Contents

Teaching Guidelines...... v

Chapter 1...... 4 Chapter 2...... 10 Chapter 3...... 16 Chapter 4...... 20 Chapter 5...... 24 Chapter 6...... 28 Chapter 7...... 32 Chapter 8...... 36 Chapter 9...... 40 Chapter 10...... 44 Chapter 11...... 46 Chapter 12...... 48 Chapter 13...... 50 Chapter 14...... 52 Chapter 15...... 56 Chapter 16...... 60 Chapter 17...... 62 Chapter 18...... 64

Appendix Appendix A: Reading 1 — Christian Persecution ...... 68 Reading 2 — Justin and the Logos...... 70 Reading 3 — Irenaeus Against the Gnostics...... 71 Appendix B: Who’s Who in the Early Church...... 73 Appendix C: Chart of Ecumenical Councils...... 76 Appendix D: Major Heresies and Schismatic Movements...... 77

Tests & Key 79 Test I: Chapters 1-4...... 80 Test II: Chapters 5-9...... 82 Test III: Chapters 10-15...... 84 Final Exam...... 87 Test I: Chapters 1-4 — Answer Key...... 90 Test II: Chapters 5-9 — Answer Key...... 92 Test III: Chapters 10-15 — Answer Key...... 94 Final Exam — Answer Key...... 97

iii Chapter 8

Chapter Summary This chapter outlines Constantine’s rise to power and his following search for unity in the Church, which culminated in the council of Nicaea. Constantine is characterized as a somewhat confused, but nonetheless genuine, convert who came to power through successful civil wars. He called and presided over the council of Nicaea for the purpose of church unity, though its most significant impact was theological.

Review Constantine, Arius

Key Terms to Review Chi-Rho

Reading Questions to Review 1, 3, 5

Notes – Reading Questions • On Arianism, Question 3: As is explained in future chapters, Arianism is a heresy which claims that the Son is not eternally existent, but is the first created being. Arians conjured this notion, amongst other things, from a false understanding of the term “firstborn” which is applied to Jesus. This notion was distressing to many of the orthodox camp, for if the Son was not of the same essence as the Father, then how could the Son be the author of salvation? Again, we see how the logic of Christian redemption clarifies heresy. This, of course, is not to mention that “firstborn” is a term relating to ancient notions of inheritance and not origin. The firstborn receives the inheritance of the father, which, in the case of Christ, is the Church and the world redeemed through Him.

36 Chapter 8 • Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch, Question 5: These three cities, along with Jerusalem, held the greatest prestige in Christianity from about the late second century onward. later, much power would move to the new imperial city of Constantinople, the “New rome.” one thing to notice: of these cities, only one is a Western city—rome. This example is but one of many to show that Christianity was far more pervasive and infl uential in the East and North. Africa in the fi rst three centuries than the West. in the fourth century, as we will see, the West would achieve greater prominence as it became common for the bishop of rome to invoke the legacy and authority of Peter.

Chapter 8 37 noTES – primary readings • Eusebius, the Arian, pp. 310-311: Though never fully condemned an arian, it is clear that eusebius had arian tendencies. Now, eusebius does att ribute much worth and honor to Christ, but does elicit doubt about the consubstantiality of the son with the father when he speaks of the son having “second place after him.” if not outright arian, eusebius is, at the very least, forgetful of st. Paul’s words: “and he is the head of the body, the church. he is the beginning, the fi rstborn from the dead, that in everything he might be preeminent.” (Colossians 1:18) No second place there.

38 Chapter 8 Chapter 8 39 66

78 Tests & Key

79 Test I: Chapters 1-4

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Settled largely in caves near the Dead Sea. ______2. Claimed that Jesus only seemed to be a man. ______3. Refers to the wide emigration of Jews from the area of Palestine. ______4. Insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself from any association with the Old Testament. ______5. The love of wisdom. ______6. Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures written in the 3rd century B.C. ______7. A diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.” ______8. One who gives witness to something. ______9. A compilation of the four canonical Gospels made into one harmonious narrative. ______10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part, Christian truth. ______

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “Logos.” ______2. Bishop of Caesarea; the most important and influential historian of the early Church. ______3. The bishop of Lyons; exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates. ______4. Primarily known for his work Apostolic Tradition. ______5. Second-century critic of Christianity; wrote a work named True Doctrine. ______

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. According to Chadwick, how did Greco-Roman society largely treat the Jews? ______2. What was the predominant controversy concerning the Christian mission to the Gentiles? ______3. What was the Christian stance toward the Gentile authorities of the Roman Empire? ______4. What, in general, was the Roman policy concerning other religions? ______

80 Test I: Chapters 1-4 5. Primarily, what was the nature of Christian persecution? ______6. What were the Gnostics generally trying to achieve? ______7. How were the Scriptures corrupted, according to Marcion? ______8. What was the Gnostic view of nature? ______9. What were the three “weapons” against the heresies of Gnosticism and Marcionism? ______10. What was the most important cause of Christian success? ______11. How did the early Christians meet the challenge of slavery and status of women? ______12. What would gain Jews more favor than Christians from the pagan world? ______13. What was the “best” argument in support of the divine origin of Christianity? ______14. What was Justin’s evaluation of philosophy? ______15. What is “recapitulation” as described in the book? ______16. How does Irenaeus understand history? ______17. What was Irenaeus’ main argument against the Gnostics? ______

Test I: Chapters 1-4 81 Test II: Chapters 5-9

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Claimed that the three persons of the Trinity are not distinct persons but aspects of a single person. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2. The theological claim that the Father suffers, specifically with respect to the crucifixion. ______3. Meaning “nature” or “essence,” but later used in theological language to mean “person” as a distinct entity.______4. A work which laid 5 different texts parallel to one another in columns accompanied with Origen’s textual notes.______5. A movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of Decius.______6. Held that church leaders who had succumbed to the pressures of persecution made their priestly work illegitimate.______7. The first Greek letters in the name of Christ, which was used as a Christian symbol.______8. Belief that the Son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the Father. ______9. From the Greek meaning “of like essence.”______10. From the Greek meaning “of the same essence.”______

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Former slave who became the bishop of Rome in A.D. 217.______2. The first great Latin theologian; laid the groundwork for the doctrine of the Trinity.______3. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and prolific biblical scholar.______4. Bishop of Carthage; most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church.______5. Responsible for starting the worst Christian persecution, in which Christians were pursued, their buildings taken, and their literature confiscated.______6. Became emperor after civil wars with both Maxentius and Licinius; gave great aid to the Church by promoting building campaigns and making the empire a peaceable place for them to live. ______7. The bishop of Alexandria and vocal opponent of the Arian heresy.______

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. What were the two options for the celebration of Easter during the Easter controversy? ______

82 Test II: Chapters 5-9 2. How does one best articulate God’s “oneness” and “threeness” simultaneously? ______3. According to Tertullian, what was the primary intellectual task of the Christian? ______4. In contrast to Clement, what was Origen’s estimation of pagan philosophy? ______5. What was the purpose of Origen’s Hexapla? ______6. According to Origen, what is the purpose of the Bible? ______7. What was specifically demanded under the persecution of Decius? ______8. What controversy did the Decian persecution create? ______9. What was Constantine’s personal religious belief? ______10. Why did Constantine wish for a council to gather at Ancyra in 325? ______11. What did the Council of Nicaea resolve concerning the relationship between the Father and the Son? ______12. What made the “homoiousios formula” attractive to many of the Greek church leaders? ______13. What was the unfortunate result of the Council of Rimini and Seleucia after Nicaea? ______14. What was the resolution of the Council of Constantinople concerning the Holy Spirit? ______

Test II: Chapters 5-9 83 Test III: Chapters 10-15

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. From the Latin signifying a civilian or rural villager.______2. Adherents would undergo “secret” rites which often involved a myth of death and rebirth. ______3. The bishop over the principal city in a certain province.______4. From the Greek word for an athlete, the term denotes those who subject themselves to more strenuous spiritual practices.______5. The Latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.______6. A confusion of Christ’s divine nature which states that Christ was fully man in body and in soul, but not in “spirit.”______7. The term referring to those who believe that Christ only possessed one divine nature, though taking on a physical body.______8. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures.______9. Held that clergy could not hold ecclesiastical office due to their “apostasy” under the reign of Diocletian. ______10. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world. ______

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms could gain momentum.______2. Nicknamed the “Golden mouth,” he was the bishop of Constantinople.______3. Gallic by descent, he became a respected orator and preacher in Milan due to his great learning and pleasing speech.______4. First to claim that the authority of the Roman Church is based on its apostolic origin in St. Peter. ______5. Called the father and founder of monasticism, he was a hermit monk who dwelled in the deserts of Egypt.______6. Wrote the most influential work of communal monasticism.______7. Founder of the first monasteries and thus considered the founder of communal monasticism. ______8. Bishop of Alexandria, he was instrumental in the orthodox victory of Nestorianism. ______9. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ______10. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speakingest. W ______

84 Test III: Chapters 10-15 Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. How did the non-Christian masses understand pagan religion? ______2. How did Julian practically oppose the Christians? ______3. How did the role and status of bishops change from the time between Julian and Theodosius? ______4. How did Church-State relations affect the nomination of bishops in the fourth century? ______5. In what tasks were bishops largely, and frustratingly, consumed in the late third century and fourth century? ______6. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ______7. What seemed to be the goal of ascetic life overall? ______8. What actions of John Chrysostom earned the malice of the people in Constantinople? ______9. What lesson does Chadwick draw from the life of John Chrysostom? ______10. What was the popular reaction to the theology of Nestorius? ______�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Test III: Chapters 10-15 85 11. What were the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon concerning the person of Christ? ______12. What was the primary disagreement between the Donatists and the Catholics? ______13. According to Pelagius, what is the origin of sin? ______14. How did the East react to the Filioque Clause? ______

86 Test III: Chapters 10-15 Final Exam

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Refers to the bishop of Rome, who, by virtue of his succession from St. Peter, is the chief bishop over the Roman Catholic Church.______2. Belief that the Son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the Father. ______3. Refers to the position which denounces the use of images in Church liturgy and devotion. ______4. From the Greek meaning “of the same essence.”______5. Means “foreigner,” but also carried the connotation of “uncivilized” or “uncultivated.” ______6. A diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.”______7. Specific tribe of barbarians with settlements extending from modern Germany at the Danube all theay w to the Black Sea in modern Romania.______8. Insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself from any association with the Old Testament.______9. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures.______10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part, Christian truth.______11. A movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of Decius.______12. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world. ______13. The Latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.______

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and prolific biblical scholar.______2. Known for his work the Tome, in which he invoked the supremacy of the Roman Church. ______3. Called the father and founder of monasticism, he was a hermit monk who dwelled in the deserts of Egypt.______4. Bishop of Rome often recognized as a bridge to the Medieval Church from the Ancient Church. ______5. The bishop of Lyons, he exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates.______6. A monk who formerly served at the court of a Muslim caliph, known for his contribution in the iconoclast controversy, in which he advocated the use of images in worship.______

Final Exam 87 7. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ______8. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms could gain momentum.______9. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speakingest. W ______10. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “Logos.” ______11. The bishop of Alexandria and vocal opponent of the Arian heresy.______12. Bishop of Carthage, he is most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church.______

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. What is Leo’s most significant contribution to the authority of Rome? ______2. How did the Lombards improve the state of the papacy? ______3. What further encouraged the Church to evangelize the barbarians? ______4. What was Bede’s thesis in his History? ______5. What theological convictions ground the use of liturgy? ______6. What was Irenaeus’ main argument against the Gnostics? ______7. What were Clement of Alexandria’s criteria for appropriate music? ______8. Explain the relationship between pagan and Christian symbols. ______

88 Final Exam 9. What did the Council of Nicaea resolve concerning the relationship between the Father and the Son? ______10. Primarily, what was the nature of Christian persecution? ______11. What was the Christian stance toward the Gentile authorities of the Roman Empire? ______12. Why did Constantine wish for a council to gather at Ancyra in 325? ______13. What was the Gnostic view of nature? ______14. What was specifically demanded under the persecution of Decius? ______15. How does one best articulate God’s “oneness” and “threeness” simultaneously? ______16. According to Origen, what is the purpose of the Bible? ______17. What were the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon concerning the person of Christ? ______18. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ______19. According to Pelagius, what is the origin of sin? ______20. How did the East react to the Filioque Clause? ______

Final Exam 89 Test I: Chapters 1-4 — Answer Key

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Settled largely in caves near the Dead Sea. ______Essenes 2. Claimed that Jesus only seemed to be a man. ______Docetism 3. Refers to the wide emigration of Jews from the area of Palestine. ______Dispersion (or “Diaspora”) 4. Insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself from any association with the Old Testament. ______Marcionism 5. The love of wisdom. ______philosophy 6. Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures written in the 3rd century B.C. ______Septuagint 7. A diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.” ______Gnosticism 8. One who gives witness to something. ______martyr 9. A compilation of the four canonical Gospels made into one harmonious narrative. ______Diatessaron 10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part, Christian truth. ______Logos

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “Logos.” ______Justin Martyr 2. Bishop of Caesarea; the most important and influential historian of the early Church. ______Eusebius of Caesarea 3. The bishop of Lyons; exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates. ______Irenaeus of Lyons 4. Primarily known for his work Apostolic Tradition. ______Hippolytus 5. Second-century critic of Christianity; wrote a work named True Doctrine. ______Celsus

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. According to Chadwick, how did Greco-Roman society largely treat the Jews? ______With a certain mistrust and even “hostile prejudice.” ______2. What was the predominant controversy concerning the Christian mission to the Gentiles? ______Whether converts were obligated to follow the ceremonial law in order to be Christians. ______3. What was the Christian stance toward the Gentile authorities of the Roman Empire? ______Christians overall took a peaceful stance toward the Roman state. ______4. What, in general, was the Roman policy concerning other religions? ______The Roman state was generally tolerant of other religions. ______

90 Test I: Chapters 1-4 — Answer Key 5. Primarily, what was the nature of Christian persecution? ______Primarily Christian persecution was localized and took place over relatively short periods of time. ______6. What were the Gnostics generally trying to achieve? ______The Gnostics were trying to achieve liberation from matter/the material world. ______7. How were the Scriptures corrupted, according to Marcion? ______By being “too Jewish.” ______8. What was the Gnostic view of nature? ______The material world existed at the farthest distance from the supreme god, thus Gnostics ______tended to disparage material things. ______9. What were the three “weapons” against the heresies of Gnosticism and Marcionism? ______1) Ministerial Authority 2) Articulation of the Canon 3) The “Rule of Faith” ______10. What was the most important cause of Christian success? ______Christian charity 11. How did the early Christians meet the challenge of slavery and status of women? ______Christians did much to elevate publicly the intrinsic value of women and slaves, though they ______did not seek to overturn social norms completely. ______12. What would gain Jews more favor than Christians from the pagan world? ______The fact that the Jewish faith was old and “at least the custom of their fathers.” ______13. What was the “best” argument in support of the divine origin of Christianity? ______The argument from prophecy ______14. What was Justin’s evaluation of philosophy? ______That Christianity, in a certain sense, was philosophy in full bloom. ______15. What is “recapitulation” as described in the book? ______It refers to the gaining of what was lost at the Fall. ______16. How does Irenaeus understand history? ______He claims that history is like a “progressive education.” ______17. What was Irenaeus’ main argument against the Gnostics? ______The true teaching of the Church has been faithfully and successfully handed down from the ______apostles to subsequent trusted leaders, what we call “apostolic succession.” ______

Test I: Chapters 1-4 — Answer Key 91 Test II: Chapters 5-9 — Answer Key

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Claimed that the three persons of the Trinity are not distinct persons but aspects of a single person. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Modalism 2. The theological claim that the Father suffers, specifically with respect to the crucifixion. ______Patripassionism 3. Meaning “nature” or “essence,” but later used in theological language to mean “person” as a distinct entity.______Hypostasis 4. A work which laid 5 different texts parallel to one another in columns accompanied with Origen’s textual notes.______Hexapla 5. A movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of Decius.______Novationism 6. Held that church leaders who had succumbed to the pressures of persecution made their priestly work illegitimate.______Donatism 7. The first Greek letters in the name of Christ, which was used as a Christian symbol.______Chi-Rho 8. Belief that the Son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the Father. ______Arianism 9. From the Greek meaning “of like essence.”______Homoiousias 10. From the Greek meaning “of the same essence.”______Homoousias

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Former slave who became the bishop of Rome in A.D. 217.______Callistus 2. The first great Latin theologian; laid the groundwork for the doctrine of the Trinity.______Tertullian 3. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and prolific biblical scholar. ______Origen 4. Bishop of Carthage; most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church.______Cyprian 5. Responsible for starting the worst Christian persecution, in which Christians were pursued, their buildings taken, and their literature confiscated.______Diocletian 6. Became emperor after civil wars with both Maxentius and Licinius; gave great aid to the Church by promoting building campaigns and making the empire a peaceable place for them to live. ______Constantine 7. The bishop of Alexandria and vocal opponent of the Arian heresy.______Athanasius

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. What were the two options for the celebration of Easter during the Easter controversy? ______Either on the 14th day of Nissan (eastern churches) or the Sunday after the Jewish Passover ______(Rome and Antioch). ______

92 Test II: Chapters 5-9 — Answer Key 2. How does one best articulate God’s “oneness” and “threeness” simultaneously? ______That God is “one substance consisting in three persons.” ______3. According to Tertullian, what was the primary intellectual task of the Christian? ______It was to wage war against demonic powers. ______4. In contrast to Clement, what was Origen’s estimation of pagan philosophy? ______Origen held it in no high esteem whatever and often exuded an “ice-cold disparagement” of it. ______5. What was the purpose of Origen’s Hexapla? ______It was a means in which Origen sought to find the most accurate Septuagint text in order to ______answer Jewish detractors. ______6. According to Origen, what is the purpose of the Bible? ______The Bible’s purpose is to convey “spiritual” truth, not merely history or stories. ______7. What was specifically demanded under the persecution of Decius? ______It was required that all who worshipped the gods obtain a libellus proving their devotion. ______8. What controversy did the Decian persecution create? ______The Decian persecution created what is often called the Novatianist schism. ______9. What was Constantine’s personal religious belief? ______He was emphatically a Christian, yet held cultic beliefs in the Unconquered Sun (Lat. Sol Invictus). ______10. Why did Constantine wish for a council to gather at Ancyra in 325? ______Constantine primarily desired unity in the Church, but the Arian controversy threatened that unity. ______11. What did the Council of Nicaea resolve concerning the relationship between the Father and the Son? ______That the Father is of the same essence as the Son (homoousios). ______12. What made the “homoiousios formula” attractive to many of the Greek church leaders? ______It suggested a high view of the Son’s status, but allowed no room for the Sabellian error. ______13. What was the unfortunate result of the Council of Rimini and Seleucia after Nicaea? ______It was a means by which the Arians were able to persuade the bishops to accept a vague ______formula which left plenty of room for Arianism. ______14. What was the resolution of the Council of Constantinople concerning the Holy Spirit? ______That though the Son is begotten of the Father, the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father. ______

Test II: Chapters 5-9 — Answer Key 93 Test III: Chapters 10-15 — Answer Key

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. From the Latin signifying a civilian or rural villager.______Paganism 2. Adherents would undergo “secret” rites which often involved a myth of death and rebirth. ______Mystery Cult 3. The bishop over the principal city in a certain province.______Metropolitan 4. From the Greek word for an athlete, the term denotes those who subject themselves to more strenuous spiritual practices.______Ascetic 5. The Latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.______Coenobium 6. A confusion of Christ’s divine nature which states that Christ was fully man in body and in soul, but not in “spirit.”______Apollinarianism 7. The term referring to those who believe that Christ only possessed one divine nature, though taking on a physical body._Monophysite______8. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures.______Nestorianism 9. Held that clergy could not hold ecclesiastical office due to their “apostasy” under the reign of Diocletian. ______Donatism 10. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world. ______Pelagianism

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms could gain momentum.______Julian the Apostate 2. Nicknamed the “Golden mouth,” he was the bishop of Constantinople.______John Chrysostom 3. Gallic by descent, he became a respected orator and preacher in Milan due to his great learning and pleasing speech.______Ambrose of Milan 4. First to claim that the authority of the Roman Church is based on its apostolic origin in St. Peter. ______Damasus 5. Called the father and founder of monasticism, he was a hermit monk who dwelled in the deserts of Egypt.______Antony 6. Wrote the most influential work of communal monasticism.______Benedict 7. Founder of the first monasteries and thus considered the founder of communal monasticism. ______Pachomias 8. Bishop of Alexandria, he was instrumental in the orthodox victory of Nestorianism. ______Cyril of Alexandria 9. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ______Augustine 10. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speakingest. W ______Jerome

94 Test III: Chapters 10-15 — Answer Key Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. How did the non-Christian masses understand pagan religion? ______Pagan religion was a religion of utility and patriotism. Devotion was a useful safeguard against ______the wrath of unseen powers. ______2. How did Julian practically oppose the Christians? ______1) He sought to rebuild pagan temples; 2) sought to remove Christians from places of ______influence; and 3) modeled the structures of paganism on the structures of Christianity. ______3. How did the role and status of bishops change from the time between Julian and Theodosius? ______In this time, bishops began to take the responsibilities of civil servants, causing their status ______to increase. ______4. How did Church-State relations affect the nomination of bishops in the fourth century? ______We see the hand of government influencing the decision of who would lead within the Church. ______5. In what tasks were bishops largely, and frustratingly, consumed in the late third century and fourth century? ______They were often called to advocate for their parishioners in secular interests. ______6. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ______They sought detachment from the world in order to love eternal things more than worldly things. ______7. What seemed to be the goal of ascetic life overall? ______Moral and spiritual purity which thus brought the individual closer to God. ______8. What actions of John Chrysostom earned the malice of the people in Constantinople? ______John did not seek to cater to the rather lavish expectations of the people, so they thought him ______too cold and difficult. ______9. What lesson does Chadwick draw from the life of John Chrysostom? ______Chadwick highlights John as an example of the uneasy relationship between the Church and ______the State. ______10. What was the popular reaction to the theology of Nestorius? ______The popular reaction was unfavorable, for the theology of Nestorius challenged the ______formulations of popular piety. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Test III: Chapters 10-15 — Answer Key 95 11. What were the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon concerning the person of Christ? ______It resolved that the two natures of Christ exist in perfect unity but without confusion, coming ______together to form one person and one hypostasis. ______12. What was the primary disagreement between the Donatists and the Catholics? ______Donatists believed that the efficacy of the sacrament depended on the piety of the minister, ______while the Catholics believed the sacrament possessed its own efficacy. ______13. According to Pelagius, what is the origin of sin? ______We sin through the weakness of our condition, not by our inheritance in Adam. Sin, therefore, ______is an external reality which influences the soul. ______14. How did the East react to the Filioque Clause? ______Adding this clause to the Creed seemed to the East to be another assertion of authority which ______ignored the established churches of the East. ______

96 Test III: Chapters 10-15 — Answer Key Final Exam — Answer Key

Name:______Date: ______Score:______

Terms: Write the appropriate term for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Refers to the bishop of Rome, who, by virtue of his succession from St. Peter, is the chief bishop over the Roman Catholic Church.______Pope 2. Belief that the Son is a created being and does not completely share essential likeness with the Father. ______Arianism 3. Refers to the position which denounces the use of images in Church liturgy and devotion. ______Iconoclasm 4. From the Greek meaning “of the same essence.”______Homoousias 5. Means “foreigner,” but also carried the connotation of “uncivilized” or “uncultivated.” ______Barbarian 6. A diverse, heretical sect concerned primarily with “knowledge.”______Gnosticism 7. Specific tribe of barbarians with settlements extending from modern Germany at the Danube all theay w to the Black Sea in modern Romania.______Goth 8. Insisted that Christianity is a completely new revelation from the true god and thus must cleanse itself from any association with the Old Testament.______Marcionism 9. Claimed that Christ consists of two separate (not merely distinct) natures.______Nestorianism 10. The “reason” which explained how the pagan world could speak and understand, though in part, Christian truth.______Logos 11. A movement which was reluctant to accept back into the church those who had either recanted their faith or deceived and hid their faith during the persecution of Decius.______Novationism 12. Claimed that sin is not inherited but is merely one’s “bent” due to living in an imperfect world. ______Pelagianism 13. The Latin word for community, it later came to refer to those who practiced the monastic life in community.______Coenobium

People: Write the appropriate name for the given definition in the space provided. 1. Most influential scholar and theologian of the third century. Was an able philosopher, apologist, and prolific biblical scholar.______Origen 2. Known for his work the Tome, in which he invoked the supremacy of the Roman Church. ______Leo I 3. Called the father and founder of monasticism, he was a hermit monk who dwelled in the deserts of Egypt.______Antony 4. Bishop of Rome often recognized as a bridge to the Medieval Church from the Ancient Church. ______Gregory the Great 5. The bishop of Lyons, he exercised great influence in the Gnostic debates.______Irenaeus of Lyons 6. A monk who formerly served at the court of a Muslim caliph, known for his contribution in the iconoclast controversy, in which he advocated the use of images in worship.______Damascus

Final Exam — Answer Key 97 7. The most important and influential Latin theologian, he was bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ______Augustine 8. Sought to reestablish paganism, but was abruptly, and mysteriously, killed in battle before his reforms could gain momentum.______Julian the Apostate 9. His translation of the Bible would become the official Bible of the Church in the Latin-speakingest. W ______Jerome 10. Philosopher turned Christian apologist in the second century; known for the notion of the “Logos.” ______Justin Martyr 11. The bishop of Alexandria and vocal opponent of the Arian heresy.______Athanasius 12. Bishop of Carthage, he is most known for his involvement in the Novatianist controversy, in which he articulated a strong doctrine of the unity and authority of the Church.______Cyprian

Short Answer: Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. What is Leo’s most significant contribution to the authority of Rome? ______It rests primarily in his articulation and stalwart adherence to the doctrine of Petrine authority, ______which states that the bishop of Rome is the successor of St. Peter. ______2. How did the Lombards improve the state of the papacy? ______After the Lombards kicked out the Byzantine armies and granted the Church a degree of ______independence, Gregory the Great was free to act more independently of the Byzantine East. ______3. What further encouraged the Church to evangelize the barbarians? ______The Christians thought that if the barbarians were made Christians, their violence would be ______stayed and their relationship with the Roman culture would be peaceable. ______4. What was Bede’s thesis in his History? ______“The Church alone can provide the cement capable of bonding the fractious tribes in different ______parts of the British Isles.” 5. What theological convictions ground the use of liturgy? ______The conviction that the Church “could not live on a purely individualistic inwardness.” ______6. What was Irenaeus’ main argument against the Gnostics? ______That the true teaching of the church has been faithfully and successfully handed down from ______the apostles to subsequent trusted leaders, what we call “apostolic succession.” ______7. What were Clement of Alexandria’s criteria for appropriate music? ______Clement thought that church music should be orderly and “austere,” so to avoid association ______with paganism. 8. Explain the relationship between pagan and Christian symbols. ______In form, pagan and Christian symbols were identical. The Christians, however, would take ______these symbols and inject rich Christian meaning into them. ______

98 Final Exam — Answer Key 9. What did the Council of Nicaea resolve concerning the relationship between the Father and the Son? ______That the Father is of the same essence as the Son (homoousios). ______10. Primarily, what was the nature of Christian persecution? ______Primarily Christian persecution was localized and took place over relatively short periods of time. ______11. What was the Christian stance toward the Gentile authorities of the Roman Empire? ______Christians overall took a peaceful stance toward the Roman state. ______12. Why did Constantine wish for a council to gather at Ancyra in 325? ______Constantine primarily desired unity in the Church, but the Arian controversy threatened that unity. ______13. What was the Gnostic view of nature? ______The material world existed at the farthest distance from the supreme god, thus Gnostics ______tended to disparage material things. ______14. What was specifically demanded under the persecution of Decius? ______It was required that all who worshipped the gods obtain a libellus proving their devotion. ______15. How does one best articulate God’s “oneness” and “threeness” simultaneously? ______That God is “one substance consisting in three persons.” ______16. According to Origen, what is the purpose of the Bible? ______The Bible’s purpose is to convey “spiritual” truth, not merely history or stories. ______17. What were the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon concerning the person of Christ? ______It resolved that the two natures of Christ exist in perfect unity but without confusion, coming ______together to form one person and one hypostasis. ______18. What did the ascetics seek to achieve? ______They sought detachment from the world in order to love eternal things more than worldly things. ______19. According to Pelagius, what is the origin of sin? ______We sin through the weakness of our condition, not by our inheritance in Adam. Sin, therefore, ______is an external reality which influences the soul. ______20. How did the East react to the Filioque Clause? ______Adding this clause to the Creed seemed to the East to be another assertion of authority which ______ignored the established churches of the East. ______

Final Exam — Answer Key 99