The Activities of the Institut Ramon Llull in the Con- Text of Multicultural Collaboration Between Spain and Russia

Home , Institut Ramon Llull, Maria del Mar Bonet

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUT RAMON LLULL IN THE CON- TEXT OF MULTICULTURAL COLLABORATION BETWEEN SPAIN AND RUSSIA

M. Moseykina, Y. Moseykin, E. Kargovskaia, V. Kuznetsova Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) (RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

Abstract Language is the main means of communication between people. It allows us to express thoughts and emotions, helps us learn and teach. Language is a basic way of culture and traditions transmitting, as well as solving many other vital tasks. The official motto of the European Union is "United in diversity". This means that the multitude of cultures, traditions and languages in Europe is a positive capital for the continent. Undoubtedly European countries are a prime example of linguistic and cultural diversity. In Spain along with Spanish (Castilian) there are four co-official languages: Catalan, Galician, Basque and Aranese. It has not been an easy task to conserve multilingualism in Spain. This is the result of a complex process of deliberate saving of cultural and linguistic identity both between different regions and peoples of Spain and in the international scene. In the European Union, Catalan is the 14th language by the number of speakers, in the other words, it is spoken much more often than languages such as Slovakian, Lithuanian or Danish. Catalan is co- official language in the Spanish autonomous regions of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. Also, it is the only official language of the independent state of Andorra. Moreover, Catalan is spoken in the French department of Pyrénées Orientales and in the Italian city of Alghero in Sardinia. Today, the main instrument for popularizing Catalan culture and conducting activities to the spread of Catalan language abroad is the Institut Ramon Llull. In recent decades, the interest in learning Catalan as a foreign language has grown in the Russian Federation. Objectives The purpose of this paper is to study the policy of cultural and educational cooperation between Spain and Russia in the field of the dissemination of the Catalan language at the present stage. In doing so, special attention is paid to the analysis of the activities of the Institut Ramon Llull in the Russian Feder- ation and its importance in promoting the Catalan language in the cultural and educational space of Russia. Methodology In this paper, we propose a systematic approach to analysing the cultural diplomacy of Spain in Russia as a set of interrelated elements, which has a goal, resources and communication with the external environment and goes through different stages of development. The use of the comparative method allows to compare the mechanisms of implementation and the specifics of the promotion of national languages through cultural diplomacy in a foreign cultural space. The authors use general and special scientific methods of historical research - analysis and synthesis, thanks to which the development and the existing position of the Institut Ramon Llull are studied. Results The authors conclude that today it is impossible to imagine a modern society without the intercultural communication. Being different in their traditions, languages, religions and values, peoples develop to some extent through interaction. Therefore, due to the intense activity of the Institut Ramon Llull citizens of the Russian Federation have the opportunity to explore the study of the rich Catalan culture and language, which in turn has a positive effect on the evolution and the strengthening of international relations not only between Russia and Spain, but also the European Union as a whole.

Proceedings of EDULEARN19 Conference ISBN: 978-84-09-12031-4 2435 1st-3rd July 2019, Palma, Mallorca, Spain

Keywords: Catalan language, minority language, the Institut Ramon Llull, Spain, Russia, educational cooperation, intercultural communication.

1 INTRODUCTION On the cusp of the 20th and 21st centuries revolutionary scientific and technical changes so as emerging and development of new high-speed communication means accelerated globalization and internationalization processes including educational ones[1]. These phenomena significantly facilitate blurring of borders and bonding people [2]. However, in spite of the fact that currently internationalization is one of the most important factors of increasing the global competitiveness of all countries [3], this aspect threatens learning languages of ethnic minorities. Nations face vexed problems of seeking new solutions for preserving and developing minority languages in the context of modern globalization. So currently language policy assume new features and implementation conditions [4]. Territorial and linguistic diversity is one of the strengths of European Union (EU). 23 languages are officially accepted in EU; 36 minority languages are used [5]. In its contemporary language policy EU strives to preserve the linguocultural diversity improving the legislation on protecting ethnic minorities. So currently countries should abide to the guidelines of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages adopted by the Council of Europe on November 5, 1992, for preserving, developing and representing ethnical, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of persons who belong to minor national communities. This Charter is the only legal binding document in the world devoted to protecting and promoting minority languages [6]. Due to this many EU countries have not only legalized multilingualism, but also created linguistic and territorial communities with their own institutes for distributing regional culture and language [7]. Currently learning Spanish linguistic environment is very important as this state is one of the most mul- tilingual European countries; it has 13 native languages [8]. According to 1978 Constitution of Spain, all languages in the state are considered as its cultural heritage and have state support. Other languages of corresponding autonomous Communities are officially accepted, according to their Charters, so as Castilian [9]. Although local Catalan, Valencian, Balearic, Basque and Galician languages are official languages of Spain, nevertheless they are considered as languages of ethnic minorities and different development programs and strategies for their popularization. For supporting and increasing the amount of people who speak these languages multimillion funds are created in the country [10]. Russian Federation (the RF) has always shown keen interest to unique Spanish culture as both countries belong to so-called “boundary cultures” and this determines their similarity in historical development and culture [11]. During the last decades, the Catalan-speaking territory is especially popular among Russian citizens. As sufficient level of communicative competence, knowledge of social structure, history, culture and language of the host country is one of the necessary conditions for full and efficient integration into the linguocultural community [12], special attention is given to learning Catalan in Russia. The Institut Ramon Llull plays a great role in distributing Catalan culture and language in the RF.

2 METHODOLOGY The importance of preserving minority languages in the modern world explains the appearance of a large number of works on this issue. Minority languages are of interest to anthropology, sociology, psy- chology, pedagogy, linguistics, geography, political science, law, history, philosophy, and economics. The issues of preservation of minority languages are studied by authors from many countries of the world, including Spain and Russia. Numerous scientific papers also investigate the bilateral relations between Russia and Spain. The research is based on a wide range of statistical materials, official documents, decisions of various state institutions and non-governmental actors, political and legislative documents relating to language rights, social statistics, publications in the media coverage, including internet resources.

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In this paper, we propose a systematic approach to analyzing the cultural diplomacy of Spain in Russia as a set of interrelated elements, which has a goal, resources and communication with the outside world and goes through different stages of development. The use of the comparative method allows to compare the mechanisms of implementation and the specifics of the promotion of national languages through cultural diplomacy into the foreign cultural space. The authors use general and special scientific methods of historical research - analysis and synthesis, thanks to which the development and the existing position of the Institut Ramon Llull are studied.

3 RESULTS The role of Catalan had been asserted in arduous struggle and notwithstanding repressions and prohi- bitions to use it during certain historical periods, it is still one of the most wide-spread language of the ethnic minority in Spain. Thus, according to Plataforma per la Llengua, in 2018 the total population of Catalan-speaking people exceeded 10 millions of people and 13 millions of those who understand it [13]. According to the population of Catalan-speaking people its position in the linguistic word can be determined: it takes the 88th place among 6000 existing languages [14]. Catalan is the second wide-spread language in Spain after Castilian: about 20% of Spanish population can speak Catalan [15]. Catalan takes the 7th place in learnability among the European youth, yielding only to such wide-spread languages as English, French, German, Spanish, Russian and Italian and surpassing such languages as Dutch, Portuguese, Czech and Polish [16]. According to 1991 data, 33.5% of all EU “minority language” native speakers in European Union were speaking Catalan [17]. It is considered that Catalan has been individually formed during the Middle Ages. The high noon of Catalan culture itself is related to activity of Ramon Llull in 14th century [18]. Catalan regionalists of the 20th century considered Llull as the creator of Catalan literary language - creador del catala literari [19]. Ramon Llull was one of the most influential medieval writers. He was also a Catalan missionary, philosopher, poet, theologian and preacher. It is assumed that he had written more than 300 literary pieces of work in Catalan, Arabian and Latin in different spheres: theology, philosophy, mathematics, physics, pedagogy, education, astrology and astronomy. Some of his works survived in Latin translation [20]. Also Ramon Llull is one of the most influential lyric poets [21] of the day. He was the first European philosopher who wrote fundamental works in a grass-roots language [22] and supported the idea about distribution and wide usage of Catalan. The language of Ramon Llull’s works served as a showpiece notwithstanding the genre (scientific, phil- osophic, religious or fictional) [23]. His works are distinguished by clear prosaic style and other authors in the end of 13th- first half of 14th century oriented on it [24]. Ramon Llull - a tireless traveller - visited many places spreading his ideas: from Galicia and Paris to Armenia and Tunisia [25]. Considering the above-given, it becomes clear that the institution created in Spain for distributing knowledge about Catalan culture and language was named after Ramon Llull. The Institut Ramon Llull is an institution established in 2002 upon the initiative of Generalitat of Catalonia and Barcelona municipality for popularization, learning and using Catalan worldwide. With help of different programs the Institut Ramon Llull sponsors scholarships for learners of Catalan, finances linguistic studying of Catalan so as different creative projects related to Catalan culture and language in different spheres: theatre, cinema, music, circus, TV, painting etc. The Institut Ramon Llull plays a great role in promoting Catalan culture by organising book fairs and festivals so as establishing grants and awards for literary translations to Catalan and outstanding achievements in literature. The Institut Ramon Llull plays an important role by co-operating with foreign partner higher educational institutions in distributing Catalan culture and language, creating seminars, annual conferences, concerts, exhibitions etc. Currently the Institut Ramon Llull is co-operating with more than 150 universities worldwide facilitating the organisation of teaching Catalan so as taking qualification exams. After passing the Catalan language courses and successful passing of the exam one receives a certificate of knowledge of Catalan as a foreign language. Currently more than 6000 students study at such courses in 28 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Pacific Islands [26].

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Currently, the largest сenters of the Institut Ramon Llull for the Study of Catalan are in the Czech Re- public (3 сenters), Ireland (2), Austria (2), Hungary (2), Croatia (2), Poland (2), Argentina (2) Portugal (1), Holland (1), Switzerland (1), Serbia (1), Romania (1), Sweden (1), Finland (1), Lithuania (1), Estonia (1), Colombia (1), Morocco (1), Chile (1) and Cuba (1). On the territory of the Russian Federation there are two universities where the Institut Ramon Llull has its centers for the study of the Catalan language[16]. It is no coincidence that there is such a big interest for learning regional Spanish languages in Russia. Russian-Spanish relations have been started a century ago. The history of social and cultural co-operation between Russia and Spain is rather interesting, unique and exemplary. The intensive historical and cultural dialogue between Spain and Russia has been continued in the 20th century. Catalan has been already taught at universities for 40 years in the former USSR after restoring diplo- matic relations between Spain and the USSR in 1978. At that time V. Vinogradov, the famous philologist, translator, professor and head of Chair of Iberian Romance Linguistics of Lomonosov Moscow State University, has made a decision about introducing Catalan at the Philology Department. This initiative has been supported by Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish ambassador in the USSR, who was Catalan [27]. It should be noted that at that time the Spanish government treated Catalan rather discreetly. Catalan had been deliberately displaced from all social spheres for more than two centuries. In the 20th century the situation tangled: during the years of Franco’s ruling the new regime was based on denying pluralism and any cultural or linguistic diversity was considered as a threat for national security [25]. In fact, Cat- alan so as other minority languages of Spain - Galician and Basque - were banned. Castilian was de- clared as a single language for all social spheres. This meant that Catalan was not taught at schools and universities, there were no print media or TV and radio programs in Catalan [28]. Civil servants were dismissed for using Catalan at home or at work [29]. But since the middle of 50s and rise of the 60s the Spanish national policy towards regional language had been loosened a bit: it was allowed to publish books in Catalan and it was allowed to teach it in some private schools [30]. After General Franco’s death in 1975 in expectation of political change of the state the process of distributing Catalan culture and language intensified not only in Spain, but also worldwide [25]. Since 1980 Catalan has been taught as the main foreign language at Lomonosov Moscow State Uni- versity. Since that time Catalan has been included into the department syllabus as a full-time subject. It should be mentioned that theoretical papers on learning Catalan language and culture had been pub- lished by various Soviet professors before, but practically this language has been taught since establishing a special group at the chair [31]. At that time books and all necessary studying materials in Catalan was provided by Embassy of Spain and Government of Catalonia sent professors to the chair for teaching Catalan on a regular basis [32]. Currently teaching of Catalan at MSU is coordinated and supported by the Institut Ramon Llull. The Institut Ramon Llull professors deliver lectures and giving practicals at the chair on a regular basis [33]. The Institut Ramon Llull organise concerts devoted to Catalan language and culture, celebrate Catalan holidays (e.g., Day of Sant Jordi, patron of Catalonia) together with students. Shows are stages at the student theatre and poetry contests in Catalan (e.g., Joxes Florals) are organised [34]. According to statistical data, in 2015 33 students were studying at the chair in bachelor’s, master’s and postgraduate programs. During the last 40 years 270 students who studied Catalan have graduated from the Department of Philology. The Institut Ramon Llull has a centre for learning Catalan at St Petersburg University in the northern capital of Russia. Here Catalan is taught to future philologists and translators at the at the Romance Languages chair of Department of Philology. Nevertheless, everybody can attend classes. Also concerts, festivals, shows, holidays are held at St Petersburg University actively supported by students and the Institut Ramon Llull professors. According to St Petersburg University statistical data for 2015, 14 students studied Catalan at different levels (А1 – С1) [ 34]. International meetings of students and lecturers of Catalan are held at St Petersburg University and MSU with the assistance of the Institut Ramon Llull. In 2013 a meeting was held in Saint Petersburg [34].

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After graduating, students of MSU and St Petersburg University pass a qualification exam of the Institut Ramon Llull in Catalan (Certi cat Internacional de Català - CIC). This exam has been held in MSU and St Petersburg University since 1994. Before this the exam had been held by Generalitat of Catalonia. Since 2003 this function was delegated to the Institut Ramon Llull, according to Decree 52/2003. Ac- cording to it, the Institut Ramon Llull organises exams in Catalan abroad and issues corresponding certificates of knowledge of Catalan [35]. Since 2003 to 2015 certificates about knowledge of Catalan have been issued to 308 students from Moscow and Saint Petersburg [34]. One of the ways of promoting Catalan culture and language in Russia is days of Catalan culture organised by the Institut Ramon Llull. Thus, in April 1996 first Days of Catalan culture have been organised in Saint Petersburg (I Jornades de Cultura Catalana a Rússia) [36]. Within I Jornades de Cultura Cata- lana a Rússia various events have been held at St Petersburg University, Institute of Russian Literature known as Pushkin House and House of Friendship and Peace with Peoples of Foreign Countries. Cat- alan and Russian philologists, writers, linguists, historians and philosophers participated in I Jornades de Cultura Catalana a Rússia [37]. On June 18-22, 2002, next Days of Catalan culture (II Jornades de Cultura Catalana a Rússia) were held by Generalitat of Catalonia and Government of Balearic islands sponsored by the Institut Ramon Llull and in co-operation with the Moscow branch of Instituto Cervantes so as Embassy of Spain [38]. II Jornades de Cultura Catalana a Rússia took place in Moscow and in St. Petersburg. The project included such events as an exhibition of photographs about Antonio Gaudi; piano concerto with Albert G. Attenel; MACBA Director’s speech, Manel Borja-Villel; presentation of the Russian translation of the book by Blai Bonet “The sea”; the show of soap bubbles by Pep Bou; the Per Poc puppet theatre; a performance by Rosa Zaragoza and Maria del Mar Bonet; Conference "Contemporary Art in the Modern Museum" and the cycle of Catalan cinema [26]. In March 2018 Festival of Catalan language and culture was held at MSU involving the Institut Ramon Llull. It was devoted to the 40th anniversary of teaching Catalan at the Department of Philology. For the first time of mutual relations with Russia the department was visited by Manuel Forcano, director of the Institut Ramon Llull, and Josep-Anton Fernandez, his deputy in international co-operation programs. Manuel Forcano has highly appreciated the contribution of Department of Philology into the development of studies of Catalan and told about the activity of the Institute, the important role of promoting Catalan culture in Russia and Russian culture in Catalonia. A short film was shown at the meeting. Students who read Catalan poems and translations were its characters and authors [39]. Also within the Festival Catalan readings conference devoted to Catalan philology attended by many representatives of Embassy of Spain and Spanish mass media, leading lecturers of Catalan from Moscow, students and graduates [30]. Currently studies of Catalan are held not only at MSU and St Petersburg University, but also at Russian Academy of Sciences and Moscow State Institute of International Relations. These institutions perform a great scientific work in the sphere of history of Catalan language and literature, linguistics, translation studies etc. Each year these organisations hold conferences devoted to various scientific topics related to studies of Catalan, organise defense of bachelor’s, master’s and Ph.D. theses on researching of various aspects of Catalan [34]. The contribution of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) into development of international social co-operation, promoting ideas of internationalism and “Spanish line” of co-operation should be also noted. Currently it is among the main and most advanced institutions in this system [40]. Within the dual programs between RUDN University and University of the Balearic Islands Russian students have an opportunity not only to master Spanish, but also to learn Catalan. Many courses are given in Catalan and students eagerly master this language. These programs are very important for training high-level and skilled specialists [41]. In Moscow Catalan can be studies at Instituto Cervantes. It facilitates distributing Catalan in Russia and co-operation with the Institut Ramon Llull. IC has a library with fiction in Catalan, children’s literature and educational materials, dictionaries and Catalan textbooks, movies and recordings of popular performers. IC holds cultural events devoted to the activity of Catalan writers, photographers and film directors [42].

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4 CONCLUSIONS It is very important to learn languages and the customs of the recipient community for simplifying the communication process and networking which facilitate cross-cultural exchange and personal development. Due to communicating, knowledge of other languages, dialogue and scientific co-operation we go beyond the established scope, increase knowledge, learn about other traditions and customs. The knowledge of the Catalan allows discover rich and distinctive Catalan history and culture, and con- tribute to deepening the integration into Catalan society. The Catalan is the language of the thoughts and feelings of such eminent people as philosophers and writers Ramon Llull, Ausiàs March, Joanot Martorell, Josep Pla, Mercè Rodoreda and Salvador Espriu; architects Antoni Gaudi, Josep Puig i Ca- dafalch, Lluís Domènech i Montaner; musicians Pau Casals, Robert Gerhar and Frederic Mompou; art- ists Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí and Antoni Tàpies; celebrities such as opera tenor Josep Carreras, so- prano Montserrat Caballé, cellist and conductor Jordi Savall, head chef of Ferran Adrià, sculptures Jaume Plensa. Russians began loving Catalan not so long ago - in the 20th century. But due to efficient activity of the Institut Ramon Llull it should be noted that Catalan becomes more popular in Russian Federation. In general, the Institut Ramon Llull has achieved important results in the spread of Catalan culture and language throughout the world. Its centres successfully operate on four continents, and the number of countries in which it opens its centers is growing steadily.

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