DOCSLIB.ORG

Mutation Rates of Escherichia Coli with Different Balanced Growth Rates: a New Fluctuation Test Protocol and Phenotypic Lag Adju

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mutation Rates of Escherichia Coli with Different Balanced Growth Rates: a New Fluctuation Test Protocol and Phenotypic Lag Adju Mutation rates of Escherichia coli with different balanced growth rates: a new fluctuation test protocol and phenotypic lag adjustments by Christian Terry Henderson Barna A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Mathematics in Applied Mathematics Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2020 c Christian Terry Henderson Barna 2020 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Bacteria are the oldest, most abundant life form on the planet, and every other organ- ism's livelihood is dependent on them. The bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) is commonly used in microbiology as a model organism to give insight into the functions of bacteria and cells in general. Of particular interest in these studies is the methods with which bacteria grow and evolve. Growth is what propagates a bacteria's species; whereas evolution is what allows them to adapt to the ever-changing world. Evolution is made possible by mutations which change a bacterium's DNA. In 1943, Luria and Delbr¨uck developed a method, called a “fluctuation test", to estimate mutation rates from the number of mutants in a collection of parallel cultures exposed to a selecting agent after growth. The original fluctuation test methodology suffers from two major limitations. First, the bacteria are not in a re- producible, balanced state of growth throughout the test. Second, the new phenotype resulting from a mutation may not be immediately expressed (referred to as \phenotypic lag") resulting in an underestimated mutation rate. To overcome these issues, I developed a refined experimental protocol that ensures cells are in balanced growth and a suite of analysis tools that account for the effects of phenotypic lag. To test the methodology, I compared the mutation rate and phenotypic lag in fast growing E. coli (23 minutes per doubling) and slow growing E. coli (48 minutes per doubling). It is found that when not accounting for phenotypic lag, fast growing E. coli have a markedly lower mutation rate than slow growing E. coli, but when phenotypic lag is accounted for, the faster growing cells have a longer phenotypic lag, resulting in an indistinguishable mutation rate for fast and slow growing populations. The implications of mutation rate being coupled to growth rate, as well as possible explanations for why it and phenotypic lag would be growth rate dependent are discussed. Finally, possible ways to improve the experimental methodology and analysis protocols, in addition to future experiments that can be performed to further explore mutation rate - growth rate coupling are proposed. iii Acknowledgements All research for this thesis was completed on the lands of the Haudenosaunee, Anishi- naabeg, and Neutral peoples [165]. I have lived in the valley of the Ose'kow´ahne(\Grand River") [7] for the majority of my life, completing grades 1-12, a B.Sc., and now a Masters here. This means I have spent over 20 years reaping the benefits of being a white settler on stolen First Nation land, and for much of it I wasn't even aware. The entirety of Kitchener- Waterloo is situated on treaty land that was taken from the people it was promised to. In fact, all land within 6 miles of the \Grand River" was promised to the Haudenosaunee as part of the Haldimand proclamation in 1784 [111], but now they control less than 5% of this land due to manipulation and forceful displacement. From time immemorial the First Nations peoples have been caring for the land we call home, and for the last several hundred years they have been battling white supremacy and its destructive perception of land [39]. If we wish to have a healthy planet and just society, I believe that we have to give control of all land that is considered \North America" and beyond back to the indigenous peoples. It is possible to live sustainably on this land, but to do so we must de-colonise our minds and re-learn what our place on this planet is. I want to thank the earth for giving me everything I need to survive and do all this science. Doing science requires resources that come from the earth, and most are extracted in an unsustainable and unethical fashion. I can confidently say that I used more plastic during this masters degree than I normally would in a decade. This has been a source for much internal conflict and has helped shape my perception of science's role in society. I think all scientists need to look at their research and seriously question if the potential re- sults are worth the resources being consumed and the ethical implications. We desperately need a more ethical and sustainable way to do science, and if we need to take a break from actively doing science in the mean time, I think that's a fair trade. An extra big thank you to Matt Scott. Your patience and guidance over the last 3 years is appreciated beyond belief; I truly could not have asked for a better supervisor. You have taught me so much about what it means to be a good scientist, as well as a good teacher and mentor. I always looked forward to our meetings and seeing your big smile in the halls. I sincerely hope our paths cross again in the future. Thank you to Brian Ingalls for being much like a co-supervisor to me. Your guidance, insight, and general presence were incredibly appreciated. Thank you Ed Vrscay for agreeing to be on my committee and making my introduction to university level mathematics nearly 10 years ago so fun. iv Thank you to my parents, Lynne and Terry Barna, for your support over the last 28 years and in particular over the last 3 years. Raising me and allowing me to mooch off you for so long is so very appreciated. I couldn't have done this without you! Thank you to Micaela Yawney, your love and support over the last year has kept me going. I'm so happy we met and have got to spend so much time getting to know each other during my masters. Here's to our future adventures together! Thank you to my office mates. Jesse Legaspi, you are the funniest, most wonderful human who's memes and video game nights got me through. Josh Thompson, it was always nice having someone to relate to and relax with. Tim Dockhorn, thank you for lending me your brain on occasion and all the good tennis matches. Rishi Chakraborty, thank you for laughing at my jokes and always keeping an open mind. Greg Wang, thank you for your smile and giant heart. Thank you to all my lab mates. Nate Braniff, I don't think I could ever truly communi- cate how much help you were to me through this degree; you provided great conversation, great ideas, great lab help, and great friendship. Nicole Wang, Linda Chan, Sarah Odinot- ski, Yesha Patel, Leah Fulton, Max Reed, Fatima Abrar, and Cody Receno, thank you for helping and keeping me company in the lab. Extra big shout out to everyone who helped me count plates! Thank you to all my other friends in the Applied Math department. Lizz Webb, thank you for sharing all that hot goss and candy. Tom Bury, thank you for the conversations and racket sports games. Kat Fair, thank you for all the awesome conversations, especially about radical politics. Laura Chandler, Kate Clements, Stan Zonov, Saptarshi Pal, Sarah Walsh, Lindsey Daniels, Zahraa Abbas, Taylor Hanson, Maliha Ahmed, Alison Cheeseman, Andrew Grace, Maria Papageorgiou, Vivek Thampi, Brendon Phillips, Lauren Burnett, Giselle Sosa Jones, Luciana Chavez Rodriguez, and Ben Storer you all helped make this experience fun. Thank you to my Outers Club friends. Tim Hill, Claire Parrott, Evan Takefman, Nicole Sos, Elif Tuzlali, and Kanishk Goomer, you all made running Outers so rewarding and fun. Thank you to all my friends and family. Emma McKay, you are truly the best friend a person can ask for; you have taught and given me so much and for this I will forever be grateful. Shane Lawrence, your friendship and belief in me keeps me going on hard days. Seth Holland, I'm always happy when we get to chat about science and slap our hands together. Martin Bauman, I wish I got to ride on your shoulders more, but I still appreciate your friendship immensely. Rachel Barna, your support and jokes are food for my soul. Maddy MacEachern, I was gonna make an R2D2 and C3PO reference, but we're both R2D2 so that doesn't work; you get the point though. Mary Tye, you are the kindest v most wonderfulest. Alex Pearce, you are also the kindest most wonderfulest. Ilia Poichuck, you're so compassionate and fun and I am very happy we were reunited. David Paton, Will Gertler, Erin & Kyle Wagstaff, Qui Crawford, Graham Notar-Maclean, Nathan Butt, Palmer Vaughn, Saam Koukpari, Claire Leuty, Al Sachs, Ashley Beitel, Tiana Van De Veerdonk, Emily Carlson, Jackson Smith, Warren Jones, Giulia Langella, Aidan Power, Emma Raaflaub, and more, you all make being in this world so much more enjoyable. Thank you to the D&D group that gave me something to look forward to and a world to escape to most weeks. Finally, a big shout out to ice cream, peanut butter, and chocolate for helping me get through these wild times people call grad school.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CURRICULUM VITAE George M. Weinstock, Ph.D
    CURRICULUM VITAE George M. Weinstock, Ph.D. DATE September 26, 2014 BIRTHDATE February 6, 1949 CITIZENSHIP USA ADDRESS The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine 10 Discovery Drive Farmington, CT 06032 [email protected] phone: 860-837-2420 PRESENT POSITION Associate Director for Microbial Genomics Professor Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine UNDERGRADUATE 1966-1967 Washington University EDUCATION 1967-1970 University of Michigan 1970 B.S. (with distinction) Biophysics, Univ. Mich. GRADUATE 1970-1977 PHS Predoctoral Trainee, Dept. Biology, EDUCATION Mass. Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 1977 Ph.D., Advisor: David Botstein Thesis title: Genetic and physical studies of bacteriophage P22 genomes containing translocatable drug resistance elements. POSTDOCTORAL 1977-1980 Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Biochemistry TRAINING Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA. Advisor: Dr. I. Robert Lehman. ACADEMIC POSITIONS/EMPLOYMENT/EXPERIENCE 1980-1981 Staff Scientist, Molec. Gen. Section, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, MD 1981-1983 Staff Scientist, Laboratory of Genetics and Recombinant DNA, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, MD 1981-1984 Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Catonsville, MD 1983-1984 Senior Scientist and Head, DNA Metabolism Section, Lab. Genetics and Recombinant DNA, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, MD 1984-1990 Associate Professor with tenure (1985) Department of Biochemistry
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiology Immunology Cent
    years This booklet was created by Ashley T. Haase, MD, Regents Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, with invaluable input from current and former faculty, students, and staff. Acknowledgements to Colleen O’Neill, Department Administrator, for editorial and research assistance; the ASM Center for the History of Microbiology and Erik Moore, University Archivist, for historical documents and photos; and Ryan Kueser and the Medical School Office of Communications & Marketing, for design and production assistance. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Introduction CELEBRATING A CENTURY OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY This brief history captures the last half century from the last history and features foundational ideas and individuals who played prominent roles through their scientific contributions and leadership in microbiology and immunology at the University of Minnesota since the founding of the University in 1851. 1. UMN Microbiology & Immunology 2019 Centennial Microbiology at Minnesota MICROBIOLOGY AT MINNESOTA Microbiology at Minnesota has been From the beginning, faculty have studied distinguished from the beginning by the bacteria, viruses, and fungi relevant to breadth of the microorganisms studied important infectious diseases, from and by the disciplines and sub-disciplines early studies of diphtheria and rabies, represented in the research and teaching of through poliomyelitis, streptococcal and the faculty. The Microbiology Department staphylococcal infection to the present itself, as an integral part of the Medical day, HIV/AIDS and co-morbidities, TB and School since the department’s inception cryptococcal infections, and influenza. in 1918-1919, has been distinguished Beyond medical microbiology, veterinary too by its breadth, serving historically microbiology, microbial physiology, as the organizational center for all industrial microbiology, environmental microbiological teaching and research microbiology and ecology, microbial for the whole University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Era of Microbiology: a Golden Phoenix
    RESEARCH REVIEW INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY (2006) 9:1–7 www.im.microbios.org Stanley Maloy* The era of microbiology: Moselio Schaechter a Golden Phoenix Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA Summary. The discoveries over the last decade have demonstrated that micro- biology is a central scientific discipline with practical applications in agriculture, medicine, bioremediation, biotechnology, engineering, and other fields. It is clear that the roles of microbes in nature are so diverse that the process of mining this genetic variation for new applications will continue long into the future. Moreover, the rapid rate of microbial evolution ensures that there will be no permanent solu- tion to agricultural, medical, or environmental problems caused by microbes. These problems will demand a continual stream of creative new approaches that evolve along with the microbes. Thus, the excitement of this field will continue Received 10 January 2006 long into the future. However, these opportunities and imperatives demand a deep Accepted 6 February 2006 understanding of basic microbial physiology, genetics, and ecology. Major chal- *Corresponding author: lenges that lay ahead are to impart the broad training needed to entice and enable S. Maloy the next generation of microbiologists, and to educate the public and government Center for Microbial Sciences representatives about the continued and critical importance of this field for health San Diego State University and the economy. [Int Microbiol 2006; 9(1):1-7] 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA Tel. 1- 619-5947123. Fax 1- 619-5945676 Key words: development of microbiology · microbial ecology · microbial cell Email: [email protected] biology · integrative microbiology the natural environment, and to monitor the physiology of sin- Introduction gle cells under defined conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Honoring the Fundamental Role of Microbes in the Natural History of Our Planet 30 May 2012
    Honoring the fundamental role of microbes in the natural history of our planet 30 May 2012 Inspired by a 2009 colloquium on microbial personal style. Consequently, this book is not only evolution convened at the Galapagos Islands, a highly informative, but a great deal of fun to read. new book from ASM Press, Microbes and About half of them had something to say about Evolution: The World That Darwin Never Saw Darwin; the other half, what Darwin would have celebrates Charles Darwin and his landmark said about them," says Moselio Schaechter, publication On the Origin of Species. The editors distinguished professor emeritus, Tufts University compiled 40 first-person essays, written by School of Medicine; adjunct professor emeritus, microbiologists with a passion for evolutionary Department of Biology, San Diego State University; biology, to illuminate how each scientist's thinking and, visiting scholar, University of California at San and career paths in science were influenced by Diego. Darwin's seminal work. Richard Losick, Maria Moors Cabot Professor, at Intended for a general audience, Microbes and Harvard University, describes Microbes and Evolution explores how the evidence of microbial Evolution as "A breathtaking range of topics are evolution deeply and personally affected each woven together under a common theme that takes scientist. Readers can expect to be surprised and the reader from the origin of microbial life to its delighted with these intimate viewpoints on the diversity, from mutualism and competition to efforts importance of evolutionary principles in the study to recapitulate evolution, from the diversity of of a variety of aspects of life science, from bacterial viruses to 'the smallest and most taxonomy, speciation, adaptation, social structure, abundant microorganism in the ocean.'" and symbiosis to antibiotic resistance, genetics, and genomics.
    [Show full text]
  • 01 Schaechter.Qxp
    EDITORIAL INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY (2007) 10:153-156 DOI: 10.2436/20.1501.01.22 ISSN: 1139-6709 www.im.microbios.org The road from The Microbial world to Microbe Moselio Schaechter,1 John L. Ingraham,2 Frederick C. Neidhardt3 1San Diego State University and University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 2University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA. 3University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA The year 2007 commemorates the 50th anniversary of the genetics, immunology, and infectious diseases. Stanier publication of The Microbial World, the seminal microbiolo- would do all the rest and, of course, he would lead, direct, gy textbook that shattered the microbiology world and whose oversee, synthesize, orchestrate, and criticize. Ricardo first edition was coauthored by Roger Y. Stanier, Michael Guerrero, current SEM president and young postdoctoral fel- Doudoroff and Edward A. Adelberg. The year 2007 marks low in Ingraham laboratory in the years 1972-1973, was pay- also twenty-five years of Stanier’s passing away. The ing him a visit during the summer of 1974 and surely recalls Spanish Society for Microbiology (SEM) with the support of Ingraham’s excitement after receiving Stanier’s letter. Fundación Ramón Areces The three authors of has organized a Sympo- the coming edition met sium, in the frame of the the next summer at 21st national congress of Ingraham’s house in the SEM (Seville, 17-20 Davis at Stanier’s insis- September 2007), to com- tence to put the book memorate those anniver- together. Stanier was saries, and has invited us committed to presenta- (Schaechter, Ingraham and tion almost as deeply as Neidhardt) to contribute he was to science.
    [Show full text]
  • A. C. MATIN, Ph. D. Professor Stanford University School of Medicine (36 Pages)
    A. C. MATIN, Ph. D. Professor Stanford University School of Medicine (36 pages) ADDRESS Work Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sherman Fairchild Science Building, D317 299, Campus Drive, West Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305-5402 Telephone: (650) 725-4745 Fax: (650) 725-6757 E-Mail: [email protected] Website:http://www.stanford.edu/~amatin/MatinLabHomePage/MatinLabHome- Page.htm US CITIZEN EDUCTAION Ph.D., April, 1969 –Microbiology; University of California, Los Angeles EMPLOYMENT On Stanford faculty since 1975 Current Stanford academic appointments: Professor: • Department of Microbiology and Immunology • Cancer Institute • Program in Genetic and Molecular Medicine • Aortic & Vulvular and Vascular Biology Cardiovascular Institute • Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection • BioX Program • Woods Environmental Institute Completed Stanford academic appointment 1 1989 - 1998: Professor, Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center, Stanford University Employment prior to Stanford 1971 - 1975 Scientific Officer, First Class Department of Microbiology State University of Groningen Haren (Gr.), Netherlands 1964 - 1971 Teaching or Research Assistant (’64-’69) Postdoctoral Research Associate (’69-’71) Department of Microbiology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90024 1962 -1964 Lecturer, St. Joseph’s College for Women PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES • American Association for Cancer Research • American Association of Gene Therapy • American Society for Clinical Oncology • American Chemical Society • American Society for Microbiology • Biophysical Society • American Association for the Advancement of Science • International Society for Microbial Ecology • Society for Industrial Microbiology • New York Academy of Sciences • American Aerospace Medical Association • American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology • European Low Gravity Research Association • Society of the Sigma XI • American Association of University Professors HONORS/PROFESSIONAL RECOGNOTION • M.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative Microbiology —
    Perspectives Integrative microbiology – the third Golden Age MOSELIO SCHAECHTER Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA (Fax, 619-583-6349; Email, [email protected]) 1. Some personal vignettes the nutrients for bacteriological cultures from scratch, grinding up meat and making various broths and agars. A I am taking advantage of advancing age to unravel myself break from this routine came when a cow from the stable from the narrow confines of my field of research and that the company maintained for various purposes had present a broad personal view of my science, microbio- died. In the frugal ways for which the management logy. Before commenting on my views of present-day was famous, nothing went to waste. I was given the heart microbiology, let me disclose some of the personal expe- and told to turn it into powder for the preparation riences that may have had a defining role in my scientific of the reagent used in the classical (and long superseded) development. I mention them with circumspection Wassermann test for syphilis. This test depended on because the relationship between early events and later the reactivity of non-specific antibodies in patients’ actions may be misleading. Still, sharing aspects of what sera with the phospholipid cardiolipin, which is found in I experienced in my early days may help to set the stage all tissue. Heart muscle was a favorite source of this for my present-day musings. Those eager to get to the reagent. Making the Wassermann reagent was not a message should skip this section.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Bacteriology
    JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY VOLUME 136 0 NUMBER 3 0 DECEMBER 1978 EDITORIAL BOARD Simon Silver, Editor-in-Chief (1982) Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Stanley C. Holt, Editor (1982) Donald P. Nierlich, Editor (1982) University ofMassachusetts, Amherst University of California, Los Angeles Sam Kaplan, Editor (1983) Allen T. Phillips, Editor (1980) University ofIllinois, Urbana Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. Elizabeth McFall, Editor (1980) Howard V. Rickenberg, Editor (1983) New York University, New York, N. Y. National Jewish Hospital, Denver, CO Mark Achtman (1979) Wolfgang Epstein (1978) Eugene W. Nester (1978) James N. Adams (1979) David P. Fan (1978) Hiroshi Nikaido (1981) Nina Agabian (1980) Walton L. Fangman (1978) John H. Nordin (1979) James Akagi (1979) Gerald R. Fink (1978) Michio Oishi (1980) David Apirion (1979) W. R. Finnerty (1979) Ronald H. Olsen (1978) Arthur 1. Aronson (1979) John D. Foulds (1979) Sunil Palchaudhuri (1979) Gad Avigad (1980) Bijan K. Ghosh (1981) Charles Panos (1978) Stephen D. Barbour (1979) Harry E. Gilleland, Jr. (1979) Leo Parks (1979) Jeffrey M. Becker (1980) Helen Greer (1980) Martin Pato (1978) Claire M. Berg (1980) Walter R. Guild (1978) William S. Reznikoff (1979) Douglas E. Berg (1980) Tadayo Hashimoto (1979) Palmer Rogers (1978) Richard S. Berk (1980) Gerald L. Hazelbauer (1978) Antonio H. Romano (1979) Harriet Bernheimer (1980) George Hegeman (1980) Barry P. Rosen (1980) Edwin Boatman (1980) Joy Hochstadt (1980) Robert Rownd (1980) Winfried Boos (1979) Bruce Holloway (1979) Harold L. Sadoff (1980) H. D. Braymer (1979) Philip Hylemon (1979) Milton H. Saier, Jr. (1979) Jean Brenchley (1980) Joseph Inselburg (1978) Gene A.
    [Show full text]
  • Past ASM Awardees
    Past ASM Awardees ASM Alice C. Evans Award for Advancement of Women 2020: Caitilyn Allen 2019: Hazel Barton 2018: Carolyn Teschke 2017: Diane Griffin 2016: Carol Gross 2015: Nancy Hopkins 2014: Bonnie L. Bassler 2013: Joan Steitz 2012: Micah I. Krichevsky** 2011: Susan L. Forsburg 2010: Sara Rothman 2009: Millicent Goldschmidt 2008: Jo Handelsman 2007: Martha M. Howe 2006: Joan W. Bennett 2005: Helen Conrad Davies 2004: Marian C. Johnson-Thompson 2003: Eva Ruth Kashket 2002: Marlene Belfort 2001: Alice Shih-hou Huang 2000: Anne Morris Hooke Past ASM Awardees for Current ASM Awards 6-1-20 Page 1 6/1/20 1999: Ruth T. Kirschstein 1998: Arnold L. Demain 1997: Ellen Jo Baron 1996: Jean E. Brenchley 1994: Barbara Iglewski 1993: Lorraine Freidman 1992: Ruth Gordon 1991: No Award Given 1990: Margaret Pittman 1989: Viola Mae Young-Horvath 1988: Rita R. Colwell 1986: Elizabeth O'Hern 1985: Loretta Leive 1983 : Frederick C. Neidhardt Past ASM Awardees for Current ASM Awards 6-1-20 Page 2 6/1/20 ASM Award for Applied and Biotechnological Research 2020: Eleftherios (Terry) Papoutsakis 2019: K. T. Shanmugam ** Similar to old ASM Awards: Dupont Industrial Biosciences Award in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2018: Michael Adams / Robert Kelly 2017: Lonnie Ingram 2016: Joseph Suflita 2015: David Karl 2014: Douglas G. Capone 2013: Mary Lidstrom 2012: Bess Ward 2011: Stephen J. Giovannoni 2010: Caroline S. Harwood 2009: Jim C. Spain 2008: Edward F. Delong 2007: J. Gijs Kuenen 2006: David Stahl 2005: J. William Costerton 2004: Derek R. Lovley 2003: Kenneth H. Nealson and Eugene Rosenberg 2002: Lily Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Composition of E. Coli (Neidhardt)
    Copyright © 1987 American Society for Microbiology 1913 I St., N.W. Washington, DC 20006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Includes index. 1. Escherichia coli. 2. Salmonella typhimurium. I. Neidhardt, Frederick C. QR82.E6E83 1987 589.9'5 87-1065 ISBN 0-914826-89-1 ISBN 0-914826-85-9 (soft) All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America 1. Introduction MOSELIO SCHAECHTER AND FREDERICK C. NEIDHARDT Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are most biosynthetic pathways, the refinement of the gram-negative rods of the family Enterobacteriaceae. concept of the gene, the solution of the genetic code, They resemble each other in most ways but differ in the discovery of molecular mechanisms of gene regu­ some essential details. Like many of the eubacteria, lation, and the molecular portrayal of viral morpho­ neither species is well delineated. E. coli represents a genesis. wide cluster of biotypes, whereas S. typhimurium is Today, E. coli and S. typhimurium are special to us more circumscribed. Both species have been known because more is known about them than about any since the early days of bacteriology, E. coli as a other cellular form of life. To give an idea of the common member of the intestinal flora and S. typhi­ current extent of this knowledge, about 1/3 of the gene murium as a frequent agent of gastroenteritis. products of E.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Bacterial Growth Physiology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector REVIEW published: 21 April 2015 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00289 A brief history of bacterial growth physiology Moselio Schaechter * Biology Department, San Diego State University, and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Arguably, microbial physiology started when Leeuwenhoek became fascinated by observing a Vorticella beating its cilia, my point being that almost any observation of microbes has a physiological component. With the advent of modern microbiology in the mid-19th century, the field became recognizably distinctive with such discoveries as anaerobiosis, fermentation as a biological phenomenon, and the nutritional requirements of microbes. Soon came the discoveries of Winogradsky and his followers of the chemical changes in the environment that result from microbial activities. Later, during the first half of the 20th century, microbial physiology became the basis for much of the elucidation of central metabolism. Bacterial physiology then became a handmaiden of molecular Edited by: biology and was greatly influenced by the discovery of cellular regulatory mechanisms. Arieh Zaritsky, Microbial growth, which had come of age with the early work of Hershey, Monod, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel others, was later pursued by studies on a whole cell level by what became known as the Reviewed by: “Copenhagen School.” During this time, the exploration of physiological activities became Kelly Bidle, coupled to modern inquiries into the structure of the bacterial cell. Recent years have Rider University, USA Lawrence Rothfield, seen the development of a further phase in microbial physiology, one seeking a deeper University of Connecticut, USA quantitative understanding of phenomena on a whole cell level.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rhetorical Genealogy of Bacterial Psychology by Jennifer R
    Title Page A Rhetorical Genealogy of Bacterial Psychology by Jennifer R. Saltmarsh B.A. in English, University of California, Berkeley, 2007 M.A. English Composition, San Francisco State University, 2011 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Membership Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jennifer R. Saltmarsh It was defended on August 8, 2019 and approved by Cory Holding, Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Pittsburgh Stephen Carr, Associate Professor, Department of English, University of Pittsburgh Richard Doyle, Edwin Earle Sparks Professor, Department of English, Pennsylvania State University Dissertation Director: Don Bialostosky, Department of English, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Jennifer R. Saltmarsh 2019 iii Abstract A Rhetorical Genealogy of Bacterial Psychology Jennifer R. Saltmarsh, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2019 This dissertation traces the historical trajectory of an idea: that we can learn about human perception and sensation by studying how microorganisms make decisions. Alfred Binet— experimental psychologist and master hypnotist—first put forward this idea in The Psychic Life of Microorganisms (1888). To investigate how Binet’s claim came to life eighty years later, I focus on research that I call “bacterial psychology.” This research studies microbial relations to, and influence upon, humans. To engage this research I approach rhetorical theory in two primary ways. First, I practice rhetoric of science in the traditional sense when I analyze scientists’ metaphors about microbes, which lean towards anthropomorphism.
    [Show full text]