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JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY VOLUME 174 * DECEMBER 1992 * NUMBER 24 Graham C. Walker, Editor in Chief (1996) Dale Kaiser, Minireview Editor (1994) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University School of Cambridge, Mass. Susan Gottesman, Editor (1994) Medicine, Stanford, Calif. National Cancer Institute, Editor (1997) Bethesda, Md. A. L. Sonenshein, Editor (1995) Terrance J. Beveridge, Boston, Mass. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada E. Peter Greenberg, Editor (1996) Tufts University, University ofIowa, Iowa Kenneth N. Timmis, Editor (1997) James G. Ferry, Editor (1996) City, Iowa Virginia Polytechnic Institute and GBF, Braunschweig, Gennany State University, Blacksburg, Va. Carol A. Gross, Editor (1995) Robert A. Weisberg, Editor (1995) University of Wisconsin, National Institute of Child Dan Fraenkel, Editor (1996) Madison, Wis. Health and Human Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. Development, Bethesda, Md. EDITORIAL BOARD Sankar Adhya (1993) Susan H. Fisher (1994) Thomas Lessie (1992) H. Steven Seifert (1994) Stuart J. Austin (1993) Patricia L. Foster (1993) Roger C. Levesque (1994) Peter Setlow (1993) Barbara Bachmann (1993) Michael G. Fried (1994) Mary E. Lidstrom (1993) Hideo Shinagawa (1994) Margaret H. Bayer (1992) David I. Friedman (1992) E. C. C. Lin (1994) Howard A. Shuman (1994) Douglas E. Berg (1994) Barbel Friedrich (1993) Lasse Lindahl (1993) Gerald Smith (1994) Robert W. Bernlohr (1994) Clement Furlong (1993) John W. Little (1992) Issar Smith (1993) Volkmar Braun (1992) Robert Gennis (1994) Jack London (1993) G. Dennis Sprott (1992) Richard Calendar (1994) Costa P. Georgopoulos (1993) Sharon Long (1992) Catherine Squires (1993) George M. Carman (1994) Jane Gibson (1994) Paul S. Lovett (1993) Gary Stacey (1994) Sherwood Casjens (1994) Larry Gold (1994) Paul W. Ludden (1993) David Stahl (1993) A. M. Chakrabarty (1992) Susan Golden (1994) Ben Lugtenberg (1992) Brian Staskawicz (1993) Trinad Chakraborty (1994) Richard L. Gourse (1994) Robert Macnab (1994) Robert Steffan (1993) Wendy C. Champness (1994) Nigel Grindley (1993) Martin Marinus (1992) Michel Steinmetz (1994) Mick Chandler (1993) Alan Grossman (1994) Millicent Masters (1992) Valley Stewart (1994) Keith F. Chater (1994) Robert P. Gunsalus (1993) Abdul Matin (1993) Susan C. Straley (1994) Terrence G. Cooper (1993) William Haldenwang (1994) Philip Matsumura (1992) F. William Studier (1992) David L. Coplin (1992) Richard S. Hanson (1994) Russell Maurer (1993) Anne 0. Summers (1993) Donald Court (1994) Shigeaki Harayama (1993) John Mekalanos (1994) Robert Switzer (1993) R. L. Crawford (1993) Robert Haselkorn (1993) Paul Messner (1993) Andrew Taylor (1994) John E. Cronan, Jr. (1992) Gerald L. Hazelbauer (1993) Charles G. Miller (1994) Nancy Trun (1994) Jorge H. Crosa (1994) George D. Hegeman (1994) Virginia Miller (1994) Trevor R. Trust (1994) Stanley J. Cryz, Jr. (1994) Roger Hendrix (1992) Shoji Mizushima (1994) Charles L. Turnbough, Jr. Lacy Daniels (1992) C. F. Higgins (1993) Charles P. Moran, Jr. (1994) (1993) Richard D'Ari (1994) Joachim-Volker Holtje (1993) Edward A. Morgan (1993) Ronald Unterman (1994) Victor de Lorenzo (1994) Karin Ippen-Ihler (1993) Gisela Mosig (1994) Mark Walker (1993) Bruce Demple (1994) Edward E. Ishiguro (1994) Francis E. Nano (1994) Judy D. Wall (1993) Patrick P. Dennis (1993) Gerald Johnston (1993) Dale Noel (1994) Barry Wanner (1993) Migel A. de Pedro (1993) Robert J. Kadner (1992) Staffan Normark (1994) Chris M. Whitfield (1992) William D. Donachie (1994) Clarence I. Kado (1994) Dennis Ohman (1994) William B. Whitman (1994) Timothy Donohue (1993) Noel Keen (1994) Gary Olsen (1994) Peter A. Williams (1992) Ron J. Doyle (1994) Eduard J. Kellenberger (1992) John S. Parkinson (1993) Stephen C. Winans (1994) David A. Dubnau (1992) Patricia Kiley (1994) Thomas R. Parr (1994) Malcolm Winkler (1994) Daniel Dykhuizen (1994) H.-J. Knackmuss (1993) Anthony Pugsley (1994) C. L. Woldringh (1993) S. Dusko Ehrlich (1994) Roberto Kolter (1994) Juan L. Ramos (1993) Hans Wolf-Watz (1994) Rudolf Eichenlaub (1994) Wil N. Konings (1993) Linda Randall (1993) David Womble (1992) Lindsay D. Eltis (1994) Dennis J. Kopecko (1993) Gary P. Roberts (1993) John L. Woolford (1994) Bert Ely (1994) Susan F. Koval (1994) Jeffrey Roberts (1992) Henry C. Wu (1993) Wolfgang Epstein (1993) Terry Ann Krulwich (1993) Charles 0. Rock (1993) Ryland Young (1993) Jeff Errington (1994) Carol Kumamoto (1993) Lucia B. Rothman-Denes (1992) Takashi Yura (1994) Jorge Escalante-Semerena (1994) Harald Labischinski (1992) Kenneth E. Rudd (1994) Howard Zalkin (1994) David H. Figurski (1993) Joseph Lam (1994) Rudiger Schmitt (1992) Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications Board Linda M. Illig, Director, Journals Sara C. Joslyn, Production Editor Catherine E. Blickendorfer, Assistant Production Editor The Journal ofBacteriology, a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning bacteria and other microorganisms. Instructions to authors are published in the first issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Journals Division. The Journal is published twice monthly, one volume per year. The nonmember subscription prices are $360 (U.S.), $385 (Canada), and $431 (other countries; air drop shipping) per year; single copies are $42.80 (Canada) and $40 (U.S. and other countries). The member subscription prices are $79 (U.S.), $85 (Canada), and $104 (other countries; air drop shipping); single copies are $10.70 (Canada) and $10 (U.S. and other countries). Correspondence relating to subscriptions, defective copies, missing issues, and availability of back issues should be directed to the Subscriptions Department, ASM; correspondence relating to reprint orders should be directed to the Publication Sales Department, ASM; and correspondence relating to disposition of submitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Division, American Society for Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Phone: (202) 737-3600. Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because of failure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20005, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Journal ofBacteriology, ASM, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 1992, American Society for Microbiology. ISSN 0021-9193 CODEN: JOBAAY . All Rights Reserved. * at N .,4 'l The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Author Index Abedon, Stephen T., 8073 Giordano, Gerard, 7934 Liautard, J. P., 8036 Rothstein, David M., 7926 Asada, Kiyozo, 8163 Goebel, Werner, 8166 Lobner-Olesen, Anders, 7883 Gruber, Karin, 8008 Luck, B. T., 8139 Sadouk, A., 8133 Ball, Catherine A., 8043 Gupta, Dhirendra S., 7963 Sahm, Hermann, 8065 Banerjee, S. K., 8139 Magill, Nancy G., 8148 Sandman, Kathleen M., 7890 Beale, Samuel I., 7910 Hall, Belinda M., 8156 Marti, J., 8036 Santini, Claire-Lise, 7934 Beveridge, Terry J., 7971 Hansson, Mats, 8081 McKenney, Keith, 8030 Schultze-Lam, Susanne, 7971 Borremans, B., 8133 Harasawa, Ry6, 8163 McNicholas, Paul, 7926 Setlow, Peter, 8148 Boxer, David H., 7934 Harauz, George, 7971 Meganathan, R., 8111 Shakibai, Nader, 7982 Brakier-Gingras, Lea, 7896 Hartline, Kelly M., 8156 Melan,on, Pierre, 7896 Sharma, V., 8111 Breitwieser, Andreas, 8008 Hederstedt, Lars, 8081 Mergeay, M., 8133 Shashkov, Alexander S., 7963 Bubert, Andreas, 8166 Helinski, Donald R., 8119 Mockel, Bettina, 8065 Sleytr, Uwe B., 8008 Helmstetter, Charles E., 8152 Moore, Julie, 8030 Stevens, Barry J. H., 7941 Canale-Parola, Ercole, 7996 Hsing, Weihong, 7996 Morris, Victor J., 7941 Summers, Anne O., 8094 Cellier, M. F. M., 8036 Hudspeth, M. E. S., 8111 Muda, M., 8057 Tabassum, Romana, 7890 Chen, Jychien, 8023 Mukai, Kuniaki, 7954 Ike, Yasuyoshi, 8172 Taghavi, S., 8133 Chopra, Ian, 7926 Mukohara, Yukuo, 7989 Tanaka, Teruo, 7954 Chow, Wei-Yuan, 8023 Iobbi-Nivol, Chantal, 7934 Ishidate, Kohei, 7982 Tapprich, William E., 7896 Clewell, Don B., 8172 Nakagawa, Tomoko, 8163 Teyssier, J., 8036 Collins, Matthew D., 8158 Ishikawa, Takahiro, 7989 Nakamura, Hiroaki, 7989 Iyer, V. N., 8139 Thompson, Daphne E., 8158 Condee, Charles W., 8094 Negoro, Seiji, 7948 Topp, Edward, 8003 Jann, Barbara, 7963 Nicolas, M., 8036 Torriani, A., 8057 Damani, Karima, 7941 Jann, Klaus, 7963 Nies, Dietrich H., 8102 Toussaint, A., 8133 Debouck, Christine, 7902 Johnson, Reid C., 8043 Nuyten, J. M., 8133
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  • The Era of Microbiology: a Golden Phoenix

    The Era of Microbiology: a Golden Phoenix

    RESEARCH REVIEW INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY (2006) 9:1–7 www.im.microbios.org Stanley Maloy* The era of microbiology: Moselio Schaechter a Golden Phoenix Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA Summary. The discoveries over the last decade have demonstrated that micro- biology is a central scientific discipline with practical applications in agriculture, medicine, bioremediation, biotechnology, engineering, and other fields. It is clear that the roles of microbes in nature are so diverse that the process of mining this genetic variation for new applications will continue long into the future. Moreover, the rapid rate of microbial evolution ensures that there will be no permanent solu- tion to agricultural, medical, or environmental problems caused by microbes. These problems will demand a continual stream of creative new approaches that evolve along with the microbes. Thus, the excitement of this field will continue Received 10 January 2006 long into the future. However, these opportunities and imperatives demand a deep Accepted 6 February 2006 understanding of basic microbial physiology, genetics, and ecology. Major chal- *Corresponding author: lenges that lay ahead are to impart the broad training needed to entice and enable S. Maloy the next generation of microbiologists, and to educate the public and government Center for Microbial Sciences representatives about the continued and critical importance of this field for health San Diego State University and the economy. [Int Microbiol 2006; 9(1):1-7] 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA Tel. 1- 619-5947123. Fax 1- 619-5945676 Key words: development of microbiology · microbial ecology · microbial cell Email: [email protected] biology · integrative microbiology the natural environment, and to monitor the physiology of sin- Introduction gle cells under defined conditions.