BARRONS MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICE EXAM #4 (2015) AP UNITED STATES HISTORY
Questions 1–3 refer to the following passage:
I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings toward your majesty's person and government... .
The United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our Territory of Oregon and State of California lie directly opposite to the dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from California to Japan in eighteen days.
Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, and many other valuable articles. Japan is also a rich and fertile country, and produces many very valuable articles. Your imperial majesty's subjects are skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that our two countries should trade with each other, for the benefit both of Japan and the United States.
We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government do not allow of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and the Dutch; but as the state of the world changes and new governments are formed, it seems to be wise, from time to time, to make new laws. There was a time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government were first made... .
These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore Perry, with a powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your imperial majesty's renowned city of Yedo: friendship, commerce, a supply of coal and provisions, and protection for our shipwrecked people... .
—President Millard Fillmore, letter to the Emperor of Japan, presented by Commodore Matthew Perry, 1853
1. A major goal of Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition was to a. challenge the “spheres of influence” system in Japan that had been developed by the major European powers b. reduce tensions that had developed between Japan and the United States over competing colonial claims c. expand American trade into a country that had traditionally isolated itself from most foreign powers d. topple the militaristic regime of Japan and replace it with a democratic government
2. The United States naval expeditions to Japan in the 1850s, led by Commodore Matthew Perry, resulted in a. a long period of isolation by Japan from Western trade and influence b. war between the United States and Japan c. Japan becoming an American colony d. Japan opening its ports to trade with the West
3. The expedition by Commodore Matthew Perry could best be understood in the context of a. an expanding American economy b. shifting alliances among major world powers c. increased nativist sentiment in the United States d. debates over the expansion of slavery
Questions 4–6 are based on the following passage:
Now, I ask you to consider: if this is a firm, and if the Board of Regents are the board of directors, and if President Kerr in fact is the manager, then I'll tell you something: the faculty are a bunch of employees, and we're the raw material! But we're a bunch of raw material[s] that don't mean to have any process upon us, don't mean to be made into any product, don't mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! We're human beings!
There is a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart, that you can't take part; you can't even passively take part, and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all!
—Mario Savio, “Sit-in Address” (excerpt), The University of California at Berkeley, 1964
4. The address by Mario Savio, above, is an important text in which of the following movements? a. The women’s liberation movement b. The New Left c. The labor movement d. The New Right
5. Which of the following trends in the 1960s does this speech best reflect? a. Conservatives, fearing juvenile delinquency and challenges to the traditional family, promoted their own values and ideology b. Artists and writers increasingly rejected political activity, turning instead to more abstract forms of expression c. Groups on the left assailed liberals, claiming they did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home d. Working-class activists rebelled against unresponsive unions and took militant direct action against employers
6. Which of the following economic or demographic shifts is most closely related to the movement that Mario Savio’s speech exemplified? a. The growth of employment opportunities in heavy industry b. The decline of the family farm and the rise of corporate agriculture c. The spread of social mobility and the expansion of higher education d. The increased visibility of immigrant communities in major urban areas
Questions 7-9 are based on the following image:
Lithograph of the Cherokee tribal member George Guess (also known as Sequoyah), 1828
7. This image of the Cherokee tribal member George Guess (also known as Sequoyah) demonstrates a. the desire of the Cherokee to establish an independent nation in the Southern portion of the United States b. the resistance of Cherokees to laws prohibiting the establishment of schools on Cherokee lands c. the revival of traditional spiritual practices among members of the Chreokee nation d. the push by many Cherokee leaders to embrace white culture and to become full members of the new American nation
8. In the decade following the publication of the image, above, Cherokee Indians a. were relocated to “Indian Territory” in the West b. established long-lasting reservations in Georgia c. were wiped out by disease and warfare d. lost their recognition as a federally protected tribe
9. The Cherokee Indians received the strongest support in the 1830s from a. President Andrew Jackson b. the United States Supreme Court c. the United States Congress d. the legislature of the state of Georgia
Questions 10–12 are based on the following passages.
Everybody is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin‘ the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two. Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself. I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft— blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.—and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics.
There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin‘: "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em."
Just let me explain by examples. My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a new park at a certain place.
I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before.
Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft.
—George Washington Plunkitt, newspaper interview (excerpt), 1905
10. “Tammany men,” mentioned in the first paragraph of George Washington Plunkitt’s interview, were a. Republican advisors to President Ulysses S. Grant b. reporters practicing “yellow journalism” c. leaders of the Democratic Party organization in New York City d. real estate developers
11. The type of political activities described by Plunkitt had strong support from which of the following groups? a. Urban, working-class immigrants b. Settlement-house workers c. African-American voters d. Muckraking journalists
12. Which of the following played an important role in focusing public attention on the type of political organization described by George Washington Plunkitt? a. Novels by Edith Wharton b. “Yellow Journalism” in the newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst c. Political cartoons by Thomas Nast d. Movies directed by D.W. Griffith
Questions 13–15 are based on the following excerpt from the following passage:
And We do further declare it to be Our Royal Will and Pleasure, for the present as aforesaid, to reserve under our Sovereignty, Protection, and Dominion, for the use of the said Indians, ... all the Lands and Territories lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers which fall into the Sea from the West and North West as aforesaid.
And We do hereby strictly forbid, on Pain of our Displeasure, all our loving Subjects from making any Purchases or Settlements whatever, or taking Possession of any of the Lands above reserved, without our especial leave and Licence for that Purpose first obtained.
—Royal Proclamation of 1763 (excerpt)
13. A primary impetus for the British government issuing the proclamation, above, was a. a series of armed conflicts between colonists and an alliance of Native American tribes, known as the Covenant Chain, led by Chief Pontiac b. raids by Cherokee and the Creek warriors in the interior of Georgia and South Carolina following the “Trail of Tears” c. a bloody conflict, known as King Philip’s War, waged by the Narragansetts against encroachments by colonists d. skirmishes between Virginia and the Powhatan Confederation
14. The Royal Proclamation of 1763, above, had the effect of a. uniting the British colonists and American Indians in mutual distrust of British intentions b. slowing down British immigration to North America c. intensifying tensions between Great Britain and France d. creating resentment by colonists toward British policies in North America
15. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 could best be understood in the context of a. Great Britain shifting the structure of its empire and allowing colonies more direct control of internal affairs b. Great Britain attempting to consolidate imperial control over its North American colonies c. Great Britain attempting to prevent the spread of revolutionary sentiment d. Great Britain shifting its policies from a mercantilist model to a free market capitalist model
Questions 16–18 are based on the following passage:
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States, within such time as shall be expressed in such order, which order shall be served on such alien by delivering him a copy thereof, or leaving the same at his usual abode, and returned to the office of the Secretary of State, by the marshal or other person to whom the same shall be directed.
—An Act Concerning Aliens (excerpt), 1798
16. The legislative act, excerpted above, enjoyed widespread public support, despite opposition from Democratic-Republican leaders, because, in part, a. President John Adams was extremely popular; any opposition to him was seen as treasonous b. Irish immigration was changing the composition of many American cities; many Americans wondered if the United States could retain its Anglo-Saxon heritage without limiting immigration c. federal authorities had uncovered and thwarted a plot by disgruntled North Carolina farmers to assassinate President John Adams; desperate times, it seemed, called for desperate measure d. large numbers of American had become intensely critical of the revolutionary French government during the Quasi-War with France; restricting the ability of French immigrants to participate in American politics seemed reasonable
17. Leaders of the Democratic-Republican Party responded to legislative acts, such as the one above, by a. calling for the impeachment of President John Adams b. challenging the laws in the Supreme Court c. putting forth the theory of state nullification of federal legislation d. boycotting the elections of 1800
18. The governmental action allowed for in the excerpt above is similar to government actions taken a. against Mexican-Americans during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) b. during the Red Scare following World War I c. in the aftermath of the sit-in strikes of the 1930s d. as part of the COINTELPRO program, initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) against protest movements in the 1960s
Questions 19-22 are based on the following image:
19. The main point of the cartoon above is that a. the United States should extend Constitutional liberties to the residents of lands under United States control b. the United States was overextending itself in its push to expand its control over foreign lands c. acquiring foreign possessions was necessary for the United States to compete with European imperial powers d. the outsourcing of American jobs to Asia and Latin America was undermining the position of American workers
20. Of the countries in which the United States extended its influence in the decade preceding the publication of the cartoon (1904), the one that offered the greatest resistance to United States influence was a. Puerto Rico b. Panama c. The Philippines d. Cuba
21. The expansionists goals of the United States a. found expression in the Open Door Notes (1899) and the Platt Amendment (1901) b. were reversed during the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt c. were slowed down by Supreme Court decisions in the Insular Cases d. were carried out by executive action rather than congressional consent
22. The expanding role of the United States in global affairs a. was condemned by political leaders in the two major political parties b. was seen by most Americans as a fulfillment of its “manifest destiny” c. was welcomed by socialists and progressives who hoped the United States would bring democratic institutions to autocratic countries d. generated considerable debate between supporters and opponents of imperialism
Questions 23–24 are based on the following passage:
As citizens of global society, recognizing that the World Trade Organization is unjustly dominated by corporate interests and run for the enrichment of the few at the expense of all others, we demand:
Representatives from all sectors of society must be included in all levels of trade policy formulations. All global citizens must be democratically represented in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of all global social and economic policies.
Global trade and investment must not be ends in themselves, but rather the instruments for achieving equitable and sustainable development including protection for workers and the environment.
Global trade agreements must not undermine the ability of each nation-state or local community to meet its citizens’ social, environmental, cultural or economic needs.
The World Trade Organization must be replaced by a democratic and transparent body accountable to citizens—not to corporations... .
—Global Exchange (Seattle), “Declaration for Global Democracy” (1999)
23. The “Declaration for Global Democracy”, excerpted above, reflects a. opposition to free-trade agreements in the late 20th century b. concerns about punitive steps taken by the United States government as part of the war on international terrorism c. the desire of Congressional leaders to expand global trade and reduce trade barriers d. fears that environmental regulations will impinge upon economic growth
24. The political sentiments reflected in the “Declaration for Global Democracy” are most similar to which of the following? a. President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” document (1918) b. Agreements at the Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Conference (1944) that led to the formation of the International Monetary Fund c. New Left critiques of the Vietnam War in the 1960s d. The Republican Party’s “Contract for America” (1994)
Questions 25–27 are based on the following passage:
Asked what causes or motives the said Indian rebels had for renouncing the law of God and obedience to his Majesty, and for committing so many of crimes, [Josephe answered] the causes they have were alleged ill treatment and injuries received from [Spanish authorities], because they beat them, took away what they had, and made them work without pay. Thus he replies.
Asked if he has learned if it has come to his notice during the time that he has been here the reason why the apostates burned the images, churches, and things pertaining to divine worship, making a mockery and a trophy of them, killing the priests and doing the other things they did, he said that he knows and had heard it generally stated that while they were besieging the villa the rebellious traitors burned the church and shouted in loud voices, "Now the God of the Spaniards, who was their father, is dead, and Santa Maria, who was their mother, and the saints, who were pieces of rotten wood," saying that only their own god lived... . The captains and the chiefs ordered that the names of Jesus and Mary should nowhere be uttered. . . . He has seen many houses of idolatry which they have built, dancing the dance of the cachina [part of a traditional Indian religious ceremony], which this declarant has also danced. Thus he replies to the question.
—Account of questioning of Josephe, a Spanish-speaking Pueblo Indian, by Spanish authorities following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (1681)
25. The events described by Josephe in the account above reflect a. adaptation by American Indians to European cultural practices b. conflict among American Indian groups as a result of displacement and relocation by Spanish colonial forces c. the high rate of intermarriage between American Indians and Spaniards in the New World d. resistance by American Indians to Spanish colonial practices
26. The testimony of Josephe indicates that the Pueblo Indians a. were thoroughly Christianized by 1680 b. practiced non-violent means of protest c. traded extensively with the Spanish, but resented heavy taxes imposed on trade d. targeted symbols of Spanish culture as well as the Spanish political and economic system
27. Which of the following trends occurred in the aftermath of the events described in the account? a. Spanish colonizing efforts in North America in the late 1600s and 1700s saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture b. Spanish military actions and disease wiped out the American Indian populations in Spanish North America c. Spanish forces, having been defeated by the Pueblo Indians, abandoned all land claims in North America by 1700 d. Spain and Great Britain formed an alliance to establish European control over North America
Questions 28–29 are based on the following passage:
3. Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion . . . justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution. . . [that] shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery . . .
7. Resolved, That the Government owes to all men employed in its armies, without regard to the distinction of color, the full protection of the laws of war . . .
—Republican Party platform (excerpt), 1864
28. The excerpt from the Republican Party platform demonstrates a. the consistency of the Republican Party in regard to the issue of slavery, from its founding in 1854 to 1864 b. the belief that slavery should be dealt with on a state-by-state basis, rather than on the federal level c. the compromises made with the Democratic Party in paving the way for reconciliation following the Civil War d. the impact of the Civil War on changing the position of the Republican Party on slavery
29. One of the elements of the Republican Party platform was realized with a. the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867 b. the ratification of the 13th amendment c. the veto of the Wade-Davis Bill d. the election of 1876
Questions 30–32 are based on the following passage:
Mr. Roosevelt today committed an act of war. He also became America’s first dictator. Secretly his Secretary of State, Mr. Hull, entered into an agreement with the British Ambassador that amounts to a military and naval alliance with Great Britain . . .
The President has passed down an edict that compares with the edicts forced down the throats of Germans, Italians and Russians by Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. He hands down an edict that may eventually result in the shedding of the blood of millions of Americans; that may result in transforming the United States into a goose-stepping regimented slave-state . . . Of all the sucker real estate deals in history, this is the worst, and the President of the United States is the sucker.
—Full-page advertisement, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 1940
30. The advertisement expresses opposition to a. joint military maneuvers against Fascist forces in the Spanish Civil War b. signing the Atlantic Charter c. the United States declaring war and entering WWII d. the opening of a Western front in Europe against Germany
31. The political position expressed in the advertisement reflects ongoing debates in American history a. over the power of the president to engage in diplomacy b. around civil liberties during times of war c. between interventionism and isolationism d. between democracy and autocracy
32. The authors of the advertisement would have expressed support for a. the findings of the Senate’s Nye Committee b. passage of the Lend-Lease Act c. implementation of the cash-and-carry policy d. diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union
Questions 33-36 refer to the following image:
Norman Mansbridge, “The Train Robbery,” Punch Magazine, 1967
33. Which of the following describes the main point of the cartoon? a. Antiquated and inadequate infrastructure was preventing the United States from achieving success in the Vietnam War b. Congress was hampering President Lyndon Johnson’s policies in Vietnam by focusing on nation-rebuilding rather than on military victory c. The Vietnam War was a “train wreck”—a futile disaster that the United States should withdraw from immediately d. Great Society programs were being undermined by the financial demands of the Vietnam War
34. The Great Society programs had the unintended effect of a. pushing state governments to increase funding for social welfare programs b. energizing a new conservative movement mobilized against an expansion of federal power c. increasing unemployment as employers could not afford to meet the burdens of extending health benefits to employees d. expanding executive power, paving the way for President Richard Nixon to dismantle social welfare programs without the approval of Congress
35. The goals of Great Society programs included a. enacting environmental legislation and reducing energy consumption b. reducing government corruption and expanding democracy c. solidifying the traditional family structure and eliminating immoral content from media d. eliminating poverty and ending racial discrimination
36. The problems alluded to in the cartoon were, in part, responsible for a. President Lyndon Johnson declining to run for reelection in 1968 b. the defeat in Congress of major civil rights legislation c. President Johnson eliminating Medicaid and Medicare in order to adequately fund the Vietnam War d. the United States isolating itself from relations with Asia
Questions 37–39 refer to the following passage:
When the day of election approaches, visit your constituents far and wide. Treat liberally, and drink freely, in order to rise in their estimation, though you fall in your own. True, you may be called a drunken dog by some of the clean-shirt and silk-stocking gentry, but the real roughnecks will style you a jovial fellow. Their votes are certain, and frequently count double.
Do all you can to appear to advantage in the eyes of the women. That’s easily done. You have but to kiss and slabber their children, wipe their noses, and pat them on the head. This cannot fail to please their mothers, and you may rely on your business being done in that quarter.
Promise all that is asked, said I, and more if you can think of anything. Offer to build a bridge or a church, to divide a county, create a batch of new offices, make a turnpike, or anything they like. Promises cost nothing; therefore, deny nobody who has a vote or sufficient influence to obtain one.
Get up on all occasions, and sometimes on no occasion at all, and make long-winded speeches, though composed of nothing else than wind. Talk of your devotion to country, your modesty and disinterestedness, or any such fanciful subject. Rail against taxes of all kinds, officeholders, and bad harvest weather; and wind up with a flourish about the heroes who fought and bled for our liberties in the times that tried men’s souls.
—David Crockett, Colonel Crockett's Exploits and Adventures in Texas, 1837
37. Which of the following developments from the 1820s and 1830s is illustrated by the reading, left? a. Demographic shifts were giving middle-class, literate voters increased power in determining the direction of national politics b. As larger numbers of citizens participated in the electoral process, the nature of political campaigning changed c. Reform-minded political leaders played an increasingly important role in national political campaigns d. Military heroes played a larger role in politics, while lawyers and statesmen played a diminished role in electoral politics
38. Which of the following describes an important reason for the trend illustrated by this passage? a. Naturalization laws were changed, reducing the amount of time it took for immigrants to attain citizenship b. Several important states extended voting rights to women c. Civil rights legislation paved the way for large number of free African Americans to vote d. Most states reduced or eliminated property qualifications for voting
39. The political shifts, evident in the reading, were especially beneficial to a. the Jacksonian Democrats b. temperance reformers c. women’s suffragists d. New England Federalists
Questions 40–42 refer to the following passage:
"I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller’s colossal combination,” said Mr. [George] Rice, “and my story is not essentially different from the rest. . . . I established what was known as the Ohio Oil Works. . . . I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do—from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for."
"I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Standard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors."
—George Rice, “How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller,” New York World, October 16, 1898
40. The business model described by George Rice could best be described as a. global distribution b. horizontal integration c. regional planning d. vertical consolidation
41. Attempts to rein in the power of corporations, such as the Standard Oil Company, in the 1890s and 1900s a. were frequently approved by Congress but were stymied by presidential vetoes b. were largely successful, as a coalition of reformers, political leaders, and labor leaders collaborated on realigning the American economy c. were discussed by radical groups but were rejected by the vast majority of Americans as communistic and “anti-American” d. were often hindered by Supreme Court decisions that upheld the rights of business to operate without excessive government regulation
42. Defenders of corporate actions, such as the one described in the passage, would find support in a. Herbert Spencer and the ideas of social Darwinism b. Henry George’s proposal for a “single tax” on land c. the Omaha Platform of the Populist Platform d. Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle
Questions 43–45 refer to the following passage:
Whig politicians, industrial moralizers, temperance advocates, missionaries, and family reformers worked tirelessly to build a world that replaced force, barbarism and unrestrained passion with Christian self-control. That was not the idea of a few visionaries and cranks and political opportunists. It was the moral imperative around which the northern middle class became a class. In 1825 a northern businessman dominated his wife and children, worked irregular hours, consumed enormous amounts of alcohol, and seldom voted or went to church. Ten years later the same man went to church twice a week, treated his family with gentleness and love, drank nothing but water, worked steady hours and forced his employees to do the same, campaigned for the Whig Party, and spent his spare time convincing others that if they organized their lives in similar ways, the world would be perfect.
—Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837 (1978), pp. 8–9
43. The changes described in the passage could best be attributed to the impact of a. Enlightenment thinking b. the Second Great Awakening c. reform Darwinism d. free-labor ideology
44. Which of the following best describes a trend that affected middle-class women in the period referred to in the reading (1825– 1835)? a. Increasing numbers of women participated in the political process as most states in the Northeast extended suffrage rights to women b. The ideals of “Republican Motherhood” encouraged women to play a more active role in raising and educating the next generation by active citizens c. The “Cult of Domesticity” value system encouraged middle-class women to maintain the home and possess piety, purity, and submissiveness d. Women tended to marry later and divorce more frequently, leading to an increase in the number of women in the workplace
45. The cultural changes described in this reading were accompanied by a. a “market revolution”, characterized by improvements in transportation and regional specialization b. a trend toward economic “globalization”, characterized by increasing numbers of American jobs relocated to other countries c. a period of economic consolidation, characterized by the growth of trusts, mergers, pools, and monopoly control in major industries d. a period of experimentation in the economic realm, as socialists, populists, and trade unionists participated in reshaping the national economic priorities
Questions 46-49 refer to the following passage:
When we met here four years ago, America was bleak in spirit, depressed by the prospect of seemingly endless war abroad and of destructive conflict at home.
As we meet here today, we stand on the threshold of a new era of peace in the world.
The central question before us is: How shall we use that peace?
Let us resolve that this era we are about to enter will not be what other postwar periods have so often been: a time of retreat and isolation that leads to stagnation at home and invites new danger abroad. . . .
This past year saw far-reaching results from our new policies for peace. By continuing to revitalize our traditional friendships, and by our missions to Peking and to Moscow, we were able to establish the base for a new and more durable pattern of relationships among the nations of the world. Because of America’s bold initiatives, 1972 will be long remembered as the year of the greatest progress since the end of World War II toward a lasting peace in the world.
—Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, January 20, 1973
46. Nixon’s reference to "destructive conflict at home" four years earlier, probably refers to a. the antagonistic relationship between the Nixon administration and the press over the Watergate Scandal b. large-scale protests against the Vietnam War and rioting in urban areas c. congressional witch-hunts and deportations of suspected Communists d. militant strikes and workplace violence at large industrial plants
47. When President Nixon notes, "we stand on the threshold of a new era of peace in the world," he is referring to a. the United States ceasing its bombing campaign in Laos and Cambodia b. the signing of the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt c. the taking down of the Berlin Wall by Soviet authorities d. the signing of the Paris Peace Accords ending direct United States involvement in the Vietnam War
48. Nixon’s reference to "a time of retreat and isolation" following "other postwar periods" might refer to a. the abandonment of Cuba and the Philippines following the Spanish-American War b. the Senate rejection of the Treaty of Versailles following World War I c. the loss of West Berlin following World War II d. the reduction of military budgets following the Korean War
49. The "missions to Peking and to Moscow," mentioned in the last paragraph of the passage, left, reflect the policy of a. containment b. brinkmanship c. appeasement d. détente
Questions 50-52 are based on the following image:
Milton Hallday “The Only Way to Handle It” Providence Journal 1921
50. The main idea of the political cartoon is that a. the United States should limit the number of displaced World War I refugees to 3 percent of the total number b. immigration policy should allow only the most affluent 3 percent of applicants into the United States c. Congress should pass legislation to establish immigration quotas of 3 percent of each nationality already in the country d. Attempts to limit immigration are futile; the sheer number of applicants will soon overwhelm immigration officials
51. The sentiment in the cartoon reflects a. heightened xenophobia in the wake of World War I b. the impact of the Progressive movement on the immigration debate c. a rejection of the isolationist policies of the Republican Party d. the spirit embodied in President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” document
52. The policies called for in the cartoon were a. loosened during the Great Depression as part of FDR’s “New Deal” program b. made more stringent during the “Red Scare” of the 1950s c. reversed as part of Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” program d. extended to include immigrants from Central and South American in the 1980s
Questions 53–55 refer to the following passage:
We thought it our duty... to set forth in this our Declaration, the true state and condition of this country in general and our particular... . disabilit[y] to... [engage in] war at the time of this invasion [by the Dutch]... [We] therefore do most humbly beseech your majesty and your most honorable council to consider that Virginia is intersected by so many vast rivers as makes more miles to defend than we have men of trust to defend them. For by our nearest computation we leave at our backs as many servants (besides Negroes) as there are freemen to defend the shores and all our frontiers [against] the Indians... [This] gives men fearful apprehensions of the danger they leave their estates and families in, while they are drawn from their houses to defend the borders. Also at least one third [of the freemen available for defense] are single freemen (whose labor will hardly maintain them) or men much in debt,... [whom] we may reasonably expect upon any small advantage the enemy may gain upon us,... [to defect] to them in hopes of bettering their condition by sharing the plunder of the country with them.
—Governor William Berkeley and His Council, Declaration to the government of Great Britain, December 1673
53. In the declaration, excerpted left, Governor William Berkeley, expressed concern about a possible Dutch invasion because a. of the necessity of retaining armed men near plantations to prevent a possible slave uprising b. he doubted the commitment of indentured servants and lower-class Virginians to defend the colony c. many Dutch immigrants lived among the British residents of Virginia d. the crown refused to allocate sufficient money to maintain an adequate defense
54. The concerns raised by Governor William Berkeley in the passage became a reality in the next decade with a. the Dutch invasion of the colony of Virginia b. large numbers of Virginia colonists migrating to Spanish and French colonies c. the establishment of direct royal control over the colony of Virginia d. a large-scale rebellion by discontented Virginia settlers against Governor Berkeley’s administration
55. The tensions and concerns raised by Governor William Berkeley were similar to tensions that led to which of the following later events in colonial history? a. The Stono Rebellion (1739) b. The New York Conspiracy (1741) c. Paxton Boys uprising (1763-1764) d. Boston Tea Party (1773)