellow fever vaccine by attenuating canine distemper virus passage through ferrets. The attenuated virus proved harmless, and Green established the Fromm Laboratories to produce an effective vaccine to protect foxes and dogs.

As a virologist, Green was known for his theory that “viruses come into existence by degeneration or simplification from visible microbes through a retrograde evolutionary process, and that the virus diseases Shortly after assuming the headship, of today are the lineal descendants of Larson sought to better represent the microbic diseases of ages gone by” chemistry, physical chemistry, and (Science 1935;82:2132). And, for starting industrial bacteriology in the new polio research at Minnesota: Dr. H. 0. department, and in 1922 successfully Halvorson: “much of the credit’’ for the recruited H. O. Halvorson while Halvorson recent concentrated isolation of the human was working on his M.S. in chemical polio virus “should go to Dr. Robert G. Green, engineering. Halvorson continued graduate late head of the Bacteriology Department. He work in Bacteriology at Minnesota, started us on polio research.” receiving the Ph.D. in 1928, and was a member of the bacteriology faculty until When Dr. Larson died on January 1, 1947, 1949 when he was appointed head of the Green became head of the department Bacteriology Department at the University in March but died in September, thus of Illinois, and later the first Director of its serving as head for the shortest time in School of Life Sciences.

11. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Milestones in Microbiology

By 1925, Halvorson had established Industrial Bacteriology with research and teaching on fermentation, production of alcohols, acetone and acetic acid and the bacteriology of tanning and flax-retting (microbial degradation enabling separation of fibers from the woody core). Halvorson’s research interests, however, were broad, and included applications of statistical methods to microbiology; chemical and sanitary engineering; immunology; chemistry of soaps and antiseptics; virology (purification of poliovirus); and bacterial physiology. He published two books: Quantitative Bacteriology, (1933) by H. Orin Halvorson and N.R. Ziegler, and The Physiology of the Bacterial Spore (1958) by H. Orin Halvorson.

Halvorson’s son, Harlyn, reminiscences in “Two generations of spore research: from father to son” (Microbiologia. 1997; Jun;13(2):131) on the influence his father had on his professional career, shared interests in bacterial and yeast spores and bacterial spore germination and his [Harlyn’s] leadership of the Marine Biological Laboratories at Woods Hole. Dr. Halvorson’s service to ASM was extensive. H.O. Halvorson served as the President of the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1955, one of only two father and son ASM Presidents (Harlyn, in 1977). The senior Halvorson was also the first Chairman of the Board of Governors of the American Academy of Microbiology (1955-58); and first Chairman of the American Board of Microbiology (1958-65). He was the Local Chairman in 1948 for the 48th Annual Convention for the Society of American Bacteriologists (now the ASM). The collage of The Incubator from May of 1948 reflects the character and humor of the 1948 Meeting in Minneapolis.

12. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Milestones in Microbiology

13. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

GROWTH AND EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

viruses for which he received the Lilly Award in bacteriology in 1938. Syverton was briefly head of the Department of Jerome T. Syverton, MD Microbiology at Louisiana State University (1907-1961) School of Medicine before coming to Minnesota, where he was head from 1948 until his death in 1961.

At Minnesota, Syverton continued his research on cell culture systems for studies on the interactions between viruses and cells relevant to both cancer and poliomyelitis. At the time of his death, Syverton had been appointed Chairman by the National Cancer Advisory Council of the National Cancer Institute of a committee to establish a national animal cell-culture collection and was honored posthumously with a Memorial Symposium on this topic published as a National Cancer Institute Following Green’s death, Jerome Monograph. Syverton was recruited in 1948 to head the department. Syverton received his One seminal contribution at Minnesota MD from Harvard University School of from the Syverton era was the discovery Medicine in 1931 and, after internship with John Holland, a postdoctoral and residency at Duke University fellow, and Assistant and then Associate Hospital, went to the Rockefeller Professor Lee McLaren, that poliovirus Institute for Medical Research for RNA could infect non-primate cells that training in virology. Subsequently, as the intact virus could not. This discovery a faculty member of the Department showed that the block to poliovirus of Bacteriology at the University of infection in non-primate cells was due to Rochester, Syverton did fundamental the absence of specific receptors. and pioneering work on papilloma

14. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

Syverton’s leadership and tenure was remarkable for the continued expansion of the department across the major disciplines of microbiology; and for the exceptional faculty he recruited, six of whom later become heads of microbiology departments—Dr. Herman Lichstein, University of Cincinnati, 1961; Dr. William Scherer, Cornell University Medical School, 1962; Dr. Lee C. McLaren, University of New Mexico, 1964; Dr. John Holland, University of California at Irvine, 1964; Dr. S. Gaylen Bradley, Medical College of Virginia, 1968; and Dr. Dennis Watson, University of Minnesota, 1964.

William Scherer Herman C. Lichstein (1918-1995) Scherer received the Theobald Smith Award of the AAAS in 1959 for contributions to medical science by a person under thirty- Lichstein was a leading figure in the five years of age, and served as President development of Microbial Physiology with of the American Society of Tropical prominent contributions to microbial biotin Medicine and Hygiene in 1981. S. Gaylen metabolism, nutrition and physiology. He Bradley writes: “I think of Scherer in terms was an elected AAAS Fellow, honorary of his leadership in arthropod borne member of the ASM, and member and viruses. When I arrived in the Mayo building Chair of the American Academy of in 1956, there were rooms of deep freezers Microbiology (AAM) Board of Governors. with his samples from birds and Syverton’s poliovirus samples.” Scherer left the University of Minnesota in 1962 to become Professor and Chairman of the Department of Microbiology at Cornell University William F. Scherer Medical College, a position he held until his (1925-1982) death in 1982.

Scherer was known for his pioneering work in tissue culture and growth of poliovirus and many other viruses in vitro; classic studies of the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Japan and was a leader in research on Venezuelan encephalitis virus.

15. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

Leroy “Lee” C. McLaren, Jr. John J. Holland (1924-2015) (1929-2013)

After distinguished service in the U.S. Army Holland continued his pioneering work on Air Corps during World War II, McLaren cell receptors as the major determinants earned a PhD in 1953 from the University of the tissue tropisms of enteroviruses of California-Los Angeles. He was an described above for which he was awarded instructor at UCLA for 2 years and initially the ASM Eli Lilly Award in 1963. In 1964, came to Minnesota on a 2-year leave Holland became the founding Chair of the from UCLA to collaborate on Syverton’s Department of Molecular and Cell Biology poliovirus studies. Interestingly, at the at UC Irvine where he co-discovered how time, his UCLA department head A.F. enteroviruses and other positive strand RNA Rasmussen, Jr., noted that “we will have viruses generate smaller functional proteins to replace Lee at the Instructor level, at a by cleavage of a large polyprotein precursor. salary of about $5,000 per year. This salary is so much lower than the salary scale at the Holland’s best-known contemporary Midwestern and Eastern institutions that I contribution in virology is the concept of the realize that we may have some difficulty.” rapid evolution of RNA virus genomes and viral quasi-species, and he is honored by a McLaren became an Assistant Professor Lecture in his name at the annual meeting in 1955 and was promoted to Associate of the American Society of Virology (ASV). Professor in 1959. McLaren left Minnesota in 1964 to become the first chairman of the Department of Microbiology at the newly established University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He served as chair until S. Gaylen Bradley, PhD 1976, and remained on the faculty at New Mexico until his retirement in 1990. His Following a postdoctoral fellowship with replacement as chair was Joseph Scaletti, Joshua Lederberg at the University of who McLaren had recruited from the Wisconsin, Bradley was hired by Syverton in University of Minnesota to be the second 1956 to add a microbial geneticist to the faculty faculty member in his new department. who could also teach medical mycology.

McLaren’s chief interests and scientific Bradley describes his twelve years and contributions as noted above were in the three Chairs at the University of Minnesota susceptibility or resistance of different as follows: cell types to viral infection and the early understanding of the role of receptors on “I served under Jerome T. Syverton, John the cell surface in defining these host cell Spizizen and Dennis Watson. I think tropisms, particularly for poliovirus. Syverton’s key contribution was recognition that most HeLa cells nationally were contaminated or replaced with L-cell

16. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

and contaminated with mycoplasma. I actinomycetes had expanded to include the continued my research on streptomycetes genus Nocardia, characterization of their genetics, and developed courses in DNA, and studies on antibiotic-resistance. microbial genetics, general mycology and In 1968 Dennis made me aware of a medical mycology, the latter for medical unique opportunity at the then Medical and medical technology students. I was College of Virginia (MCV), which earlier had given a courtesy appointment in the recruited two faculty from the University of Department of Botany, which recognized Minnesota. I accepted the position as chair the General Mycology course in its of Microbiology and Immunology at MCV, curriculum. My research expanded to a part of the new Virginia Commonwealth include actinophage biology, and my first University, in August 1968. Dennis had PhD student, Dwight L. Anderson, played reservations about my ability to adapt a key role in this project. Actinophages are to the Virginia culture and did not fill the quite stable and had been purified at high vacancy for a year, until all of my UMN concentration, leading to a joint project students graduated. Two of my newly with Dennis Watson and Robert A. Good recruited students, Lynn W. Enquist and using actinophage as the antigen in a William C. Rose re-located with me.” highly sensitive assay to detect an immune response in chickens, mice and miniature swine. Jerome T. Syverton encouraged me to look for mutants in cultured human cells; and a panel that grew with some mono- and di-saccharides and not others, were developed. These variants were shown to be mutants able to transport low levels of glucose contaminating commercially available mono- and di-saccharides.”

“After Syverton’s untimely and unexpected death, I made three recommendations for chair: Joshua Lederberg, Dennis Watson, and John Spizizen. The University had finally accepted that microbial genetics Bradley talking to new graduate student Lynn Enquist in was here to stay and selected the younger 1967. Photo courtesy of S.G. Bradley. John Spizizen, [who] strengthened the research environment for molecular Lynn Enquist, past President of the ASV biology and microbial genetics. When and ASM, and currently Hillman Professor Dennis Watson became chair in 1964, our in Molecular Biology at Princeton University, collaboration on the onset of the immune writes of Bradley, “I was a graduate response in germ-free hysterectomy- student with Dr. S. Gaylen Bradley, first derived piglets, with my group assaying at the U of MN. from 1967 to 1968 and for an immune response and Yoon Berm then with him at the Medical College Kim characterizing the immunoglobulins, of Virginia from 1968-1971. Dr. Bradley was well-established and productive. was instrumental in teaching me how to My projects on the molecular biology of

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do research, how to write, and focusing Bacteriology and Soils course numbers. my future career in molecular biology. I When Schmidt first arrived at the University of gave a short talk in 1966 at an ASM branch Minnesota in 1949, poliomyelitis was a major meeting in Iowa on my first experiments public health concern, and Schmidt joined in molecular biology–trying to extract DNA Syverton’s large poliovirus research program from mycobacteria. I rode in an elevator to investigate possible uptake of the virus by with Dr. Bradley, who was well known to me plants growing in polio‑contaminated soil was as a famous streptomyces geneticist (one a factor in the epidemiology of the disease. of his mentors was Joshua Lederberg!) and The Minnesota Department of Health, with someone important in the leadership of ASM. its own studies underway, offered Schmidt Out of the blue, he said that he enjoyed my funding at the same time to study soil talk and was wondering if I had considered nitrification and nitrate accumulation in south going to grad school. With no hesitation, central and southwestern Minnesota, due I told him I was ready to join his lab at the to recent outbreaks of blue baby syndrome. University of Minnesota. After almost two That research grant initiated Schmidt’s years of coursework and research, Dr. Bradley career-long interest in the nitrification process told me he was considering leaving the U of by specialized soil bacteria, the autotrophic Minn for a position at the Medical College nitrifiers, that decompose soil organic of Virginia in Richmond and asked if I would matter. Schmidt discovered heterotrophic consider moving with him. I had rarely been nitrification by Aspergillus and subsequently east of the Mississippi, so I enthusiastically became one of the world’s experts on agreed. He gave me enormous freedom chemoautolithotrophs and their ecology to try new things, set up new expensive in soil systems. Schmidt also developed equipment (for example, switching from a immunofluorescent methods for the Nuclear Chicago gas flow counter to a state characterization of soil microbes and taught of the art scintillation counter), and helping both general and soil microbiology. organize new courses. Dr. Bradley’s energy, enthusiasm, drive to try new things, selfless Syverton’s recruitments enlarged the research commitment to his profession, community, portfolio of the department and enabled the and his students were indelibly imprinted in department to compete successfully in the my mind. I would not be where I am today era of formalized government support of without his influence and support.” research and graduate training in basic and clinical microbiology. The Department was While virology figured prominently in also able to expand the curriculum to include Syverton’s department, he was interested “General Mycology,” “Viruses and Rickettsia, as well in restoring soil microbiology to the “Principles of Infectious Diseases” “Medical department as it had been under Larson, Mycology,” “The Fungi Imperfecti,” ‘’Virus who had hired Robert Starkey and then Diseases of Plants,” “Bacterial Metabolism” Charles Skinner, when Starkey returned to and “Microbial Genetics”. Selman Waksman’s laboratory at Rutgers. Edwin (Ed) Schmidt, who was also a student of Waksman, was recruited to the department and as an affiliate of the Division of Soils where he taught an upper division lecture‑laboratory course, jointly offered with

18. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

Gerhard K. Brand, MD (1922-2013)

Dr. Brand joined the faculty in 1958. personnel capable of directing a clinical He came to Minnesota from Germany laboratory. Dr. Brand transferred his with expertise in tropical medicine. medical school teaching responsibilities to His immunological studies focused on Dr. Schlievert in 1985 and retired in 1988. influenza antigens and abnormal antigens in virus-infected cells; his cell biology studies were directed to differences in normal and cancer cells, mouse sarcoma carcinogenesis and cell aging.

Peter Plagemann writes: “When I came in John Spizizen 1965, he was director of the Clinical Lab, (1917-2010) which was still part of the Microbiology Department. The department was rather small at the time, only the 9th and 10th floor [Mayo]. Bernlohr (later Faras), Dworkin, myself and Muschel (later Zissler) were located on one end of the 9th floor (very tiny labs) and the washing faculties and the clinical lab on the other end.” Dr. Brand left the U of MN for one year to take the position of Professor and Director of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Dusseldorf in Germany.

“After he came back, his research concerned foreign body induced tumorigenesis.” Gaylen Bradley writes: “His wife, [Dr.] Inge Brand worked with him [as an unpaid volunteer]. I considered their work on implants as a risk factor in cancer development and in Dr. Syverton died in early 1961 and was inflammation to be pioneering.” succeeded as head in the fall by Dr. John Spizizen. The department name was Brand had primary responsibility for changed to the Department of Microbiology teaching microbiology to medical students. to reflect the breadth of research on viruses In the early 1970’s he was also the first and fungi as well as bacteria. Spizizen had director, albeit briefly, of the department’s worked with Max Delbruck, a founder of new Medical Microbiology Training molecular biology and Nobel Prize winner, Program, designed to produce MS-degreed and was at the time of his appointment

19. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

an associate professor of microbiology During Spizizen’s tenure, the Department at the Western Reserve University (later, of Microbiology grew to more than 20 Case Western) in Cleveland, already well full time staff members (Table 1) through known for his work on DNA transformation new hires and joint appointments of by B. subtilis. Spizizen left the University faculty broadly representative of the many of Minnesota in 1964 to found the Division specialized fields in microbiology, including of Microbiology at the Scripps Clinic virology, immunology, microbial genetics, cell and Research Foundation, and in 1979, physiology, and soil microbiology, embracing moved to Arizona where he was the head Henrici’s guiding precept that “bacteriology of the Department of Microbiology at the has distinctly suffered from a too sharp University of Arizona Medical School until division of the science.” his retirement in 1988.

Table 1. Department of Microbiology 1961-1964

Faculty Special Field

John Spizizen Microbial Genetics Dwight L. Anderson* Morphology & Genetics Robert Bernlohr* Special Field Microbial Physiology & Metabolism S. Gaylen Bradley Microbial Genetics Gerhard Brand Immunology & Cell Biology Brooks D. Church Microbial Physiology Martin Dworkin Morphogenesis, Physiology J. Jezeski* General & Applied Microbiology Robert Good* Immunology Ronald Hinz Morphology & Virology Russell C. Johnson Pathogenic Spirochetes LeRoy McLaren Virology: host tropisms/viral entry Louis Muschel Immunology J. Olson* General & Applied Microbiology James Prince Cell Culture & Virology Palmer Rogers Microbial Physiology J. Scaletti* General Microbiology Edwin L. Schmidt* Soil Microbiology Richard E. Shope Virology/Papilloma viruses Joseph St. Geme* Virology John Verna Virology/virus genetic recombination Dennis Watson Immunology, Immunochemistry * Joint Appointment or Associate Staff. From the December,1963 Medical Bulletin of the University of Minnesota

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Faculty Research and Teaching

Spizizen continued his research on and suppressor-sensitive mutants of competence for DNA transformation in ø29. We mapped the genes, identified studies of cell wall determinants for DNA and isolated gene products, and uptake; viral control of cell metabolism identified the intermediates in assembly. and the genetics of viral replication; and Recognition that genetic and biochemical antibiotic production & resistance. study would not enable a complete characterization of ø29, I recruited world- Dwight Anderson was S. Gaylen Bradley’s class collaborators in Michael Rossmann, first PhD student. Anderson writes: expert in X-ray crystallography and “From 1957-1961, I isolated hundreds of cryo-EM reconstruction, and Carlos bacteriophages of Actinomycetacea, Bustamante, a leader in single molecule initiated the first study of microbes biophysics. Together with students in by electron microscopy at UMN, and our combined labs, and with continuous worked with Bradley on Streptomyces grant support from NIH and/or NSF over genetics. My use of EM resulted in five decades, we published about 140 collaborations with John Spizizen, Mary papers on ø29 structure and assembly, Pollock, Russell Johnson, Bob Bernlohr, many in top journals like Nature and Cell; and others in Microbiology. In 1962, I one NIH grant ran for 39 consecutive was appointed Assistant Professor in years and included a MERIT award. We Dentistry and jointly in Microbiology- developed the world-champion in vitro Immunology by Spizizen. Spizizen’s viral DNA packaging system and used enthusiasm for bacteriophage biology fit molecular tweezers to determine the rate with my interests in phage genetics and of single molecule DNA packaging in real assembly, and I continued collaboration time and the force generated by the ø29 with Spizizen and his students at the packaging motor, which is 10-times more Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation powerful than muscle myosin. Phage in La Jolla.” ø29 is a premier model for study of viral assembly.” “My life’s work came into sharp focus in 1965 when Spizizen’s student Bernard Robert W. Bernlohr earned his PhD at Reilly and I discovered the small phage Ohio State in 1958 and was recruited to ø29 in a marathon around the clock the U of MN in 1961 along with Palmer EM visualization of 60 new Bacillus Rogers and Martin Dworkin. The three subtilis phage isolates. We knew that became lifelong friends and popularized ø29 carried only about 20 genes on the Friday “beer and science” group double-stranded DNA, and we dreamed meetings that dominated the 1960’s. of a complete characterization of the Bernlohr’s research focused on bacterial 30-minute replication cycle of ø29 in metabolism and biochemical changes molecular terms. Reilly joined my lab, and that occurred during the transition from we isolated ~1,000 temperature-sensitive vegetative growth to spore formation.

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With a primary focus on Bacillus species, Martin Dworkin’s Milestone research on Bernlohr and colleagues evaluated multicellular bacterial development and spore formation and structure, protein behavior is described on p. 25 in detail. synthesis, transport of amino acids Dworkin taught microbial physiology and and glucose, nitrogen and amino acid advanced general microbiology. metabolism and antibiotic synthesis. Bernlohr also published several high J. J. Jezeski and J. Olson in the College impact-papers on novel analytical of Agriculture studied the utilization and methodologies including determination control of important microbes in the 18 of protein degradation rates using [ O] dairy and food industries and advised labeling and quantitation of amino acid microbiology graduate students. nitrogen.

In his second major research theme, Robert A. Good was jointly appointed Bernlohr joined forces with other medical in the Departments of Pediatrics school leaders such as Bill Krivit, Finn and Microbiology. Good’s Milestone Wold and John Najarian to study inborn contributions to Immunology are errors in human metabolism and the described below. Good supervised potential use of transplantation as a Microbiology graduate students, taught strategy towards enzyme replacement immunology to medical students, therapy. Bernlohr taught microbial and led a weekly seminar program metabolism in the Departments of in immunobiology co-sponsored by Microbiology and Biochemistry. He left the Departments of Microbiology and Minnesota in 1974 for a position as chair of the biochemistry department at Penn Pediatrics. State, University Park, where he also contributed to the development of the Life Sciences Consortium/Huck Institute. Gaylen Bradley writes: “He [Bernlohr] continued to contribute to research until at least 1991. Later he volunteered to help international graduate students and postdoctoral scholars complete income tax forms. He came to Penn State Hershey where I was 1999-2011 at tax filing time to help our international trainees.”

Brooks D. Church received his PhD in 1955 from the University of Michigan in the laboratory of Dr. Harlyn Halvorson. Church was hired by Spizizen in 1962 and studied bacterial cell wall structure and episomes in sporulation. He resigned in 1966.

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Milestone: immunity. These fundamental studies, and others from Good’s lab showing that Immunology: Lymphocytes and the Bursa (B) of Fabricius of birds or bone Bone Marrow Transplantation marrow of mammals was also required for humoral immunity, laid the foundation Robert A. Good for an explosion of research on the roles (1922-2003) that thymus-derived (T) and B lymphocytes play in the adaptive immune response. The Good team then used their basic understanding of lymphocyte development to perform the first successful allogeneic human bone marrow transplant. Good’s research achievements earned him a Regents Professorship, election to the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Gairdner Award, and the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award. Good also served the scientific community as the fifty-ninth president of the American Association of Immunologists after moving to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

Good was one of UMN’s most decorated scholars and native sons. Born in Crosby, Louis H. Muschel MN, Good graduated as one of UMN’s first (1916-2005) MD/PhD students in 1947 and became a UMN faculty member in 1950 as an Muschel received his PhD from Yale instructor of pediatrics. He rapidly rose University in 1953 while serving in the U.S. to the rank of professor of pediatrics Army Medical Service Corps. He continued in 1954 and was jointly appointed as a work on the formation of bacterial protoplasts professor of microbiology in 1962. Good by serum components at the Walter Reed and his colleagues made ground-breaking Army Institute of Research and joined the discoveries during a remarkable period at UMN faculty in 1964. Muschel’s research the UMN in the 1960’s. Along with Jacques focused on Gram-negative bacterial killing by Miller in Australia, they demonstrated that antibody, complement and lysozyme and he the thymus gland was critical for cellular taught a course in basic immunology. He left immunity and were the first to show that the university in 1971 for a position with the the thymus was also required for humoral American Cancer Society in New York.

23. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Department Growth

Marty Dworkin and Palmer Rogers. Rogers taught an undergraduate course James T. Prince and laboratory in Microbial Physiology with a Graduate Level Lecture. The latter (1920-2001) course was feared by all for the paper due Thursday of each week that required Prince joined the department in 1957 as a scientific argument around a specific an Instuctor, was hired as an Assistant question to be addressed with significant Professor in 1964, and promoted to depth and detail. The College of Biological Associate Professor in 1970. He studied Sciences offers a scholarship in Dr. Rogers Shope papilloma virus tumor regression name to students that show exceptional and vitro cell assay systems for the virus. effort in the field of Microbiology.” Prince was to assume responsibility for the Departmental teaching laboratory and the “Dr. Rogers was truly a philosopher-poet laboratory courses taught therein; he was with a streak of impatience. He was also Director of Graduate Studies for the fascinated by the earth and its inhabitants MS Degree in Medical Microbiology until his large and small. His morning discussions in retirement in 1988. the lab about society, the economy and the environment brought students from every floor to the Rogers lab for early morning coffee. He had very high expectations of Palmer Rogers himself and his students, which he made (1927-2002) known with a dry and sometimes cutting wit. He had a deep and thorough knowledge Former graduate student Pamela Contag of bacterial physiology which, combined writes: “Professor Rogers came to the with his exacting scientific inquiry, made University of Minnesota in 1962, was him a first-class experimentalist. He loved promoted to full Professor in 1968, and traveling the world with his wife Donna, retired in 1999. His early research at the tennis, and early morning experiments time focused on bacterial luminescence, that often-included streaking plates for aldehyde formation, and E. coli DNA his students. He made a huge impact in replication. Rogers later would direct the field of microbiology in the areas of his research to industrial microbiology, prokaryotic transcription and translation specifically the mechanism of switching and pathway regulation. He also paved the from acidogenic to butanol-acetone way for the commercial scale production production by Clostridium acetobutylicum, of butanol and ethanol from biomass as in response to the energy crisis of the alternatives to fossil fuel. His principles for 1970’s. In 1990, researchers came together the regulation of the production of butanol for the first time at a specialist meeting are still being used today to make butanol organized by Nigel Minton, Palmer Rogers as a chemical feedstock.” and David Woods. It is their legacy that this meeting spawned the “Clostridium” series Russell C. Johnson did his PhD studies of meetings. In the same year, The Master’s on pathogenic spirochetes (Leptospira) at program in Microbial Engineering was the University of Wisconsin and, following conceived by Professors Arnie Fredrickson, postdoctoral studies at Fort Detrick

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in Maryland, joined the Department of dynamics of the two tick-borne infections, Microbiology in 1962 to do postdoctoral Lyme disease and human anaplasmosis, work with Palmer Rogers. He joined the at Fort Ripley, an international training faculty in 1964 and continued his research center in central Minnesota, demonstrated on the spirochetal diseases, leptospirosis, that it was a highly endemic area and relapsing fever and syphilis. Johnson would provided base-line data for the prevention later focus on an emerging vector-borne of these zoonotic diseases. Johnson was infection, Lyme disease. His laboratory Chairman of the V International Conference was the first to infect a laboratory animal on Lyme Borreliosis. He had joint research with the newly discovered tick-borne projects with members of the School of spirochete. They demonstrated that Dentistry and the Division of Infectious antibodies were protective, resulting in a Diseases. Johnson is a Fellow of the patent on the first Lyme disease vaccine. American Association for the Advancement Further examination of this spirochete of Science, American Academy for identified it as a new species of Borrelia (B. Microbiology and the Infectious Disease burgdorferi). Studies on the isolation and Society of America. He taught a general immunological-host defense mechanisms survey course in microbiology and medical resulted in improving the precision of microbiology for nurses and medical laboratory diagnostics. Transmission technologists. Johnson retired in 2008.

Milestone: Professor Dworkin was a near-professional musician and pre-eminent scholar in Multicellular Bacteria Microbiology who was elected to the Morphogenesis and Behavior American Academy of Arts and Sciences for his pioneering research on myxobacteria and Martin Dworkin, PhD broad impact on the entire prokaryotic field (1927-2014) of microbiology in illuminating multicellular behavior and cell-cell communication between bacteria described in the pictured monograph and illustration of a fruiting body:

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Myxobacteria self-organize into predatory with undergraduate and graduate “wolf-packs” swarms when food is students. His lectures were memorable abundant. Under starvation conditions, as were labs that included brewing myxobacteria undergo a multicellular beer, based on Dworkin’s belief that a development cycle to form a fruiting microbiologist should know how to brew body, such as the one pictured, which beer. His interest in applied microbiology contain the thick-walled spores that also manifested itself in his key role in will synchronously germinate by the the founding of the UMN Biotechnology thousands when food is again available to Institute in the 1980s. In addition to immediately begin cooperative feeding. his extensive research publications, his scholarship included 5 Books and Dworkin also engaged in productive numerous editorial posts including collaborations with UMN colleagues Editor-in-chief of The Prokaryotes from in Chemical Engineering such as Ken 1998-2008. His interest in the history of Keller, who became president of the Microbiology continued up to the time of University from 1985-1988. This work his death, including published biographical represented one of the first efforts to treatises on Sergei Winogradski and other apply more quantitative data analysis pioneers of the discipline. and mathematical modeling to microbial physiology research. Virtually all of the investigators who became leaders in the dramatic expansion of myxobacterial Dennis W. Watson, PhD research in the 1980s and 1990s spent time the Dworkin lab. In addition to (1914-2008) his contributions to the developmental biology of the myxobacteria, Dworkin played a seminal role in promoting the concept that multicellular behavior could be a key aspect of the biology of most if not all prokaryotes, which contributed to the explosion of research in microbial quorum sensing, biofilm development, and related topics, which continues today. He received numerous awards and honors, including a Guggenheim fellowship, the Sackler Scholar award from Tel Aviv University, election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Roger Porter Award for Microbial Dennis Watson was chosen to succeed Diversity from ASM. Spizizen and served as head of the department from 1964 to 1984. Watson Dworkin was the consummate teacher was born in Canada, educated at the for more than four decades, sharing not University of Toronto, received a master of only a body of knowledge, but also his science degree from Dalhousie University excitement and passion for microbiology and then did his PhD work on tuberculin

26. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology & Immunology 1964 - 1984

at the University of Wisconsin to which for use to protect allied soldiers in World he returned as an assistant professor in War II; development of a vaccine against the Department of Bacteriology. Watson epidemic typhus for possible use in subsequently joined the Department World War II; identification of Lipid A as of Bacteriology and Immunology at the the toxic component of Gram-negative University of Minnesota where he remained lipopolysaccharide; high antigen dose for the rest of his career. Watson was a immune paralysis; ontogeny of the immune Regents’ Professor, the highest honor response in germfree Minnesota miniature the University of Minnesota bestows piglets developed at the Hormel Institute, on its faculty, and served as President including studies with S. Gaylen Bradley of the ASM in 1969. His important on antibody formation to actinophages; research contributions (from Masters in purification, characterization, and genetic Medicine and notes from Pat Schlievert) control of the original streptococcal spanned microbiology and immunology: pyrogenic exotoxins (scarlet fever identification of immune defensins in toxins) serotypes A, B, and C, including blood; demonstration that the heptamer demonstration of their T cell proliferative protein protective antigen is the major activities 15 years before the toxins were vaccine target for immunity to anthrax- renamed superantigens. Watson developed the anthrax vaccine

MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1964-1984

During the 20 years that Watson Richard Caldecott, the founding Dean led the department, microbiology and of the College of Biological Sciences immunology nationally and at the (1965), to develop strong undergraduate University of Minnesota continued degree programs, and made strategic to further expand both in size and joint appointments as shown in the figure specialization. By 1966, when Watson and described below in more detail. This wrote the history of the department organizational and collegial structure for Masters in Medicine, there were enabled the department in Watson’s words microbiologists throughout the University “to represent microbiology in its entirety and centers and institutes within and at the University of Minnesota. There is outside of the Twin Cities (Mayo Clinic and increased emphasis on integration by Hormel Institute), as shown in the figure means of joint appointments of capable on page 28. Watson also forged alliances and distinguished microbiologists in with the College of Liberal Arts and with other departments and colleges of the

27. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology & Immunology 1964 - 1984

University. The teaching of medical students is a primary function of the department. The joint appointment concept between members of clinical departments serves this teaching aspect well. Traditionally, the department has placed great emphasis on graduate teaching. During 1965-1966, the department supported 52 degrees. Undergraduate teaching, too, remains a substantial activity within the department. In the year 1965-1966, 1400 undergraduate students took laboratory courses within the department.”

Organization and Integration of the Department of Microbiology within the University – 1966

28. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology & Immunology 1964 - 1984

Peter G. W. Plagemann, PhD Plagemann joined the department in 1965, the first faculty member hired by Dennis Watson. As an MA student at Ontario Agricultural College, he discovered that mammals possess two lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes, one in heart and one in muscle, now known as isozymes.

Plagemann accidentally discovered a new virus that elevated blood LDH activity in infected mice, and he therefore named the virus lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus To maintain the department as an all (LDV) as the cause of a persistent infection University department, and, at the same in mice, which do not show any clinical time, support the growth and evolution of symptoms. In his PhD studies at Western the disciplines and sub-disciplines, Watson Reserve University (now Case Western), recruited new faculty in Immunology (Y. Plagemann was one of a small group of B. Kim) and Virology (P.G.W. Plagemann) investigators who used radioactively labeled whose research focused respectively on nucleosides to study the replication of viruses ontogenetic development and regulation in animal cell cultures. of the immune response in the gnotobiotic miniature swine model; and virus entry, He used this approach to show that viral RNA replication, and morphogenesis. synthesis by a mouse picornavirus related to poliovirus occurs in membrane-bound vesicles that protect the viral RNA from degradation by intracellular ribonucleases. At the U of MN, he used this approach to understand how water-soluble nucleosides Full-time faculty are listed within departmental divisions on the left. Faculty with joint appointments are listed under the college, and anticancer agents pass through the department or institution (Hormel Institute & Mayo Clinic) of their lipid cellular membrane and what metabolic primary appointment. Hill and Dettmers at the Hormel Institute changes occur intracellularly to activate supported research using the Minnesota miniature piglet in studies of the ontogeny of the immune response by Kim, Bradley these substances. On the basis of these and Watson at the U of MN. Mayo Clinic faculty primarily advised studies, and those of other faculty, he was graduate students; Ulrich taught mycology to medical students. awarded a training grant from the National The extraordinary contributions of joint appointees Good and Wannamaker are summarized under Milestones. Hall shared Cancer Institute, which continued over 25 teaching medical microbiology to medical students. Bernlohr years. However, LDV was the main focus of conducted research in and taught microbial metabolism for the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology. Anderson taught the Plagemann lab. They showed that LDV is microbiology to dental students. Tsuchya served as liaison for an RNA virus in which the nucleocapsid with industrial microbiology. Schmidt conducted research and taught the RNA is surrounded by an envelope that soil microbiology for the department and the College of Agriculture. Jezeski and Olson advised students engaged in research on contains a primary large glycoprotein (GP5). important microorganisms in the dairy and food industries. The Plagemann lab sequenced the viral RNA

29. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology & Immunology 1964 - 1984

and established its genomic organization. Head, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer They showed that LDV infects and kills only Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer a subpopulation of macrophages whose Center, New York. In 1983, he became primary function is the clearing of LDH Professor and Chair of the Department of from the blood, thus accounting for the Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago blood elevation of LDH. The subpopulation Medical School, Rosalind Franklin of macrophages is non-essential, thus University of Medicine and Science. He accounting the lack of clinical symptoms. stepped down as chair in 2004 and retired LDV infection is lifelong because susceptible in 2006. He then served as Distinguished macrophages are generated continuously in Professor, Institute of Biomedical Science the bone marrow supplying new susceptible and Technology, Konkuk University, hosts. And, LDV is resistant to host immune Seoul, Korea (2007-present), developing responses because the two sites on GP5 that gnotobiotic miniature swine program for are immunogenic (epitopes) are glycosylated, xenotransplantation research projects and thereby blocking an antibody response teaching Advanced Immunology. and making the virus resistant to antibody neutralization. Around 1980, a new severe Yoon investigated the ontogenic development swine disease appeared, called porcine and regulation of the immune response reproductive and respiratory syndrome. using the gnotobiotic miniature swine Plagemann showed that the causative virus model for over 47 years and more recently, evolved from LDV across species barriers. immunotherapy of cancer. He has published over 120 papers and 270 abstracts in Dr. Plagemann trained 9 MS, 12 PhD, and scientific journals and presented numerous 16 postdoctoral students. Their work has invited lectures and seminars in national been reported in 242 research papers, and international conferences, universities reviews and book chapters. Dr. Plagemann and institutions. Yoon is also a Fellow of taught a basic course in virology for 35 years the American Academy of Microbiology, a and subsequently a new course “Bacterial Member of the Korean Academy of Science genetics, immunology and virology” for 4 and Technology, and a member and officer years. He retired in 2006. of over 20 professional societies, some as founding member. He has received numerous awards, including a USPHS Research Career Development Award, the Morris Parker Yoon Berm Kim, MD, PhD Award for Meritorious Research, Korean Abroad Who Illuminated Homeland Country Dr. Kim came to the department as an MD by Prominent Achievement in the Field of to complete his PhD in Microbiology with Biomedical Sciences and Honorary Citizens Dr. Watson. After award of the PhD, he was of Seoul Award at the 50th Anniversary hired as an Assistant Professor in 1965 of Liberation Day- August 15, 1995, Ham and was promoted to Associate Professor Choon Grand Prize for Distinction in Medical in 1970. In 1973 he left Minnesota to Research, and Distinguished Alumni Award in be Professor and Chair of Immunology, Recognition of Life-Long Achievements and Cornell University Graduate School of Leadership in the Field of Medical Science Medical Science, and Member and Lab from Seoul National University.

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The tradition of faculty who would go on Diseases Laboratory at the Warren Air Force to become department heads continued Base to study epidemics of streptococcal under Watson’s leadership: Yoon Berm Kim, throat infections and rheumatic fever. Professor and Chairman of Immunology, Wannamaker worked with Drs. William R. Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science Brink and Floyd Denny under Charles H. (1973-1983); and Professor and Chairman Rammelkamp to show in 1949 that prompt of the Department of Microbiology and 10-day treatment of acute streptococcal Immunology, Chicago Medical School infections with large doses of penicillin (1983-2004); and Patrick Schlievert, would prevent the development of rheumatic Professor, Chair and Department Executive fever. This strategy for prevention of Officer, Department of Microbiology rheumatic fever disseminated globally and Immunology, University of Iowa and continues to be the standard care. (2011-present). Wannamaker joined the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota in 1952 where he became Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Chief of the Milestone: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and a Career Investigator of the American Group A Streptococcus Heart Association. The Wannamaker and Rheumatic Fever laboratory defined the relationship between streptococcal infections and acute Lewis Wannamaker glomerulonephritis, the use of ASO and other (1924-1983) streptococcal antibodies in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever and other sequelae, and did groundbreaking basic studies on streptococcal bacteriophage. Scores of infectious disease physicians, trained by Lewis Wannamaker, went on to lead Divisions of Infectious disease in the US and around the world. Wannamaker received a Lasker Award in 1954, was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (now the National Academy of Medicine) and was awarded the Robert Koch Prize in 1980 with Cesar Milstein.

In 1983, at the end of Watson’s tenure, the Department of Microbiology could still reasonably claim to be largely representative of microbiology and immunology at the Wannamaker received his MD and did his University of Minnesota, but only through clinical training at Duke University before the integration of departmental faculty entering the United States Army where with joint appointees, reflecting the growth he was assigned to a new Streptococcal of microbiology and immunology in the

31. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

colleges, schools and institutes outside the department as previously shown in the figure. Integration did capture the breadth of the disciplines at the University at the time, but at a price, in the rather complex governance structure: Core Faculty budgeted in the department; Executive Faculty who govern the department; Joint Appointees with official appointments but not budgeted by the department; faculty who teach courses for which the department is directly responsible; and faculty who teach courses in other departments accepted for the department’s undergraduate and/or undergraduate degrees.

The account that follows focuses first on FACULTY RESEARCH Core faculty in the department and then Joint Appointees and members of the Executive Faculty AND TEACHING – 1980s not previously described.

During the 20 years that Watson led the department, microbiology and immunology nationally and at the University of Minnesota continued to further expand both in size and specialization. By 1966, when Watson wrote the history of the department for Masters in Medicine, there were microbiologists throughout the University and centers and institutes within and outside of the Twin Cities (Mayo Clinic and Hormel Institute), as shown in the figure below. Watson also forged alliances with the College of Liberal Arts and with Richard Caldecott, the founding

Department Faculty in 1980, Left to right: Russell Johnson, Palmer Rogers, Jim Prince, Beulah Gray, Edwin Schmidt, Peter Plagemann, 32. Martin Dworkin, Gerhard Brand, Anthony Faras, P. Patrick Cleary. Photographed in the Arthur T. Henrici Library, 1050 Mayo UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

Organization and Integration of the Department of Microbiology within the University – 1966

Scope of microbiology and interrelationships across the University in 1983.

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Core Faculty

P. Patrick Cleary, PhD came to the methods Cleary and his collaborators University in 1972 following postdoctoral demonstrated that intranasal infection training in bacterial genetics at Stanford of mice leads to a Th117 population and UC Santa Barbara with Allan of cells that invade the forebrain and Campbell. During the next 45 years, open the blood brain barrier to allow IgG Cleary’s research explored the molecular deposition. Cleary was elected to the basis of Streptococcus pyogenes American Academy of Microbiology and pathogenesis. He taught “The Genetic the Russian Academy of Medicine for his basis of Infectious Disease” to biology scientific achievements. undergraduates, bacterial genetics to Medical Students and was recognized for Anthony J. Faras, PhD was born and his outstanding teaching. His laboratory raised in Chisholm, Minnesota. He helped was the first to characterize the Vir put himself through Hibbing Junior regulon, to discover and define the basis College and the University of Minnesota, of neutrophil chemotaxis inhibition by Duluth by working as a professional streptococci, a general mechanism, now musician, working in the iron ore mines, recognized to be associated with several and other jobs during the summer. An human pathogens. He and his colleagues early passion for scuba diving motivated discovered and defined the mechanism him to begin graduate work in freshwater by which S. pyogenes efficiently invades biology at the University of Colorado, epithelial cells and described the T cell Boulder. During his first year, major response to mucosal infection by these developments in the field of molecular streptococci. Cleary is the inventor biology attracted his interest and he of C5a peptidase-based vaccines for pursued research in this exciting area prevention of S. pyogenes infections at the University of Colorado Medical and their complications with numerous School with Dr. Raymond Erikson patents that continue to be licensed to working on the molecular biology of two Pfizer Inc. He showed that the primary groups of viruses: picornaviruses and response to S. pyogenes infection is retroviruses. After completing his PhD Th17 T cells and that these cells are in 1970, Tony accepted a postdoctoral required for immune protection. The fellowship with Nobel Laureate J. Michael fact that Th17 cells are associated with Bishop at the University of California several autoimmune diseases directed Medical School in San Francisco working his work toward understanding the role exclusively on mechanisms of retrovirus Th17 cells in autoimmune neurologic replication and reverse transcription. He disorders associated with streptococcal also accepted an Assistant Professorship infections, Sydenham’s Chorea and the at San Francisco State University where sudden onset of Obsessive Compulsive he taught courses in Microbiology at Behavior in children (PANDAS). Using night. These were extremely exciting state of the art T cell and neuroimaging times in molecular biology. His mentor

34. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

working on oncogenes eventually led to Faras’ entrepreneurial spirit continued in a Nobel Prize and other researchers at his academic interests at the University the school working on DNA sequencing by helping establish the Institute of techniques and gene splicing helped Human Genetics of which he was discovered gene cloning technologies. Director for 10 years. The Institute had One of his colleagues working on four areas of focus: Cancer Genetics, the latter technologies (Herb Boyer, Neurogenetics, Development Genetics, co-founder of Genentech) had an and Behavior Genetics. A joint effort entrepreneurial spirit that inspired Faras’ by the Medical School and College of participation in the development of a Biological Sciences in the late 1990’s biotechnology company in Minnesota. joined faculty from the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy and the Faras’ first full-time faculty position was Department of Genetics and Cell Biology in the Department of Microbiology at the into a single Department of Genetics, Cell University of Michigan Medical School Biology, and Development with Faras as where he continued work on retroviral its first Chair. reverse transcription and taught virology to graduate and medical students for During his tenure in the Department of three years before being enticed back Microbiology, Faras continued his use to Minnesota by the desire to continue of molecular biological approaches his career at the University of Minnesota. to further understand the structure His continued interest in virology led him and function of tumor virus genes and to expand his research in the molecular their specific products in retrovirus biology of papilloma viruses. With and papillomavirus replication and ongoing collaborations with Dr. Franklin cellular transformation. This work Pass in Dermatology they were the first resulted in over 200 publications in to demonstrate the presence of Human peer-reviewed journals. He has trained Papillomavirus DNA in human cancer, over two dozen graduate students, specifically squamous cell carcinomas most of whom completed their PhDs, associated with epidermodysplasia numerous postdoctoral fellows, and verruciformis. This collaboration led in oncology fellows at various stages of 1979 to the commercialization of molecular their residency training. After retiring biology/molecular genetic technologies from the University in 2010, Faras formed through the creation of Molecular Genetics, a musical group and spent the next Inc., the first biotechnology company decade further developing his skills as a in Minnesota. Initially the company’s musician as the group played a variety of technologies included oligonucleotide and venues in northeastern Minnesota. peptide synthesis and sequencing, gene cloning, immunology and computer analysis with 22 PhD’s working on the development of agriculture products (e.g., animal vaccines, hybrid corn) The company ultimately moved exclusively into human pharmaceuticals and, renamed MGI Pharma, sold in 2007 for $3.9 billion to Eisai Co. Ltd.

35. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

Beulah H. Gray, PhD, became the elastase and cathepsin G. The last first female member of the faculty in protein eluted from the chromatography 1974 when she was hired after her columns was a serine proteinase distinct postdoctoral training in the laboratory from elastase and cathepsin G that of Dr. Robert A. Good in Pediatrics. Dr. we called Proteinase 3. Like elastase, Gray developed an assay for measuring Proteinase 3 caused severe emphysema the killing of Staphylococcus aureus by when instilled in the lungs of hamsters. neutrophils isolated from human blood. She tested the neutrophils from children Dr. Gray taught Immunology to with increased susceptibility to bacterial undergraduate and graduate students infection, previously described by Dr. for 28 years. She retired in 1997 and now Good in preschool boys with a unique resides in Oregon near the banks of the clinical description that he called Chronic Snake River. (Fatal) Granulomatous Disease (CGD). Dr. Gray established that neutrophils Patrick M. Schlievert, PhD purified and from these boys did not kill S. aureus characterized group A streptococcal and that their mothers showed an pyrogenic exotoxin superantigens abnormality intermediate between that of (SAgs) as a postdoctoral fellow with their sons and normal healthy controls, Dr. Dennis Watson, and continued confirming an X-linked inheritance of his SAg studies as a faculty member, CGD. By contrast with S. aureus, Dr. Gray first at UCLA, and subsequently at observed that neutrophils from patients the University of Minnesota when he with CGD were fully capable of killing returned to the department in 1981 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and concluded and where he remained for 31 years. that a second bactericidal mechanism Schlievert undertook a national publicity (nonoxidative) was present. She purified campaign to make physicians and the a 55 kD protein (B/PI) from lysosomal American public aware of a severe granules of normal human neutrophils toxic shock syndrome (TSS) associated that killed P. aeruginosa and neutralized with Staphylococcus aureus in 1980, gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. and in 1981 he published the first Following the purification of B/PI, she description of the cause of TSS and designed a series of hydrophilic 10 amino the reason for tampon association with acid peptides based on the aa sequence the infection (introduction of oxygen of B/PI predicted from the nucleotide vaginally). Schlievert participated in sequence of a DNA clone. The sequence development of worldwide standards #90-99 was potently bactericidal and for tampon absorbency and labeling was the only one of the lab’s peptides of tampon boxes and inserts related with this activity. When the 10-mer was to TSS risks, and, in 1992, showed that lengthened by the sequence on either glycerol monolaureate (GML) could side of 90-99 to a 27 amino acid peptide, be safely incorporated into tampons bactericidal activity was amplified and to reduce menstrual TSS. Schlievert the neutralization of gram-negative co-founded a small pharmaceutical endotoxin was acquired. While purifying company, Hennepin Life Sciences B/PI from neutrophil lysosomes, Dr. Gray (HLS) in 2008 to develop GML for use also purified the serine proteinases, in managing multiple topical microbial

36. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

infections; continues to develop GML genetic basis of that behavior and the as a potent antimicrobial through HLS, influence of its bacteriophage, MX8. Dr. and his research on staphylococcal Zissler retired in 2000. and streptococcal TSS that recently led to the discovery of S. aureus-SAgs as causes of diabetes mellitus II and atopic dermatitis. Schlievert received numerous awards for teaching medical Joint Appointees/ students-6 distinguished teaching awards, the outstanding medical school Executive Faculty teaching award, and the University award for postbaccalaureate graduate and medical student teaching- and in 2016 he received the educator of the Peter J. Chapman, PhD year award from the American Society (1936-2013) for Microbiology. Schlievert also trained 20 graduate students, including 5 MD/ (CBS) Dr. Chapman earned his PhD in Ph.Ds. As noted earlier, Schlievert Biochemistry at the University of Leeds accepted the position as professor and and did postdoctoral work on a Fulbright head of the Department of Microbiology Scholarship at the University of Illinois. In and Immunology at the University of 1967, he joined the faculty in Biochemistry Iowa in 2011, continuing the tradition at the University of Minnesota. He was of Department of Microbiology faculty an expert on microbial degradation. For who would go on to become heads of several years he taught fall quarter general departments at other institutions. microbiology for the Department of Microbiology. He left the University for a James F. Zissler, PhD finished his position at the Sabine Island Laboratory in PhD in 1968 in three years under the Pensacola, Florida in 1987 and remained direction of Dr. Allan Campbell, then at there until his retirement in 2009. the University of Rochester. Zissler’s groundbreaking work with bacteriophage lambda defined the recombinant mechanism by phage Lambda integrates into the E. coli chromosome. After abbreviated postdoctoral training in Greg R. Germaine Salvador Luria’s laboratory at MIT, (1941-2013) Zissler joined the Microbiology Department at Minnesota in 1970. His (Dental School) Following in the research continued to focus on genetic department’s historical interest in infections recombination mechanisms in phage of the gums and teeth, including the lambda and E. coli into the early 1980s. potentially pathogenic roles of the Viridans Fascinated by the social behavior of streptococci initiated by Arthur T. Henrici Mxyococcus xanthus he subsequently in collaboration with Thomas Hartzell joined forces with Professor Marty in the dental school, Greg Germaine’s Dworkin in an effort to define the research focused on the antibacterial

37. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

role of dietary fluoride in the cariogenic Biology, Chair of the Department of Oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Fluoride Sciences (predecessor to Diagnostic and had been established to contribute to Biological Sciences) and interim Associate caries resistance by making dental Dean for Research. His analytical skills enamel less acid soluble. Dr. Germaine and objectivity made him invaluable to any characterized the anti-metabolic effects planning activity. of the fluoride anion in acidogenic S. mutans. Fluoride antagonism of growth Germaine was known for his keen mind of S. mutans became established as an and his spirit of pure collaboration–just unexpected collateral mechanism of for the love of a good problem. He would caries arrest, explaining the extraordinary laugh without inhibition at any joke, no success of water fluoridation as a public matter how bad. He had no guile or agenda; health measure. In a complementary set he was a special mentor to many dental of studies, Germaine characterized how and graduate students, postdocs and lysozyme in the saliva functioned as an faculty colleagues. In his honor, the Greg antimicrobial agent, controlling the growth R. Germaine Frontiers in Science lecture of S. mutans and other oral bacteria. is hosted annually by the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Germaine was educated at the the School of Dentistry to recognize an University of Minnesota, earning his outstanding junior investigator working BA, MS and PhD degrees. During his at the cutting edge of microbiology or PhD program, he studied and published immunology. with Dwight Anderson and Palmer Rogers. His postdoctoral studies focused on sporulation in Bacillus and were mentored by W.G. Murrell at the Ronald Crawford, PhD Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial (1947-2018) Research Organization (CSIRO), New South Wales, Australia. Upon completion, (Gray Freshwater Biology Institute) Dr. he returned to the University of Minnesota Crawford joined the faculty in 1975 as a where he was appointed in the School of member of the Gray Freshwater Biological Dentistry with a cross-appointment in the Institute. He received his MS (1972) and PhD Department of Microbiology of the Medical (1973) from the University of Wisconsin, School. He retired in 2009. Madison, did postdoctoral work at the University of Minnesota in the laboratory of Germaine taught microbiology to several Dr. Stanley Dagley, and worked for a year at generations of dental and graduate the New York State Department of Health. His students, including highly specialized research at the Freshwater Institute focused topics courses. In these small classes, on environmental microbial physiology. In he thrived and challenged students to 1987, he left Minnesota to be head of the probe the literature critically to design Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry experiments and write research proposals. at the University of Idaho. He later became He gave incomparable and selfless service head of the Environmental Biotechnology to the dental school. Germaine served Institute at Idaho until his retirement in 2010. as Director of Graduate Studies in Oral

38. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

health. In addition, they evaluated the role of particle size of bedding materials in Russell Bey, PhD environmental mastitis. Previous research with UMN colleagues in other departments (College of Veterinary Medicine) Dr. Bey included identification and evaluation of joined the University of Minnesota College some of the chemicals responsible for of Veterinary Medicine in 1977 as an antibacterial and antifungal properties of Assistant Professor after completing his various plants extracts. He and colleagues PhD studies and a one-year post-doctoral developed a subunit vaccine for the fellowship in Professor Russell Johnson’s prevention of Lyme disease and Leptospira lab at the University of Minnesota. During infection in animals and conducted studies his time as a postdoctoral fellow, he taught on the effect of influenza infection on the an undergraduate General Microbiology susceptibility of pigs to porcine reproductive Extension course for the department in and respiratory syndrome virus. He left the night school for 14 years. After joining University in 2008 to become the Director of the faculty in the College of Veterinary Research and Development for a veterinary Medicine, he continued teaching the biologics company. College of Veterinary Medicine’s day school general microbiology course to an enrollment of primarily pre-professional students. He was honored to be selected Larry L. McKay, PhD to the University of Minnesota Academy of Distinguished Teachers/Horace T. Morse (Food Science & Nutrition) Larry Award for Excellence in Undergraduate McKay grew up in Oregon and Montana Education-Minnesota Alumni Association and discovered microbiology as an Award in 1996-1997. While at the undergraduate at the University of Montana. University of Minnesota he also advised He earned his PhD in Microbiology in several undergraduate students enrolled 1969 from Oregon State University and in majors requiring honor students have completed postdoctoral study at Michigan a senior research thesis. In addition, State. In 1970 he joined the UMN faculty he taught several courses to veterinary as a member of the Department of Food students including clinical microbiology, Science and Nutrition and, after a teaching immunology, pathogenic bacteria and and research career of 34 years, retired fungi. He and colleagues were instrumental therefrom in 2004. Starting with his PhD in developing the CVM Laboratory for dissertation and continuing at Minnesota Udder Health and methods for dairies to he was fascinated by the historic literature determine if antimicrobial therapy was describing the genetic instability of appropriate for clinical and subclinical lactococcal metabolic properties essential intramammary infections affecting for the manufacture of fermented dairy their cows. He and his collaborators products, which included lactose utilization, developed means of reducing the spread proteolytic activity and production of butter of mastitis on farms and determined some aroma. At the time, few genetic studies practices which are critical to colostrum had been conducted in these bacteria management, resulting in improved calf and he reasoned that loss of plasmids

39. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Faculty Research & Teaching - 1980s

could explain these unstable phenotypes. Subsequently his laboratory not only demonstrated the presence of plasmids in Richard Hanson, PhD lactococci but also confirmed the plasmid linkage of genes encoding many unstable (Gray Freshwater Biology Institute) Dr. properties essential for milk fermentations. Hanson joined the faculty in 1981 when In addition, his laboratory pioneered the he was recruited from the University of development of gene transfer systems in Wisconsin to lead the Gray Freshwater lactococci (transduction, conjugation, and Biological Institute on Lake Minnetonka. He protoplast transformation). These studies received his PhD in 1962 from the University served as a world-wide foundation for the of Illinois in Urbana and did postdoctoral field of genetics in lactic acid bacteria. work at the Laboratoire d’Enzymologie du In a collaborative study of lactococcal CNRS in Gif-Sur-Yvette, France. His research conjugation with Gary Dunny, the first at the Gray Institute concerned the ecology, functional group II intron to be identified biochemistry, and genetics of methylotropic in bacteria was discovered. During his bacteria. When the Institute closed in 1995, career, McKay trained 27 PhD and 28 MS Dr. Hanson moved his laboratory to the students, and received 11 national and Department of Microbiology. He taught international research awards. These general microbiology to undergraduates included the 1976 Pfizer Award, the 1982 and was awarded the College of Biological Dairy Research Foundation Award, the Sciences’ Dagley-Kirkwood Award for 1990 Borden Award from the American Undergraduate Education in 2000. Dr. Hanson Dairy Science Association, the 1987 Fisher retired from the University in January 2004. Award from ASM, a 1989-1994 Kraft General Foods Chair in Food Science from the Institute of Food Technologists, an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Award for outstanding contributions to American agriculture, and the Elie Metchnikoff Prize in Biotechnology from the International Dairy Federation. University of Minnesota recognition for his contributions included a 1996 College of Human Ecology Excellence in Research Award and a 2001 Award for Outstanding Contributions to Postbaccalaureate, Graduate, and Professional Education and induction into the University’s Academy of Distinguished Teachers.

40. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

MICROBIOLOGY 1984-2004

Francisco, California. When Haase departed for the University of Minnesota in 1984, he was Professor of Medicine and Microbiology at UCSF and a Medical Investigator at the VAMC.

Haase’s research largely focuses on slow infections, particularly slow infections caused by lentiviruses, so named originally because of the slow onset and progression of symptoms from initial exposure to the prototypic lentivirus, visna virus, to the newest members, HIV and SIV.

Haase pioneered the development of experimental approaches to understanding lentivirus infections in vivo, using highly Ashley Haase. Photo AHC Communications. sensitive quantitative methods of in situ hybridization to visualize viral infections in tissues. He showed that visna virus Ashley T. Haase, MD establishes covert infections as a mechanism for persistence and dissemination in the face Dr. Haase succeeded Watson in 1984 and of host defenses, and he developed in situ has been head of the department from that PCR to show that HIV-1 also persists despite time to the present. Haase received his MD host defenses and antiretroviral therapy by from Columbia College of Physicians and latently infecting CD4+ T cells in lymphoid Surgeons, and, following clinical training tissues. Haase developed quantitative image at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, he began analysis to define the lymphoid tissues as his research career at the NIH where he reservoirs where virus is produced, persists worked on interferon with Sam Baron. After in CD4 T cells, and stored as an enormous a subsequent year as a Visiting Scientist pool of virions associated with lymphoid with Dr. H.G. Pereira, Head of the Division of follicles. He identified pathological damage Virology at the National Institute for Medical to lymphoid tissue structure as a mechanism Research in London, England, Haase joined of CD4 T cell depletion that opens new the department of medicine at the University avenues to improving immune reconstitution. of California, San Francisco, California In the SIV rhesus macaque model of HIV- (UCSF) in 1971 and served as Chief, 1 transmission to women, he discovered Infectious Disease Section at the Veterans an early window of opportunity to prevent Administration Medical Center VAMC), San transmission, identified the central active role

41. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

of mucosal epithelium in transmission responsibility for courses in that college; and paradoxical role of innate immunity and industrial and soil microbiology moved in fueling local expansion and systemic to a new Biotechnology Institute (BTI) and infection, as the basis for a novel highly the now College of Food, Agriculture and protective microbicide to prevent vaginal Natural Resource Sciences (CFANS). transmission. Haase also established the conceptual basis for the design and assessment of vaccines by approaches that define relationships between infected Faculty Research & cells and cellular and humoral immune defenses at the portal of entry. Teaching Vignettes: The research and teaching of faculty recruited Haase was named a Regents’ Professor during this period is described below. in 1999. His research has also been recognized by an NIH Javits Neuroscience Investigator and two NIH NIAID MERIT Awards, induction into the University Ronald Jemmerson, PhD served on the of Minnesota Academic Health Center faculty from 1985 until his retirement Academy of Excellence, and election as an in 2013. Jemmerson co-developed and AAAS Fellow, and member of the National co-taught a graduate level course in Academy of Medicine and American Molecular Immunology and later taught an Academy of Microbiology. undergraduate course in basic Immunology. Jemmerson’s research particularly The Department of Microbiology and focused on understanding the molecular Immunology under Haase’s stewardship basis for antibody recognition of protein has remained faithful in its commitment antigens and the distinction between to be the center of research and teaching antibodies recognizing a protein in its of microbiology at the University of native conformation versus in denatured Minnesota. To fulfill that role, Haase, like forms. Based on this distinction, his major Watson, initially used the same combined acknowledged solo contribution was centralized and distributed model with uncovering an assay artifact in 1987 that departmental faculty, including newly had misled many immunologists into recruited faculty, as the organizational thinking that short peptides could substitute center of the discipline, but relying on for entire pathogen proteins in eliciting faculty from the previously established an antibody response. Thus, this general collegial/institute connections just approach to vaccine development was described to represent the richness untenable. Application of antibody reagents and breadth of microbiology. The core based on this distinction also provided the faculty, newly recruited faculty, and critical evidence to show that cytochrome joint appointees initially preserved the c, a mitochondrial protein involved in Department’s teaching mission across the respiratory chain, translocates from the University. However, Dental School mitochondria under stress conditions and faculty gradually assumed responsibility then activates programmed cell death for teaching dental students; the College (apoptosis). This collaborative effort with of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) assumed Dr. Xiaodong Wang, University of Texas

42. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

Southwestern Medical Center, was published pathogenesis in the core sequence for in Cell in 1996 and has garnered over microbiology graduate students. He left the 5000 citations to date. Prof. Jemmerson University in 1996. continues a collaboration with Dr. Rafael Radi, Universidad de la Republica in Uruguay, Richard Peluso, PhD joined the faculty in applying an antibody to investigate the 1987. He received his PhD in 1979 from biological implications of a conformationally Rockefeller University in New York and altered form of cytochrome c that arises in did postdoctoral work with Ashley Haase a variety of biochemical settings, including at the University of California in San during binding of cytochrome c to cardiolipin, Francisco and with Sue Moyer at Vanderbilt a key step in the protein’s translocation University in Nashville, TN. His research from mitochondria early in apoptosis. was focused on understanding how the RNA genome of vesicular stomatitis virus Donna Fontana, MD, PhD joined the faculty is replicated in cells it infects, with the goal in 1986. She received her PhD in 1982 of developing methods to reconstruct an from Michigan State University and did infectious virus particle. Dr. Peluso left the postdoctoral work with Peter Devreotes University in 1989 and in 2018 retired from at the Johns Hopkins University School his position as a Vice President at Merck of Medicine. Her research focused on Pharmaceuticals. mechanisms of cell-cell communication that direct development in Dictyostelium Kathleen Conklin, PhD joined the faculty discoideum. Dr. Fontana left the department in 1987 as a joint hire with the Institute of in 1995 to attend medical school and is a Human Genetics. She received her PhD rheumatologist practicing in the Twin Cities. in 1982 from Tufts University School of Medicine and did postdoctoral work with Stewart Scherer, PhD joined the Mark Groudine at the Fred Hutchinson department in 1986. Scherer’s research Cancer Research Center in Seattle. Her during his tenure at the University of research focused on gene regulation in Minnesota focused on the fungal pathogen eukaryotes. The model system for her Candida albicans. The Scherer lab worked studies was avian retroviruses. Conklin closely with the lab of P.T. Magee in the transferred her department home to the College of Biological Sciences to develop Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and the genetic system for this species. Their Development in 1999 and retired from the studies included analysis of dispersed University in 2016. repeated sequence families, the role of chromosome instability in C. albicans Marc K. Jenkins, PhD, another native biology, development and integration Minnesotan, received a BS degree in of the physical and genetic maps, and Microbiology from UMN in 1980 and molecular epidemiology. In the early 1990’s, joined the faculty in the Department of Scherer began work in bioinformatics and Microbiology in 1988. His research focused internet sharing of C. albicans mapping on CD4+ T lymphocytes, which provide and sequencing data from the Scherer and immunity to vertebrate hosts by recognizing Magee labs with the broader community. peptide antigens from intracellular microbes. Scherer taught the mycology section of As a postdoctoral fellow, he found that CD4+ the medical student microbiology course, T cells require an antigen receptor signal and microbial genetics and microbial 43. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

and a second “costimulatory” signal to Gary M. Dunny, PhD joined the Department proliferate and avoid immune tolerance. and the Biotechnology Institute in 1989 after His group at the UMN was one of the first 10 years on the faculty of Cornell University. to discover that CD28 provides the second As a PhD student at the University of signal to human CD4+ T cells, a finding that Michigan, he made the initial observations led to treatments for rheumatoid arthritis that conjugative transfer of plasmids in and transplant rejection. His group also Enterococcus faecalis was induced by a showed that antigen-specific CD4+ T cells peptide signal (sex pheromone) produced first become activated in the central part by plasmid-free recipient cells and sensed of lymph nodes, then migrate to B cell-rich by plasmid-containing donor cells. As an follicles and non-lymphoid organs and independent investigator at Cornell, and documented the cellular changes that later at UMN, Dunny has continued to produce immune memory. These textbook investigate this system with continuous discoveries spurred many studies by other support of the NIH since 1982. Recent work investigators on T follicular helper cells, has focused on the function of the system resident memory T cells, and coinhibitory in the context of the gastrointestinal tract receptor-based cancer immunotherapies. and how pheromone-inducible conjugation Jenkins’ research achievements earned him impacts competitive fitness of the host a Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences bacteria in the gut. In research initiated at Award, a Distinguished McKnight University the University of Minnesota the Dunny lab Professorship, election to the AHC Academy in collaboration with Larry McKay in Food of Excellence in Health Research, the Science and nutrition identified the first American Association of Immunologists functional self-splicing mobile Group II intron Meritorious Career Award, an NIH MERIT in a prokaryote (Lactococcus lactis). Intron Award, and a Regents Professorship, thus splicing and mobility has a major impact extending over three generations—Watson, on the biology of conjugative plasmid Haase and now Jenkins—departmental transfer in the lactococci, which are of faculty who have been recognized by the major industrial importance in production highest honor the University of Minnesota of fermented dairy products. During the bestows on its faculty. Jenkins is also past 15 years the Dunny lab has studied an accomplished teacher and mentor as enterococcal biofilm formation and its evidenced by his receipt of the UMN Award role in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and for Outstanding Contributions to Post- competitive fitness of enterococci in the GI baccalaureate, Graduate, and Professional tract. The Dunny lab has produced nearly Education, the Carole J. Bland Outstanding 200 scientific papers, and several books, Faculty Mentoring Award, and the American and has trained over 40 PhD students and Association of Immunologists Excellence postdoctoral fellows. Dunny has received in Mentoring Award. Jenkins also serves awards for graduate teaching, postdoctoral the UMN immunology community as the mentoring and research from the American director of the Center for Immunology and Society for Microbiology, the University of the national community as the ninety-seventh Minnesota, and the International Conference president of the American Association of on Enterococci. He is a fellow of the American Immunologists. Academy of Microbiology, and currently holds an NIH MIRA award.

44. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

Peter J. Southern, PhD completed his Patrick Schlievert in 2011 and is now one PhD training in prokaryotic molecular of the faculty leaders for active curriculum biology at the University of Edinburgh in revision in the Medical School. Southern Scotland and transitioned into eukaryotic also teaches a biennial graduate course in molecular biology for postdoctoral studies Microbial Pathogenesis that notably attracts at Stanford University. He then accepted interested students from multiple disciplines a junior faculty position at Scripps Clinic across the University. and Research Foundation in La Jolla to develop molecular tools to investigate the Leslie A. Schiff, PhD trained in the areas of pathobiology of experimental lymphocytic immunology and virology and is currently choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections engaged in STEM education research. in different mouse strains. Southern was She performed her doctoral work at Tufts recruited to the University of Minnesota University, working in the laboratory of Department of Microbiology in 1989 and Naomi Rosenberg on cellular transformation transferred the LCMV-mouse system to by Abelson Murine Leukemia Virus, followed the U of MN to continue studies across by post-doctoral research with Bernard the spectrum of virus-host interactions Fields at Harvard Medical School. She joined in laboratory mice. In subsequent years, the department in 1990. Her disciplinary research objectives in the Southern research in virology focused on cell entry, Laboratory were redefined to concentrate translational control and respiratory on microbial infections at human mucosal infections by mammalian reoviruses, surfaces, with a particular emphasis on training five PhD students and serving as male-to-female HIV-1 transmission. The research mentor to over 25 undergraduate development of ex vivo human mucosal and post-baccalaureate students in the organ culture systems allowed biologically course of her career. Schiff developed and relevant experimental reconstruction of teaches a two-semester support course for human exposure leading to primary HIV-1 undergraduate thesis writers in the biological infection. Additionally, through collaborative sciences as well as an upper division course interactions with department colleagues, on the biology of viruses. She has earned human organ cultures and primary human institutional and national awards for her cell populations have been used to study teaching, including the Carski Award from several different microbial infections. the American Society for Microbiology and Collectively, experiments conducted with the Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching human mucosal tissues provide important award. She was inducted into the American insight into the human condition relative to Society for Microbiology as a fellow in 2009. infections in different animals, and highlight Schiff currently holds a multi-institution the individual host’s contribution to microbial IUSE STEM education grant from the infection and pathogenesis. Concurrent National Science Foundation with the with his ongoing research interests in goal of accelerating the pace of research human microbial infections and human and implementation of Writing-to-Learn mucosal immunology, Southern has been pedagogies across STEM disciplines. heavily involved in teaching Microbiology and Immunology to the First Year Medical Students since 2000. He assumed the responsibility of Course Director from Dr.

45. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

David H. Sherman, PhD joined the Charles Thom Award. Sherman was Department as an Assistant Professor named a distinguished ASM Lecturer in (jointly with the BioTechnology Institute in 2015. St. Paul) in 1990. With a PhD in synthetic organic chemistry who had just spent Sandra Armstrong, PhD trained in three years as a postdoc with David Charlotte D. Parker’s laboratory at the Hopwood (John Innes Institute, UK) University of Missouri-Columbia, earning learning bacterial genetics in Streptomyces the PhD degree for her research on the sp., he was one of the early pioneers pathogenesis of Bordetella pertussis, involved in delineating the genetics and the bacterial agent of whooping cough biochemistry of polyketide antibiotic (pertussis). Her postdoctoral work on biosynthesis. His research program grew Escherichia coli siderophore-mediated rapidly and in 1997 Sherman moved to the iron transport with Mark A. McIntosh Mayo building to join his colleagues in the led to her long-term research interest Department of Microbiology in Minneapolis. in iron uptake systems of B. pertussis. Sherman’s group worked to establish After 8 years as a faculty member at East the basis for microbial construction and Carolina University, Dr. Armstrong joined tailoring of complex biologically active the University of Minnesota in 1998. metabolites, including macrolide antibiotics, Armstrong and her research group study cryptophycin A, mitomycin C and other Bordetella physiology and metabolism, molecules of pharmaceutical interest. His with a focus on iron starvation stress group also established novel molecular responses and B. pertussis mechanisms mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of nutrient uptake. Her laboratory has encoded within natural product biosynthetic identified and characterized several distinct gene clusters of Streptomyces and related B. pertussis iron acquisition systems actinomycetes. In collaboration with Marty that are differentially transcriptionally Dworkin, Sherman and PhD student Nathan activated during the course of infection in Magarvey established a new method for the host and are required for colonization isolating rare marine actinomycetes. This and persistence. The Armstrong research early effort led to Sherman establishing group also studies Bordetella pyridine a library of unique marine derived metabolism, and their work has revealed actinomycetes strains and natural important connections between nutrition, product extracts for discovery of bioactive NAD homeostasis, and the virulence state secondary metabolites using robotic high of these organisms. Armstrong has been throughput screening. In 2003, Sherman a long-term member of the editorial board joined the University of Michigan as the G. for the American Society for Microbiology D. Searle Professor of Medicinal Chemistry journal Infection and Immunity. She served and in 2004 became the founding director as Director of Graduate Studies for the of Michigan’s academic drug discovery Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer center where his laboratory is currently Biology PhD Program at the University of located in the Life Sciences Institute. Minnesota and teaches undergraduate Sherman’s awards include elected AAAS microbiology students in an advanced Fellow, American Chemical Society A.C. laboratory course in bacterial physiology Cope Scholar and American Society for and metabolism. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

46. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

Christian Mohr, PhD joined the Department science research program focused on in 1998 after completing a postdoctoral the role of mRNA decay in the coordinate fellowship in the laboratory of Dr. Lucy regulation of gene expression following T Shapiro at Stanford University. His research cell activation. His laboratory pioneered the is focused on defining the virulence use of microarray technology to measure factors and pathogenic mechanisms of mRNA decay on a genome-wide basis the opportunistic respiratory pathogen and developed a database containing Burkholderia cenocepacia. His laboratory degradation rates of mRNA transcripts identified and characterized a conserved expressed in primary human T cells. type III secretion system in B. cenocepacia They used this database to identify the and went on to demonstrate its role in GU-rich element (GRE) as a conserved virulence. The Mohr lab also studies cable mRNA sequence that defines a network pili, adherence organelles expressed by of T cell transcripts that encode important certain strains of B. cenocepacia. His regulators of cell growth and apoptosis research has been utilizing a combined and exhibit rapid mRNA degradation. The genetic and biochemical approach to GRE network regulates cell growth and characterize the signal transduction apoptosis following T cell activation, and events controlling cable pilus gene the dysregulation of this network plays expression. Mohr also serves as course important roles in the pathogenesis of viral director for Biology of Microorganisms, infection and malignancy. Dr. Bohjanen has an undergraduate lecture and laboratory also developed a translational research course. He has received awards for his program based in Uganda where he has undergraduate teaching and serves studied the pathogenesis of HIV immune as faculty mentor for the University reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, a of Minnesota Student Chapter of the sometimes severe and deadly exaggerated American Society for Microbiology. inflammatory response that occurs in patients with advanced AIDS after they Paul Bohjanen, MD, PhD joined the begin HIV treatment. Dr. Bohjanen founded Department in 2000 as a physician-scientist and served from 2010-2016 as Director of with joint appointments in the Department the UMN Research Office in Uganda, where of Microbiology and the Department of he facilitated the development of a robust Medicine. He earned his MD, PhD from research and education collaboration with the University of Michigan under Craig B. Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda Thompson as his dissertation advisor, related to treatment of HIV and HIV- where he studied the role of mRNA decay associated opportunistic infections. From in the regulation T cell cytokine gene 2008-2016, Dr. Bohjanen served as the expression. He completed an internal Director of the Center for Infectious Diseases medicine residency and infectious diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, fellowship at Duke University. As a resident a multidisciplinary research partnership and fellow, he completed research training between the Departments of Microbiology, under Jack D. Keene and Mariano A. Garcia- Medicine, and Pediatrics created to promote Blanco where he studied HIV transcription multidisciplinary research interactions related and posttranscriptional regulation of T cell to infectious diseases and microbiology gene expression. As a faculty member across the University community. From at UMN, Bohjanen developed a basic 2010-2018, Dr. Bohjanen served as the

47. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

Director of the Division of Infectious Vivek Kapur, PhD joined the department in Diseases and International Medicine, 2002 after 7 years as a faculty member in and in this role, he continued to promote the College of Veterinary Sciences. Kapur’s multidisciplinary collaborative research major contribution during his relatively brief related to microbiology, immunology, and tenure in the department was to co-found infectious diseases.Dr. Bohjanen has served with Haase the Biomedical Genomics as the research advisor for 8 undergraduate Center, which now serves the University as students, 4 masters students, 5 PhD its Genomics Center under the direction students, and 12 postdoctoral fellows. He has of Dr. Kenny Beckman. Dr. Kapur left the also played an important role in developing department in 2007 for a position at Penn mentorship programs for junior faculty. State University and is now Professor of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Dana A. Davis, PhD trained with Alison Associate Director of the Huck Institutes of Adams at the University of Arizona, earning Life Sciences, in the College of Agricultural the PhD degree for his research on the Sciences and holds the Huck Distinguished actin cytoskeleton in the model yeast Chair in Global Health. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. He moved to Columbia University to conduct his post- Kenneth Vernick, PhD joined the doctoral work establishing genetic systems department as Associate Professor in to study environmental pH responses in the 2004, moving from the Department of pathogenic fungus Candida albicans with Molecular Parasitology at NYU School Aaron Mitchell. This established his long- of Medicine. His lab was the first group term interest in environmental adaptation of to move into the new Cargill Building for C. albicans. Dr. Davis joined the University of Microbial and Plant Genomics on the Saint Minnesota in 2001 and his research group Paul campus. His PhD was at NIH/NIAID continues to study C. albicans adaptation and the University of Maryland. The Vernick to the human host environment. Dr. Davis’ laboratory research focuses on malaria lab identified and characterized a key signal transmission by Anopheles mosquitoes transduction system that responds to as an outcome of the evolution and environmental pH and demonstrated that it ecology of natural vector and Plasmodium is required for both mucosal and systemic populations, reflecting the adaptation of disease. The Davis lab is also working to malaria parasites and arboviruses to the understand how phenotypic diversity is ecological niche of the insect host. Malaria generated in C. albicans, which is asexual and arbovirus transmission by Anopheles and thus lacks genetic diversity. This work are the result of multiple factors studied by may have impacts on cancer and aging the Vernick lab, including insect-pathogen research. Davis developed and teaches molecular interactions, insect immunity, several undergraduate courses at the and population genetics. Using insectaries University of Minnesota including a writing- in Cargill that approximate the African intensive senior level course in Eukaryotic environment, his laboratory maintained Microbiology, the laboratory course on the colonies and studied the biology of the Biology of Beer Brewing, and is a long-time major African malaria vector mosquitoes. participant in the Nature of Life Program Along with research associate Michelle for incoming freshman in the College of Riehle, the lab published on mosquito Biological Sciences. genetics, genomics and population ecology,

48. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

coordinating international field research remained active in Cargill until 2018 under teams in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Kenya. By the day-to-day direction of Michelle Riehle. a genetic mapping survey in collaboration Vernick continued his relationship with the with these African field sites, they found that UMN as an unpaid adjunct faculty member, strong genetic traits for malaria resistance and was named Director of the Department were frequent in wild populations of the of Parasites and Insect Vectors at Institut Anopheles vector, which established a new Pasteur. He is also the coordinator of the paradigm. This work led to discovery and Horizon 2020 consortium, Infravec2, an EU dissection of mosquito leucine-rich repeat project to coordinate insect vector research proteins that are essential subunits in a infrastructures under common scientific combinatorial immune protein complex operating standards, and provide no-cost acting against malaria parasites as well as access to vector products and services to viruses. Vernick and Dana Davis initiated the researchers worldwide. In 2018, lab member upper-level undergraduate course Eukaryotic Michelle Riehle moved to a faculty post at the Microbiology. In 2007, Vernick moved to Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee to the Institut Pasteur in Paris to create the continue working on mosquito vectors. research unit, Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors. Even so, the Vernick lab

MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2004-2018

In the 21st century, the enormous growth, The current organization of the DMI shown specialization and complexity of Microbiology in the figure below preserves the centrality and Immunology has continued unabated. of the department in the broad teaching Microbiology faculty are widely distributed mission at the undergraduate, graduate in the many colleges, schools, and and professional level. The thematic departments of the University of Minnesota. concentrations of talented faculty whose The department was renamed the Department research is described under Vignettes of Microbiology and Immunology (DMI) support fundamental research brought in 2015 to better represent the parallel to bear on the urgent challenges and expansion in immunology and provide tenure- opportunities to contribute to infectious track opportunities for faculty hires. A new and immunological diseases of historic Department of Plant and Microbial Biology proportions such as HIV/AIDs, TB, fungal was created in CBS in 2017 to better represent infections, influenza, autoimmune diseases the great majority of microbes that are not and cancer immunotherapy. medically relevant.

49. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

The interconnectedness of the DMI shown in the figure and below in the descriptions of the Microbiology Research Facility and Biomedical Discovery District, illustrates the design and strategy to be responsive to these challenges and opportunities, and as well to be active participants in the continued progress of Microbiology and Immunology in the 21st Century.

Social Scientific Community Activities Scientific discovery is encouraged both younger faculty and families, and informal formally and informally. The department has interactions with seminar speakers moved a long and continuing tradition of sponsoring back on campus. activities that might lead to a chance conversation that advances research in new Dr. Haase organized the first Department and unanticipated ways or simply weaves a Retreat as a one-day program at the social fabric for the scholarly community of University Aboretum in 1985. The next year, faculty, fellows, students and staff. the retreat was extended to a day and a half and the location moved to the Lake Itasca A generation ago, the principal informal Forestry and Biology Station, followed by two activity was the famous (or feared by faculty years at the Riverwood Conference Center. recruits) Beer and Science where faculty To provide the woodsy Itasca experience hosted the weekly seminar speaker at their closer to home, the 1990 retreat was held home with faculty and students for a wide- at Wilder Forest in Marine-on-St. Croix and ranging conversation from science to politics. remained there through 2003. Since 2004 Over the years, the culture changed with the retreat has taken place at Dunrovin

50. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

2005 Microbiology Retreat Attendees. Department photo.

Christian Brothers Retreat Center nearby on the St. Croix river. The retreat is a most collegial gathering of faculty and students Department and includes brief research presentations, Administration student posters, an afternoon of recreation, family style meals and a campfire for more The department’s budget in fiscal year conversation and singing (when Professor 1919-1920 was $17,520. This supported Dunny brings his guitar). the salaries of 2 professors, 1 instructor, 1 assistant, 4 technicians, 2 service women and Collegial interactions are also fostered $3,500 for supplies and equipment. Twenty across buildings in the Biomedical Discovery years later, the 1939-1940 budget of $39,100 District by afternoon teas in the Center for supported 5 professors, 2 instructors, 6 part- Immunology (Tuesday and Thursday) and time teaching assistants (TAs), 3 technicians, MRF (Wednesday). On the slightly more a clerk-stenographer, and a service woman. scientific side, department and MRF faculty When Dr. Syverton became head nearly a gather monthly for Faculty First Friday, where decade later, the budget had close to doubled a faculty member presents current research again ($74,950), this time to support 6 to their peers for feedback, with beer and professors, 3 instructors, 9 part-time TAs, chips provided by the presenter. 5 lab staff, 2 secretaries, a custodian, and $4,375 for supplies and equipment. At the time the department moved to its space on the 9th and 10th floors of Mayo in 1954, the budget had expanded to $112,775, supporting 8 professors, 3 instructors, 8

51. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

At Patricia Graney’s retirement party (1995). Front (L-R): Dennis Watson, James Prince, Patricia Graney, Ashley Haase, Ron Jemmerson. Back (L-R): Arthur Johnson, Palmer Rogers, Beulah Gray, Gary Dunny, Marc Jenkins, Peter Southern, Leslie Schiff, Pat Schlievert, Kathleen Conklin, Stewart Scherer, Mike Sadowsky, P. Patrick Cleary, Martin Dworkin. Department photo.

TAs, 5 lab staff, 2 secretaries, 2 custodial coordinator Cindy Berg, three secretaries, workers and a supply budget of $11,137. and one accountant. Tim Leonard managed The department offices were housed in the department’s photographic and audio- 1060 Mayo Memorial Building, adjoining the visual services. Dave Peterson, followed by department head’s office and laboratory. John Erbe, managed the scientific equipment and developing computing services. Shortly In the early 1960s, federal research funding before Dr. Watson’s retirement, a WangWriter, expanded and the business of running the department’s first word processor, was the department became more complex. added to the office arsenal of IBM Selectric Dr. Spizizen hired Marilee Ward as office typewriters. White-out and correction tape supervisor and she managed 2 secretaries soon became a thing of the past. and an account clerk. Near the end of Dr. Spizizen’s time as head, Patricia Graney was When the department was given additional hired as Ms. Ward’s replacement as executive space after Dr. Haase became head, the head secretary and department administrator. and administrative staff moved to a suite of Ms. Graney worked closely with Dr. Dennis offices in 1460 Mayo. Colleen O’Neill became Watson throughout his tenure, including his department administrator in 1996 after Ms. time as president of ASM, and continued in Graney retired. that role for another decade with Dr. Haase. In late 1980, the administrative staff included Ms. Graney, Microbiology graduate program

52. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

In 2008, the Medical School basic science reducing bacteria into growing on electrodes departments were asked to form merged as part of his postdoc work at the University administrative centers to improve efficiency, of Massachusetts, and moved to Minnesota provide more consistent service across in 2004 to join the BioTechnology Institute departments, and allow administrative staff and Department of Microbiology. The Bond to develop expertise in specific administrative lab studies bacteria that transfer electrons functions. Each administrative center has a beyond their cell membranes, a process center director who reports to the Medical that enables them to gain energy from School Dean’s Office and the heads of rocks, rusts, and even other organisms. This each center department. Microbiology and electron movement can alter the toxicity of Immunology is part of the Microbiology and metals, provide a route for bioremediation Immunology, Neuroscience, Pharmacology, of underground contaminants, and shunt and Integrative Biology and Physiology electrons to methane production. Importantly, (MNPI) Administrative Center. Joan Bailey these organisms represent a new kind of was the first center director until her direct electrical connection between cells retirement in 2017, when Debra Janis came and the biosphere, allowing us to harness onboard as her replacement. microbial electron flow using electrodes. In 2017 Bond transferred his faculty Department administrative offices are appointment to the new Department of Plant now in the Microbiology Research Facility. and Microbial Biology in CBS. The department’s current year budget includes over $5M of state, tuition and Wade Bresnahan, PhD indirect cost recovery funding and $7.1M Bresnahan joined the Department in 2004 of external funding to support 17.5 faculty, after completing a post-doctoral fellowship 14 professional and administrative staff, in Dr. Tom Shenk’s lab at Princeton 16 postdocs, 20 Civil Service staff, 4 labor- University and serving on the faculty at UT represented staff, 11 graduate and 5 Southwestern Medical Center as an Assistant undergraduate students, and to administer Professor from 2000-2004. Bresnahan has the additional 50+ students in the MICaB worked on the molecular mechanisms of graduate program. human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication and pathogenesis since his days as a graduate student at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. His work has Faculty Research and focused on three main areas of HCMV Teaching Vignettes biology (1) the function of viral tegument proteins and RNAs packaged within the virus Daniel Bond, PhD particle, (2) cellular processes required for Daniel originally began thinking about viral replication and (3) viral mechanisms anaerobic bacteria while hanging out in involved in evading the innate immune barns, pulling lambs out of sheep. He later response. Bresnahan was the first to received a MS from The Ohio State University demonstrate that HCMV packaged and for work involving anaerobic rumen fungi, delivered viral RNAs to the host cell and was and a PhD from Cornell University where he also the first to develop a complementation studied the physiology of rumen bacteria. system using “life extended” telomerase Daniel built devices that fooled metal- cells to complement replication defective

53. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

viruses. He also was the first person to his time in the Department, Rice’s teaching identify the HCMV immediate early-2 gene responsibilities have focused on graduate as a key factor in blocking the expression of education; since 2005, Rice and Gary Dunny interferon-b and several critical chemokines have co-taught a literature-based course that normally function to inhibit HCMV in molecular microbiology for graduate replication. He continues to examine how students. Over his career, Rice has trained six viral proteins “hijack” the host cell, avoid PhD students and served as research mentor the immune response, and allow for viral to over twenty undergraduates who have replication. Bresnahan also serves as the gone on to graduate studies in the biomedical course director of the senior level Microbial sciences. Genetics, Virology, and Immunology lab course for microbiology undergraduate majors Jeffrey Gralnick, PhD since his arrival in the department. He is also Gralnick is a microbial physiologist and the current Director of Graduate Studies (DGS) geneticist who studied with Diana Downs at for the Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer the University of Wisconsin in Bacteriology Biology Graduate Program. and was a postdoc with Dianne Newman at Caltech prior to joining the faculty at Stephen A. Rice, PhD Minnesota in 2005. His research bridges Rice is a molecular virologist studying herpes environmental microbiology with synthetic simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). He received biology using bacteria that oxidize and reduce his PhD training in molecular virology at the metals and electrodes. His group has been University of Utah, working in the laboratory of funded by a variety of sources including Daniel Klessig, followed by post-doctoral work National Science Foundation, Department with David Knipe at Harvard Medical School. of Energy, Office of Naval Research and In 1990, he took a faculty position in the the Minnesota Environmental Trust Fund. Biochemistry Department at the University of Gralnick has been co-teaching an upper Alberta, in Edmonton, Canada. In 2004, Rice division course in Microbial Physiology & joined the Department as a faculty member. Diversity with Daniel Bond, participates in His studies have focused on understanding the Nature of Life Program for incoming how HSV-1 commandeers the host cell freshman into the College of Biological nuclear machinery to enable the robust and Sciences (CBS) and has been one of coordinated expression of viral genes during the faculty mentors for the International infection. In particular, Rice’s laboratory Genetically Engineered Machines competition has made heavy use of viral genetics to (iGEM) for undergraduates. In 2012 Gralnick study the regulatory functions of the HSV-1 received the Stanley Dagley - Samuel immediate-early (IE) proteins, the first viral Kirkwood Undergraduate Education Award. polypeptides to be expressed in the infected Gralnick is the Director of the Microbial host cell. His studies on IE protein ICP27 have and Plant Genome Institute, a joint venture identified multiple novel regulatory activities, between the CBS and the College of Food, including its ability to alter several aspects of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences. cellular mRNA metabolism. His studies on Together with Gary Dunny, Gralnick helped IE protein ICP22 revealed that this IE protein create ‘Bug Club’, a monthly meeting of alters the phosphorylation and function of microbiologists across campus and the RNA polymerase II, the host cell enzyme Twin Cities. Gralnick also maintains an email responsible for mRNA synthesis. During listserv called ‘This Week in Bugs’ to help

54. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

collect and disseminate microbiology-related Academic Editor for MBio and PLoS One, a seminars across campus. Gralnick left the standing member of the NIH Pathogenic DMI in 2017 to join the Department of Plant Eukaryotes Study Section (PTHE), and co- and Microbial Biology in CBS to help enhance organizing the EMBO AIDS-related Mycoses the community at UMN in environmental, Conference (2016) and the upcoming 11th basic and applied microbiology. International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis (2020). Nielsen was Kirsten Nielsen, PhD promoted to Associate Professor in 2012 and Nielsen joined the faculty in 2007, following promoted to Professor in 2019. her graduate work with Gary Payne at North Carolina State University and an HHMI David Masopust, PhD postdoctoral fellowship in the laboratory Masopust trained with Leo Lefrancois and Rafi of Joe Heitman at Duke University. Human Ahmed in mucosal immunology and T cell fungal pathogens affect billions of people memory. He joined the Department in 2007 every year, often causing lethal disease as an Assistant Professor and has co-taught in immunocompromised individuals. Of graduate level and medical school immunology. particular concern are invasive fungal Masopust’s research focuses principally on infections, estimated to kill one and a half T cell immunosurveillance and memory. His million people annually. Nielsen’s research work defined the broad distribution of memory program primarily focuses on Cryptococcus T cells, resident memory both as a concept and neoformans infections that cause almost as the most abundant antigen-experienced T half of all deaths due to fungal infection cell population, T cell function in nonlymphoid worldwide. Her studies to understand tissues, and through the use of ‘dirty mice’ the novel “titan cell” morphology during made contributions to our understanding on the Cryptococcus infection have resulted in a role of microbial experience in shaping the host paradigm shift in our understanding of how immune system. His current work is testing this deadly pathogen interacts with the host. the capacity for T cell clonal expansion and In addition to her basic studies, Nielsen memory development through heterologous- is also actively involved in translational prime-boost vaccination, the hypothesis that research efforts to understand the molecular resident memory T cells can be leveraged for processes involved in human cryptococcosis controlling cancer, defining mechanisms of disease severity. Nielsen has received memory T cell recirculation, devising strategies an American Society for Microbiology for selective depletion of disease-causing Women’s Career Development Award as resident memory T cells, and designing T-cell- well as Fulbright Awards to work in Australia, based vaccines. Masopust’s awards include Vietnam, and Singapore. Nielsen established The Beckman Foundation Young Investigator an Advanced Microbial Genetics laboratory Award, an NIH Director’s New Innovator course focused on molecular genetics that Award, and selection as a Howard Hughes she co-teaches with Ryan Hunter. Nielsen is Medical Institute Faculty Scholar. Masopust actively involved in connecting the diverse has organized several meetings including mycology community across campus, Keystone symposia, and is currently chair of the co-establishing the UMycoNet cross- American Association of Immunologist’s program disciplinary group. In addition, Nielsen is committee. His work has garnered over 14,000 actively involved in the human pathogenesis citations to date. He was promoted to Professor in research community through serving as June 2017.

55. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

Anthony Baughn, PhD Vaiva Vezys, PhD Baughn completed his PhD with Dr. Dr. Vezys joined the faculty in 2010 and Michael H. Malamy at Tufts University was promoted to Associate Professor in where he studied central carbon and 2016. She was awarded an NIH Innovator energy metabolism of the gut commensal Award for her research. Current work anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis. As part of focuses on how CD8 T cell tolerance is his thesis work, Baughn demonstrated that induced and maintained to persistent while Bacteroides species are regarded proteins, as breakdown of this can lead to as obligate anaerobes they are able to autoimmunity and is a barrier to effective benefit energetically from respiration on low cancer immunotherapy. She has shown concentrations of oxygen. Baughn then joined that tolerant CD8 T cells are not terminally the laboratory of Dr. William R. Jacobs, Jr. differentiated and that cognate antigenic at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine as stimulation can reverse established T cell a Merck Fellow of the Helen Hay Whitney dysfunction and tolerance, yielding insights Foundation to study central metabolism into targeted interventions for cancer and drug discovery in Mycobacterium immunotherapy. The group’s research has tuberculosis. In 2010, Baughn joined the also shown that the activation state of CD8 T University of Minnesota Department of cells impacts their susceptibility to inhibitory Microbiology to lead a research program immune checkpoints and susceptibility can focused on antimicrobial drug discovery. be changed with antigenic stimulation. Vezys Baughn’s group has contributed to our co-teaches the undergraduate Immunology understanding of the mechanistic basis for class with Dr. Langlois. synergy between broad-spectrum antifolate drugs, and has shed light on mechanisms Anna Tischler, PhD that govern susceptibility and resistance Dr. Tischler joined the Department in 2011 of M. tuberculosis to important drugs such as an Assistant Professor after post- as pyrazinamide and para-aminosalicylic doctoral training with Dr. John McKinney at acid. In collaboration with Courtney Aldrich’s EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland. Tischler’s laboratory in the Department of Medicinal research is focused on mechanisms of Chemistry, Baughn’s group is using their Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence. findings to explore novel strategies to She is particularly interested in how the enhance antimicrobial drug action and bacteria evade host immune responses to restore susceptibility in the context establish and maintain latent infections. She antimicrobial drug resistance. Baughn’s has developed and implemented genetic research has been supported by funding screens in immune deficient strains of from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, mice to define M. tuberculosis factors that American Lung Association, AIDS Clinical enable evasion of immune responses that Trials Group, Minnesota Partnership for depend on macrophage activation by the Biotechnology & Medical Genomics and the cytokine interferon-gamma. She identified National Institutes of Health. Baughn co- a phosphate sensing signal transduction teaches Microbiology and Immunology for system that is necessary for immune evasion First Year Medical Students with Dr. Southern. and demonstrated that it regulates bacterial Baughn was promoted to Associate protein secretion via two pathways: the ESX-5 Professor in 2017. Type VII secretion system and membrane vesicle production. Tischler is currently

56. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology 1984 - 2004

exploring the contributions of ESX-5 secretion Benjamin tenOever building molecular tools and membrane vesicle release to M. to study the immune response to influenza tuberculosis persistence. Tischler was a 2013 virus. This work earned him a K22 award recipient of the NIH Director’s New Innovator from the National Institute of Allergy and Award. She has also served as course Infectious Diseases. The Langlois laboratory director for the upper level undergraduate is focused on understanding virus-host Microbial Pathogenesis lecture course since interaction and improving vaccination 2013. Tischler was promoted to Associate strategies for influenza virus. The Langlois Professor in June 2018. laboratory is currently funded by the University of Minnesota and the National Ryan Hunter, PhD Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Prior to joining the Department in 2013 as Langlois co-teaches the undergraduate an Assistant Professor, Hunter earned his Immunology class with Dr. Vezys. PhD at the University of Guelph (Canada) under the supervision of Terry Beveridge, and Ingunn Stromnes, PhD pursued his postdoctoral studies with Dianne Dr. Stromnes performed pre-doctoral Newman at both MIT and Caltech. Trained research at the National Institute of Health on as a microbial ecologist, Hunter now uses immune mechanisms impacting persistent a combination of environmental chemistry, viral infection outcomes. She obtained a imaging, genomics and bacterial genetics PhD in Immunology from the University of to study the dynamics of host-associated Washington where she developed novel microbial communities. In collaboration with preclinical models of central nervous system the UMN Cystic Fibrosis Treatment Center autoimmune disease. She completed and Division of Pulmonology and Critical her post-doctoral training with Dr. Philip Care Medicine, research in the Hunter lab is Greenberg, a pioneer of adoptive cell therapy focused on characterizing the in vivo growth and leading expert in cancer immunology. At environment of respiratory pathogens and this time, she developed a novel engineered how environmental-microbe interactions T cell therapy for pancreas cancer targeting relate to disease states. He has a particular the tumor antigen mesothelin. Dr. Stromnes interest in defining bioavailable nutrient joined the Department in 2017 as an sources within the host, and the metabolic Assistant Professor. She has received strategies respiratory pathogens use to an AACR Career Development award to obtain them. Dr. Hunter’s work is currently further enhance immunotherapy efficacy supported by the National Heart Lung and for pancreas cancer patients. Her laboratory Blood Institute, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, is focused on identifying the principles that Gilead Sciences, and the Gus and Marjorie govern outcomes to cancer immunotherapy Esselen Foundation. to inform T cell engineering strategies for therapeutically target advanced malignancies. Ryan Langlois, PhD Her laboratory is also particularly focused Ryan Langlois is another native Minnesotan on elucidating the factors in the tumor and joined the department in 2014. Langlois microenvironment that influence T cell earned his PhD in Immunology at the migration, fate and antitumor activity in University of Iowa with Dr. Kevin Legge. He cancer. Dr. Stromnes will begin teaching did his postdoctoral training at Mount Sinai Medical School Immunology. School of Medicine in New York City with Dr.

57. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial History & Current Microbiology Major Curriculum/Undergrad Teaching

HISTORY & CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY MAJOR CURRICULUM / UNDERGRADUATE TEACHING

Since its inception, the teaching and training Dworkin had a tremendous impact on of concepts and methods of microbiology undergraduate students through this course has been central to the mission of the for more than 40 years. Other offerings department. The first formal bacteriology by the department included Dr. Yoon course at the University of Minnesota was Berm Kim’s advanced Immunochemistry- taught by Professor Conway McMillan in Immunobiology course, Dr. Palmer Roger’s 1913. Around this same time, Dr. Winford Microbial Physiology course and Dr. Dwight Larson and Dr. Arthur Henrici joined the Anderson’s course in Dental Microbiology. university. Both professors went on to make significant contributions over the In keeping with the dynamic nature of next 25 years as instructors in the areas the field, undergraduate education in of medical microbiology and bacteriology. microbiology continued to evolve and This era also saw continued expansion in change over the next three decades. In the curriculum, with the inclusion of such 1974, under the direction and teaching titles as: General Mycology, Viruses and of Dr. Beulah Gray, Immunology was Rickettsia and Principles of Infectious established as a key component of the Disease. Bacterial Metabolism was added in undergraduate curriculum. In the early 1952 and Microbial Genetics in 1957. Also 1980s, building on his research interests during this period, the teaching of medical in vaccine development and bacterial students became a primary function of the pathogenesis, Dr. Patrick Cleary introduced department, and under the early direction his popular Molecular and Genetic Bases of Mr. James Prince the departmental for Microbial Diseases course. After joining Microbiology Teaching Laboratory was the department in 1990, Dr. Leslie Schiff established. developed and taught courses in virology at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The teaching of undergraduate, graduate The first faculty member to introduce active and professional students remained a learning principles in her undergraduate substantial activity within the department Biology, Genetics and Pathogenesis of throughout the 1960s and 70s, and in the Viruses course, Dr. Schiff received university 1970-71 academic year approximately and national awards for her innovative 1800 undergraduate and professional teaching, including the Carski Award from students took laboratory courses within the American Society for Microbiology, and the department. This period also brought the Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching significant changes in undergraduate course Award. Professor Schiff has served as the offerings, including Dr. Martin Dworkin’s Director of Undergraduate Studies for the general microbiology lecture and laboratory Microbiology Major for over 25 years. course. The consummate professor, Dr.

58. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial History & Current Microbiology Major Curriculum/Undergrad Teaching

Mr. Prince was the first manager of the Today, the department continues its rich Microbiology Teaching Laboratory in history in providing microbiology courses Moos Tower. When he retired in 1988, Gail across the university and assuring quality Swanson and Harriet Struck (Lievan) were education for undergraduate, graduate promoted to co-manage the teaching lab. and professional students of microbiology After Gail moved to Washington, DC, Harriet through teaching and research. An average became sole manager for 15 years. Under of 60 undergraduate students annually their direction and that of successors declare microbiology as a major or minor Lana Lamb (lab manager 2003-2018), and over 500 undergraduates and 150 and current manager Cody Smith, the medical students take microbiology Microbiology Teaching Laboratory has courses offered through the department. remained a core feature of the department’s The Microbiology Teaching Laboratory undergraduate and medical school teaching. continues to function year-round providing Asked about her time in the teaching lab, hands-on, cutting edge experiences in both Harriet wrote “Microbes are masters at introductory and advanced microbiology and creating challenges. To establish a learning genetics. The current curriculum includes environment that meets the challenge of course offerings exploring some of the most translating textbook knowledge of microbes exciting areas of contemporary microbiology to a laboratory student exercise required and immunology. careful study. Isolation of collaborating microbes was just the beginning. Reflecting on my 30 years as a member of the Microbiology Teaching Lab the contribution of the staff stands out. I greatly value the experience and skills of the diverse staff. I recall the student’s response to each exercise as a mixture of frustration, annoyance, relief and even satisfaction. My strongest memory of the Micro Teaching Lab is my state of merriment as each exercise revealed established knowledge and at the same time brought up more questions.” The department also continued its long- standing commitment to providing undergraduate research training through Directed Research and National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates programs and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program. A UMN Undergraduate Microbiology Club was established as an active student chapter of the American Society for Microbiology.

59. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial History & Current Microbiology Major Curriculum/Undergrad Teaching

Undergraduate Microbiology and Immunology Courses Currently Offered MICB 3301 Biology of Microorganisms (Dr. Christian Mohr) MICB 4131 Immunology (Dr. Vaiva Vezys, Dr. Ryan Langlois) MICB 4151 Molecular and Genetic Bases for Microbial Diseases (Dr. Anna Tischler) MICB 4161 Eukaryotic Microbiology (Dr. Dana Davis) MICB 4171 Biology, Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Viruses (Dr. Leslie Schiff) MICB 4215 Advanced Laboratory: Microbial Physiology and Diversity (Dr. Sandra Armstrong) MICB 4225 Advanced Laboratory: Microbial Genetics (Dr. Kirsten Nielsen, Dr. Ryan Hunter) MICB 4235 Advanced Laboratory: Virology, Immunology and Microbial Genetics (Dr. Wade Bresnahan) MICB 4994 Directed Research (all faculty) PMB 4111 Microbial Physiology and Diversity (Dr. Daniel Bond, Dr. Jeffrey Gralnick) PMB 4121 Microbial Ecology and Applied Microbiology (Dr. Michael Sadowsky) BIOL 2100 Brewing, Biology, History and Practice (Dr. Dana Davis) BIOL 2960H Exploring Research in the Biological Sciences (Dr. Dana Davis) BIOL 4960/4961H Thesis Writing in the Biological Sciences (Dr. Leslie Schiff)

Dr. Schiff and 2014 CBS Microbiology Major graduates. Photo courtesy of Dr. Schiff.

60. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial History & Current Microbiology Major Curriculum/Undergrad Teaching

The department has a long and distinguished bacteriology, virology, mycology, and history in the excellence of its medical parasitology. The examination questions student course, from Wesbrook through were also case-based, and benefitted from Brand, Schlievert and Southern. Schlievert’s experience and training in writing unambiguous case-based questions as an Dr. Bradley on medical student teaching in examination question writer for the National the 1950s-60s: “As I remember the course for Board of Medical Examiners. The course to medical students, [William] Scherer was the this day has a strong laboratory component faculty member of record but the course was based on the conviction that physicians largely taught by senior postdocs, instructors must know the laboratory basis for microbial and occasional new assistant professors. identification, disease causation, and Jim Prince backed up the lab. Several of strategies for therapy. Schlievert received 6 us gave vignettes in our area (me medical Distinguished Teaching Awards by vote of the mycology, Lichstein on microbial physiology medical students, until his name was retired and Watson on immunology). Lee McLaren from consideration, during his tenure as and John Verna in Syverton’s group did a lot Course Director. Schlievert also received the of the coordination.” Outstanding Medical School Teaching Award in 1988 by vote of the faculty, and in 2001, During Watson’s tenure as head of the he received the University’s highest teaching department, Dr. Brand oversaw the medical honor, the Post-Baccalaureate Graduate and student course. He reorganized the course Professional Teaching Award. In 2016, Dr. to increase its effectiveness and relate its Schlievert was nominated by faculty and theory to clinical practice. As noted earlier students from the University of Minnesota in his biosketch, Dr. Brand was highly rated and received the national American Society by the medical students–he received four for Microbiology’s Graduate Microbiology Distinguished Teaching Awards and was Teaching Award. invited to be the commencement speaker in his last year as a faculty member. Schlievert Dr. Peter Southern succeeded Schlievert taught microbiology and immunology as course director in 2011, when Schlievert to medical students from 1981 to 2011, left to become the head of microbiology succeeding Brand as course director from and immunology at the University of Iowa. 1985 to 2011. In his last year as course Southern has continued the tradition of director, Brand made all of his lecture excellence, relying on case-based education materials available to Dr. Schlievert, which and the active participation of a small helped immensely in sustaining the high number of faculty to maintain consistency quality of the course. When Schlievert took as the students are challenged to develop over as course director, he re-adjusted knowledge-based critical thinking skills in the lectures to provide more emphasis microbiology and infectious diseases. He has on immunology and major pathogens received 4 Distinguished Teaching Awards, as causing infections in the United States selected by the First Year Medical Students, so the students would be able to see the and has been instrumental in guiding relevance and importance of infections to major course revisions and reappraisal their practice. Both Brand and Schlievert of the objectives across the entirety of primarily used case-based lectures on the undergraduate medical education. most important aspects of immunology,

61. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Education

GRADUATE EDUCATION

The move to a merger was started in 1993 by a self-organized group of Departmental PhD immunologists formed by Tucker LeBien Programs in Bacteriology in response to concerns about the lack of a formal immunology community and Microbiology at UMN. This initiative was strongly PhD training in Bacteriology, Microbiology, supported by Ashley Haase, Head of the and Immunology was departmentally Department of Microbiology, who had been based in graduate programs, initially in working behind the scenes to form multi- the Department of Bacteriology and then departmental graduate programs for some Microbiology. The “Sampler” shown in the time. Although questioned at first by some figure on the next page is taken from the members of both programs, Pat Schlievert list of over 500 PhDs awarded from 1921 and James McCarthy, the Directors of to the present, and illustrates the evolution Graduate Studies (DGS) of the Microbiology from a department-based program to the and Pathobiology graduate programs current cross-departmental Microbiology, eventually embraced the merger movement Immunology, and Cancer Biology graduate and were critical to its success. program described below. As an appendix to this document is a full list of graduate degrees awarded by the department and the MICaB program.

History of the Formation of the Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology (MICaB) Graduate Program In 2012, the National Research Council ranked the Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology (MICaB) Graduate Program as the top biomedical graduate program at the University of Minnesota (UMN). MICaB was formed in 1995 by the merger of the pre-existing Microbiology and Pathobiology graduate programs. This is the story of that merger.

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Name Academic Degree Deg. Conferred Advisor

Ashby, Winnifred Mayer Bacteriology PhD 1921 Rosenow, E C Halvorson, Halvor Orin Bacteriology PhD 1928 Green, R G Ziegler, Newell Richard Bacteriology PhD 1930 Halvorson, H O Leck, Paul Clifford Bacteriology PhD 1931 Larson, W P Novak, Milan Bacteriology PhD 1931 Henrici, A T Buggs, Charles Wesley 1932 Green, R G Bacteriology PhD Ordal, Erling Josef 1936 Halvorson, H O Bacteriology PhD Slack, John Madison 1940 Henrici, A T Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology PhD 1944 Halvorson, H O Siedentopf, Heinz Adolf Bacteriology PhD 1947 Green R G; Halvorson H O Moat, Albert Groombridge Bacteriology PhD 1953 Lichstein, H C Gifford, George Edwin Bacteriology PhD 1955 Syverton, J T Lee, Ho Wang Microbiology PhD 1959 Scherer, W Becker, George E Microbiology PhD 1963 Schmidt, E L Ramaley, Robert Folk Microbiology PhD 1964 Bernlohr, Robert W Shope, Richard Edwin, Jr. Microbiology PhD 1964 Brand, G K ; Sorensen D K Kim, Yoon Berm Microbiology PhD 1965 Watson, Dennis W Holmes, Beulah M Microbiology PhD 1966 Good, Robert A Watson, Benjamin Franklin Microbiology PhD 1967 Dworkin, M Heim, Lyle Raymond Microbiology PhD 1969 Good, Robert A Auran, Nancy Ellen Microbiology PhD 1972 Johnson, Russel C Karp, Richard Dale Microbiology PhD 1972 Brand, GK Brunson, Kenneth Wayne Microbiology PhD 1973 Watson, Dennis W Klaviter, Elroy Clarence Microbiology PhD 1976 Johnson, Russel C Tong, Shiu Lok Microbiology PhD 1978 Plagemann, Peter G Clayman, Carol Anne Heineman Microbiology PhD 1979 Faras, Anthony J Staskus, Katherine Anne Microbiology PhD 1984 Faras, Anthony J Wexler, Daniel Edward Microbiology PhD 1985 Cleary, Paul Patrick Contag, Pamela Reilly Microbiology PhD 1985 Rogers, P Oconnor, Steven Paul Microbiology PhD 1987 Cleary, Paul Patrick Wehner, Nancy Gale Microbiology PhD 1987 Gray, Beulah H Contag, Christopher H Microbiology PhD 1988 Plagemann, Peter G; Haase, Ashley T Harty, John T Microbiology PhD 1989 Plagemann, Peter G Hauser, Alan Robert Microbiology PhD 1990 Schlievert, Patrick M Urdahl, Kevin Bradley Microbiology PhD 1993 Jenkins, Marc Kevin Bensing, Barbara Anne Microbiology PhD 1996 Dunny, Gary M Schmechel, Stephen C Microb/Immun/Molec Path PhD 1999 Schiff, Leslie Ann Waters, Christopher M Microb/Immun/Molec Path PhD 2002 Dunny, Gary M Sampler listing of students, degrees, dates conferred, and faculty advisors for the Department of Bacteriology, then Microbiology, to the first degrees in the multi-departmental graduate programs.

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PhD Supporting Program in the Microbiology and Pathobiology graduate programs. Graduate Training in Faculty members from Microbiology Immunology before 1993 and Pathobiology taught the Frontiers in Immunology graduate courses, which A need for improved graduate training in brought immunologists from both groups immunology was a key driver of the merger closer together. that formed MICaB. It is therefore informative to start with a brief history of graduate education at UMN in this discipline.

Before the 1980s, PhD training in immunology Early Seeds of the at UMN took place in departmentally based graduate programs, primarily housed in the MICaB Program Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Although the Frontiers in Immunology or Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology courses were successful, it was still not (LMP). For example, many of luminary Robert possible in the early 1990s for a student to Good’s immunology students in the 1960s receive a PhD in immunology or to identify received their PhDs from the program in the a single-entry point for graduate training in Department of Microbiology. the discipline. Many immunologists believed that this problem was related to the lack The dispersal of immunology faculty of a single academic unit with the name members among many different immunology in its title. In 1991, in conjunction departments persisted into the early with the departure of Fritz Bach in 1990, 1980s after Good’s departure in 1972. Medical School Dean David Brown appointed Beulah Gray, Robert Click, Pat Schlievert, a Committee on the Future Development of David Fan, and Russell Curry were in the Immunology at the University of Minnesota Department of Microbiology; Fritz Bach, Medical School, chaired by Tucker LeBien. In Miriam Segall, Tucker LeBien, Harry Orr, a report to the Dean and major department John Kersey, and Dan Vallera were in LMP; heads, the committee recommended first Alfred Michael and Paul Quie were in the and foremost to immediately recruit a Department of Pediatrics, and Richard senior immunologist who would be charged Simmons and John Najarian were in the with organizing immunology. Dean Brown Department of Surgery. It was becoming acted on this recommendation and in 1992, increasingly apparent that this dispersal in collaboration with Leo Furcht, Head of was not conducive to integrated, high- LMP, hired Matt Mescher, an accomplished quality graduate education in immunology. immunologist then working at the Medical In 1984, Ashley Haase, the new Head of the Biology Institute. Department of Microbiology began working to develop a coherent educational program in immunology shared by several departments. He worked with Fritz Bach, Director of the Immunobiology Research Center in LMP, to create the Frontiers in Immunology graduate courses that formed an internal

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“concerns about dilution and weakness” were raised. The minutes state that “Dr. Haase then The MICaB Proposal proposed a minimalist solution in which there In the fall of 1993, Tucker LeBien convened would be no move to combine the graduate meetings with Bruce Blazar, Marc Jenkins, programs but that both Microbiology and Matt Mescher, Dan Mueller, Ron Jemmerson, Pathobiology would add Immunology to their Chris Pennell, and Brian Van Ness at the departmental names. This solution appeared Campus Club with the goal of developing a to be generally acceptable.” Dr. Jenkins “more formal immunology community” in the commented on “the importance of starting a wake of Matt Mescher’s hiring. This group dialogue now and he expressed confidence, titled itself the Immunology Working Group based on the positive interactions between (IWG) and named Tucker LeBien and Matt Immunologists, that an acceptable solution Mescher as co-chairs. At its January 5, 1994 could be reached.” meeting, the IWG identified the formation of an Immunology Graduate Program At its April 1, 1994 IWG meeting, the IWG as a goal. IWG representatives then met considered the option of the Microbiology with faculty members in the Departments and LMP Departments each adding of Microbiology and LMP to discuss the Immunology to their names as a solution to possibility. Marc Jenkins raised the issue the immunology graduate education problem. at a Microbiology Department faculty The minutes of that meeting contain the meeting on February 17, 1994. As noted in following entry “Potential scenarios for a the minutes of that meeting, Jenkins stated, graduate program in Immunology include (i) “Immunology does not currently appear a new, independent program, (ii) addition of in any listing of University Departments or the name Immunology to the Microbiology Graduate Programs.” Ashley Haase pointed or Pathobiology programs, or to both, and out three potential solutions: “(1) creation (iii) creation of a joint program by merger of of an Immunology Department; (2) creation Microbiology and Pathobiology and inclusion of a Center for Immunology; (3) creation of of Immunology as the third component. The a graduate program in Immunology.” Pat Working Group favors the third approach, and Schlievert, distressed about the reduction it was decided to draft a statement from the in the size of the Microbiology Department IWG in support of pursuing this possibility.” faculty in the recent past, voiced the The minutes of the June 20, 1994 IWG concern that “carving out a new program in meeting contain the entry “There continues Immunology might represent further erosion to be interest in the possibility of merging the of the Microbiology Department’s position.” Microbiology and Pathobiology programs An unattributed suggestion was made for and adding Immunology to this. We will urge “the creation of a combined Microbiology, the DGSs of the respective programs, along Pathobiology, and Immunology graduate with representatives from the IWG, to begin program.” In support of this notion, Dr. Haase discussions of this. Bruce Blazar suggested commented “that merging was under way that the IWG prepare a draft proposal of how when he first arrived and that larger-scale a combined program might be structured, merging is now being contemplated.” Several and it was agreed that this would be useful people spoke “against a formal affiliation for initiating discussions. We will plan to meet with Pathobiology on the basis that this is to develop this draft prior to a meeting with still a young and unproven program” and the representatives of the other programs.” In

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July 1994, Tucker LeBien, Matt Mescher, and Marc Jenkins produced “A Proposal to Create a Combined PhD Program in Immunology, Joint Program Microbiology, and Pathobiology,” which was Proposal Approved sent to key stakeholders in the Microbiology and Pathobiology programs. In March 1995, the faculty members of the Microbiology and Pathobiology graduate The proposal was met with enough programs voted to approve the proposal for enthusiasm by both parties to warrant the formation of the MIMP program. The Board formation of a Joint Graduate Program group of Regents approved the proposal at its June consisting of Matt Mescher, Marc Jenkins, 8, 1995 meeting. Marc Jenkins was chosen Tucker LeBien, James McCarthy, and Pat as the first DGS of the new MIMP program, Schlievert, charged with bringing a formal which admitted its first class of students in merger proposal to the faculty. The Joint September 1996. Lee Ellies was the program Graduate Program group was formed with coordinator for its first 2 years; Louise Shand the support of Ashley Haase, who had tacit coordinated the program from 1998 until her approval from Dean Brown to form a larger retirement in early 2018 when she passed graduate program involving Microbiology the reins to Megan Ruf. The program name faculty members. David Sherman was later was changed to Microbiology, Immunology, added to the Joint Graduate Program group and Cancer Biology (MICaB) in 2000 to to represent the interests of non-medical better recognize the disciplinary focus of the microbiologists. Marc Jenkins, in consultation Molecular Pathobiology track. with the group, wrote the proposal, which went through three drafts according to a December 19, 1994 memo. The proposal MICaB Today spelled out the processes for student and new faculty member admission, program As noted earlier, the merged program has governance, coursework and qualifying been very successful since its inception exams, and a plan for financial support. over 22 years ago. The increase in potential The final proposal for a combined graduate faculty mentors and inclusion of immunology program named Microbiology, Immunology, and cancer biology courses and research and Molecular Pathobiology (MIMP) was sent opportunities more than doubled the size of to the faculty on January 4, 1995 for a vote. the applicant pool over those of the previous All members of the Joint Graduate Program programs. The establishment of the Center group argued the merits of the proposal to for Immunology in the same year that the their constituents behind the scenes before MIMP program began further raised the a joint faculty meeting lead by Marc Jenkins visibility of immunology at UMN leading where the pros and cons of the proposal were to the recruitment of outstanding faculty publically debated. members and graduate student applicants. The quality of the applicant pool was also likely improved as the initial wariness of the Microbiology and Pathobiology programs about each other’s quality contributed to the creation of a merged program with higher admission standards than either of

66. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

its antecedents. The lesson of inclusiveness that emerges from the MICaB merger history could be informative as new fields of science intersect with the three tracks of the program.

Since 1996, the MICaB program has enrolled over 250 PhD students who have trained with faculty mentors from more than 20 different departments and multiple colleges at UMN. One of the great assets of the program is the breadth of faculty research interests and the collaborative research that takes place across disciplines. The program has awarded over 200 PhD degrees since its inception and graduates have gone on to prestigious faculty, industry, government, and publishing positions following completion of the program.

MICROBIOLOGY CONNECTIONS

inclined investigators that could catalyze new collaborations and initiatives. At the Bug Club same time, the sheer size of the institution, The end of the 20th century coincided with in conjunction with geographically and an explosion of interest in Microbes and intellectually-separated departments and growing recognition of their pivotal roles as colleges made it increasingly challenging to drivers of major geochemical cycles essential keep abreast of the state of microbiology on for life on the planet, for biotechnology and campus and to identify potential collaborators engineering applications, and as paradigms for with overlapping interest and complementary our basic understanding of biological diversity expertise. In addition, the course offerings and evolution. As a result, the numbers in microbiology at the University were much of researchers working with microbes in smaller than the research and training diverse “non-microbiology” departments interests of prospective students, and not well and institutes also increased dramatically. coordinated between programs. At large research universities such as the University of Minnesota, these trends resulted in a much larger pool of microbiologically

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The above issues were most acute in the area group. This group provides both scientific of prokaryotic microbiology, and so in 2011, and social enrichment for participants a committee of prokaryotic microbiologists and continues to maintain a high level of from multiple departments and colleges attendance and interest among the UMN was formed to discuss the current state of microbiology community, with monthly prokaryotic microbiology at the university, meetings alternating between the Minneapolis strengths and weaknesses, and to make and St. Paul campuses, and the topics ranging recommendations for future initiatives and from winemaking to the pathogenesis of policies. The first action of this committee infections caused by antibiotic-resistant was to generate a census of PIs whose bacteria. The vitality of the group is also laboratories were focused on prokaryotic enhanced by special themed meetings such microbiology research as a major activity as the annual “Dworkin day” which features campus wide. The resulting survey identified research presentations related to multicellular over 50 PIs leading research groups with a behaviors of bacteria, a special area of interest prokaryotic microbiology focus, with these of our late colleague Marty Dworkin who was groups distributed among 6 colleges and a pioneering founder of the club. The club has over a dozen departments and Institutes (this also received generous donations of excellent number has continued to grow substantially craft beer from a leading local brewery, Fair over the past 7 years). Only about 10 percent State; the donated brews include last year’s of these PIs held a primary appointment in the special production of “Dworkinator” in honor Department of Microbiology, and less than 20 of Dr. Dworkin. It is also important to note percent were members of the Microbiology, the existence of an additional campus-wide Immunology and Cancer Biology PhD program microbiology interest group, the Biofilm Club, (this is the only PhD program at the University which has been sponsored and organized by that contains “Microbiology” in its title). The our colleagues Karen Ross and Mark Herzberg results of this census indicated that immediate in the School of Dentistry. The Biofilm Club benefits could be achieved by increasing the provides another important venue for social interactions among this large community. connections and scientific enrichment for the University Microbiology community. The major conclusions and recommendations of this committee are reflected in the following statement from the final report: Perhaps the most important point to be made here Center for Immunology (CFI) is to emphasize prokaryotic microbiology Immunology Before CFI as an intellectual force that unites diverse The University of Minnesota’s connections investigators from different disciplines to immunology can be dated back to the and academic units in research pursuits founding of the American Association of addressing critically important basic and Immunology (AAI) in Minneapolis in June applied topics. 1913 at the annual meeting of the American

Medical Association (George B. Webb, Major results of the deliberations of this president, George W. Ross, vice president, committee included organizations of Willard J. Stone, treasurer, MartinJ. Synnott, multiple symposia emphasizing prokaryotic secretary: 52 enrolled charter members). microbiology, and the establishment of a In the period from 1920 to the 1940s, Hal monthly “Bug Club” microbiology interest

68. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Downey, Fred Kolouch and Robert Good syndromes, cardiovascular capillary leak showed in experiments at the University syndromes, caused by massive T lymphocyte of Minnesota that plasma cells were the activation and the consequent cytokine storm antibody-secreting cells in the adaptive called toxic shock syndrome. Dr. Beulah immune system. Good and his colleagues Gray, who with Dr. Paul Quie had identified in the Departments of Pediatrics and the genetic defect in chronic granulomatous Microbiology performed groundbreaking disease (NADPH Oxidase), identified research in the 1960s on the lymphoid organs the lipopolysaccharide binding protein, that support cell-mediated and humoral recognized now as the key to delivering immunity and performed the first successful lipopolysaccharide to the innate immune bone marrow transplant from a related donor system’s Toll-like receptor 4. in 1968. In 1979, Fritz H. Bach was recruited from the University of Wisconsin as Director Basic Immunology, immunochemistry and of the Immunobiology Research Center (IRC) immunopathology were taught in the 1960s in a partnership between the Departments by Louis Muschel, Dennis Watson and of Surgery and Lab Medicine and Pathology Robert Good. Following Good’s departure (LMP). The IRC consisted of 5-6 research in 1972 to the Memorial Sloan Kettering labs with Bach and new hires (Joyce Zarling, Cancer Center, one of his graduate students, Mike Widmer, Charlie Orosz, and Harry Orr) Beulah Gray, now a faculty member in the plus the HLA clinical typing laboratory with Department of Microbiology, taught a Basic a translational focus linking basic aspects Immunology course for undergraduate and of histocompatibility complex and immune graduate students. Gray continued to teach regulation with transplantation immunity Immunology to undergraduate and graduate (HLA typing and immune suppression). students for 28 years until her retirement in 1997, with a brief hiatus from 1982-1986 Thus, in the early 1980s, much of the when Pat Schlievert taught this course. Ron immunology research in the IRC and the LMP Jemmerson, who joined the Department of and Surgery departments at the University Microbiology in 1985, would later teach the of Minnesota was focused on the Major undergraduate course in basic immunology, Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and now taught by current faculty in Microbiology tolerance because of their relevance to the and Immunology, Vaiva Vezys and Ryan renowned organ transplantation programs Langlois. in the Department of Surgery and the bone marrow transplant programs in the By 1980, the new faculty in the IRC and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine. departments of LMP, Microbiology and In addition, there were significant research other departments shown in the Table efforts in cellular immunology, monoclonal below, comprised a substantial immunology antibodies and human leukocyte cell surface faculty who could offer graduate-level markers. In the Department of Microbiology, Frontiers in Immunology Courses in the department head Dr. Dennis Watson Immunochemistry, Immunogenetics and studied the role of pyrogenic toxins in Clinical Immunology. By the 1990s, the immune system dysfunction, and in 1980- Frontiers in Immunology graduate course 81, newly hired Pat Schlievert described was taught by Dale Gregerson in the the major pyrogenic toxin superantigens Department of Ophthalmology and Marc that cause staphylococcal toxic shock Jenkins, who had joined the Department of

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Microbiology faculty in 1988. Jenkins has in conjunction with the departure of Fritz directed the current iteration of Frontiers, Bach, then Dean David Brown appointed a which became the graduate course on Committee on the Future Development of Immunity and Immunopathology, since 2005. Immunology at the University of Minnesota During the 1980s, Pat Schlievert taught the Medical School, Chaired by Tucker LeBien. Immunology section of Microbiology and The Committee recommended first and Immunology for Medical Students. Later foremost to immediately recruit Bach’s he would share responsibility with other replacement and to build in the area of T cell faculty in the Department of Microbiology, biology and genetics. This pre-CFI history Marc Jenkins and then Dave Masopust. now merges with the hiring of Matt Mescher The University was also awarded its first in 1993, described below. Immunology Training Grant from NIAID in 1988, with Tucker LeBien as the PI. In 1991,

Faculty in Immunology - 1980

Faculty Department Affiliation

Beulah Gray Microbiology Robert Click Microbiology Miriam Segall Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Fritz Bach Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Harry Orr Laboratory Medicine and Pathology/Microbiology David Fan Cell Biology and Genetics/Microbiology Tucker LeBien Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Russell Curry Medicine and Microbiology John Kersey Pediatrics/Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Alfred Michael Pediatrics Paul Quie Pediatrics and Microbiology Pat Schlievert Microbiology Richard Simmons Surgery Dan Vallera Therapeutic Radiology/Laboratory Medicine and Pathology * Joint Appointment or Associate Staff. From the December,1963 Medical Bulletin of the University of Minnesota

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Creation of the CFI Nils Hasselmo Hall to house research The Microbiology department removed programs that did not have traditional immunology from its name in 1948 and by departmental homes. Immunology was the late 1980s was focused on prokaryotes slated for space in the building and Shimizu and eukaryotic microbes, with only a couple and Jenkins were appointed to the space of card-carrying immunologists on the assignment committee to represent the faculty. In the early 1990s, several faculty CFI. Shimizu and Jenkins negotiated space members led by Tucker LeBien, urged for eight immunology investigators. It was then Medical School Dean David Brown decided by the CFI members that Shimizu, to hire a prominent senior immunologist Jenkins, Mescher, Hogquist, Jameson, to revitalize and organize the discipline. Timothy Behrens, Daniel Mueller, and Nancy Matthew Mescher was hired into LMP with Reinsmoen would move into laboratory space this charge in 1993. In 1994-1996, Mescher in Nils Hasselmo Hall. Reinsmoen left the U and Leo Furcht also hired Yoji Shimizu, a of M before the move took place, so seven prominent immunologist from the University CFI investigators moved to the 6th floor of of Michigan, and Stephen Jameson and Nils Hasselmo Hall in 1997. Kristin Hogquist, outstanding postdoctoral fellows from Michael Bevan’s lab at the Additional faculty members were brought University of Washington. In 1994, Mescher into the CFI-designated space in Nils and LeBien set about organizing U of MN Hasselmo Hall in 1999-2002, mainly from immunologists. They formed an Immunology clinical departments: Michael Farrar from Working Group with 11 other immunology the Department of Laboratory Medicine faculty members from eight departments. and Pathology, Alexander Khoruts and Erik The goals of this group were to foster Peterson from the Department of Medicine, additional recruitments in immunology, and Elizabeth Ingulli from the Department enhance the visibility of graduate training of Pediatrics. The CFI played a major role opportunities in the discipline, and obtain in hiring other immunologists who, due contiguous research space for immunology to a lack of space in Nils Hasselmo Hall, investigators. The Immunology Working had laboratories in their departmental Group lobbied successfully for a new space: Bryce Binstadt from the Department merged graduate program that ultimately of Pediatrics, Daniel Kaplan from the became the Microbiology, Immunology, and Department of Dermatology, Emily Gillespie Cancer Biology program. Mescher applied and Brian Fife from the Department of for a Center Grant from the UMN Graduate Medicine, and David Masopust and Vaiva School, which provided $50,000 per year for 2 Vezys from the Department of Microbiology. years to establish the CFI. The CFI was thus formally constituted in 1995 with Mescher In 2006, it was clear that growth of the CFI as director and Marc Jenkins as associate was limited by the space available in Nils director. Hasselmo Hall. At this time UMN leaders were planning to build several new research Mescher and Jenkins then put out a campus- buildings on the Biomedical Discovery wide call for immunologists to join the CFI. District north side of campus, and the CFI About 50 faculty members joined the CFI was identified as one of the future occupants at this time. As this was happening, UMN of the planned Wallin Medical Bioscience leadership erected a new building called Building (WMBB). CFI leaders were involved

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in the design phase for WMBB, and the plan 29 of which have each been cited over 200 that emerged identified space that could times, and this group includes a Regents’ house 15 CFI investigators. Behrens and Professor, a former President of the American Ingulli left for new positions at Genentech and Association of Immunologists, a Howard UCSD, respectively, as decisions were being Hughes Medical Institute Scholar, three NIH made about how the WMBB space would be MERIT awardees, and six members of the assigned. CFI leaders decided that Mescher, UMN Academic Health Center Academy of Jenkins, Jameson, Hogquist, Shimizu, Excellence in Research. Mueller, Farrar, Khoruts, and Peterson would move from Nils Hasselmo Hall, and Binstadt, Kaplan, Gillespie, Fife, Masopust and Vezys would move from their departmental space to Biotechnology Institute occupy the CFI-designated space in WMBB. A biotechnology initiative at the University The building construction was completed and was first proposed in the early 1980s by the the move took place in December 2009. then head of the Biochemistry Department, Prof. Victor Bloomfield, and by the dean of the In 2013, Mescher decided to step down as College of Biological Sciences (CBS), Richard CFI director after serving in this role for 18 Caldecott. After preliminary discussion with a years. The Medical School Dean appointed core group of planners along with corporate Jenkins as the new director and Jenkins supporters, the concept was presented to chose Hogquist as the new associate the Minnesota State Legislature where it won director. Kaplan and Gillespie left the UMN approval as a special appropriation beginning in 2015. Tanya Freedman was recruited into in 1983. The Biological Process Technology CFI-designated space in collaboration with Institute (BPTI) was thus chartered by the the Department of Pharmacology in 2015; in state in 1984 with Michael Flickinger of 2017, Ingunn Stromnes was recruited into CFI the National Cancer Institute as its first space in collaboration with the Department director to help catalyze the development of Microbiology and Immunology; in 2018, of a biotechnology industry in Minnesota. Tyler Bold and Jesse Williams were recruited The annual appropriation of $300,000 was into CFI space in collaboration with the initially used to remodel space for Institute Departments of Medicine and Integrative offices and for a central fermentation pilot Biology and Physiology, respectively. scale facility in Gortner Lab, now home to the BioResource Center (BRC). The BRC provides The CFI continues to this day as a Medical state of the art fermentation and downstream School-supported multi-departmental processing capabilities for UMN Faculty, academic unit devoted to advancing local industry, and national corporations. The immunology research and education. Institute is also the home of the National Research in the CFI has been supported by Institute of General Medical Sciences numerous grants from the NIH and other (NIGMS) Biotechnology Training Grant (still sources, including continuous support active today, after over 25 years of funding). from an NIH Program Project Grant and an NIH Immunology Training Grant since the The BPTI started and is to this day a joint inception of the Center. Faculty members venture between the College of Biological in CFI-designated space have generated Sciences and the College of Science numerous peer-reviewed research articles, and Engineering (formerly the Institute

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of Technology). The Institute catalyzes interaction between microbiologists (and microbial biochemists) and engineers to UMycoNet achieve goals neither could do alone. Both UMycoNet is a cross-disciplinary group Martin Dworkin and Palmer Rogers were established in 2015 to bring together the early supporters of the BPTI. To this end, Gary community of researchers studying fungi M. Dunny and David H. Sherman were hired at the University of Minnesota. Fungi play as joint appointments between BPTI and the pivotal roles in life on this planet - from their Department of Microbiology. The BPTI was devastating effects as crop and human subsequently renamed the BioTechnology pathogens to nutrient recyclers and beneficial Institute (BTI) to better reflect its mission, mutualists. As sources of industrially and Ken Valentas, who received his PhD important enzymes, major contributors to in Chemical Engineering at the University the global carbon cycle, model organisms of Minnesota, became director in 1995. for advances in medicine and molecular During his tenure BTI continued to grow and biology, and key biocontrol agents of major was home to the University of Minnesota pests and pathogens, they also offer a Biocatalysis Initiative. The relationship myriad of opportunities to address many of between Microbiology and BTI was further the ‘grand challenges’ of the 21st century. cemented by the subsequent hires of Daniel Given this diversity, research at UMN on fungi Bond and Jeff Gralnick. After an extensive spans a wide range of academic disciplines, search, H. Ted Davis, prior department head including biochemistry, cell biology, ecology, of Chemical Engineering and Materials evolutionary biology, genetics, geology, Science and dean of the Institute of medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, Technology (now College of Science and plant biology, and plant pathology. Although Engineering), became head of BTI in 2008. researchers studying fungi share a common Davis led efforts to boost interdisciplinary study system, each of these fields brings research for new and innovative sources different yet overlapping research questions, of renewable energy. Michael Sadowsky techniques and skill sets. The UMycoNet became director in 2009 and under his group promotes 1) better integration leadership BTI has continued to grow with and capitalizes on strengths of the UMN now 47 faculty members in 14 departments fungal research community, 2) promotes and 4 colleges (CBS, CSE, AHC, and CFANS). interdisciplinary graduate and faculty Sadowsky also increased BTI’s international research to provide students with exposure exchange programs to include the University to the broad spectrum of approaches used of Tokyo and Osaka University and was to study fungi, and 3) serves as an incubator instrumental in BTI being the home of the for industrial partnerships and training MnDRIVE program “Advancing Industry, opportunities related to fungal biology, in Conserving our Environment” which uses areas ranging from agriculture to medicine. microorganisms to remove pollutants from Specifically, UMycoNet has monthly research the environment. meetings, bi-annual research symposiums, and supports cross-disciplinary courses.

73. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

A cornerstone success of the IMV has been the collegial engagement of faculty Institute for and researchers from across the UMN. Molecular Virology IMV programmatic activities helped to lay the foundation for a nationally competitive Outstanding research in Virology at the training environment that led to the University of Minnesota dates back to the successful funding of a NIH T32 program 1930s from the research of Robert Green in virology in 2010 – the first UMN training to that of John Bittner (Department of program dedicated to training in virology. Laboratory Medicine and Pathology), who Key partnerships with virology colleagues discovered mouse mammary tumor virus at the Mayo Clinic (UMN-Mayo Lectures in (MMTV), one of the first cancer-causing Virology & Gene Therapy, 2009-present) and viruses identified. This deep history of the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Annual research excellence, led to the recruitment ‘Wisc-e-sota’ Symposium, 2013-present) of virologists across the health sciences. has further raised the national/international However, interactions among virologists profile of UMN virology research. The IMV were limited and they remained siloed. has also successfully competed to have the The Institute for Molecular Virology (IMV) UMN act as a host for the Annual Meeting of was founded in 2003 (Founding Director, the American Society for Virology meeting Louis Mansky) to provide a central focus and in 2011 and in 2019 as well as the host vision to virology research and education an International Retroviral Nucleocapsid within the Academic Health Center (AHC) Symposium in 2009. and the University of Minnesota (UMN) where now over 50 investigators in multiple departments, colleges and schools are engaged in funded research involving viruses. During the recruitment of Mansky (jointly to the Department of Microbiology and Dental School) Center for Infectious Diseases to the University of Minnesota from Ohio State and Microbiology Translational University, he worked closely with Senior Vice President for the Health Sciences Frank Cerra Research (CIDMTR; 2005– in creating the IMV and obtaining approval 2016) and Program in Infection from the AHC Deans Council. Mansky worked and Immunity (2016–Present) diligently to build the IMV’s membership, created the IMV Advisory Committee, CIDMTR was established in 2005 under and recruited Reuben Harris (Department the leadership of Ashley Haase as a of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and collaborative initiative by the Departments Biophyiscs) as Associate Director. Harris of Microbiology, Medicine and Pediatrics would go on to become the University of with a mission to discover mechanisms of Minnesota’s first ‘home-grown” Howard pathogenesis that can be translated into new Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. treatments and strategies for prevention of infectious diseases. Drs. Paul Bohjanen The first annual IMV Symposium was held (Microbiology), Phillilp Peterson (Medicine) in May, 2005, with Ashley Haase and Dwight and Mark Scheiss (Pediatrics) each initially Anderson as internal keynote speakers. served as Co-Directors of CIDMTR, and

74. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Paul Bohjanen became Director in 2008. From 2005 -2016, CIDMTR was located on the 3rd floor of the McGuire Translational Department Homes Research Facility in the Biomedical Discovery District where faculty members from the Millard Hall Departments of Microbiology, Medicine and At its start, the department occupied space Pediatrics conducted research in an open on the second floor of Millard Hall with laboratory setting that facilitated interaction animal facilities on the roof and some and collaboration. In addition to faculty laboratories in the basement. with labs in CIDMTR space, a diverse group of multidisciplinary infectious diseases and microbiology-focused researchers from across the Academic Health Center participated in CIDMTR programs and activities. CIDMTR faculty included faculty from the Medical School, School of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Dental School. CIDMTR programs such as a multidisciplinary weekly research conference and periodic scientific symposia related to broad topics of interest to researchers promoted multidisciplinary interactions related to infectious diseases and microbiology among faculty in the Medical School and across the Academic Millard Hall Health Center. CIDMTR also developed a robust and effective mentorship program to support the multidisciplinary career Mayo Memorial Building development of junior faculty. With the In the summer of 1954, the department opening of the Microbiology Research Facility moved to occupy 19,220 square feet on the and restructuring of the Medical School 9th and 10th floors of the newly completed Centers, CIDMTR transitioned to the Program Mayo Memorial Building with four in Infection and Immunity in 2016, and Paul Bohjanen continues to serve as Director. The Program in Infection and Immunity continues to hold a weekly multidisciplinary research conference and actively supports the mentorship and career development of junior faculty.

Mayo Memorial Building 75. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

teaching laboratories of 2,717 square feet were 14 operating rooms, two floors for accommodating 150 students and animal patient rehabilitation, medical research units located on the second floor. laboratories, the School of Public Health, and the Department of Bacteriology. In The Mayo brothers, Charles and William, addition to operating rooms and clinical died in 1939, and in the fall of 1940, then research laboratories, the Mayo Memorial Governor, Harold E. Stassen, appointed a Building contained the other central service Mayo Memorial Commission of Minnesota units of the university hospital such as citizens, to consider the form that a the diagnostic laboratories, blood bank, memorial to the Mayo brothers should x-ray department, administrative offices, take. Dean Diehl convinced the commission pharmacy, record rooms, central supply that an appropriate memorial ought to rooms, visitor’s entrance, and main lobby of “... occupy a central place and play an the hospital. Animal quarters and surgical important role in medical education and research laboratories were underground. medical research” and proposed that “the The Mayo Memorial Auditorium adjoined most appropriate place for a memorial to the Mayo Memorial Building in a distinct these two great physicians of Minnesota but connected building with seating for 550 is on the campus of the Medical School of persons and two classrooms, each capable the University… to keep the name of these of holding 180 students. Beneath the two great men, their accomplishments and auditorium was a two-level underground their ideals, constantly before the future garage capable of holding 240 cars. As generations of students.” The commission President Morrill said at the dedication: voted unanimously and enthusiastically Step by step, in more than a decade, the to raise a fund of not less than $1 million resources have been mobilized to make to erect a Mayo memorial building at the possible the Memorial, the building and university and to provide an endowment its equipment. Steadily new sources of for medical research. In the enthusiasm of support have been recruited or have sprung that spring day in 1941, who could imagine up almost spontaneously in response to the that nearly fourteen years, two wars, and appeal, and the potential of this facility for a galloping inflation of 10-30 percent the struggle against human suffering and would have to be endured before the Mayo the needless loss of life (Wilson). Memorial tower would appear on the campus skyline (Wilson). The Microbiology Teaching Laboratory moved from Mayo to new space on the Under the leadership of Donald Cowling, second floor of Moos Tower when that President of Carleton College, and Dean building opened in 1974. Soon after Dr. Diehl, the Mayo Memorial building was Haase became head of the department, the completed in 1954 with support ($7M) from department’s office and research laboratory the Minnesota State House and Senate, facilities were significantly expanded to Hill-Burton Act Federal funding ($3.1M), and include the 13th, 14th and 15th floors of private gifts ($2.2M). The Mayo Memorial Mayo with renovations of new and existing building had to be reduced because of space with $10M of funding from the State the funding available from twenty-two of Minnesota. to fourteen stories. Nonetheless, in the building and its three six-story wings, there

76. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Microbiology Research Facility. Department photo.

Microbiology Research Facility / Infectious Diseases Corridor of Discovery / Team and Translational Science. MRF & IDC In late 2015, the department moved to the 80,000 sq. ft. Microbiology Research Facility • Anchor Tenant: Department of (MRF), the fifth building in the Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology Discovery District (BDD), funded with $63M of the $292M funding from the State of • Home to Infectious Diseases Corridor Minnesota ($219M) and University ($73M) of Discovery (IDC) for the BDD to “pursue discoveries by bringing together talented investigators and • Mission: Understand the microbes encouraging them to work on the new cures and the diseases they cause; and therapies for our most challenging and better treat, cure, and prevent important health conditions.” MRF was the infectious diseases; first building on campus to be designed and built using new “Smart Lab” technology to Special emphasis: Great Killers—HIV / reduce energy costs. AIDS / TB / Influenza

For MRF, the same principles of spatial • Concept: Bring together faculty doing proximity for interdisciplinary collaborative fundamental science: Bacteria / research apply to bring together departmental Viruses / Fungi with Infectious faculty as anchor tenants with faculty drawn Disease physicians / Immunologists / from other departments and colleges with Pharmaceutical chemists allied interests and complementary expertise as the home for the Infectious Diseases Take fundamental discovery along Corridor of Discovery (IDC) whose objectives the continuum and thematic concentrations are shown in the figure to the right. Develop drugs and vaccines; Treat and prevent infectious disease

77. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Functional Site Plans The figures to the right show by level, floor plans, residents, thematic emphases and opportunities for collaborative team and translational science. Features of particular note that support these opportunities and objectives include the following:

Thematic concentrations aligned with the priorities of the IDC and major funder, NIAID, e.g., HIV and co-morbidities, TB, Cryptococcal and Candida infections; influenza infections; antimicrobial development and resistance.

Spatial proximity and intermingling of investigators within the laboratories and on the floors with shared interests and complementary expertise relevant to the high priority areas, e.g., HIV research on Level 2; TB, Cryptococcus and Candida research on Levels 3 and 4.

Spatial proximity and intermingling of investigators to encourage interdisciplinary and translational research, e.g., medicinal chemistry relevant to antimicrobial development on Level 3; physician scientists from the Department of Medicine (DOM), Levels 2 and 4.

Spatial proximity and formal and informal mechanisms to encourage interactions between MRF faculty and staff, e.g., conferencing areas on each floor and in the “Living room” on level 3 where faculty and staff meet for tea on Wednesday afternoons; weekly Infection and Immunity and monthly Faculty First Friday meetings where MRF faculty present their research in the seminar room on Level 1.

Spatial proximity to Immunology Faculty in the Center for Immunology in the adjoining WMBB.

Spatial proximity to supporting special cores, e.g., HIV and BSL-2+ research, flow cytometry of infectious or potentially infectious material, Level 2; BSL-3 cores for work on TB and fungi requiring that level of containment, Level 4 & WMBB; Imaging & Molecular Genomics Cores in CCRB.

Space assigned for directed undergraduate research essential to the Departments teaching mission, Mohr laboratory on Level 3.

78. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

79. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

80. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Interactions with CFI and BMDD Cores The following two figures show how the BMDD “quadrangle” around the shared vivarium facilitates interactions between MRF and IDC investigators with multidisciplinary CFI researchers to enhance collaborative research on infectious and immunological diseases, cancer and transplantation. The figures also illustrate BMDD investigator access to a shared vivarium, BSL-3 capabilities for in vitro and animal work and state-of-the-art Imaging and Molecular Genomics Cores.

81. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

82. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Microbiology & Immunology Faculty (June 2019). Front (L-R): Sandra Armstrong, Ashley Haase, Leslie Schiff, Kirsten Nielsen. Back (L-R): Anthony Baughn, Peter Southern, Lou Mansky (School of Dentistry), Vaiva Vezys, Stephen Rice, Gary Dunny, David Masopust, Dana Davis, Anna Tischler, Christian Mohr, Ryan Langlois, Wade Bresnahan. Not pictured: Ryan Hunter, Marc Jenkins, Ingunn Stromnes

The Future “History could be said to be one damn thing after another” Arnold Toynbee

“The future is hard to predict” Yogi Berra

Actually, there are many reasons from our history to be confident that the Department will continue to play a central role in its research and educational missions in microbiology and immunology at the University of Minnesota:

State-of-the-art facilities

Distinguished faculty over the generations

Contemporary talented faculty and supporting staff

Interconnectiveness with microbiology and immunology throughout the University of Minnesota

We think the future holds great promise for the Department to contribute through deeper understanding and discovery to cures, better treatments and prevention of infectious and immunological diseases.

83. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

Distinguished Faculty Snapshot

Regents’ & McKnight Distinguished Professors Good • Watson • Haase • Jenkins

Microbiology Chairs at UMN and Other Institutions Larson • Green • Syverton • Spizizen • Bradley • Watson • Lichstein • Scherer • McLaren • Holland Kim • Haase • Schlievert

ASM and/or AAI President Henrici • Halvorson • Watson • Good • Jenkins

National Academies NAM NAS Good • Wannamaker • Haase

AAAS, AAAS Fellow, AAM, ASM Eli Lilly/Carski/Educator Awards Halvorson • Lichstein • Holland • Dworkin • Johnson • Haase • Dunny • Schiff • Schlievert Cleary • Sherman

HHMI or Pew Scholar Jenkins • Masopust

Lasker Award, Koch Prize, Russian Academy of Sciences Wannamaker • Good • Cleary

NIH Director, Javits, MERIT, and/or MIRA Awards Masopust • Vezys • Tischler • Haase • Jenkins • Dunny • Anderson

84. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby, Winnifred Mayer Bacteriology PhD Rosenow, Edward C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson, Halvor Orin Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G. 1930 Ziegler, Newell Richard Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1931 Leck, Paul Clifford Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Gunderson, Millard Fillmore Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G.; Halvorson, Halvor O. Novak, Milan Bacteriology PhD Henrici, Arthur T. 1933 Cade, Arthur Rosson Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1934 Bayliss, Milward Levi Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. Benton, Anne Gertrude Bacteriology PhD Henrici, Arthur T. Buggs, Charles Wesley Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G. Colien, Francis Edward Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Olson, Byron J Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. 1936 Ordal, Erling Josef Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1937 Savage, George Mason Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt, Robert Ellis Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Levine, Milton Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology PhD Henrici, Arthur T. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology PhD Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. Slack, John Madison Bacteriology PhD Henrici, Arthur T. 1941 Goodlow, Robert Jacobs Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G. Johnson, Dale Waldo Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1942 Batson, Herbert Clifford Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Bell, John Frederick Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G. Drake, Charles Hadley Bacteriology PhD Henrici, Arthur T. Tsuchiya, Henry Mitsumasa Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1943 Evans, Charles Albert Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G. Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. Muedeking, Mary Rae Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. 1947 Allen, Robert Malven Bacteriology PhD Skinner, Charles E. Jezeski, James John Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O.; Macy, Harold Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology PhD Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Fletcher Bacteriology PhD Larson, Winford P. Needham, Gerald Morton Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. Siedentopf, Heinz Adolf Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G.; Halvorson, Halvor O. Stulberg, Cyril Sidney Bacteriology PhD Green, Robert G.; Halvorson, Halvor O.

85. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Ulrich, John Winnifred August Mayer Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Halvorson, EHalvordward O. C . (Mayo) 19281948 Halvorson,Bouthilet, Robert Halvor Jacob Orin Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Green,Skinner, R Charlesobert G E.. 1930 Ziegler,Brumfield, Newell Helene Richard Paine Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor Halvor O. O . 1931 Leck,Fischer, Paul Robert Clifford George Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Larson,Green, Robert Winford G.; P . Halvorson, Halvor O. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Hoyer, Bill Henriksen Bacteriology PhD Halvorson, Halvor O. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Olson, Joseph Carl, Jr. Bacteriology PhD Macy, Harold; Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1949 Novak,Bauer, Henry Milan Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Halvorson, Arthur Halvor T. O. 1933 Cade,Edwards, Arthur Robert Rosson Bryce Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor Halvor O. O . 1934 Bayliss,Fjelde, Audrey Milward Levi Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,McLimans, William Halvor F.O . Benton,Lones, George Anne WayneGertrude Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Halvorson, Arthur Halvor T. O. Buggs,Lund, Arnold Charles Jerome Wesley Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Green,Halvorson, Robert Halvor G. O. Colien,Omata, FrancisRobert Rokuro Edward Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Larson,Halvorson, Winford Halvor P.O. Olson,Sneed, ThelmaByron J Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Larson,Halvorson, Winford Halvor P.O. 1936 Ordal,Sussman, Erling Maurice Josef Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Spiegelman, Halvor Sol O. 1937 Savage,Werder, AlvarGeorge Arvid Mason Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor Halvor O. O. 19391950 Hoyt,Imagawa, Robert David Ellis Tadashi Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Larson,Syverton, Winford Jerome P.T. 1952 Hess, William Robert Bacteriology PhD Olson, J. C., Jr.; Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Roepke, M. H. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Morgan, Perry Bacteriology PhD Watson, Dennis W. 19401953 Heilman,Garabedian, Fordyce Garabed Russell Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Magath,Syverton, T Jeromehomas T. B . (Mayo) Ordal,Moat, AlbertZakarias Groombridge John Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Lichstein, Herman Halvor C. O. Slack,Patnode, John Robert Madison Arthur Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Watson, ArthurDennis T.W. 1941 Goodlow,Schwab, John Robert Harris Jacobs Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Green,Watson, Robert Dennis G. W. Johnson,Shear, Howard Dale Henry Waldo Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Syverton, Jerome Halvor T. O. 19421954 Batson,Boucher, Herbert Norman Clifford Edward Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Larson,Syverton, Winford Jerome P.T. Bell,Boyd, John William Frederick Lee Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Green,Lichstein, Robert Herman G. C. Drake,Murphy, Charles William Hadley Henry Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Syverton, Arthur Jerome T. T. Tsuchiya,Peterson, Glen Henry Ervin Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Johansson, Karl Halvor R.; O. Mitsumasa Watson, Dennis W. Sieburth, John McNeill Bacteriology PhD Pomeroy, Benjamin S.; 1943 Evans, Charles Albert Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Jezeski, James J. Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. 1955 Dick, Elliot Colter Bacteriology PhD Johansson, Karl R. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Gifford, George Edwin Bacteriology PhD Syverton, Jerome T. 1944 Tenenberg,Ginzburg, Yael Daniel Jacob Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Watson, Dennis Halvor W. O. 1946 Guthrie,Lindorfer, Robert Robert Karl Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Syverton, Jerome Halvor T. O. Muedeking,Roth, Frank Jacob, Mary Jr.Rae Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Syverton, Jerome Halvor T. O. 1947 Allen,Smith, RobertJosephine Malven Daubney Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Skinner,Lichstein, C Hermanharles EC.. 1956 Jezeski,Greene, Velvl James William John Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Jezeski, James Halvor J. O.; Mizuno, William George Bacteriology PhD MacyJezeski,, H Jamesarold J. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 86. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Melnykovych, Winnifred George Mayer Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Johansson, EKarldward R. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Peterson, Arthur Halvor Carl Orin Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Green,Jezeski, R Jamesobert J. G . 1930 Ziegler,Skarnes, NewellRobert CarlRichard Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Watson, Dennis Halvor W. O. 19311957 Leck,Deal, SamuelPaul Clifford Joseph Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Larson,Lichstein, W Hermaninford P C.. Field, Marvin Frederick Bacteriology PhD Lichstein, Herman C. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Ross, John Douglas Bacteriology PhD Syverton, Jerome T. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; White, Thomas George Bacteriology PhD Watson, Dennis W. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Ness, Dorothy Nedrelow Bacteriology MS Johansson, Karl R. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Ferguson, Robert Bruce Bacteriology MS Lichstein, Herman C. 19331958 Cade,Crowell, Arthur Richard Rosson Lane Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Syverton, Jerome Halvor T. O. 1934 Bayliss,Doany, Hanna Milward Boulos Levi Bacteriology PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Syverton, Jerome Halvor T. O. Benton,Jayko, Lawrence Anne Gertrude Giles BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Lichstein, A Hermanrthur T. C. 1959 Buggs,Anderson, Charles Dorothy Wesley C. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green,Johansson, Robert Karl G. R. Colien,Anderson, Francis Dwight Edward L. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Bradley, WinfordS. Gaylen P. Olson,Becker, Byron George J E BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Schmidt, Winford Edwin L. P. 1936 Ordal,Cremer, Erling Natalie Josef Elizabeth BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Watson, Dennis Halvor W. O. 1937 Savage,Cunha, Bruno George C. A. Mason BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Schmidt, Edwin Halvor L. O. 1939 Hoyt,Eylar, OllieRobert Roddy, Ellis Jr. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Syverton, Winford Jerome P.T. Levine,Finstad, MiltonJoanne BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Schmidt, Winford Edwin L. P. Lee, Ho Wang Microbiology PhD Scherer, William F. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Olsen, Ronald Henry Microbiology MS Jezeski, James J. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) 1960 Begue, William J. Microbiology MS Lichstein, Herman C. Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Duerre, John Arden Microbiology PhD Lichstein, Herman C. Slack,Hinz, Ronald John MadisonWilliam BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Syverton, Arthur Jerome T. T. 1941 Goodlow,Mira, Ovidio Robert John Jacobs BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Watson, Robert Dennis G. W. Johnson,Waller, James Dale R. Waldo BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Lichstein, Herman Halvor C. O. 1942 Batson,Willoughby, Herbert Donald Clifford Stewart BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Watson, WinfordDennis W. P. 1961 Bell,Anderson, John DwightFrederick L. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Bradley, Robert S. Gaylen G. Drake,Dubbs, CharlesDel Rose HadleyMarie BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Scherer, ArthurWilliam T. F. Tsuchiya,Farber, Phyllis Henry BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Bradley, S. Gaylen Halvor O. MitsumasaFreundlich, Martin Microbiology PhD Lichstein, Herman C. 1943 Evans,Gardner, Charles Roberta Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green,McLaren, Robert Leroy G. C. Foster,Johnson, Ruth Terry Ann Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,McLaren, Winford Leroy C. P. Kenny, George Edward Microbiology PhD Syverton, Jerome T. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Lyon, Richard Microbiology MS Syverton, Jerome T. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Tennant, Judith Rose Microbiology PhD Syverton, Jerome T. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1962 Apple, Martin Microbiology MS Bradley, S. Gaylen Muedeking,Cooney, Marion Mary Kathleen Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Syverton, Jerome Halvor T. O. 1947 Allen,Gerloff, Robert Robert Malven Kay BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Syverton, C Jeromeharles T.E. Jezeski,Hardy, James James Leroy John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Scherer, William Halvor F. O.; Hyde, Richard M Microbiology PhD MacyWatson,, H aroldDennis W. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 87. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

GraduateIzumi, Degrees Toshiaki Awarded Microbiology MS Scherer, William F. Kolstad, Robert A. Microbiology MS Bradley, S. Gaylen Olsen, Ronald Henry Microbiology PhD Jezeski, James J. Year Pollock, MaryName Elizabeth MicrobiologyDegree PhD Syverton, JeromeAdvisor T. 19211963 Ashby,Izumi,Bankole, Toshiaki Winnifred Rufus O. Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Rosenow,Scherer,Schmidt, WilliamEdwin Edward L. F. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Kolstad,Becker, George Robert Halvor E.A. Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Green,Bradley,Schmidt, R S.obertEdwin Gaylen G L.. 1930 Ziegler,Olsen,Begue, RonaldWilliam Newell Henry John Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Jezeski,McLaren, James Leroy Halvor J. C.; O. 1931 Leck,Pollock, Paul Mary Clifford Elizabeth BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Syverton,Lichstein, W HermanJeromeinford PT. C.. 1963 Bankole,Coles, Roswell Rufus Strong O. Microbiology PhDMS Schmidt,Lichstein, Edwin Herman L. C.; 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Becker, George E. Microbiology PhD Schmidt,Rogers, Palmer Edwin L. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Begue,Flynn, Roberta William A.John Microbiology PhDMS McLaren,Brand, K. GerhardLeroy C.; Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Hanna, Edgar E., Jr. Microbiology MS Lichstein,Watson, Dennis Herman W. C. Novak,Coles,Jones, RoswellLily Milan Ann Strong BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Henrici,Lichstein,Bradley, AS. Hermanrthur Gaylen T. C.; 1933 Cade,Papermaster, Arthur BenjaminRosson W. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Rogers,Watson, Palmer Dennis Halvor W. O. 1934 Bayliss,Flynn,Toyama, Roberta MilwardPatricia A. S. Levi BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Brand,Scherer, K. William Gerhard Halvor F. O. Benton,Hanna,Wirth, Patricia Edgar Anne E., TorskeGertrude Jr. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Plan B Henrici,Watson, ADennisrthur TW.. Buggs,Jones,Young, Lily Georgiana Charles Ann Wesley BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green,Bradley, Robert S. Gaylen G. 1964 Colien,Papermaster,Canner, FrancisMartha Benjamin Edward W. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Larson, Watson, WinfordDennis W. P. Olson,Clark,Toyama, Connie Byron Patricia J S. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Scherer, WinfordWilliam F. P. 1936 Ordal,Cooney,Wirth, PatriciaErling William Josef Torske BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Plan B Halvorson, Halvor O. 1937 Savage,Gardner,Young, Georgiana GeorgeRoberta Mason Kay BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Halvorson,McLaren, Leroy Halvor C. O. 19391964 Hoyt,Hatcher,Canner, Robert Martha Herbert Ellis BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Levine,Johnson,Clark, Connie Milton Terry Charles BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Larson, McLaren, Winford Leroy C. P. Cooney,Jones, Lily William Ann Microbiology PhDMS Bradley, S. Gaylen Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Leitzmann,Gardner, Roberta Claus Kay Microbiology PhDMS McLaren, Leroy C. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Miller,Hatcher, Thomas Herbert Edward Microbiology MS Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Ramaley,Johnson, TerryRobert Charles Folk Microbiology PhD Bernlohr,McLaren, RobertLeroy C. W. Slack,Jones, LilyJohn Ann Madison BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Brand,Bradley, K. ArthurS. Gerhard; Gaylen T. 1941 Goodlow,Leitzmann,Shope, Richard Robert Claus Edwin, Jacobs Jr BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Green, Sorensen, Robert D. K. G. Johnson,Miller,Waller, Thomas James Dale Robert EdwardWaldo BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Halvorson, Lichstein, Herman Halvor C. O. 1942 Batson,Ramaley,Webb, Phyllis Herbert Robert Marie FolkClifford BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Larson, Bernlohr, Winford Robert W.P. 1965 Bell,Burchard, John Robert Frederick Paul BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Brand,Dworkin, K.Robert MartinGerhard; G. Drake,Shope,Hatcher, CharlesRichard Herbert Edwin, Hadley John Jr BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Sorensen,Schmidt, ArthurEdwin D. K. L.T. Tsuchiya,Haywood,Waller, James GeraldHenry Robert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Halvorson, Lichstein, Herman Halvor C. O. MitsumasaKim,Webb, Yoon Phyllis Berm Marie Microbiology PhDMS Watson, Dennis W. 19431965 Evans,Kolstad,Burchard, Charles Robert Robert AllinAlbert Paul BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Bradley,Dworkin, Robert S. Martin Gaylen G. Foster,Landman,Hatcher, Ruth Herbert L. Charles Ann John Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDM.S.Ph.D. Larson, Schmidt, Winford Edwin L. P. Stavitsky,Lyon,Haywood, Richard GeraldAbram Hale Benjamin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDMSPh.D. Green, Lichstein, Robert Herman G. C. Kim,Ng, Chee Yoon Ping Berm Microbiology PhD Watson, Dennis W. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Schachtele,Kolstad, Robert Charles Allin Microbiology PhDMS Bradley, S. Gaylen 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Watson,Landman, Benjamin L. Charles F Microbiology MSM.S. Muedeking, Mary Rae Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Lyon, Richard Hale Microbiology PhD Lichstein, Herman C. 1947 Allen,Ng, Chee Robert Ping Malven BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Watson, DennisCharles W. E . Jezeski,Schachtele, James Charles John BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O.; Watson, Benjamin F Microbiology MS Macy , Harold Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 88. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 19211966 Ashby,Abelseth, Winnifred Melvin Kenneth Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Rosenow,Watson, Dennis Edward W. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Chiu, Shiau- yenHalvor Avette Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Brand, K.Robert Gerhard G. 1930 Ziegler,Crombie, Newell Lance Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1931 Leck,Germaine, Paul GregoryClifford BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. 1932 Carroll,Heim, Lyle William Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Holmes, Beulah M. Microbiology PhD Good, Robert A. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G .; Hyslop, Jean Microbiology MS Fillmore Halvorson , Halvor O. Punch, James Darrell Microbiology PhD Olson, J. C., Jr. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Ramsey, William Scott Microbiology MS 1933 Cade, Arthur Rosson Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Rogers, Waid Microbiology MS 1934 Bayliss, Milward Levi Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Singer, Howard Microbiology MS 1967 Benton,Calleja, Godehardo Anne Gertrude Belen BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Rogers, Palmer Arthur T. Buggs,Clark, Connie Charles Wesley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Schmidt, Robert Edwin G. L. Colien,Faanes, FrancisRonald B. Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Rogers, PalmerWinford P. Olson,Hanna, ByronEdgar Ethelbert,J Jr. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Watson, WinfordDennis W. P. 1936 Ordal,Laishley, Erling Edward Josef James BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Bernlohr, Robert Halvor W. O. 1937 Savage,Leitzmann, George Claus Mason BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt,Mayo, Robert John Arthur Ellis BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Levine,Miller, Thomas Milton Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Watson, WinfordDennis W. P. Owen,Siala, Abdalrauf Cora Rust Hammuda BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Henrici, Arthur T. 1940 Heilman,Watson, Benjamin Fordyce FranklinRussell BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Magath,Dworkin, TMartinhomas B. (Mayo) Ordal,Wise, John Zakarias John BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1968 Slack,Allen, Theodore John Madison BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Auran, Thomas Microbiology MS 1941 Goodlow, Robert Jacobs Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Bader, Louise Microbiology MS Johnson, Dale Waldo Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Germaine, Gregory R. Microbiology PhD Rogers, Palmer 1942 Batson, Herbert Clifford Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Karp, Richard Microbiology MS Bell, John Frederick Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Schachtele, Charles F., Jr. Microbiology PhD Rogers, Palmer Drake,Sudo, Sara Charles Zeece Hadley BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Tsuchiya,Ward, Gary Henry BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. MitsumasaWilliams, Nancy Microbiology MS 19431969 Evans,Charon, Charles Nyles William Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green, Robert G. Foster,Crombie, Ruth Lance Ann Brian Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Muschel, Winford Louis H. P. Stavitsky,Foker, John Abram Edward Benjamin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Good, Robert Robert A. G. 1944 Tenenberg,Hagen, Elaine Daniel Western Jacob C. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1946 Guthrie,Heim, Lyle Robert Raymond BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Good, Robert Halvor A. O. Muedeking,Liljemark, William Mary Frank Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Anderson, Dwight Halvor L.. O. 1947 Allen,Marschke, Robert Charles Malven Keith BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Skinner, Charles E. Jezeski,O'Neil, Judith James John BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O.; Ramsey, William Scott Microbiology PhD MacyDworkin,, Harold Martin Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 89. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Sielaff, BruceWinnifred Henry, Mayer Jr. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Rosenow,Johnson, Russell Edward C. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Tuominen, F. Halvor William Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green, Robert G. 19301970 Ziegler,Allen, Shonna Newell Lee Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1931 Leck,Aust, JohnPaul Clifford BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. 1932 Carroll,Chin, Dennis William Lew Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Muschel, W Louisinford H. P. Gunderson,Duncan, Joycelyn Millard BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green, Robert G.; Faanes, Ronald B. Microbiology PhD Rogers, Palmer Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Gabrielson, Ann Emily Microbiology PhD Good, Robert A. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Haywood, Gerald R. Microbiology PhD McKhann, C. F. 1933 Cade, Arthur Rosson Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Hilgard, Henry Rohrs Microbiology PhD Good, Robert A. 1934 Bayliss,McKneally, Milward Martin Levi Francis BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Good, Robert H alvorA. O. Benton,Pan, Su Shu Anne Gertrude BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Schmidt, AEdwinrthur L.T . Buggs,Soll, Robert Charles Walter Wesley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Watson, Robert Dennis G. W. Colien,Sudo, Sara Francis Zeece Edward Lyons BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Dworkin, Winford Martin P. Olson,Tuominen, Byron F. William J BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson, Winford P. 19361971 Ordal,Allen, Theodore Erling Josef Darrell BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Rogers, Palmer Halvor O. 1937 Savage,Ballard, Jane George Elizabeth Mason BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt,Cameron, Robert J. (Kern) Ellis BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Levine,Marschke, Milton Charles Keith BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Owen,Thoen, CoraCharles Rust Orel BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Karlson, AlfredArthur G. T. (Mayo) 1940 Heilman,Twomey, JohnFordyce Russell BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) 1972 Ordal,Auran, ZakariasNancy Ellen John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Johnson, Russell Halvor C. O. Auran, Thomas Blake Microbiology PhD Schmidt, Edwin L. Slack, John Madison Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Charon, Nyles William Microbiology PhD Johnson, Russell C. 1941 Goodlow, Robert Jacobs Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Frasch, Carl Edward Microbiology PhD Chapman, S S Johnson, Dale Waldo Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Good, Heidelotte Balje Microbiology MS 1942 Batson,Henry, Ronald Herbert Alton, Clifford Jr. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Johnson, Winford Russell C. P. Bell,Juengst, John Fredrick Frederick William, Jr. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Dworkin, Robert Martin G. Drake,Karp, Richard Charles Dale Hadley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Brand, K. Arthur Gerhard T. Tsuchiya,Litman, Gary Henry William BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Good, Robert Halvor A. O. 1973 MitsumasaBrunson, Kenneth Wayne Microbiology PhD Watson, Dennis W. 1943 Evans,Fan, Victor Charles Sih-Chiun Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Jenkin, HowardRobert G. M. Foster,Hanson, Ruth Charles Ann Wallace Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Dworkin, Winford Martin P. Stavitsky,Hoffman, Robert Abram D. Benjamin BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green, Robert G. 1944 Tenenberg,Opheim, Dennis Daniel John Jacob BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Bernlohr, Robert Halvor W. O. 1946 Guthrie,Schrader, Robert Janet D. Anderson BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Muschel, Louis Halvor H. O. Muedeking,Thomassen, MaryMary Jane Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Brand, K. Gerhard Halvor O. Webb, Phyllis Marie Microbiology PhD Good, Robert A. 1947 Allen, Robert Malven Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. 1974 Baker, Karen Casenhiser Medical Microbiology MS Jezeski, James John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O.; Barta, Kent Sherman Microbiology PhD Zissler, James F. Macy, Harold Cleveland, Patrick Herbert Microbiology PhD McKhann, C F Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 90. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Collins, JamesWinnifred Kelly Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Rosenow, Edward C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Livermore, Brian Halvor Paul Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Johnson, R obertRussell G C.. 1930 Ziegler,Miller, Richard Newell Lynn Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Plagemann, HPeteralvor G.W. O. 1931 Leck,Pinkerton, Paul Robert Clifford BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. 1932 Carroll,Plank, Deborah William Richard BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Pomeroy, Kem Alan Microbiology PhD Brand, K. Gerhard Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Raelson, Ronald Medical Microbiology MS Fillmore Halvorson , Halvor O. Scarborough, Janet Lynn Microbiology PhD Bernlohr, Robert W. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Setcavage, Thomas M. Microbiology PhD Kim, Yoon Berm 1933 Cade, Arthur Rosson Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1975 Dern, Richard Medical Microbiology MS 1934 Bayliss,Drake, James Milward Franklin Levi BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Tsuchiya, Henry Halvor M. O. Benton,Griswold, Anne Nancy Gertrude Jane B BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Henrici, Arthur T. Buggs,Hawley, CharlesLouise Ann Wesley Bader BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Anderson, Robert Dwight G. L. Colien,Klicker, RobertFrancis Edward BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Olson,Lee, Moon Byron Soo J BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. 1936 Ordal,Maccani, Erling James Josef E. BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1937 Savage,Rhoden, DwaneGeorge Mason BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt,Schandorf, Robert Winston Ellis BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Levine,Shariaty, Milton Manoochehr BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Owen,Staat, Robert Cora Rust Henry BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Schachtele, Arthur Charles T. F. 19401976 Heilman,Anderson, Fordyce Douglas GrinnRussell BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Magath,McKay, Larry Thomas L. B. (Mayo) Ordal,Colvin, ZakariasHenry M, JohnJr BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Slack,Dillingham, John Richard Madison L. BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Henrici, Arthur T. 1941 Goodlow,Hensel, Diane Robert M Jacobs BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green, Robert G. Klaviter, Elroy Clarence Microbiology PhD Johnson, Russell C. Johnson, Dale Waldo Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Krzyzek, Richard Anthony Microbiology PhD Rogers, Palmer 1942 Batson, Herbert Clifford Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Lee, Marcia Rooker Medical Microbiology MS Bell, John Frederick Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Michelich, Virginia Jean Microbiology PhD Brand, K. Gerhard Drake,Rank, Elliot Charles Louis Hadley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Gray, Beulah Arthur H. T. Tsuchiya,Sohns, Janice Henry BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. MitsumasaSteiner, Bret Martin Microbiology PhD Johnson, Russell C. 1943 Evans,Zylka, John Charles Michael Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Plagemann, Robert Peter G. G.W. 1977 Foster,Anderson, Ruth Brenda Ann ChristieFaye BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Stavitsky,Barsumian, Abram Edward Benjamin Leon BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Watson, Robert Dennis G. W. 1944 Tenenberg,Blair, Linda Daniel Jacob BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1946 Guthrie,Cunningham, Robert Carolyn Mold BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Watson, Dennis Halvor W. O. Muedeking,Dorian, Kenneth Mary Rae BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1947 Allen,LoPiano, Robert Patricia Malven BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Skinner, Charles E. Jezeski,Lussenhop, James Nancy John Oi-Yi Ng BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O.; Maxwell, Peter Charles Microbiology PhD MacyHooper,, H Alanarold B. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 91. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Mozer, BarbaraWinnifred Brandel Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Rosenow,Brand, K. Gerhard Edward C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Palin, William Halvor Joseph Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Watson, R Dennisobert G W.. 1930 Ziegler,Pond, Robert Newell Richard BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1931 Leck,Ralston, Paul Walter Clifford Jay, II BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Gray, Beulah Winford H. P. 1932 Carroll,Sadowski, William Peter LudwigRichard BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Cleary, Paul Winford Patrick P . Subramanian, Chitra Microbiology MS Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Whittington, Melvin O., Jr. Microbiology PhD Anderson, Dwight L. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Zuckerman, Steven H. Microbiology PhD Douglas, Stephen D. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. 1978 Abraham, JoEllen Medical Microbiology MS 1933 Cade, Arthur Rosson Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Busch, Evelyn Medical Microbiology MS 1934 Bayliss,Harlander, Milward Susan K. Levi BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Schachtele, Charles;Halvor O . Benton, Anne Gertrude Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici,Germaine, Arthur Gregory T. R. Buggs,Juni, Billie Charles Anne Wesley BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green, Robert G. Colien,Manis, Melanie Francis OttenEdward BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Olson,Musial, ByronCora E. J BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. 1936 Ordal,Pilacinski, Erling William Josef Peter BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Zissler, James Halvor F. O. 1937 Savage,Rhee, Yoonyoung George Mason BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt,Solliday, Robert JoAnne Ellis BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Levine,Szurek, PaulMilton Francis BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson, Winford P. Owen,Tong, Shiu Cora Lok Rust BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Plagemann, Arthur Peter T. G.W. 19401979 Heilman,Beneke, Janet Fordyce Sue Russell BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Magath,Pearson, GaryThomas R. (Mayo) B. (Mayo) Ordal,Clayman, Zakarias Carol A. John Heineman BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Faras, Anthony Halvor J. O. Dow, Elizabeth Microbiology MS Slack, John Madison Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Eaton, Linda Jo Ann Microbiology PhD Gray, Beulah H. 1941 Goodlow, Robert Jacobs Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Juris, Rosanna Medical Microbiology MS Johnson, Dale Waldo Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Kunz, Daniel Anthony Microbiology PhD Chapman, Peter J. 1942 Batson, Herbert Clifford Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Lally, Richard Medical Microbiology MS Bell,Lussenhop, John Frederick Daniel Harri BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green, Robert G. Drake,Mackay, Charles Diane Hadley BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Henrici, Arthur T. Tsuchiya,Meyer, Margaret Henry BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. MitsumasaRichmond, Lynne Medical Microbiology MS 19431980 Evans,Arndt, Carolyn Charles Albert BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green, Robert G. Foster,Bumol, ThomasRuth Ann Frank Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Douglas, WinfordStephen P.D. Stavitsky,Bumol, Charlene Abram Ann Benjamin BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green, Robert G. 1944 Tenenberg,Curtsinger, Julie Daniel Miskimen Jacob BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Schmidtke, JonHalvor Robert O. 1946 Guthrie,Fortier, Walter Robert BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. Muedeking,Green, Kevin Mary Rae BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1947 Allen,Henry, Robert Nancy KisselburgMalven BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Gray, Beulah Charles H. E. Jezeski,Katz, Elaine James John BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O.; Pizzuto, David Medical Microbiology MS Macy , Harold Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 92. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Rachko, Winnifred Douglas Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Rosenow,Brand, K. Gerhard Edward C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Richards, Karen Halvor Lee OrinTurnbull BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Douglas, R obertStephen G. D. 1930 Ziegler,Shimkets, Newell Lawrence Richard Jose BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Dworkin, Martin Halvor O. 1931 Leck,Vergin, Paul Cheryl Clifford BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. 19321981 Carroll,Bertram, William Kenneth Richard Alvin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Pearson, W Garyinford R. (Mayo) P. Cohen, Shmuel Medical Microbiology MS Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Dizikes, Jo Roberts Microbiology PhD Pearson, Gary R. (Mayo) Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Goetz, Frederick Eugene Microbiology PhD Zissler, James F. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Guse, David Medical Microbiology MS 1933 Cade, Arthur Rosson Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Lyznicki, James Medical Microbiology MS 1934 Bayliss,Odean, Marilyn Milward J. Levi BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Johnson, Arthur Halvor G. O. Benton,Orndorff, Anne Paul EdwinGertrude BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Dworkin, A Martinrthur T . Buggs,Spear, Teresa Charles Wesley BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green, Robert G. Colien,Weis, John Francis Haynes Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Faras, Anthony Winford J. P. Olson,Young, ByronRobert JForrest BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Schmidt, Winford Edwin L. P. 1936 Ordal,Zidwick, Erling Mary Josef Josephine BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Rogers, Palmer Halvor O. 19371982 Savage,Banister, GeorgeSharon HansonMason BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Schmidtke, JonHalvor Robert O. 1939 Hoyt,Hall, Michael Robert RobertEllis BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Meyers, WinfordPaul P. Levine,Krueger, Milton Elaine BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Owen,Leung, WoonCora Rust Lam Susan BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Henrici,Schachtele, Arthur Charles T. 1940 Heilman,Linner, Kristin Fordyce Marie Russell BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Magath,Quie, Paul T G.;homas B. (Mayo) Nelson, Robert D. Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. McIvor, R. Scott Microbiology PhD Plagemann, Peter G.W. Slack, John Madison Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Modelevsky, Joseph Louis Microbiology MS Rogers, Palmer 1941 Goodlow,Neils-Ederer, Robert Mary Jacobs BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green, Robert G. Johnson,Nelson, Julia Dale Waldo BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson, Halvor O. 1942 Batson,Niemeyer, Herbert Debra Clifford BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. Bell,Omer, John Charles Frederick Anthony BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Faras, Anthony Robert G.J. Drake,Palin, Karen Charles Mary Hadley Anklan BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Johnson, Arthur Russell T. C. Tsuchiya,Puziss, Marla Henry B. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Plagemann, HalvorPeter G.W. O. MitsumasaSchnitzer, Paula Medical Microbiology MS 1943 Evans,Seelke, CharlesRalph Walter Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Kline, Bruce Robert C. G. Foster,Shimizu, Ruth Gregory Ann Paul Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Tsuchiya, Winford Henry M. P. Stavitsky,Smith, Marilyn Abram S. Benjamin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Plagemann, Robert Peter G. G.W. 1944 Tenenberg,Spanier, Jonathan Daniel G. Jacob BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Cleary, Paul HalvorPatrick O. 1946 Guthrie,Weis, Janis Robert Jacks BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Cleary, Paul HalvorPatrick O. 1983 Anderson, Douglas Grinnell Microbiology PhD McKay, Larry L. Muedeking, Mary Rae Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Garman, Richard Donald Microbiology PhD Fan, David P. 1947 Allen, Robert Malven Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. Harris, Cynthia Medical Microbiology MS Jezeski, James John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O.; Heath, David Medical Microbiology MS Macy, Harold Moldenhauer, James Medical Microbiology MS Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 93. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Podzorski, Winnifred Raymond Mayer Paul BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Rosenow, Edward C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Tomasek, Paul Halvor Henry Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Crawford, Robert Ronald G. L. 1930 Ziegler,Tran, Vanmai Newell Thi Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Schmidt, Edwin Halvor L O. 1931 Leck,Warner, Paul Katherine Clifford BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson, Winford P. 1932 Carroll,Wright, CliffordWilliam Dean Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Nelson, RobertWinford D.; P . Gray, Beulah H. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Waddick, Kevin Gregory Microbiology MS Steinmuller, David Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. 1984 Curtsinger, Julie M. Microbiology PhD Fan, David P. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Dizikes, George James Microbiology PhD Crawford, Ronald L. 1933 Cade,Guenther, Arthur Kristine Rosson BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson,Prince, James H alvorT. O. 1934 Bayliss,Janssen, GaryMilward Richard Levi BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Dworkin, Martin Halvor O. Benton,Johnson, Anne Elizabeth Gertrude D. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,David, Chella Arthur S. T. Buggs,Karachewski, Charles Natalie Wesley BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green,Prince, JamesRobert T. G. Colien,Kowalchyk, Francis Katherine Edward M. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Plagemann, Winford Peter P.G.W. Olson,Laible, NancyByron J.J BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Germaine, Winford Gregory P. R. 1936 Ordal,Lee, Stephen Erling CraigJosef BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Cleary, Paul HalvorPatrick O. 1937 Savage,Mitchell, GeorgeRichard LeroyMason BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Faras, Anthony Halvor J O. 1939 Hoyt,Newman, Robert Karel Ellis Z.J. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Johnson, Winford Russell C. P. Levine,Petrequin, Milton Pamela R. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Johnson, Winford Arthur G. P. Retzel, Ernest F. Microbiology PhD Faras, Anthony J. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Sabart, Paula Renee Microbiology MS Hanson, Richard S. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Staskus, Katherine Anne Microbiology PhD Faras, Anthony J. Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Thacker, Kipling Microbiology PhD Reilly, Bernard E. Slack,Trawick, John John Madison Douglas BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Kline, Bruce Arthur C. T. 19411985 Goodlow,Arland, Loreli Robert Jacobs BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green,Wells, Carol Robert G. Johnson,Besser-Wiek, Dale John Waldo BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson,Prince, James Halvor T. O. 1942 Batson,Bouley, Diane Herbert Clifford BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson,Wells, Carol Winford P. Bell,Contag, John Pamela Frederick Reilly BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green,Rogers, RobertPalmer G. Drake,Dunn, David Charles L. Hadley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Simmons, Arthur Richard T. L. Tsuchiya,Gresser, Mary Henry BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson,Prince, James Halvor T. O. MitsumasaHovde, Carolyn J. Microbiology PhD Gray, Beulah H. 1943 Evans,Johnson, Charles Lane Parker Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Schlievert, Robert Patrick G. M. Foster,Kao, Richard Ruth ChaochungAnn Christie BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Gray, Beulah Winford H. P. Phelps, William Cleveland Microbiology PhD Faras, Anthony J. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Plaunt, Marianne Rice Microbiology PhD Fitzgerald, Thomas J. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Poindexter, Nancy Jane Microbiology PhD Schlievert, Patrick M. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Sheldon, Elizabeth Lehman Medical Microbiology MS Wells, Carol Muedeking,Tellefson, Lois Mary Marie Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Germaine, Gregory Halvor R.O. 1947 Allen,Wexler, Robert Daniel Malven Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Cleary, Paul Charles Patrick E . Jezeski,White, Pamela James Nagaji John BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson,Prince, James Halvor T. O.; Williams, Michael G. Microbiology PhD MacyRogers,, H Palmerarold Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 94. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 19211986 Ashby,Blomster, Winnifred Debra Ann Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Rosenow,Schlievert, PatrickEdward M. C . (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Carrion, Pablo Halvor A Orin BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Green,Wells, Carol Robert G. 1930 Ziegler,Dunwiddie, Newell Christopher Richard T. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Faras, Anthony Halvor J. O. 1931 Leck,Hadley, Paul Gregg Clifford Allen BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Steinmuller, Winford David P . Hankinson, Thomas Ray Microbiology PhD Schmidt, Edwin L. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Hyde, Frederick Wright Microbiology PhD Johnson, Russell C. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Monroy, Maria Camila Microbiology MS Bach, Fritz H. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Polzin, Kayla Marie Microbiology MS McKay, L arry L. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Smorczewski, William T. Microbiology PhD Schmidt, Edwin L. 1933 Cade,Starich, Arthur Todd AnthonyRosson BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Zissler, James H alvorF. O. 1934 Bayliss,Tait, Kelly Milward Rae Levi BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson,Prince, James H alvorT. O. Benton,Yousefi, ShidaAnne Gertrude BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Henrici,Prince, James Arthur T. T. 1987 Buggs,Barton, MarleneCharles WesleyRose BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green,Crawford, Robert Ronald G. L. Colien,Linner, KristinFrancis Marie Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Bach, Fritz Winford H. P. Olson,O’Connor, Byron Steven J Paul BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Cleary, Paul Winford Patrick P. 1936 Ordal,Saber, DianeErling LynneJosef BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Crawford, Ronald Halvor L. O. 1937 Savage,Steiert, John George Gerald Mason BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Crawford, Ronald Halvor L. O. 1939 Hoyt,Wehner, Robert Nancy Ellis Gale BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Gray, Beulah Winford H. P. 1988 Levine,Abebe, HaileMilton Mariam BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Larson,Schmidt, Winford Edwin L. P. Ahmad, Nayeema Microbiology MS Nelson, Robert D. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Bowers, Ann Cerne Microbiology PhD Plagemann, Peter G.W.; 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Orr, Harry T. Ordal,Boyce- Jacino,Zakarias Michael John T. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Faras, Anthony Halvor J. O. Slack,Contag, John Christopher Madison H. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Plagemann, Arthur Peter T. G.W.; 1941 Goodlow, Robert Jacobs Bacteriology Ph.D. Green,Haase, AshleyRobert T. G. Johnson,Fink, James Dale Michael Waldo BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Zissler, James Halvor F. O. 1942 Batson,Fraley, Karen Herbert Clifford BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Larson,Gray, Beulah Winford H. P. Bell,Glassman, John KimberlyFrederick F. BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Green,Rogers, RobertPalmer G. Drake,Heath, DavidCharles George Hadley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Cleary, Paul Arthur Patrick T. Tsuchiya,Jarvis, Bruce Henry William BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Dworkin, Martin Halvor O. MitsumasaKidane, Amine Medical Microbiology MS Johnson, Russell C. 1943 Evans,Kochi, Sims Charles Kiyono Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Johnson, Robert Russell G. C. Liu, Chihpin Microbiology MS Bach, Fritz H. Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Machlin, Sara Michele Microbiology PhD Hanson, Richard S. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Martin, Nancy J. Medical Microbiology MS Cleary, Paul Patrick 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Robbins, John C. Microbiology PhD Cleary, Paul Patrick 1946 Guthrie,Scheffler, Robert Elnora BacteriologyMedical Microbiology Ph.D. MS Halvorson,Wells, Carol Halvor O. Muedeking,Tomai, Mark MaryAllen Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Johnson, Arthur Halvor G. O. 1947 Allen,Topp, EdwardRobert Malven BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Hanson, RichardCharles S. E . 1989 Jezeski,Baxa, Cheryl James Ann John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Crawford, Ronald Halvor L. O.; Contag, Pamela Reilly Microbiology PhD MacyRogers,, H Palmerarold Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 95. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Donaldson, Winnifred Karen Diane Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Rosenow,Hanson, Richard Edward S. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Fast, David John Halvor Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Nelson, R Robertobert GD.. 1930 Ziegler,Fritz, Elizabeth Newell Haanes Richard BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Cleary, Paul HPatrickalvor O. 1931 Leck,Goshorn, Paul Stephen Clifford Charle BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Schlievert, W infordPatrick P M.. Harty, John T. Microbiology PhD Plagemann, Peter G.W. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Kim, Jin-Kyoo Microbiology MS Vessella, Robert L., Jr. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Laferla, Frank Michael Microbiology PhD Peluso, Richard Wayne Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Podzorski, Raymond P. Microbiology PhD Nelson, Robert D. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Resnick, Robert Michael Microbiology MS Faras, Anthony J. 1933 Cade,White, Arthur Theresa Rosson Jeanne BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Johnson, Russell Halvor C. O. 1934 Bayliss,Wood, Patricia Milward Ann Levi BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Eaton, John HW.alvor O. 1990 Benton,Chen, Cecil Anne Chikeung Gertrude BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Cleary, Paul Arthur Patrick T. Buggs,Cherrington, Charles Julie Wesley M. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Jordan, RobertMichael G. Colin Colien,Diedrich, Francis Jane F. Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Haase, Ashley Winford T. P. Olson,Goshorn, Byron Alice J Kamp BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Magee, PaulWinford T.; P. 1936 Ordal, Erling Josef Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson,Scherer, Stewart Halvor O. 1937 Savage,Hauser, Alan George Robert Mason BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M. O. 1939 Hoyt,Kalos, RobertMichael Ellis Dewain BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Zissler, James Winford F. P. Li, Mary Xin Microbiology MS Plagemann, Peter G.W. Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Meyer, Barbara Jean Microbiology PhD Schottel, Janet L.; Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Rogers, Palmer 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Onyekaba, Chike Orizu Microbiology MS Plagemann, Peter G.W. Ordal,Palme, ZakariasDonald Francis John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Gray, Beulah Halvor H.; O. Slack, John Madison Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici,Vessella, ArthurRobert T.L., Jr. 1941 Goodlow,Pope, Victoria Robert Jacobs BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Johnson, Robert Russell G. C. 1991 Johnson,Buxton, Ingrid Dale Kittridge Waldo BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Plagemann, HalvorPeter G.W. O. 1942 Batson,Clemans, Herbert Daniel Lee Clifford BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Dworkin, Winford Martin P. Bell,Fling, John Steven Frederick Paul BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Plagemann, Robert Peter G. G.W.; Drake, Charles Hadley Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici,Gregerson, Arthur Dale T.S. Tsuchiya,Horwitz, Marc Henry Steven BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Faras, Anthony Halvor J. O. MitsumasaJohnson, Julia Gray Microbiology PhD Orr, Harry T.; Jemmerson, Ronald 1943 Evans, Charles Albert Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Lee, Peter Kisuk Microbiology PhD Schlievert, Patrick M. Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Logan, Michael Stanley Microbiology PhD Hooper, Alan Bacon Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Mueller, Cynthia Lynn Microbiology PhD Dworkin, Martin 1944 Tenenberg,Polzin, Kayla DanielMarie Jacob BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,McKay, Larry Halvor L. O. 1946 Guthrie,Wasiluk, RobertKaren R. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Gray, Beulah Halvor H. O. Muedeking,Wichitwechkarn, Mary Jesdawan Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Anderson, Dwight Halvor L. O. 1947 Allen,Zachow, Robert Karen Malven Rose BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Orr, Harry C T.harles E. 1992 Jezeski,Bratina, Bonita James Jo John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Hanson, Richard Halvor S. O.; Harbaugh, Mary Patricia Microbiology PhD MacyCleary,, HPaularold Patrick Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 96. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Kelner, GregoryWinnifred Scott Mayer BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Rosenow,Jemmerson, E dwardRonald C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Kuo, Lili Halvor Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Plagemann, Robert Peter G. G.W. 1930 Ziegler,Maroushek, Newell Stacene Richard R. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Haase, Ashley H alvorT. O. 1931 Leck,Norton, Paul Steven Clifford David BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Schlievert, W infordPatrick P M.;. Jenkins, Marc K. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Siefferman, Christina M. Microbiology MS Gray, Beulah H. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Toohey, Kathy Lynn Microbiology PhD Haase, Ashley T. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Torgersen, David G. Microbiology MS Schlievert, Patrick M. Novak,Xu, Hao MilanHoward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Hanson, RichardArthur T S.. 19331993 Cade,Chen, ZongyuArthur RossonJohn BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Plagemann, HPeteralvor G.W. O. 1934 Bayliss,Eastman, Milward Deborah Levi Ann BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Dworkin, Martin Halvor O. Benton,Lee, Hyeyoung Anne Gertrude BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Faras, Anthony Arthur J.T . Buggs,Leonard, Charles Bettina WesleyA.B. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Schlievert, Robert Patrick G. M. Colien,Mattsson, Francis Donald Edward M. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Rogers, PalmerWinford P. Olson,McPherson, Byron Scott J W. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Faras, Anthony Winford J. P. 1936 Ordal,Powdrill, Erling Joyce Josef Marie BacteriologyMicrobiology MSPh.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M.; O. 1937 Savage, George Mason Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson,Jenkins, Marc Halvor K. O. 1939 Hoyt,Retnoningrum, Robert Ellis Debbie S. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Cleary, Paul Winford Patrick P. Urdahl, Kevin Bradley Microbiology PhD Jenkins, Marc K. Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. 1994 Anderson, Grant W. Microbiology PhD Plagemann, Peter G.W. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Behmlander, Richard M. Microbiology PhD Dworkin, Martin 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Butz, Eric Alan Microbiology PhD Southern, Peter J. Ordal,Kim, Eung Zakarias-Soo John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Sherman, David Halvor Howard O. Slack,Lapenta, John Diqui Madison BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Cleary, Paul Arthur Patrick T. 1941 Goodlow,Prasad, Shiv Robert Anand Jacobs BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Gregerson, Robert Dale G. S. Johnson,Ravyn, Maya Dale Dana Waldo BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Johnson, Russell Halvor C. O. 19421995 Batson,Boldt, Yvonne Herbert Rose Clifford BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Wackett, Winford Lawrence P. P.; Bell, John Frederick Bacteriology Ph.D. Green,Sadowsky, Robert Michael G. J. Drake,Boyd, Vincent Charles Hadley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Southern, Arthur Peter T.J. Tsuchiya,Debol, Steven Henry M. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Nelson, Robert Halvor D. O. MitsumasaDesilva, Dimuthu Renuka Microbiology PhD Jenkins, Marc K. 1943 Evans,Even, Chen Charles Albert BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Plagemann, Robert Peter G. G.W. Frasch, Susan Courtney Microbiology PhD Dworkin, Martin Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Hostager, Bruce Stewart Microbiology PhD Nelson, Robert D. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Kearny, Elizabeth Rutigliano Microbiology PhD Jenkins, Marc K. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. List, James Frank Microbiology PhD Haase, Ashley T. 1946 Guthrie,Murray, DebraRobert L. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M. O. Muedeking,Newman, Lisa Mary Marie Rae BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Wackett, Lawrence Halvor P.O. 1947 Allen,Palmer, Robert Gene A.Malven BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Plagemann, Charles Peter EG.W.. Jezeski,Ruzek, Melanie James C. John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Mathur, Ambika Halvor O.; Witcher, Kelvin John Microbiology PhD MacySchlievert,, Harold Patrick M. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 97. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 19211996 Ashby,Anderson, Winnifred Charles RonaldMayer BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Rosenow,Zissler, James Edward F. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,August, Paul Halvor R. Orin BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Sherman, Robert David G H.. 1930 Ziegler,Bensing, NewellBarbara Richard Anne BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Dunny, Gary H M.alvor O. 1931 Leck,Bormann, Paul Nola Clifford Elaine BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Cleary, Paul Winford Patrick P . Lohrke, Scott Michael Microbiology PhD Sadowsky, Michael J. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Martin, Todd C. Microbiology PhD Southern, Peter J. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Mills, David A. Microbiology PhD Dunny, Gary M.; Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. McKay, Larry L. Novak,Minnerath, Milan Jeanne M. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Jemmerson, Arthur Ronald T. 1933 Cade,Mueller, Arthur Carolyn Rosson Marie BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Jemmerson, H Ronaldalvor O. 1934 Bayliss,Pritchard, Milward Kristen HoikkaLevi BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Cleary, Paul HPatrickalvor O. Benton,Smith, Daniel Anne R. Gertrude BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Dworkin, A Martinrthur T . Buggs,Zeller, Jay Charles C. Wesley BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Southern, Robert Peter G. J. 1997 Colien,Roggiani, Francis Manuela Edward BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Schlievert, Winford Patrick P. M. Olson,Sheldon, Byron Paul J.J BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Sherman, Winford David H. P. 19361998 Ordal,Chen, Zongming Erling Josef BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Jenkins, Marc Halvor K. O. 1937 Savage,Malvey-Dorn, George Erika Mason-Nell BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Mueller, Daniel Halvor Lee O. 1939 Hoyt,Mi, Pei Robert Ellis BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Larson,Gregerson, Winford Dale S. P. Smith-Keiling, Beverly L. Microbiology PhD Hostetter, Margaret Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Telander, David Gregory MIMP PhD* Mueller, Daniel Lee Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Torseth, John W. MIMP MS Gregerson, Dale S. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) 1999 Chang, Shu Ling MIMP PhD Wagner, Carston R. Ordal,Jiang, Yuehua Zakarias John BacteriologyMIMP MS Ph.D. Halvorson,Verfaillie, Catherine Halvor O.M. Slack,LeVasseur, John Robert Madison J. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Henrici,Southern, Arthur Peter T.J. 1941 Goodlow,Merica, Rebecca Robert Ruth Jacobs BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Green,Jenkins, Robert Marc K. G. Johnson,Rago, James Dale V. Waldo BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M. O. 1942 Batson,Schmechel, Herbert Stephen Clifford C. BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Larson,Schiff, Leslie Winford A. P. Bell,Yue, SoonJohn- PakFrederick-Shinji BacteriologyMIMP MS Ph.D. Green,Orr, Harry Robert T. G. Drake,Zhou, Liang Charles Hadley BacteriologyMIMP MS Ph.D. Henrici,Dunny, Gary Arthur M. T. 2000 Tsuchiya,Dinges, Martin Henry M. BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M. O. MitsumasaEpler, Jennifer A. MIMP MS Shimizu, Yoji 1943 Evans,Fink, Jason Charles R. Albert BacteriologyMIMP MS Ph.D. Green,LeBien, RobertTucker W.G. Foster,Gao, Jimin Ruth Ann Christie BacteriologyMIMP MS Ph.D. Larson,Bardwell, Winford Vivian J. P. He, Min Microbiology PhD Sherman, David H. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Mao, Yingqing Microbiology PhD Sherman, David H. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Neeno-Eckwall, Eric Carl MIMP PhD Schottel, Janet L. 1946 Guthrie,Parke, Evan Robert Andrew BacteriologyMIMP MS Ph.D. Halvorson,Hogquist, Kristin Halvor A. O. Muedeking,Schmidt, Clint Mary S. Rae BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Mescher, Matthew Halvor F.O. 1947 Allen,Xue, Yongquan Robert Malven BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Skinner,Sherman, C Davidharles H. E . 2001 Jezeski,Bae, Taeok James John BacteriologyMicrobiology PhDPh.D. Halvorson,Dunny, Gary Halvor M. O.; Orwin, Paul M. Microbiology PhD MacySchlievert,, Harold Patrick M. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 98. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Reyes, Morayma Winnifred G. Mayer BacteriologyMICaB PhD** Ph.D. Rosenow,Verfaillie, Catherine Edward CM.. (Mayo) 19282002 Halvorson,Daniels, Mark Halvor Allen Orin BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Jameson, Robert Stephen G. 1930 Ziegler,Dylla, Scott Newell James Richard BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Verfaillie, Catherine Halvor OM.. 1931 Leck,Ehst, Benjamin Paul Clifford David BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Larson,Jenkins, MarcWinford K. P. Graham, Robert Royal MICaB PhD Behrens, Timothy W. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Hodges, Kimberley J. MIMP PhD Cleary, Paul Patrick Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Reinhardt, Richard Lee MICaB PhD Jenkins, Marc K. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Waters, Christopher M. MICaB PhD Dunny, Gary M. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Yarwood, Jeremy M. MIMP PhD Schlievert, Patrick M. 19332003 Cade,Asch, Sarah Arthur S. Rosson BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Halvorson,Jenkins, Marc H alvorK. O. 1934 Bayliss,Bonnevier, Milward Jody L. Levi BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Mueller, Daniel Halvor Lee O. Benton,Hartung, AnneSeth David Gertrude BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Henrici,McIvor, R.A rthurScott T. Buggs,Morgan, Charles Kelly J. Wesley BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Green,Largaespada, Robert David G. A. Colien,Paustian, Francis Michael Edward L. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Kapur, Vivek Winford P. Olson,Perkins, Byron Keith D.J BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Rice, Stephen Winford A. P. 1936 Ordal,Pribila, ErlingJonathan Josef Todd BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Shimizu, Yoji Halvor O. 1937 Savage,Sweeney, George Colin L. Mason BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,McIvor, R. Scott Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt,Vaessen, Robert Benjamin Ellis R. BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Larson,Verfaillie, Winford Catherine P. M. Levine,Valenzuela, Milton Javier O. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Mescher, Winford Matthew P. F. Vanderpool, Carin K. MIMP PhD Armstrong, Sandra K. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. 2004 Carlson, Corey M. MICaB PhD Largaespada, David A. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Endrizzi, Bart Theodore MICaB PhD Jameson, Stephen Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Erickson, Heidi A. MICaB PhD Pennell, Christopher A. Slack,Gillespie, John Emily Madison Claire BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Behrens, Arthur Timothy T. W. 1941 Goodlow,Harmala, Lisa Robert A. E. Jacobs BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Pennell, Robert Christopher G. A. Johnson,Linden, Michael Dale WaldoAndrew BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,VanNess, Brian Halvor G. O. 1942 Batson,Maher, Diane Herbert Michele Clifford BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Southern, Winford Peter J. P. Bell,Mayerova, John FrederickDita BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Hogquist, Robert Kristin G. A. Drake,Moeller, Charles Stephanie Hadley Jane BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Sheaff, Robert Arthur J. T. Tsuchiya,Prlic, Martin Henry BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Jameson, Stephen Halvor O. MitsumasaRichards, David M. MICaB PhD Mueller, Daniel L. 1943 Evans,Tomich, Charles Mladen Albert BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Green,Mohr, Christian Robert G. D. Foster,Vanasek, Ruth Tracy Ann L. Christie BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Mueller, WinfordDaniel L. P. 2005 Eckfeldt, Craig Evan MICaB PhD Verfaillie, Catherine M. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Goetz, Christine Andrea MICaB PhD Farrar, Michael A. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Golden, Joseph Walter MICaB PhD Schiff, Leslie A. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Kozlowicz, Briana Kristen MIMP PhD Dunny, Gary M. Muedeking,Magarvey, Nathan Mary AndrewRae BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Sherman, David Halvor H. O. 1947 Allen,Pragman, Robert Alexa Malven Anne BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Skinner,Schlievert, C harlesPatrick EM.. Jezeski,Smith, Jennifer James Ann John BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Schiff, Leslie Halvor A. O.; Staddon, Jack H. MIMP PhD MacyDunny,, H Garyarold M. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 99. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 19212006 Ashby,Chandler, Winnifred Josephine Mayer R. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Dunny, Gary E dwardM. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Chen, Yuqing Halvor Orin BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Green,Dunny, RGaryobert M. G . 1930 Ziegler,Faivre, Emily Newell Richard BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Lange, Carol H Annalvor O. 1931 Leck,Fortman, Paul Jeffrey Clifford L. (Clem) BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Sherman, W Davidinford H. P . Hataye, Jason Matthew MICaB PhD Jenkins, Marc K. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Hau, Heidi Hanson MICaB PhD Bohjanen, Paul R. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Heggem, Michael MICaB MS Pennell, Christopher A. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Hess, Donavon J., Jr. MICaB PhD Wells, Carol Lee Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Kahler, Rachel Ann MICaB PhD Westendorf, Jennifer J. 1933 Cade,Lephart, Arthur Paul RobertRosson BacteriologyMIMP PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Magee, Paul H T.alvor O. 1934 Bayliss,Liu, Jiabin Milward Levi BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Behrens, Timothy Halvor W. O . Benton,Mick, Verity Anne E. Gertrude BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Hogquist, A Kristinrthur T A.. Buggs,Ogilvie, RachelCharles Lynn Wesley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Bohjanen, Robert Paul G.R. Colien,Ruone, SusanFrancis Jolene Edward BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Larson,Mansky, WinfordLouis M. P. Olson,Schneider, Byron Lori J K. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Jenkins, MarcWinford K. P. 1936 Ordal,Smith, KristenErling Josef Laura Mueller BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Shimizu, Yoji Halvor O. 19372007 Savage,Agarwal, GeorgePujya Mason BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Mescher, Matthew Halvor F.O. 1939 Hoyt,Anderson, Robert Mark Ellis Thomas BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Armstrong, Winford Sandra P. K. Levine,Burchill, Milton Matt A. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Farrar, Michael Winford A. P. Fraser, Kathryn A. MICaB PhD Rice, Stephen A. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Hammerbeck, Christopher D. MIMP PhD Mescher, Matthew F. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Li, Ying MICaB MS Walcheck, Bruce Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Londer, Aryel Roxanne MICaB MS Blazar, Bruce R. Slack,Martin, John Amanda Madison Lorene BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Shimizu, ArthurYoji T. 1941 Goodlow,O'Shaughnessy, Robert Matthew Jacobs J. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Blazar, BruceRobert R. G. Johnson,Peters, Christopher Dale Waldo M. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Mantyh, Patrick Halvor W. O. 1942 Batson,Popescu, Herbert Flavia E. Clifford BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Mescher, Winford Matthew P. F. Bell,Sandau, John Michelle Frederick M. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Jameson, Robert Stephen G. Drake,Strain, AnnaCharles Karin Hadley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Rice, Stephen Arthur A. T. Tsuchiya,Vetter, Sara Henry Marie BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M. O. MitsumasaVogtenhuber, Christine MICaB PhD Blazar, Bruce R. 1943 Evans,Yarke, Cory Charles Alan Albert BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Mueller, Robert Daniel G. L. Foster,Zhang, Ruan Ruth Ann Christie BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Mueller, WinfordDaniel L. P. 2008 Bursch, Laura Sue MICaB PhD Hogquist, Kristin A. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Cohen, Daniel Noland MICaB PhD Anderson, Dwight L. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Dodge, Anthony Gerald MICaB PhD Wackett, Lawrence P. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Fan, Danhua MICaB PhD Bitterman, Peter B. Muedeking,Gori, Jennifer Mary Leah Rae BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,McIvor, R. Scott Halvor O. 1947 Allen,Guerrero, Robert Faimola Malven Opeyemi BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Skinner,Pennell, ChristopherCharles E. A. Jezeski,McKelvey, James Pamela John Jean BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Halvorson,Armstrong, SandraHalvor K. O. ; Nodland, Sonja Elizabeth MICaB PhD MacyLeBien,, H Tuckerarold W. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 100. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Woll, Petter Winnifred Schultz Mayer BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Kaufman, Dan Edward S. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Zou, Liangxing Halvor Orin BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Peterson, Robert Erik Jon G. 19302009 Ziegler,Brosnahan, Newell Amanda Richard Jo BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Schlievert, Patrick Halvor M. O . 1931 Leck,Casey, Paul Kerry Clifford A. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Mescher, W Matthewinford P .F. Chu, Hon Man Hamlet MICaB PhD Jenkins, Marc K. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Chuang-Smith, Olivia N. MICaB PhD Dunny, Gary M. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Gerner, Michael Y. MICaB PhD Mescher, Matthew F. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Hamilton, Matthew J. MICaB PhD Sadowsky, Michael J. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Kelly, Ryan Michael MICaB PhD Blazar, Bruce R. 1933 Cade,Kim, Yong Arthur Yean Rosson BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Bitterman, Peter Halvor B. O. 1934 Bayliss,Koch, Lisa Milward Kristine Levi BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Blazar, Bruce H R.alvor O. Benton,Kronemann, Anne Daniel Gertrude A. BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Henrici,Bresnahan, Arthur Wade T. A. Buggs,Osborn, CharlesMark John Wesley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Blazar, BruceRobert R. G. Colien,Strandberg, Francis Kristi Edward Lee BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Schlievert, Winford Patrick P. M. Olson,Winstead, Byron Colleen J J. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Khoruts, WinfordAlexander P. 1936 Ordal,Yang, Jianying Erling Josef BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Farrar, Michael Halvor A. O. 19372010 Savage,Ballering, George Katie Mason BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Dunny, Gary Halvor M. O. 1939 Hoyt,Beckman, Robert Joan Ellis D. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Vercellotti, Winford Greg M. P. Levine,Bergerson, Milton Rachel Joy BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Largaespada, Winford David P. A. Charles, Nathan J. MICaB PhD Lange, Carol Ann Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Cichocki, Frank Martin MICaB PhD Miller, Jeffrey S. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) DeNucci, Christopher C. MICaB PhD Shimizu, Yoji Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. DeRycke, Melissa Sue MICaB PhD Skubitz, Amy P. Slack,Dietz, Wynette John Madison M. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Pennell, ChristopherArthur T. A. 1941 Goodlow,Dings, Kieng Robert Bao Vang Jacobs BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Farrar, MichaelRobert G.A. Johnson,Gillis, Peter Dale Aaron Waldo BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Rice, Stephen Halvor A. O. 1942 Batson,Griffin, Amanda Herbert Jill Clifford BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,McSorley, Winford Stephen P. J. Bell,Highfill, John Steven Frederick Lorenz BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Blazar, BruceRobert R. G. Drake,Hoeppner, Charles Luke HadleyH BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Westendorf, Arthur Jennifer T. J. Tsuchiya,Johanns, Tanner Henry Michael BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Way, Sing Sing Halvor O. MitsumasaJohnson, Lisa D. MICaB PhD Jameson, Stephen 1943 Evans,Lehmann, Charles Ute Albert BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Gregerson, Robert Dale G. S. Foster,Lofgren, Ruth Kristopher Ann Christie A. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Lange, Carol Winford Ann P. Sukovich, David J. MICaB PhD Wackett, Lawrence P. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Weinreich, Michael A. MICaB PhD Hogquist, Kristin A. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Willette, Mark J. MICaB PhD Farrar, Michael A. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Wolf, Julie M. MICaB PhD Davis, Dana A. Muedeking,Zacchi, Lucia MaryF. Rae BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Davis, Dana HalvorA. O. 19472011 Allen,Akue, AdoviRobert Dodji Malven BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Skinner,Jameson, C Stephenharles E . Jezeski,Hart, Geoffrey James T. John BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Jameson, Stephen Halvor O.; Johnson, Christopher M. MICaB PhD MacyDunny,, H Garyarold M. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 101. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Larson, JonWinnifred David Mayer BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Largaespada, Edward David A.C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Moran, Amy Halvor E. Orin BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Hogquist, Robert Kristin G .A. 19302012 Ziegler,Albin, John Newell Squire Richard BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Harris, Reuben Halvor S. O. 1931 Leck,Barnes, Paul Aaron Clifford M.T. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Dunny, Gary Winford M. P. Beisang, Daniel Joseph MICaB PhD Bohjanen, Paul R. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Cook, Laura Carol Case MICaB PhD Dunny, Gary M. Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Gleason, Michelle K. MICaB PhD Miller, Jeffrey S. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Gomez-Garcia, Jose R. MICaB PhD Polunovsky, Vitaly A.; Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici,Bitterman, Arthur Peter T B.. 1933 Cade,Knorr, ArthurDavid A. Rosson BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Kaufman, Dan Halvor S. O. 1934 Bayliss,Linehan, MilwardJonathan LeviL. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Jenkins, Marc H alvorK. O. Benton,Lowman, Anne Xazmin Gertrude Helen BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Kelekar, AmeetaArthur T . Buggs,Nygaard, Charles Rachel M.Wesley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Schiff, Leslie Robert A. G. Colien,Okagaki, Francis Laura Hana Edward BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Nielsen, WinfordKirsten P. Olson,Pagan, AntonioByron J J. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Jenkins, MarcWinford K. P. 1936 Ordal,Phillips, Erling Stacia Josef L. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Bresnahan, WadeHalvor A. O. 1937 Savage,Reed, Johanna George Rae Mason BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Schwertfeger, Halvor Kathryn O. L.S. 1939 Hoyt,Rowe, Robert Jared H. Ellis BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Way, Sing Winford Sing P. Schulz, Wade L. MICaB PhD Schiff, Leslie A. Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Stedman, Kelly M. MICaB MS Kelekar, Ameeta Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Zamora, Edward A. MICaB MS Modiano, Jaime F. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) Zeng, Ming MICaB PhD Haase, Ashley T. 2013 Ordal,Haasken, Zakarias Stefanie John S. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Binstadt, Bryce Halvor A. O. Slack,Hegg, Cara John Skon Madison BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Jameson, Arthur Stephen T. 1941 Goodlow,Heiderscheidt, Robert Caitlin Jacobs Anne BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Green,Fife, Brian Robert T. G. Johnson,Mehta, Misha Dale Girish Waldo BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Bond, Daniel Halvor R. O. 1942 Batson,Nanton, MinelvaHerbert RomeliaClifford BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,McSorley, Winford Stephen P. J.; Bell, John Frederick Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, John, Chandy Robert G. Drake,Odumade, Charles Oludare Hadley Adedayo BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Hogquist, Arthur Kristin T. A. Tsuchiya,Pauken, Kristen Henry E. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Fife, Brian T. Halvor O. MitsumasaRathe, Susan Kay MICaB PhD Largaespada, David A. 1943 Evans,Rodriguez Charles Pantoja, Albert BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Potter, RobertDavid A. G. Mariangellys Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Skinner, Nicole Elizabeth MICaB PhD Pennell, Christopher A. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Veenstra, Rachelle Graham MICaB PhD Blazar, Bruce R. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Zumwalde, Nicholas A. MICaB PhD Shimizu, Yoji 19462014 Guthrie,Anderson, Robert Kristin Gail BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Masopust, David Halvor O. Muedeking,Conboy, Caitlin Mary Borelli Rae-Martin BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Largaespada, Halvor David O.A. 1947 Allen,Flynn, RobertRyan P. Malven BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Skinner,Blazar, Bruce Charles R. E. Jezeski,Hall, Jeffrey James William John BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Ji, Yinduo Halvor O.; James, Britnie Ryan MICaB PhD MacyGriffith,, H Thomasarold S. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 102. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Kotloski, Winnifred Nicholas Jason Mayer BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Gralnick, Jeffrey Edward A. C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Litterman, Adam Halvor J. Orin BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Largaespada, Robert David G. A. 1930 Ziegler,Mahmud, Newell Shawn Richard Arthur BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Farrar, Michael Halvor A. O. 1931 Leck,Nelson, Paul Ryan Clifford William BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Jenkins, MarcWinford K. P. O'Donnell, Hope B. MICaB PhD McSorley, Stephen J. 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Schenkel, Jason Matthew MICaB PhD Masopust, David Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Welty, Nathan Edward MICaB PhD Kaplan, Daniel H. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. 2015 Brand, Lucas J. MICaB PhD Dehm, Scott M. Novak, Milan Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Cabrera, Javier MICaB PhD Griffith, Thomas S. 1933 Cade,Campion, Arthur Caroline Rosson Diep BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Lange, Carol H Annalvor O. 1934 Bayliss,Drees, Jeremy Milward J. Levi BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Schottel, Janet Halvor L. O. Benton,Dunmire, Anne Samantha Gertrude BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Hogquist, A Kristinrthur T A.. Buggs,Herrera, Charles Jeremy AlexanderWesley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Bitterman, Robert Peter G. B. Colien,Katerndahl, Francis Casey Edward Duncan BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Farrar, Michael Winford A. P. Olson,Leonard, Byron Brandon J Charles BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Harris, Reuben Winford S. P. 1936 Ordal,Levar, CalebErling Evan Josef BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Bond, Daniel Halvor R. O. 1937 Savage,Sanders, GeorgeLeon S. Mason BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Halvorson,Rice, Stephen Halvor A. O. 1939 Hoyt,Weingarden, Robert AlexaEllis BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Sadowsky, Winford Michael P. J.; Khoruts, Alexander Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Wiesner, Darin Lawrence MICaB PhD Nielsen, Kirsten; Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Bohjanen, Paul R. 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo) 2016 Angelos, Mathew G. MICaB PhD Kaufman, Dan S. Ordal,Chuntova, Zakarias Pavlina John D. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Schwertfeger, Halvor Kathryn O. L.S. Slack,Crabtree, John Juliet Madison N. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Peterson, Arthur Erik Jon T. 1941 Goodlow,Kalekar, Lokeshchandra Robert Jacobs A. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Mueller, Robert Daniel G. L. Johnson,Kashem, Sakeen Dale Waldo W. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Kaplan, Daniel Halvor H. O. 1942 Batson,Marko, Tracy Herbert Ann Clifford BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Largaespada, Winford David P. A. Bell,McDonald John- Hyman,Frederick Cameron BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Blazar, BruceRobert R. G. Drake,Nomura, Charles Alice Hadley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Saluja, Ashok Arthur K. T. Tsuchiya,Regan Anderson, Henry Tarah M. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Lange, Carol Halvor Ann O. MitsumasaShabani, Estela MICaB PhD John, Chandy 1943 Evans,Smith, Michelle Charles J.Albert BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Blazar, BruceRobert R. G. Steinert, Elizabeth M. MICaB PhD Masopust, David Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Yao, Chen MICaB PhD Kaplan, Daniel H. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. 2017 Bennett, Brittany D. MICaB PhD Gralnick, Jeffrey A. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Brady, Nicholas J. MICaB PhD Schwertfeger, Kathryn L.S. 1946 Guthrie,Dillon, Nicholas Robert A. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Baughn, Anthony Halvor O. Muedeking,Elliott, Sarah MaryRae Rae BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Tischler, Anna Halvor O. 1947 Allen,Hanse, Robert Eric Allan Malven BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Skinner,Kelekar, AmeetaCharles E. Jezeski,Schmiel, ShirdiJames E. John BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Mueller, Daniel Halvor L. O.; Starrett, Gabriel J. MICaB PhD MacyHarris,, HReubenarold S. Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 103. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Graduate Degrees Awarded

Graduate Degrees Awarded

Year Name Degree Advisor 1921 Ashby,Thompson, Winnifred Emily Mayer BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Rosenow,Vezys, Vaiva E dward C. (Mayo) 1928 Halvorson,Vanden Oever, Halvor Michael Orin J. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Tolar, Jakub Robert G. 19302018 Ziegler,Beckmann, Newell Pauline Richard J. BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Largaespada, H Davidalvor OA.. 1931 Leck,Clark, PaulChris Clifford BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Starr, Timothy Winford Kaehler P. Martinov, Tijana MICaB PhD Fife, Brian 1932 Carroll, William Richard Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. McCurtain, Jennifer L. MICaB PhD Hunter, Ryan C.; Gunderson, Millard Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G.; Dunny, Gary M. Fillmore Halvorson, Halvor O. Nelson, Christine E. MICaB PhD Vezys, Vaiva Novak,Rogers, MilanAnna BacteriologyMICaB MS Ph.D. Henrici,Skubitz, AmyArthur T. 19332019 Cade,Adamowicz, Arthur Beth Rosson BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Harcombe, William Halvor O. 1934 Bayliss,Cheng, Adam Milward Levi BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Harris Reuben Halvor S. O. Benton,Erickson, Anne Rebecca Gertrude Breuer BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Henrici,Dunny, Gary Arthur T. Buggs,Kordus, CharlesShannon Wesley BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Green,Baughn, Robert Anthony G. Colien,Kotov, Dmitri Francis Edward BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Jenkins, MarcWinford P. Olson,Kotov, JessicaByron YangJ BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Jenkins, MarcWinford P. 1936 Ordal,Meier, ErlingLee Josef BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Binstadt, Bryce Halvor O. 1937 Savage,Mooneyham, George Ashley Mason BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Halvorson,Bazzaro, Martina Halvor O. 1939 Hoyt,Namugenyi, Robert Sarah Ellis BacteriologyMICaB PhD Ph.D. Larson,Tischler, WinfordAnna P. Thiede, Joshua MICaB PhD Baughn, Anthony Levine, Milton Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Velez Reyes, Germán MICaB PhD Largaespada, David A. Owen, Cora Rust Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. GRADUATE DEGREES AWARDED 1940 Heilman, Fordyce Russell Bacteriology Ph.D. Magath, Thomas B. (Mayo)

Ordal, Zakarias John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Slack,* MIMP John = MadisonMicrobiology, Immunology,Bacteriology andPh.D. Molecular Henrici,Pathogenesis Arthur T. 1941 Goodlow,** MICaB Robert = Microbiology, Jacobs BacteriologyImmunology, Ph.D. and Cancer BiologyGreen, Robert G. Johnson, Dale Waldo Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1942 Batson, Herbert Clifford Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Bell, John Frederick Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Drake, Charles Hadley Bacteriology Ph.D. Henrici, Arthur T. Tsuchiya, Henry Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Mitsumasa 1943 Evans, Charles Albert Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. Foster, Ruth Ann Christie Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Stavitsky, Abram Benjamin Bacteriology Ph.D. Green, Robert G. 1944 Tenenberg, Daniel Jacob Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1946 Guthrie, Robert Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Muedeking, Mary Rae Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. 1947 Allen, Robert Malven Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. Jezeski, James John Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O.; Macy, Harold Larson, Nora Leona Bacteriology Ph.D. Halvorson, Halvor O. Marwin, Richard Martin Bacteriology Ph.D. Skinner, Charles E. McLimans, William Bacteriology Ph.D. Larson, Winford P. Fletcher 104. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology Connections

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Photo Credits

Unless otherwise noted, photos courtesy of the University of Minnesota Archives.

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