DOCSLIB.ORG

Early-Christianity-Timeline.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Pagan Empire Christian Empire 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1 AD Second 'Bishop' of Rome. Pupil of Student of Polycarp. First system- Bishop of Nyssa, brother of Basil. Pope. The Last Father of the Peter. Author of a letter to Corinth, atic theologian, writing volumi- Bishop of Original and sophisticated theologi- model of St Gregory the Church. First of the St John of (1 Clement), the earliest Christian St Clement of Rome nously about the Gospels and the St Irenaeus St Cyprian Carthage. an, writing on Trinitarian doctrine Gregory of Nyssa an ideal Scholastics. Polymath, document outside the NT. church, and against heretics. and the Nicene creed. pastor. Great monk, and priest. Damascus Former disciple of John the Baptist. Prominent Prolific apologist and exegete, the Archbishop of Constantinople, St Leo the Pope. Able administrator in very Archbishop of Seville. Encyclopaedist disciple of Jesus, who became a leader of the most important thinker between Paul brother of Basil. Greatest rhetorical hard times, asserter of the prima- and last great scholar of the ancient St Peter Judean and later gentile Christians. Author of two St Justin Martyr and Origen, writing on every aspect stylist of the Fathers, noted for St Gregory Nazianzus cy of the see of Peter. Central to St Isidore world, a vital link between the learning epistles. Source (?) of the Gospel of Mark. of life, faith and worship. writing on the Holy Spirit. Great the Council of Chalcedon. of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Claimed a knowledge and vision of Jesus independent Pupil of Justin Martyr. Theologian. Bishop of Caesarea. Sup- Bishop of The Formation of Orthodoxy The Nicene Creed: The Defining Creed of Christianity John the to the disciples. Leader of the movement to the gentiles. Strongly anti-pagan author of a har- porter of Nicene Christianity Ravenna. Christian doctrine developed St Paul Author of at least 7 and perhaps 14 epistles. Critically Tatian monised version of the Gospels, the against Arianism, Sabellian- St Basil the Great Peter Chrysologus Renowned for over 700 years. Christianity We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of Against Gnosticism Baptist important writer, foundational to Christianity. Diatessaron. ism and Apollinarianism. his homilies. inherited from Judaism a stong heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. sense of monotheism, which it then struggled to reconcile with We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, Against the Ebionites 'Bishop' of Hierapolis. Student of 'Antipope'. Last western Bishop of Caesarea. First major Bishop of Jerusalem. the notions of the Son and the John the Apostle and Polycarp. writer to use Greek. historian of the church, preserving Renowned for his Holy Spirit in a tripartite God. eternally begotten of the Father, Against Arianism Witness to a now-lost oral tradi- St Papias Important polemicist Hippolytus extracts of many works now lost. Eusebius St Cyril of Jerusalem lectures to novitiates. The arguments between Jesus tion of the earliest Church. against heretics. Apologist. God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, different factions and positions were often violent and bloody. begotten, not made, Against Adoptionism Relative of Jesus and leader of the Jude- First significant theologian Bishop of Alexandria. Bitter opponent of Arianism. Author of the Bishop of Hippo. The last classical man and The eventual victors were those an Christians in Jerusalem. Author of one writing in Latin, and first to first comprehensive works of developed Orthodox theology. First the first medieval; a prolific writer and most who supported the Nicene of one Being with the Father. Against Arianism and Anomoeism St James the Just epistle. Faded into history after the col- expound on the Trinity. Later Tertullian to list precisely the books of the NT we use today as canon St Athanasius St Augustine influential of all the Fathers. A central figure Creed (325), as modified by Through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation lapse of the Judean Jesus movement. converted to Montanism. (367), but the list will be disputed for centuries. in Western thought. Former Manichaean. the Council of Constantinople Against Monophysitism and Adoptionism he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit (381). he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made Author (?) of a Gospel with First self-conscious Chris- Bishop of Poitiers. Bishop of Milan. Champion of the The Creed stands as the very man. Gnostic tendencies, a document tian theologian and Latin theologian who church's interests against the empire. definition of Christian belief. St John the Apostle markedly different to the other Clement of Alexandria ethicist, a pioneer of wrote against the Hilary St Ambrose Major influence on church-state rela- For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered Against Docetism three (the synoptic gospels). Christian mysticism. Arians. tions through the Middle Ages. death and was buried. The State Against Dissenters On the third day he rose again in accordance with the 'Bishop' of Smyrna. Student of Prolific and brilliant Biblical theologian; writing phil- Author of the Vulgate, a Latin transla- After the emperor Constantine, Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right the apostle John, tutor of Ire- osophical, mystical, exegetical and scholarly works. tion of the Bible, and the definitive theological positions also hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the naeus, linking the apostolic St Polycarp Origen Most influential writer after Paul. First apologist to St Jerome edition until the Reformation. Also a became political ones. The living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. generation to the next. Martyr. know Hebrew. Later condemned for Platonic views. polemicist and commentator. power of the state was used to We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who Added at the 1st Council Constantinople oppress or liberate individuals proceeds from the Father and populations. 'Bishop' of Antioch. Student of John. First to Rabbinic Judaism forms 'Golden-mouthed'. Bish- and the Son. The Filioque clause, possibly added in 410; use the terms 'Christianity', and 'heresy'. At- c. 200. With the writing of the Mishnah by Ju- op of Constantinople. St John The state first used its power to repudiated by the Eastern Orthodox; and disputed tests to Sunday as the Sabbath. Important St Ignatius dah haNasi, Rabbinic Judaism emerges as the Greatest preacher of the execute a heretic, Priscillian, in by Anglicans and other Protestants witness to early practices. Martyr. sole surviving faction of Second Temple Judaism. Fathers. Chrysostom 385. From that time forth, for the With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He Against Semi-Arianism thousand and more years of has spoken through the Prophets. Jewish-Roman War Revolt of Bar-Kochba New Testament canon forming the Middle Ages, Christians 70. Romans destroy Jerusalem. The Jerusalem church 135. Romans crush the Judeans, who disperse through the 230. Origen seems to be working with Patriarch of Constantino- St Cyril with state power would We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We Against Montanism and Marcionism declines in importance, as do the other major Judaic empire. The Jerusalem church extinguished. Christianity the NT canon we have today. OT ple. Central figure at the persecute and kill Christians acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look sects: the Zealots, Essenes, Pharisees and Sadducees. separates definitively from Judaism. canon also finalised by this date. Council of Ephesus. of Alexandria with different theological for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to positions. come. Amen. Gnosticism material world. They were to be found throughout mainstream Manichaeism and to India and China; a syncretistic fusion Nestorianism Christian churches and communities, regarding themselves as of all the religions it encountered: Valentinians, Sethians, Elkesai, Barbelognostics elites with a hidden knowledge (gnosis) not available to their Mani 216-276 Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople 386-451 fellow worshippers. Bitterly opposed by many of the Church Good and evil are equally powerful, and Zoroastrianism, and many others. Christ had two natures and two persons. He was Rooted in Jewish apocalyptic thought and middle Platonism. A Fathers, going as far back as the Book of Acts. collection of diverse, syncretistic beliefs holding that humans are material things are evil. Possible influence on many medieval Manichaeism a moral union of two distinct beings. Christ the man died on the cross, but not Christ the divine. divine souls trapped in a material world created by an Modern Successors An important non-Christian religion movements such as the Cathars, imperfect or false god, the Demiurge, frequently identified with Albigensians, and Bogomils. The Virgin Mary may be described as Mormons. spreading from Iran to the Roman Empire, the Old Testament God. Gnostics rejected and vilified the Christotokos (Mother of Christ), but not Theotokos (Mother of God). Against Monophysitism. Gnosticism Apollinarian Monophysitism Ecumenical Position Ecumenical Position This sacrifices the reality and dignity of Apollinaris of Laodicea, died 390 Christ has two natures but one person. In time, The Tolerance of the Romans his humanity. What Christ has not assumed Nestorianism would have lead to Christ being Contrary to common opinion, the Roman empire was tolerant of all religions. It allowed Christ had one Nature, the Divine. Christ He has not healed; thus the noblest viewed as a mere man, although one inspired to complete freedom of belief, provided you gave token acceptance to the state cult of the had a human body and human emotions, portion of man is excluded from a superlative degree by the indwelling of the but his human rational mind was replaced emperor.
Recommended publications
  • Future Views of the Past: Models of the Development of the Early Church

    Future Views of the Past: Models of the Development of the Early Church

    Andrews University Seminary Student Journal Volume 1 Number 2 Fall 2015 Article 3 8-2015 Future Views of the Past: Models of the Development of the Early Church John Reeve Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/aussj Part of the Christianity Commons, History of Christianity Commons, and the History of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Reeve, John (2015) "Future Views of the Past: Models of the Development of the Early Church," Andrews University Seminary Student Journal: Vol. 1 : No. 2 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/aussj/vol1/iss2/3 This Invited Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andrews University Seminary Student Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Andrews University Seminary Student Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1-15. Copyright © 2015 John W. Reeve. FUTURE VIEWS OF THE PAST: MODELS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY CHURCH JOHN W. REEVE Assistant Professor of Church History [email protected] Abstract Models of historiography often drive the theological understanding of persons and periods in Christian history. This article evaluates eight different models of the early church period and then suggests a model that is appropriate for use in a Seventh-day Adventist Seminary. The first three models evaluated are general views of the early church by Irenaeus of Lyon, Walter Bauer and Martin Luther. Models four through eight are views found within Seventh-day Adventism, though some of them are not unique to Adventism.
  • The Problems of Paul

    The Problems of Paul

    Chapter 6 The Problems of Paul Paul of Tarsus graces us with the earliest Christian sources, with 1 Thessalo- nians usually dated to 49 ce, and his later works appearing around the early 60s ce.1 Nevertheless, like the others writers, Paul is not an eyewitness, so none of his letters are primary sources about Jesus’ allegedly earthly life. He also gives us plenty of reasons to doubt his claims, so that we really can’t be sure if we should trust what he has to say about a historical Jesus.2 For ex- ample, Paul indicates that the end justifies the (deceitful) means and seems to outright admit how guileful he is.3 However, Paul has virtually nothing to say about the Historical Jesus anyway. Furthermore, what he does say about Christ could be the key to unlocking the mysteries of Christianity’s origins. There are hints throughout Paul’s writings, and other epistles like the pseudo-Pauline book of Hebrews,4 that the earliest Christians believed not in an Earthly Jesus, but in a purely Celestial Jesus. But first, we shall take a look at how various early Christians had vastly different views about Jesus. 1 The Docetic/Marcionite Jesus It already seems obvious that the state of the sources gives us sufficient rea- son to doubt Jesus’ historical existence. But certain interpretations of Paul’s writings indicate that a more aggressive case against Jesus’ history can be ad- vanced. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that early Christians (such as Paul) did not see Jesus in the literal, fleshly, Earth-visiting way that 1 Ehrman (dje), pp.
  • The Arian Controversy, Its Ramifications and Lessons for the Ghanaian Church

    The Arian Controversy, Its Ramifications and Lessons for the Ghanaian Church

    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 11ǁ November. 2013ǁ PP.48-54 The Arian Controversy, its Ramifications and Lessons for the Ghanaian Church IDDRISSU ADAM SHAIBU Department of Religion & Human Values, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast-Ghana ABSTRACT: The thrust of this paper is to explore the Arian controversy, the ramifications of decisions taken by the various councils on the body of Jesus Christ and the possible lessons that the Ghanaian Church can learn from these ramifications. This was done by reviewing literature on the Arian controversy. It came out that Arianism was condemned at the council of Nicaea. However, this did not end the controversy due to the inclusion of a word that was deemed unbiblical and the interferences of some Roman Emperors.The paper concludes that it is advisable that the church ought to have the capacity to deal with her internal problems without the support of a third party, especially those without any theological insight to issues of the Church. It seldom leads to cribbing, leads to negativity, breeds tension and sometimes fighting/civil war which then lead to destruction of lives and properties. I. THE GREACO-ROMAN WORLD Although, Christianity emerged in the Roman world, it matured in the world of Greek philosophy and ideas. The Greek world was one that paid much respect to philosophical sophistication. The Early Church was thus permeated and penetrated by this philosophical sophistication (Hellenism) (Weaver, 1987). The religion in its earliest form can be said to be a hellenistic movement that attracted hellenised people from different ethnic groups.
  • Early Church Fathers and Adoptionism

    Early Church Fathers and Adoptionism

    Early Church Fathers and Adoptionism Sample statements Because of the nature of adoptionism its central question inevitably is when did humanity blend with divinity? (All emphasis added). Shepherd of Hermas (dated from AD 85-165) "The Holy Pre-existent Spirit. Which created the whole creation, God made to dwell in flesh that he desired. This flesh, therefore, in which the Holy Spirit dwelt, was subject unto the Spirit, walking honorably in holiness and purity, without in any way defiling the Spirit. When then it had lived honorably in chastity, and had labored with the Spirit, and had cooperated with it in everything, behaving itself boldly and bravely, he chose it as a partner with the Holy Spirit; for the career of this flesh pleased [the Lord], seeing that, as possessing the Holy Spirit, it was not defiled upon the earth. He therefore took the son as adviser and the glorious angels also, that this flesh too, having served the Spirit unblamably, might have some place of sojourn, and might not seem to have lost the reward for its service; for all flesh, which is found undefiled and unspotted, wherein the Holy Spirit dwelt, shall receive a reward." Theodotus via Hippolytus of Rome (d. AD 235) Refutation of All Heresies, Book VII, Chapter 23. “The Heresy of Theodotus” “But there was a certain Theodotus, a native of Byzantium, who introduced a novel heresy. He announces tenets concerning the originating cause of the universe, which are partly in keeping with the doctrines of the true Church, in so far as he acknowledges that all things were created by God.
  • Basic Training Manual 1 Introduction

    Basic Training Manual 1 Introduction

    Basic Training Manual 1 Introduction Congratulations! You are in the Lord‘s army now! If you reflect on the natural army, it includes a period of time spent in basic training (preparation). That is what this course is designed to do: prepare you for your new life in Christ, prepare you for your purpose and for spiritual warfare. You have accepted Jesus Christ as your personal Savior. This is the greatest and wisest decision you have ever made. By doing this, you have been placed in the plan of God and His perfect will for the Saints. As a new convert, you are starting a new life spiritually, and this will call for some changes in your daily walk. You will need help along the way. Like a new born baby, you will grow in Christ gaining knowledge of God, learning daily the regimen and lifestyle of a good Godly soldier. This course consists of eleven lessons designed to equip and empower you for success spiritually and naturally. The course can be used for group or self-paced individualized instruction. We pray the enriching blessings of the Lord God over your life. God bless and congratulations on making the BEST decision of your life in receiving Jesus as your Savior. Basic Training Manual 2 Table of Contents Lessons Page Lesson 1: Salvation 4-13 Lesson 2: Sanctification 14-18 Lesson 3: The Holy Ghost 19-26 Lesson 4: The Word of God 27-42 Lesson 5: Prayer and Fasting 43-54 Lesson 6: Witnessing 55-61 Lesson 7: Obedience 62-68 Lesson 8: Faith 69-79 Lesson 9: Church Doctrine and Ordinances 80-89 Lesson 10: Stewardship 90-96 Lesson 11: Spiritual Growth 97-101 Note Pages 102-106 Biography of Bishop Lawrence M.
  • ABSTRACT Savannah Dehart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF

    ABSTRACT Savannah Dehart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF

    ABSTRACT Savannah DeHart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF NORTHERN PAGAN RELIGIOSITY IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES. (Under the direction of Michael J. Enright) Department of History, May 2012. This thesis investigates the religiosity of some Germanic peoples of the Migration period (approximately AD 300-800) and seeks to overcome some difficulties in the related source material. The written sources which describe pagan elements of this period - such as Tacitus’ Germania, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, and Paul the Deacon’s History of the Lombards - are problematic because they were composed by Roman or Christian authors whose primary goals were not to preserve the traditions of pagans. Literary sources of the High Middle Ages (approximately AD 1000-1400) - such as The Poetic Edda, Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda , and Icelandic Family Sagas - can only offer a clearer picture of Old Norse religiosity alone. The problem is that the beliefs described by these late sources cannot accurately reflect religious conditions of the Early Middle Ages. Too much time has elapsed and too many changes have occurred. If literary sources are unavailing, however, archaeology can offer a way out of the dilemma. Rightly interpreted, archaeological evidence can be used in conjunction with literary sources to demonstrate considerable continuity in precisely this area of religiosity. Some of the most relevant material objects (often overlooked by scholars) are bracteates. These coin-like amulets are stamped with designs that appear to reflect motifs from Old Norse myths, yet their find contexts, including the inhumation graves of women and hoards, demonstrate that they were used during the Migration period of half a millennium earlier.
  • Cathar Or Catholic: Treading the Line Between Popular Piety and Heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271

    Cathar Or Catholic: Treading the Line Between Popular Piety and Heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271

    Cathar or Catholic: Treading the line between popular piety and heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271. Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of History William Kapelle, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Elizabeth Jensen May 2013 Copyright by Elizabeth Jensen © 2013 ABSTRACT Cathar or Catholic: Treading the line between popular piety and heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271. A thesis presented to the Department of History Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Elizabeth Jensen The Occitanian Cathars were among the most successful heretics in medieval Europe. In order to combat this heresy the Catholic Church ordered preaching campaigns, passed ecclesiastic legislation, called for a crusade and eventually turned to the new mechanism of the Inquisition. Understanding why the Cathars were so popular in Occitania and why the defeat of this heresy required so many different mechanisms entails exploring the development of Occitanian culture and the wider world of religious reform and enthusiasm. This paper will explain the origins of popular piety and religious reform in medieval Europe before focusing in on two specific movements, the Patarenes and Henry of Lausanne, the first of which became an acceptable form of reform while the other remained a heretic. This will lead to a specific description of the situation in Occitania and the attempts to eradicate the Cathars with special attention focused on the way in which Occitanian culture fostered the growth of Catharism. In short, Catharism filled the need that existed in the people of Occitania for a reformed religious experience.
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/29/2021 07:36:54AM This Is an Open Access Article Distributed Under the Terms of the Prevailing CC-BY-NC License

    Downloaded from Brill.Com09/29/2021 07:36:54AM This Is an Open Access Article Distributed Under the Terms of the Prevailing CC-BY-NC License

    _full_journalsubtitle: Journal of Patrology and Critical Hagiography _full_abbrevjournaltitle: SCRI _full_ppubnumber: ISSN 1817-7530 (print version) _full_epubnumber: ISSN 1817-7565 (online version) _full_issue: 1 _full_issuetitle: 0 _full_alt_author_running_head (change var. to _alt_author_rh): Dunn _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (change var. to _alt_arttitle_rh): Romani principes aduersum nos prouocantur _full_alt_articletitle_toc: 0 _full_is_advance_article: 0 Romani Principes AduersumScrinium Nos Prouocantur 14 (2018) 7-24 7 www.brill.com/scri Responses to Conflict in Early Christianity ∵ Romani Principes Adversum Nos Provocantur: Augustine of Hippo’s Epistula 87 to Emeritus of Caesarea Geoffrey D. Dunn University of Pretoria [email protected] Abstract Prior to the 411 colloquy at Carthage, Augustine had written to Emeritus, the Donatist bishop of Cherchell, urging him to abandon his adherence to Donatism. A complaint of the Donatists against the Caecilianists was that they urged the state to persecute Donatists. Augustine put words into Emeritus’ mouth: “… you stir up the Roman emper- ors against us.” (Ep. 87.8) Augustine told Emeritus that one can only be persecuted if one’s cause is right; if evil then it is legitimate punishment. In Augustine’s view the Donatists have brought imperial punishment (not persecution) upon themselves because of their schism. This paper will show how Augustine sidesteps a dilemma using Paul’s letter to the Romans: while it is true that Christians should not judge each other (Rom 14:4), it is the responsibility of the state to punish wrongdoers (Rom 13:2-4), while it is the responsibility of Christians to rehabilitate them (Rom 11:23). Keywords Augustine of Hippo – Donatism – religious coercion – religious violence ©Scrinium Geoffrey 14 D.
  • The Person of Christ in the Seventh–Day Adventism: Doctrine–Building and E

    The Person of Christ in the Seventh–Day Adventism: Doctrine–Building and E

    Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Butoiu, Nicolae (2018) The person of Christ in the Seventh–day Adventism: doctrine–building and E. J. Wagonner’s potential in developing christological dialogue with eastern Christianity. PhD thesis, Middlesex University / Oxford Centre for Mission Studies. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/24350/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated.
  • What Happened in the First Century -- Creation of New Testament Writings; Spread of Christianity; Rise of Persecutions

    What Happened in the First Century -- Creation of New Testament Writings; Spread of Christianity; Rise of Persecutions

    What Happened in the First Century -- Creation of New Testament Writings; Spread of Christianity; Rise of Persecutions • The words and sayings of Jesus are collected and preserved. New Testament writings are completed. • A new generation of leaders succeeds the apostles. Nevertheless, expectation still runs high that the Lord may return at any time. The end must be close. • The Gospel taken through a great portion of the known world of the Roman empire and even to regions beyond. • New churches at first usually begin in Jewish synagogues around the empire and Christianity is seen at first as a part of Judaism. • The Church faces a major crisis in understanding itself as a universal faith and how it is to relate to its Jewish roots. • Christianity begins to emerge from its Jewish womb. A key transition takes place at the time of Jewish Revolt against Roman authority. In 70 AD Christians do not take part in the revolt and relocate to Pella in Jordan. • The Jews at Jamnia in 90 AD confirm the canon of the Hebrew Scriptures. The same books are recognized as authoritative by Christians. • Persecutions test the church. Jewish historian Josephus seems to express surprise that they are still in existence in his Antiquities in latter part of first century. • Key persecutions include Nero at Rome who blames Christians for a devastating fire that ravages the city in 64 AD He uses Christians as human torches to illumine his gardens. • Emperor Domitian demands to be worshiped as "Lord and God." During his reign the book of Revelation is written and believers cannot miss the reference when it proclaims Christ as the one worthy of our worship.
  • Wesleyan Spirit-Christology

    Wesleyan Spirit-Christology

    Wesleyan Spirit-Christology: inspiration from the theology of Samuel Chadwick Full version of a paper presented at the Oxford Institute of Methodist Theological Studies, August 2018 by George Bailey, [email protected] Lecturer in Mission and Wesleyan Studies, Cliff College, Derbyshire, UK Presbyteral Minister in Leeds North and East Methodist Circuit, UK Introduction This paper explores the theology of Samuel Chadwick (1860-1932) and demonstrates that within it there is a Spirit Christology in a Wesleyan framework. Spirit Christology has been the subject of theological investigation in recent decades, with proposals being made for ways to add to or adapt the more dominant Logos Christologies of the Western theological tradition so that the work of the Holy Spirit in Jesus in the Gospels, and in the experience of Christians, can be better accounted for.1 Chadwick’s theology is brought into debate with this more recent conversation, and is found to be in many ways in line with the Spirit Christology being proposed. This is not an aspect of Chadwick’s theology that has been given attention previously and new suggestions are made as to his place in the tradition of Wesleyan theology. In the process, Chadwick’s sources are considered, including the ways that he draws on a Wesleyan theology of perfection, mid to late nineteenth century language of Pentecost and baptism of the Spirit, early twentieth century liberal Protestant theological work, and his potential relationship with the seventeenth century puritan, John Owen. Most academic interest in Chadwick to date has focused on more practical issues. However, although Chadwick was primarily concerned with holiness and evangelism, it was only by the work of Holy Spirit that he experienced these being effective in his life and the life of churches, and consequently the Holy Spirit constituted the main content of his teaching to prepare people for evangelism.
  • Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham: Growth in the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, 1840-1850

    Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham: Growth in the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, 1840-1850

    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1989 Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham: Growth in the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, 1840-1850 Monica E. McConnaghy College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History of Religion Commons Recommended Citation McConnaghy, Monica E., "Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham: Growth in the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, 1840-1850" (1989). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625546. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xfg2-w085 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BISHOP WILLIAM ROLLINSON WHITTINGHAM: GROWTH IN THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN MARYLAND, 1840-1850 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts b Y Monica E. McConnaghy 1989 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts TV/Wr Monica E. McConnaghy Approved, May 1989 oyd ner / David L. Holmes Department of ReLigion Ludwell H. tP6hnson, III To my brother Alex for his unending encouragement and love TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................ V ABSTRACT .................................................... vi INTRODUCTION . 2 CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .