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An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies

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An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies Edited by Orlando O. Espín and James B. Nickoloff A Michael Glazier Book LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Michael Glazier Book published by Liturgical Press. Cover design by David Manahan, o.s.b. Cover symbol by Frank Kacmarcik, obl.s.b. © 2007 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, P.O. Box 7500, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies / edited by Orlando O. Espín and James B. Nickoloff. p. cm. “A Michael Glazier book.” ISBN-13: 978-0-8146-5856-7 (alk. paper) 1. Religion—Dictionaries. 2. Religions—Dictionaries. I. Espín, Orlando O. II. Nickoloff, James B. BL31.I68 2007 200.3—dc22 2007030890 We dedicate this dictionary to Ricardo and Robert, for their constant support over many years. Contents List of Entries ix Introduction and Acknowledgments xxxi Entries 1 Contributors 1519 vii List of Entries AARON “AD LIMINA” VISITS ALBIGENSIANS ABBA ADONAI ALBRIGHT, WILLIAM FOXWELL ABBASIDS ADOPTIONISM ALCUIN ABBEY ADORATION ALEGRE, FRANCISCO XAVIER ABBOT/ABBESS ADULTERY ALEXANDER OF ALEXANDRIA ABE, MASAO ADVAITA ALEXANDER OF HALES ABELARD, PETER ADVAITA VEDANTA ALEXANDER THE GREAT ABHIDHARMA/ABHIDHAMMA ADVENT ALEXANDRIAN THEOLOGY PITAKA ADVENTISTS AL-FATIHAH ABHISHEKA AESTHETICS AL-GHAZALI ABHISHIKTANANDA, SWAMI AETERNI PATRIS AL-HALLAJ ABJURATION AETIOLOGY/ETIOLOGY ALI ABORTION ALIYAH ABRAHAM AFRICAN AMERICAN THEOLOGY ALLAH (ISLAM) ABRAHAM OF ECCHEL (OR OF HEKEL) AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY ALLEGORY (MEDIEVAL) ABSOLUTE AFRICAN THEOLOGIES ALLEGORY IN JUDAISM ABSOLUTION AFRICAN TRADITIONAL ALLELUIA RELIGIONS (IN CHRISTIANITY) ABSTINENCE ALLELUIA IN JUDAISM ABU BAKR AFRO-LATIN RELIGIONS ¯ AL-MATURIDI ABUNA AGAPE ALONSO-SCHOEKEL, LUIS ACCIDENT AGGADAH ALPHONSUS LIGUORI ACOLYTE AGGIORNAMENTO AL-QAEDA ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS AGNI ALTAR ACTA SANCTORUM AGNOSTICISM ALTHUSSER, LOUIS PIERRE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES AGRICOLA, JOHANN ALTIZER, THOMAS, J. J. ADAM (AS PROPHET OF ISLAM) AHIMSA ALUMBRADOS/ILUMINATI ADAM, KARL AHL AL-KITAB (“PEOPLE OF THE BOOK”) ALVES, RUBEM ADAM/EVE (IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION) AHMADIYYA AMALADOSS, MICHAEL ADAM/EVE (IN THE BOOK OF AHRIMAN AMATERASU GENESIS) AHURA MAZDA AMBROSE OF MILAN ADAM’S SIN AL-ASH<ARI/ASH<ARISM AMBROSIAN RITE ADDAI ALAYA VIJNANA AMBROSIASTER AD GENTES ALBERT THE GREAT AMERICANISM ix x LIST OF ENTRIES AMITABHA/AMIDA APOLLINARIANISM ASBURY, FRANCIS AMRAM BEN SHESHA HAGAON APOLLINARIS OF LAODICEA ASCENSION AMULET APOLOGETICS ASCETICAL THEOLOGY ANABAPTISTS (PATRISTIC PERIOD) ASCETICISM/ASCETIC ANALECTS APOLOGISTS ASHARIYYAH (TWELVERS) ANALOGIA ENTIS APOPHATIC THEOLOGY ASHKENAZIM (ANALOGY OF BEING) APOPHTHEGM ASHRAM ANALOGIA FIDEI APOSTASY ASHRAMA (LIFE stages) (ANALOGY OF FAITH) APOSTLE ASHRAMA/ASHRAM ANALOGICAL IMAGINATION APOSTLES’ CREED ASH WEDNESDAY ANAMNESIS APOSTOLIC ASIAN (CHRISTIAN) ANAPHORA APOSTOLICAM ACTUOSITATEM ­theologies ANATHEMA APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTION ASOKA/ASHOKA ANATMAN DOCTRINE APOSTOLIC EXHORTATION ASPERGES ANAWIM (POOR OF YAHWEH) APOSTOLIC FATHERS ASSEMANI ANCESTORS, CHINESE APOSTOLICITY ASSEMBLIES OF GOD ANCHORITES APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION ASSMANN, HUGO ANCIENT CHURCHES OF THE APPARITIONS ASSUMPTION OF MARY EAST AQUINAS, THOMAS, ST. ASTARTE ANDEAN/AYMARA/QUECHUA AQUINO, MARÍA PILAR ASTROLOGY TRADITIONAL RELIGION ARAHANT ASURA ANDREW OF ST. VICTOR ARAMAIC ATATÜRK, MUSTAFA KEMAL ANGEL ARAMAIC MATTHEW ATHANASIAN CREED ANGLICAN COMMUNION ARBA AH TURIM ATHANASIUS, PATRIARCH OF ANGLICAN ORDERS, < ALEXANDRIA CONTROVERSY OVER ARCHBISHOP ATHARVA VEDA ANGRA MAINYU ARCHDIOCESE ATHEISM ANICCA/ANICCHA ARCHIMANDRITE ATHENAGORAS ANIMISM AREOPAGUS ATMAN ANITYA ARIANISM ATONEMENT, CHRISTIAN ANKH ARISTOTELIANISM ATONEMENT, HEBREW ANNULMENT ARISTOTLE ATTRITION ANNUNCIATION ARIUS AUGSBURG CONFESSION ANOINTING OF THE SICK, ARJUNA AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY SACRAMENT OF ARK OF NOAH AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO ANONYMOUS CHRISTIANITY ARK OF THE COVENANT AUGUSTINIANISM ANSELM OF CANTERBURY ARMENIAN CATHOLIC AUROBINDO, SRI ANTHROPOLOGY, CHURCH AUTHORITY ­theological ARMINIANISM AUTOCEPHALOUS CHURCHES ANTHROPOMORPHISM ARMINIUS, JACOB AUTO DE FE ANTICHRIST ARNAULD, ANGÉLIQUE AND ANTINOMIANISM ANTOINE AUTO SACRAMENTAL ANTIOCHENE THEOLOGY ARNOBIUS OF SICCA AVALOKITESHVARA ANTIPOPE ARON HAKODESH AVATARA/AVATAR ANTI-SEMITISM ART, LITURGICAL AVERROES ANTONY OF EGYPT ARTHA AVERROISM APOCALYPSE ARTICLES OF FAITH AVESTA APOCATASTASIS ARYAN AVICENNA APOCRISIARIOS ARYA SAMAJ AVIGNON (PAPACY AT) APOCRYPHA ASANGA AVOT LIST OF ENTRIES xi AYA BEATITUDES BLONDEL, MAURICE AYATOLLAH BEDE THE VENERABLE B<NAI BRITH AZTEC TRADITIONAL RELIGION BEGUINES BODHI BEIT DIN BODHISATTVA BAAL BEIT HAMIKDASH BODY BAAL SHEM TOV BELLAH, ROBERT N. BODY OF CHRIST (IN CHURCH BABEL, TOWER OF BELLARMINE, ROBERT USE) BABYLON BENEDICTINE RULE BODY OF CHRIST (IN SCRIPTURE) BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY (RULE OF ST. BENEDICT) BOEHME, JACOB BAHA<I BENEDICTINES BOETHIUS BAHA<U<LLAH BENEDICTION WITH BLESSED SACRAMENT BOFF, CLODOVIS BAIUS, MICHEL (MICHEL DE BAY) BENEDICT OF NURSIA BOFF, LEONARDO BALAAM BENEDICT XVI, POPE BOGOMILS BALDACHINO BERENGAR OF TOURS BOHEMIAN BRETHREN/ MORAVIANS BALFOUR DECLARATION BERGER, PETER L. BONAVENTURE BALTIMORE, COUNCILS OF BERGSON, HENRI BONHOEFFER, DIETRICH BÁÑEZ, DOMINGO BERKELEY, GEORGE BONIFACE VIII, POPE BAPTISM BY BLOOD BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER BAPTISM/CONFIRMATION BÉRULLE, PIERRE DE BORNKAMM, GÜNTHER BAPTISM IN THE SPIRIT BEZA, THEODORE BORROMEO, CHARLES BAPTISM OF DESIRE BHAGAVAD GITA BOSSUET, JACQUES BÉNIGNE BAPTIST CHURCHES/BAPTIST BHAGAVATAM CONVENTIONS BHAGAVATA PURANA BRAHMA BAPTIST THEOLOGY BHAKTI BRAHMACHARIN BRAHMAN BARAKA/BARAKAH BHAKTIVEDANTA, SWAMI BRAHMANA BAR/BAT MITZVAH BHAKTI-YOGA BRAHMANA/BRAHMIN BARCELONA, CIRILO DE BHIKSHU/BHIKSHUNI BRAHMA SUTRAS BARDO BIBLE BRAHMIN BAR KOCHBA BIBLE (VERSIONS) BRAHMO SAMAJ BARK OF PETER BIBLICAL CRITICISM BREAD, UNLEAVENED BARNABAS, LETTER OF BIBLICAL REFERENCES BREAKING OF A GLASS BAROQUE BIBLICAL THEOLOGY BREAKING OF BREAD BARRETT, C. K. BINGEMER, MARIA CLARA (IN CHRISTIANITY) BARTH, KARL BIOETHICS BRIT BARTHES, ROLAND BIRKATH HAMINIM BRIT MILAH “BASIC” ECCLESIAL BIRTH CONTROL BROWN, RAYMOND E. COMMUNITIES BISHOP (AUXILIARY, BROWN, ROBERT MCAFEE BASILICA SUFFRAGAN) BROWNSON, ORESTES BASILIDES BISHOP (EPISCOPACY) BRUNNER, EMIL BASIL THE GREAT BISHOP (ORDINARY) BRUNO, GIORDANO BASLE-FLORENCE-FERRARA BISHOP OF ROME BUBER, MARTIN (COUNCILS OF) BLACK CHRIST, THE BUCER, MARTIN BAUER, BRUNO BLACK ELK BUDDHA BAUM, GREGORY BLACK THEOLOGY BUDDHAGHOSA B.C./A.D. BLASPHEMY BUDDHISM BEA, AUGUSTINE BLESSING (CHRISTIANITY) BULGAKOV, SERGEI BEATIFICATION BLESSING (JUDAISM) BULL BEATIFIC VISION BLOCH, ERNST BULTMANN, RUDOLF xii LIST OF ENTRIES BURIAL (IN CHRISTIANITY) CARR, ANNE CHAPEL BURIAL (IN JUDAISM) CARRASCO, DAVID CHAPTER (RELIGIOUS) BURIAL MOUND CARROLL, JOHN CHARACTER (SACRAMENTAL) BUSHIDO CARTHUSIANS CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT BUSHNELL, HORACE CASSIAN, JOHN CHARISM/CHARISMATIC BUTSUDAN CASSIODORUS CHARITY BYZANTINE CATHOLIC CASSIRER, ERNST CHARLEMAGNE CHURCHES CASTE CHARM OR SPELL BYZANTIUM/BYZANTINE CASTES, SCHEDULED CHARVAKA CASUISTRY CHASTITY CADBURY, HENRY J. CATACOMBS CHÁVEZ, CÉSAR CAESAROPAPISM Catechesis/Catechetical CHAZZAN CAHILL, LISA SOWLE CATECHISM CH’ENG HUANG CAITANYA/CHAITANYA CATECHUMEN CHENU, MARIE DOMINIQUE CAITYA CATECHUMENATE CHERUBIM “CAJETAN,” THOMAS DE VIO CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE CHESTERTON, GILBERT KEITH CAKRA/CHAKRA CATHARS CHEVRA KADESHA CALENDAR (LITURGICAL) CH’I CATHEDRAL CALIPH (KALIPHA)/ CHILDREN OF ISRAEL CALIPHATE CATHERINE OF GENOA CHILIASM/CHILIASTIC CALLISTUS II OF ROME CATHERINE OF SIENA CH’ING MING CATHOLICITY CALUMET CHOL HAMOED CATHOLIC REFORMATION CALVIN, JOHN CHORIEPISKOPOS CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING CALVINISM CHOSEN PEOPLE CATHOLIC TRADITION CAMUS, ALBERT CHOU DYNASTY CAUSALITY CANAAN CHRISM C.E./B.C.E. CÁNCER DE BARBASTRO, LUIS CHRIST CELAM CANDLES, LIGHTING OF CHRISTENDOM CELEBRATION CANDOMBLÉ CHRISTIAN CELIBACY CANDRAKIRTI CHRISTIANITY CELSUS CANISIUS, PETER CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CHURCH CENTESIMUS ANNUS CANNON, KATIE GENEVA CHRISTMAS CHADO CANO, MELCHOR CHRISTOCENTRIC CHADOR CANON, BIBLICAL CHRIST OF FAITH CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF CANON, literary CHRISTOLOGY CHALCEDONIAN CHRISTIANS CANONICAL CRITICISM CHRIST THE KING CHALCEDONIAN DEFINITION CANONICAL FORM CHRISTUS DOMINUS CHALDEAN CATHOLIC (OF MARRIAGE) CHURCH CHUANG TZU CANONIZATION CHALICE CHU HSI CANON LAW CHALLENGE OF PEACE: CHUNG YUNG CANON OF THE MASS GOD’S PROMISE AND OUR CHUN-TZU CANTERBURY, SEE OF RESPONSE CHUPPAH CANTOR (IN CHRISTIANITY) CHAN CHUPUNGCO, ANSCAR CANTOR (IN JUDAISM) CHANCELLOR CHURCH CAPITAL PUNISHMENT CHANCERY CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF CAPPADOCIANS CHANGING WOMAN LATTER-DAY SAINTS CARDINAL CHANT (IN CHRISTIANITY) CISTERCIANS CARGO CULTS CHANT (NATIVE AMERICAN) CITTAMATRA CARMELITES CHANTWAY CIVIL RELIGION LIST OF ENTRIES xiii CLAN BUNDLE CONFLICT COSMOGONY CLARE OF ASSISI CONFUCIANISM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT CLARK, J. (JOHN) MICHAEL CONFUCIUS COSTAS, ORLANDO E. CLASSISM CONGAR, YVES COUNCIL, ECUMENICAL CLAVIGERO, FRANCISCO CONGREGATIONAL
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