O Legado De Pablo De Sarasate

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O Legado De Pablo De Sarasate O LEGADO DE PABLO DE SARASATE Lígia Maria Leitão Soares Silva Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Música e Musicologia Especialidade: Interpretação ORIENTADORA: Professora Doutora Vanda de Sá ÉVORA, NOVEMBRO DE 2018 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA ¡Un genio! ¡He practicado catorce horas diarias durante treinta y siete años, y ahora me llaman genio! Pablo de Sarasate ~ iii ~ ~ iv ~ À memória dos meus pais ~ v ~ ~ vi ~ Agradecimentos Concluir um doutoramento em Música e Musicologia na especialidade de Interpretação implica uma longa trajectória em que a conciliação do trabalho escrito com a prática do instrumento dificilmente se consegue fazer de modo regular e constante. Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem o apoio de diversas pessoas às quais deixo aqui os meus sinceros agradecimentos. Começo por agradecer à Professora Doutora Vanda de Sá, orientadora deste trabalho, a disponibilidade e o interesse, as sugestões que fez e a generosidade com que disponibilizou algumas fontes. Agradeço ainda a forma estimulante como contribuiu para o alargamento de algumas problemáticas iniciais, a amizade demonstrada e a disponibilidade para ler e aconselhar sobre o conteúdo das notas aos programas que elaborei para os recitais que realizei como parte deste doutoramento. Agradeço ao Professor Doutor Félix Andrievsky todos os conhecimentos que me transmitiu ao longo dos anos em que trabalhei com ele e sem os quais não teria sido possível realizar este trabalho. Agradeço também a disponibilidade que continua a ter para mim, cerca de trinta anos após o primeiro contacto, o estímulo, os conselhos e o interesse com que ouviu grande parte do repertório que interpretei nos recitais. Agradeço aos pianistas Ingeborg Baldaszti e Paulo Oliveira o entusiasmo com que fizeram os recitais, bem como todo o trabalho de preparação dos mesmos. Agradeço às minhas colegas Catherine Strynckx e Ilda Ortin pela revisão dos resumos em francês e em espanhol. Agradeço à Ana Caeiro e à Ana Anahory o apoio e o interesse demonstrado, não só pelo trabalho escrito, como também pelos recitais que realizei. Finalmente deixo um agradecimento especial aos meus primos Laurinda Leitão Rocha e Pedro Leitão, pelo encorajamento e apoio incondicional. Sem eles este trabalho não teria sido possível. ~ vii ~ ~ viii ~ Resumo O LEGADO DE PABLO DE SARASATE Tese sobre o papel de Pablo de Sarasate como violinista/compositor e a sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento da técnica violinística. Pretende-se demonstrar por que motivo as obras de virtuosidade são importantes e dar a conhecer o contributo de Sarasate para o desenvolvimento da técnica violinística através de composições diversas como fantasias e reminiscências de óperas, peças de salão ou obras inspiradas por peças populares Europeias, demonstrando, assim, o importante papel pedagógico do violinista espanhol, embora este nunca se tenha dedicado ao ensino. É dada especial atenção ao fenómeno da virtuosidade, do virtuosismo no Século XIX e a Paganini e Liszt, que se constituíram como os dois principais virtuosi que abriram caminho para Sarasate. Este violinista, distingue-se por ter escrito obras curtas com especificidades técnicas isoladas de uma tal forma no contexto do discurso musical, que se constituem, em grande medida, como estudos musicais de concerto e, no caso particular do seu legado, é analisado o seu duplo papel como violinista e compositor. Um dos objectivos deste trabalho é o de preencher lacunas no campo do conhecimento e aprofundar a compreensão das obras de Sarasate através da análise das suas técnicas de composição que, de uma maneira progressiva, possibilitam a execução de repertório ambicioso sob o ponto de vista técnico. Serão abordados vários aspectos técnicos e analisados segundo um enfoque novo, na medida em que se deseja valorizar e avaliar a sua relevância no quadro do desenvolvimento técnico próprio aos estudos graduais. Em virtude de este ser um Doutoramento em Música e Musicologia na área de especialização de Interpretação, há lugar à realização de três recitais, nos quais são incluídas obras de Pablo de Sarasate e onde se poderão observar alguns dos problemas técnicos descritos nesta tese e a forma encontrada para os ultrapassar. Sublinha-se a complementaridade entre o estudo bibliográfico e analítico e a praxis instrumental, uma vez que um dos aspectos inovadores desta tese recai precisamente nesta estreita articulação com a sistematização de problemas de execução violinística. Palavras-chave: Sarasate, violino, virtuosidade, técnica, estudo. ~ ix ~ ~ x ~ Abstract THE LEGACY OF PABLO DE SARASATE Dissertation on the role of Pablo de Sarasate (1844-1908) as violinist/composer and his contribution to the development of violin technique. The intention is to explain and study the importance of virtuoso works and the contribution of Sarasate to the development of violin technique through his works, whether they are fantasies and reminiscences of operas, salon pieces or compositions inspired by popular European melodies, thus demonstrating the important pedagogical role of this Spanish violinist, although he never practised as a teacher. Particular attention is given to the phenomenon of virtuosity, virtuosity in the nineteenth century, and Paganini and Liszt, the two leading virtuosi who paved the way for Sarasate. This violinist stands out because he wrote short works with technical particularities isolated in such a way in the context of the musical discourse, that they are, to a great extent, as concert musical studies. In addition, in the specific case of his legacy, his dual role as violinist and composer is analyzed. One of the objectives of this work is to fill gaps in the field of knowledge and to deepen the understanding of the works of Sarasate through the analysis of his composition techniques that, in a progressive way, enable the execution of a more ambitious repertoire from the technical point of view. Thus, several technical aspects will be addressed and analyzed according to a new approach in order to value and assess their relevance in the technical development within the context inherent to gradual studies. As this is a PhD in Music and Musicology in the specialization area of Interpretation, the study comprise three recitals, in which works by Pablo de Sarasate are included and some of the technical problems described in this thesis and the way to overcome them can be observed. The complementarity between the bibliographic and analytical study and the instrumental praxis is emphasized, since one of the innovative aspects of this thesis falls precisely in this close articulation with the systematization of problems of violin performance. Keywords: Sarasate, violin, virtuosity, technique, practice. ~ xi ~ ~ xii ~ Resumen EL LEGADO DE PABLO DE SARASATE Tesis sobre el rol de Pablo de Sarasate (1844-1908) en cuanto violinista/compositor y su aporte al desarrollo de la técnica violinística. Se pretende demonstrar el motivo por el que son importantes las obras de virtuosismo y difundir la contribución de Sarasate al desarrollo de la técnica violinística a través de sus obras, sean fantasias y reminiscências de óperas, piezas de salón, u obras inspiradas en piezas populares europeas, demostrándose, de este modo, el importante rol pedagógico del violinista español, aunque este jamás se haya dedicado a la enseñanza. Se da especial atención al fenómeno del virtuosismo, al virtuosismo en el siglo XIX y a Paganini y Liszt, los dos principales virtuosi que abrieron camino a Sarasate. Este violinista se destaca por haber escrito obras cortas, con singularidades técnicas aisladas de tal manera en el contexto del discurso musical que, en su mayoria, constituyen estudios musicales de concierto y, en el caso particular de su legado, se analiza el doble rol de Sarasate como violinista y como compositor. Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo es el de colmar las lagunas existentes en el campo del conocimiento y profundizar la comprensión de las obras de Sarasate mediante el análisis de sus técnicas de composición que, de un modo progresivo, posibilitan la ejecución de un repertorio ambicioso, bajo el punto de vista técnico. Así, se tratarán y analizarán algunos aspectos técnicos según un nuevo enfoque, ya que se desea valorar y evaluar su relevancia en el marco del desarrollo técnico típico de los estudios graduales. En virtud de tratarse de un Doctorado en Música y Musicología en el área de especialización de Interpretación, se realizarán tres recitales, en los que se incluyen obras de Pablo de Sarasate y donde se podrán comprobar algunos de los problemas técnicos descritos en esta tesis y la forma encontrada para superarlos. Cabe subrayar la complementariedad entre el estudio bibliográfico-analítico y la praxis instrumental, ya que uno de los aspectos innovadores de esta tesis reside precisamente en esta estrecha articulación con la sistematización de problemas en cuanto a la ejecución violinística. Palabras-clave: Sarasate, violín, virtuosismo, técnica, estudio. ~ xiii ~ ~ xiv ~ Résumé L'HÉRITAGE DE PABLO DE SARASATE Thèse sur le rôle de Pablo de Sarasate (1844-1908) comme violiniste et compositeur et sa contribution au développement de la technique violonistique. Notre but est celui de démontrer à quel point les œuvres de virtuosité sont importants et de divulguer la contribution de Sarasate au développement de la technique violonistique à travers ses œuvres, qu'elles soient des fantaisies et des réminiscences d’opéras, des pièces de salon, ou des œuvres inspirées de pièces populaires européennes, prouvant ainsi le poids du rôle pédagogique de ce violiniste espagnol, bien qu’il ne se soit jamais consacré à l’enseignement. Une attention particulière est accordée au phénomène de la virtuosité, à la virtuosité au XIXe siècle et à Paganini et Liszt, les deux remarquables virtuosi précurseurs du parcours de Sarasate. Sarasate se distingue par ses œuvres courtes, avec spécificités techniques isolées dans le contexte du discours musical de telle façon qu’elles s’avèrent majoritairement des études musicales de concert. Dans le cas particulier de son héritage, cette analyse porte sur son double rôle en tant que violiniste et compositeur.
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