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An Introductory Dictionary of and

An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies

Edited by Orlando O. Espín and James B. Nickoloff

A Glazier Book

LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota

www.litpress.org A Michael Glazier Book published by Liturgical Press.

Cover design by Manahan, o.s.b. Cover symbol by Frank Kacmarcik, obl.s.b.

© 2007 by Order of Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s , P.O. Box 7500, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies / edited by Orlando O. Espín and James B. Nickoloff. p. cm. “A Michael Glazier book.” ISBN-13: 978-0-8146-5856-7 (alk. paper) 1. —Dictionaries. 2. —Dictionaries. I. Espín, Orlando O. II. Nickoloff, James B. BL31.I68 2007 200.3—dc22 2007030890 We dedicate this dictionary to Ricardo and Robert, for their constant support over many years.

Contents

List of Entries ix

Introduction and Acknowledgments xxxi

Entries 1

Contributors 1519

vii

List of Entries

AARON “AD LIMINA” VISITS ALBIGENSIANS ABBA ADONAI ALBRIGHT, WILLIAM FOXWELL ABBASIDS ABBEY ADORATION ALEGRE, FRANCISCO XAVIER / ADULTERY ALEXANDER OF ABE, MASAO ADVAITA ABELARD, PETER ADVAITA ALEXANDER THE GREAT /ABHIDHAMMA ALEXANDRIAN THEOLOGY PITAKA ADVENTISTS AL-FaTIHAH ABHISHEKA AL-GHAZALI ABHISHIKTANANDA, SWAMI AL-HALLAJ ABJURATION AETIOLOGY/ETIOLOGY ABORTION AFRICAN AMERICAN ­THEOLOGY () ABRAHAM OF ECCHEL (OR OF HEKEL) AFRICAN ALLEGORY (MEDIEVAL) AFRICAN ALLEGORY IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL ­RELIGIONS (in christianity) ALLELUIA IN JUDAISM AFRO- RELIGIONS ¯ AL- ABUNA AGAPE ALONSO-SCHOEKEL, LUIS al-qaeda AGNI ACTA SANCTORUM ALTHUSSER, LOUIS PIERRE AGRICOLA, JOHANN ALTIZER, THOMAS, J. J. (AS OF ISLAM) ALUMBRADOS/ILUMINATI ADAM, KARL AHL AL-KITaB (“People of the Book”) ALVES, RUBEM ADAM/ (IN CHRISTIAN ) AMALADOSS, MICHAEL ADAM/EVE (IN THE BOOK OF AHRIMAN AMATERASU GENESIS) OF ADAM’S AL-ASH

ix  List of Entries

AMITABHA/AMIDA APOLLINARIANISM ASBURY, FRANCIS AMRAM BEN SHESHA HAGAON APOLLINARIS OF LAODICEA ASCENSION ANABAPTISTS (PATRISTIC PERIOD) /ASCETIC ANALECTS APOLOGISTS ASHARIYYAH () ANALOGIA ENTIS ASHKENAZIM ( OF ) APOPHTHEGM ASHRAM ANALOGIA FIDEI APOSTASY ASHRAMA (life stages) (ANALOGY OF ) APOSTLE ASHRAMA/ASHRAM ANALOGICAL IMAGINATION APOSTLES’ ASH WEDNESDAY APOSTOLIC asian (christian) ­theologies ASOKA/ ANATMAN ANAWIM (POOR OF ) ASSEMANI ANCESTORS, CHINESE APOSTOLICITY ASSEMBLIES OF ANCHORITES ASSMANN, HUGO ANCIENT CHURCHES OF THE APPARITIONS EAST AQUINAS, THOMAS, ST. ASTARTE ANDEAN/AYMARA/QUECHUA AQUINO, MARÍA PILAR ASTROLOGY TRADITIONAL RELIGION ARAHANT ANDREW OF ST. VICTOR ARAMAIC ATATÜRK, MUSTAFA KEMAL ARAMAIC MATTHEW ANGLICAN ARBA AH TURIM ATHANASIUS, OF ANGLICAN ORDERS, < ALEXANDRIA ­CONTROVERSY OVER ARCHBISHOP ATHARVA VEDA ANGRA MAINYU ARCHDIOCESE ANICCA/ANICCHA ATHENAGORAS AREOPAGUS ATMAN ANITYA ATONEMENT, CHRISTIAN ANKH ATONEMENT, HEBREW ATTRITION ANNUNCIATION AUGSBURG , ARJUNA AUGUSTINE OF ­ OF ARK OF ANONYMOUS CHRISTIANITY ARK OF THE ARMENIAN AUROBINDO, SRI anthropology, AUTHORITY ­theological AUTOCEPHALOUS CHURCHES ARMINIUS, AUTO FE ARNAULD, ANGÉLIQUE AND ANTOINE AUTO ANTIOCHENE THEOLOGY ARNOBIUS OF SICCA AVALOKITESHVARA ARON HAKODESH AVATARA/AVATAR ANTI-SEMITISM ART, LITURGICAL ANTONY OF ARTICLES OF FAITH APOCRISIARIOS (PAPACY AT) AVOT List of Entries xi

AYA BEATITUDES BLONDEL, AYATOLLAH B