Influence of Process on the Quality and Kinetic Parameters

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Influence of Process on the Quality and Kinetic Parameters KAMILLA SOARES DE MENDONÇA MICROWAVE AND MICROWAVE - VACUUM DRYING OF PERUVIAN CARROTS: INFLUENCE OF PROCESS ON THE QUALITY AND KINETIC PARAMETERS LAVRAS – MG 201 8 KAMILLA SOARES DE MENDONÇA MICROWAVE AND MICROW AVE - VACUUM DRYING OF PER U VIAN CARROTS: INFLUENCE O F PROCESS ON THE QUA LITY AND KINETIC PARAMETERS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos, área de concentração em Ciência dos Alimentos, p ara a obtenção do título de Doutor . Orientador Dr. Jefferson Luiz Gomes Corrêa LAVRAS - MG 201 8 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração de Ficha Catalográfica da Biblioteca Universitária da UFLA, com dados informados pelo(a) próprio(a) autor(a). Mendonça, Kamilla Soares de. Microwave and microwave - vacuu m dryi ng of Peruvian carrots: influence of process on the quality and kinetic parameters. / Kamilla Soares de Mendonça. - 2018. 113 p. Orientador(a): Jefferson Luiz Gomes Corrêa. Tese (do utorado) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, 2018. Bibliografia. 1. Microwave - vacuum drying. 2. Two - stage drying. 3. Arracacia xanthorrhiza. I. Corrêa, Jefferson Luiz Gomes. II. Título. O conteúdo desta obra é de responsabilidade do(a) autor(a) e de seu orientador(a). KAMILLA SOARES DE ME NDONÇA MICROWAVE AND MICROWAVE - VACUUM DRYING OF PERUVIAN CARROTS: INFLUENCE OF PROCESS ON THE QUALITY AND KINETIC PARAMETERS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos, área de concentração em Ciência dos Alimentos, para a obtenção do título de Doutor . APROVADA em 10 de agosto de 201 8 . Dra. Fabiana Queiroz UFLA Dra. Iara Hernandez Rodriguez U FLA Dra. N á dia Rosa Pereira UENF Dr a . Renata de Aq uino Brito Lima Corrêa UF LA Dr. Jefferson Luiz Gomes Corrêa Orientador LAVRAS – MG 201 8 Aos meus pais, Maria das Graças e Francisco de Assis, pelo incentivo e amor, e por me permitirem sonhar. DEDICO AGRADECIMENTOS Em primei ro lugar, a Deus, que me ofereceu as oportunidades para chegar até aqui e a sabedoria necessária para aproveitá - las. Ao Sagrado Coração de Jesus, pelo amparo e pelas graças concedidas. Ao meu professor, orientador e amigo, Dr. Jefferson Luiz Gomes Corrêa, pela orientação, disposição, paciência e confiança dedicados ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Obrigada por todas as vezes que acolheu e despertou meus sonhos e desafios ao longo de todos esses anos. À banca examinadora: Fabiana Queiroz , Iara Hernandez R odriguez, Nádia Rosa Pereira e Renata de Aquino Brito Lima Corrêa, pela disponibilidade, atenção com o trabalho, intercâmbio de ideias e sugestões. Foi uma honra aprender com vocês. À professora Elisângela Elena Nunes Carvalho, pelo apoio constante na rea lização das análises cromatográficas, além de paciência, atenção e amizade em vários momentos. À minha mãe, por ter me ensinado sobre as coisas mais importantes da vida e por não me deixar esquecê - las. Ao Lucas, pelas inúmeras vezes que se sacrificou para me oferecer apoio na realização deste trabalho, por compreender as minhas ausências, pela paciência e amor. Você foi fundamental para a concretização deste sonho. Ao meu irmão do coração, porque o melhor amigo Deus permite que a gente escolha, João Renato de Jesus Junqueira. Pelas infinitas horas dispensadas durante dias e noites nos laboratórios da UFLA, pela ajuda incondicional em todos os momentos. Não sei como agradecer tanta dedicação e carinho. À toda minha família, por estarem sempre ao meu lado e po r me fazerem acreditar que todo esforço é válido quando se tem vontade de vencer. Aos meus amigos do Laboratório de Engenharia de Alimentos, por vocês serem a certeza de companheirismo no nosso ambiente de trabalho, em especial à Amanda, Paula, Mariana, L ucas, Gabriel, Érica, Francemir, Ronaldo e Ana Luíza por fazerem mais alegres os meus dias. A cada um dos amigos que fiz durante esses onze anos de UFLA, da graduação, da pós - graduação, da república... é impossível enumerá - los, mas é fundamental agradecê - l os por preencherem a minha vida com momentos felizes! À Universidade Federal de Lavras, ao Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos, ao Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos e Departamento de Química, pela oportunidade e a estrutura concedida par a o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Agradeço também ao corpo docente, técnicos e auxiliares do Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos por todo auxílio, ensinamentos e cooperação. À CAPES, à FAPEMIG e ao CNPq, por proporcionarem as condições necessárias par a o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. GENERAL ABSTRACT Many studies have been conducted to better understand the mechanisms of microwave drying of food, and to evaluate the quality parameters of these products. The behavior of the microwaves depends on th e dielectric properties of each food matrix. Peruvian carrot is an Andean root that triggers a special interest by food science researchers and industry because it has a wide range of culinary applications and great amount of resistant starch and bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phenolic compounds and minerals). However, trade and consumption of Peruvian carrots are restricted due to its perishability. Microwaves can be used for drying roots, extending the shelf life of foods and promoting a fast drying pr ocess. The advantage of microwave use is associated with the volumetric heating mechanism, which assists in the development of products with aggregated value by preserving thermosensitive compounds. Vacuum microwave drying increases the product moisture tr ansfer and preserves the oxidative molecules from oxygen action. The aim of this work is studying the behavior of Peruvian carrots during microwave and microwave - vacuum drying, analysing the influence of microwave power level at kinetics parameters and qua lity attributes. The power level increases the drying rate, sample surface temperature, energy consumption, reduces the drying time, and improves chip quality compared to convective drying. The research observes that higher microwave power level use increa sed rehydration and crispness, reduced hardness and shrinkage characteristics and preserved β - carotene content. The vacuum application preserved phenolic compounds, β - carotene and color changes. However, it did not influence the physical characteristics of chips. At the end of the drying, Microwave power level did not influenced the drying rate, which can be reduced without loose in the kinetic parameters. In the treatments with two levels of power, the temperature and the energy consumption were reduced an d contributed to preserves carotenoids and phenolic compounds of restructured Peruvian carrots chips. In conclusion, microwave power level and vacuum use affect the final characteristics of the product, and behavior during dehydration. Keywords: Microwave - vacuum drying, Microwave power level, Two - stage drying, Arracacia xanthorrhiza . RESUMO GERAL Muitos estudos têm sido realizados visando o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de secagem dos alimentos por micro - ondas, bem como avaliar os parâmetros de q ualidade desses produtos. O comportamento das micro - ondas depende das propriedades dielétricas de cada matriz alimentar. A mandioquinha - salsa é uma raiz andina que desperta interesse dos pesquisadores em ciência de alimentos e da indústria devido à ampla g ama de aplicações culinárias e elevadas quantidades de amido resistente e compostos bioativos (carotenóides, compostos fenólicos e minerais). No entanto, o comércio e o consumo de mandioquinha - salsa são restritos devido à sua alta perecebilidade. As micro - ondas podem ser usadas para secar raízes, prolongando a vida útil dos alimentos e promovendo um processo de secagem rápida. A vantagem do uso de micro - ondas está associada ao mecanismo de aquecimento volumétrico, que auxilia no desenvolvimento de produtos com valor agregado por meio da preservação de compostos termosensíveis. A secagem por micro - ondas a vácuo aumenta a transferência de umidade do produto e preserva as moléculas da ação oxidativa do oxigênio. O presente trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento da mandioquinha - salsa durante a secagem em micro - ondas e micro - ondas a vácuo, analisando a influência do nível de potência de micro - ondas nos parâmetros cinéticos e atributos de qualidade. O nível de potência aumenta a taxa de se cagem, a temperatura da superfície da amostra, o consumo de energia, reduz o tempo de secagem e melhora a qualidade dos chips em comparação com a secagem por convecção. Observou - se que o uso de maior nível de potência de micro - ondas aumentou a reidratação e a crocância, reduziu a dureza e encolhimento e preservou o conteúdo de β - caroteno. A aplicação do vácuo preservou compostos fenólicos, β - caroteno e mudanças de cor. No entanto, não influenciou as características físicas dos chips . A taxa de secagem, no f inal dessa, não foi influenciada pelo nível de potência de micro - ondas e pode ser reduzida sem perda nos parâmetros cinéticos. Nos tratamentos com dois níveis de potência, a temperatura e o consumo de energia foram reduzidos e contribuíram para preservar c arotenóides e compostos fenólicos de chips de mandioquinha - salsa reestruturados. Em conclusão, o nível de potência de micro - ondas e o uso de vácuo afetam as características finais do produto e o comportamento durante a desidratação. Palavras - chave: Secage m por micro - ondas a vácuo, Nível de potência de micro - ondas, Dois estágios de
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