William Augustus Bowles and the State of Muskogee
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The Flags of Florida History
Sunland Tribune Volume 21 Article 10 1995 The Flags of Florida History Sunland Tribune Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune Recommended Citation Tribune, Sunland (1995) "The Flags of Florida History," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 21 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol21/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FLAGS OF FLORIDA HISTORY Many flags have flown over Florida since Juan Ponce de Leon landed in 1513. Among these have been the flags of five sovereign nations: Spain, France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Confederate States of America. Numerous other unofficial flags also have flown on the peninsula at one time or another. Only a written description remains of some and one has no known description at all. SPAIN FRANCE Research indicates Spain had no truly The French established a short-lived national flag in 1513, when Juan Ponce settlement, in 1564, near Jacksonville at de Leon landed on Florida shores, but the the mouth of the St. Johns River. During Castle and Lion flag of the King was this period there was no single official recognized as the flag of the country flag for France. Their flag may have had a blue field which bore the royal golden fleurs-de-lys. The French also occupied Pensacola from 1719 to 1722 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. -
Florida Entanglements: the 1791 William Augustus Bowles Rebellion
Florida Entanglements: The 1791 William Augustus Bowles Rebellion by Clinton Hough A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts Department of Florida Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida St. Petersburg Chair, Dr. Michael Francis, PhD Dr. Gary Mormino, PhD Dr. Raymond Arsenault, PhD Date of Approval: January 9, 2017 Keywords: (Creek, British, Spanish, Apalache, Borderlands) Copyright © 2017, Clinton Hough Table of Contents List of Figures....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Free Trade Between Florida Creeks and British Bahamas ........................... 17 Chapter 3: Sovereign State of Muscogee ........................................................................ 33 Chapter 4: Rash Decision and Collapse .......................................................................... 46 Chapter 5: Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 55 References ........................................................................................................................ 60 i List of Figures Figure 1: The American Indian Nations………………………………………………………..6 -
St Marks Lighthouse
NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: PastPast && PresentPresent StSt MarksMarks NationalNational WildlifeWildlife RefugeRefuge NavigatingNavigating thethe Gulf:Gulf: PastPast && PresentPresent ----FCATFCAT StandardsStandards • Meets the social studies Sunshine State Standards for a student. Grades PreK-2: SS.B.1.1.2 uses simple maps, globes, and other three-dimensional models to identify and locate places. SS.B.2.1.5 knows the modes of transportation used to move people, products, and ideas from place to place, their importance, and their advantages and disadvantages. Grades 3-5: SS.A.2.2.2 Understands developments in transportation and communication in various societies SS.B.1.2.4 Knows how changing transportation and communication technology have affected relationships between locations. Grades 6-8 – Meets the social studies Sunshine State Standards for a student: SS.A.2.3.4. Understands the impact of geographical factors on the historical development of civilizations. SS.A.4.3.2 Knows the role of physical and cultural geography in shaping events in the United States Grades 9-12 : SS.B.1.4.1 Uses a variety of maps, geographic technologies including geographic information systems and satellite-produced imagery, and other advanced graphic representations to depict geographic problems. SS.B.2.4.6 Understands the relationships between resources and the exploration, colonization, and settlement of different regions of the world. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES 1. Students will exhibit an understanding of the impact of transportation on the interactions between the Native Americans and European Explorers. 2. Students will be able to identify the importance of resources to the development of trade through Apalachee Bay. 3. Students will identify the influence of geographic and environmental factors such as hurricanes, rivers, coastline, etc on cultural development 4. -
Luis Bertucat and William Augustus Bowles: West Florida Adversaries in 1791
Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 49 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 49, Article 7 Number 1 1970 Luis Bertucat and William Augustus Bowles: West Florida Adversaries In 1791 Jack D. L. Holmes Part of the American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Holmes, Jack D. L. (1970) "Luis Bertucat and William Augustus Bowles: West Florida Adversaries In 1791," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 49 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol49/iss1/7 Holmes: Luis Bertucat and William Augustus Bowles: West Florida Adversari LUIS BERTUCAT AND WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BOWLES: WEST FLORIDA ADVERSARIES IN 1791 translated and edited by JACK D. L. HOLMES * AND J. LEITCH WRIGHT, JR. ** N AN EFFORT to check the expansion of the American frontiers- I men onto Indian lands after the American Revolution, William Augustus Bowles, self-styled head of the Creek-Cherokee Nation, and later “Director-General of the State of Muskogee,” wrote the Spanish minister of state, the Conde de Floridablanca, in 1791. Bowles asked for Spanish protection for the Creeks and Cherokees and urged a wider alliance or confederation of the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Cherokees and Creeks. 1 He also suggested that Spain modify its commercial restrictions and remove the monopoly which had been granted the firm of William Panton, Thomas Forbes, and Robert Leslie, and instead open Florida ports to all nations - especially Muscogee - on a free and unimpeded basis. -
A Settlement History of Okeeheepkee: Community
A SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF OKEEHEEPKEE: COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AT THE LAKE JACKSON SITE IN FLORIDA by Jesse Colin Nowak, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in Anthropology May 2017 Committee Members: F. Kent Reilly III, Chair Adam King Daniel Seinfeld James F. Garber COPYRIGHT by Jesse C. Nowak 2017 FAIR USE AND AUTHORS’S PERMISSON STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defines in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from the material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Jesse Colin Nowak, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purpose only. DEDICATION To my parents, whose sacrifices have made me forever grateful. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis and the work behind it owes a great deal of gratitude to many people. I would first like to thank my advisor, F. Kent Reilly III, who inspired, pushed, and supported my scholarly endeavors since the day I met him. I truly am thankful and honored to have been taught by a scholar that works so hard and selflessly for his students. Thank you to my committee members, Daniel Seinfeld, Adam King and Jim Garber for their guidance, patience, and constructive feedback on my thesis. -
Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida
FIU Law Review Volume 9 Number 2 Article 9 Spring 2014 Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida Andrew K. Frank Florida State University Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/lawreview Part of the Other Law Commons Online ISSN: 2643-7759 Recommended Citation Andrew K. Frank, Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida, 9 FIU L. Rev. 277 (2014). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.9.2.9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Law Review by an authorized editor of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FRANK_PUBLISHER (DO NOT DELETE) 10/18/2014 1:34 PM Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida Andrew K. Frank* The conquest of nineteenth-century Florida required more than signing and enforcing problematic treaties and waging violent expansionist wars on Native Americans.1 The United States fought multiple wars with Florida’s Indians, with three of them explicitly designed to address the “Seminole problem,” and it engineered and enforced several controversial removal treaties with them, most notably the treaties of Moultrie Creek (1823), Payne’s Landing (1832), and Fort Gadsden (1833).2 As an important part of each of these actions, though, the United States also needed to employ a coherent yet fabricated definition of the enemy in order to justify their diplomatic and militaristic behavior. This essay demonstrates how nineteenth-century Americans defined the enemy in Florida as “Seminoles” and placed various unconnected or loosely connected groups under this umbrella term. -
Native Americans Alabama, and Coushatta
History of Covington The early historic Creeks were probably descendants of the mound builders of the Mississippian culture along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee[2] and Alabama, and possibly relat- County Alabama ed to the Utinahica of southern Georgia. More of a loose con- federacy than a single tribe, the Muscogee lived in autonomous Part 1 villages in river valleys throughout what are today the states of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama and consisted of many ethnic groups speaking several distinct languages, such as the Hitchiti, Native Americans Alabama, and Coushatta. Those who lived along the Ocmulgee The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the River were called "Creek Indians" by British traders from South Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Carolina; eventually the name was applied to all of the various Louisiana). They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The natives of Creek towns becoming increasingly divided between word Choctaw (also known as Chahta, Chactas ,Chato, Tchakta, the Lower Towns of the Georgia frontier on the Chattahoochee and Chocktaw) may derive from the Castilian word "chato," River, Ocmulgee River, and Flint River and the Upper Towns of meaning flat; however, noted anthropologist John Swanton sug- the Alabama River Valley. gests that the name belonged to a Choctaw leader.[2] They were a part of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout The Lower Towns included Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta, the Mississippi River valley. The early Spanish explorers, Cofitachiqui), Upper Chehaw (Chiaha), Hitchiti, Oconee, according to historian Walter Williams,encountered their Ocmulgee, Okawaigi, Apalachee, Yamasee (Altamaha), antecedents.[3] In the 19th century, Choctaws were known as Ocfuskee, Sawokli, and Tamali. -
The Cherokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar History Faculty Research History 6-17-2011 “We Will Hold Our Land:” The heC rokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792 Kevin T. Barksdale Marshall University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/history_faculty Part of the Native American Studies Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Barksdale, Kevin T. "‘We Will Hold Our Land:’ The heC rokee Pe." Omohundro Institute of Early American Hi. New Paltz, NY. 17 June 2011. Lecture. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kevin T. Barksdale [email protected] 17th Annual OIEAHC (New Paltz) “We Will Hold Our Land:” The Cherokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792 In June of 1783, Spain’s newly-appointed Governor of Louisiana Estevan Miro convened a conference of southeastern Indians in Pensacola with representatives from the dominant regional Amerindian groups, including the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creeks in attendance. Among the attendees at the West Florida congress was a small contingent of Chickamauga Cherokee, led by their principal chief Dragging Canoe. During the parlay, Governor Miro implored the Indians to “not be afraid of the Americans,” promised to provide -
Ss8h5a Explain the Establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the Spread of Baptist and Methodist Churches
SS8H5a Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 33 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5a ESSENTIAL QUESTION How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801: Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918: Women allowed to attend university How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801:Students (only all-white / all- male) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918:Women allowed to attend university LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA • Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia’s and would be centrally located for citizens to travel there. • The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War. -
Panton, the Spanish Years
MERCHANT ADVENTURER IN THE OLD SOUTHWEST: WILLIAM PANTON, THE SPANISH YEARS, 1783-1801 by THOMAS DAVIS WATSON, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Annented August, 1972 13 NO'*^ PREFACE Cf The American Revolution suddenly intensified Spain's perennial problem of guarding the approaches to its vast New World empire. By war's end the United States occupied only a relatively narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast, though its boundaries stretched westward to the Mississippi and southward to Spanish Florida. The new nation soon proved to be a restless, expansive neighbor and a threat to the tenuous Spanish hold on the North Amer ican continent. Spanish policymakers, of course, had anticipated this development long before the end of the revolution. Yet Spanish diplomacy failed to prevent the Americans from acquiring territory in the Mississippi Valley and in the Old Southwest. In the postwar years Spain endeavor? d to keep the United States from realizing its interior claims. Spanish governors of Louisiana alternately intrigued with American frontiersmen in promoting separatist movements, encouraged them to settle in Louisiana and West t'iorida, and subjected them to harassment by limiting their use of the Mississippi They attempted also to extend the northern limits of West Florida well beyond the thirty-first parallel, the boundary established in the British-American peace settlement of 11 Ill 1783. The key to success in this latter undertaking lay in the ability of Spain to deny the United States control over the southern Indians. -
•Œlet Us Try to Make Each Other Happy, and Not
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 "Let Us Try to Make Each Other Happy, and Not Wretched": the Creek-Georgian Frontier, 1776-1796 Kevin Kokomoor Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “LET US TRY TO MAKE EACH OTHER HAPPY, AND NOT WRETCHED:” THE CREEK-GEORGIAN FRONTIER, 1776-1796 By KEVIN KOKOMOOR A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2013 Kevin Kokomoor defended this dissertation on October 4, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Andrew K. Frank Professor Directing Dissertation Dennis Moore University Representative Robinson Herrera Committee Member Edward Grey Committee Member Frederick Davis Committee Member The Graduate School has verifies and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I dedicate this to my mom and dad. Thanks for everything! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract v INTRODUCTION 1 1. “ALL THE RED PEOPLE WERE NOW THE KING’S PEOPLE:” CREEKS CHOOSE SIDES, 1776-1782 25 2. “BURNING & DESTROYING ALL BEFORE THEM” THE CREEK REVOLUTIONARY WAR EFFORT 77 3. “CONQUERORS OF THE OLD & MASTERS OF THE NEW WORLD:” GEORGIAN TREATIES AND CREEK RESPONSES, 1783-1786 108 4. “THE STATE OF GEORGIA NOW LAYS AT OUR MERCY:” THE OCONEE WAR, 1786-1789 144 5. “A DEBAUCHED AND MERCENARY MAN, AND EXTREMELY TIMID:” THE RISE AND FALL OF ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY, 1789-1793 175 6. -
Challenge Bowl 2020
Notice: study guide will be updated after the November tribal elections. Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Challenge Bowl 2020 Elementary Study Guide Challenge Bowl 2020 Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Table of Contents A Struggle To Survive ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 1. Muscogee History ......................................................................................................... 5-18 2. Muscogee Customs & Traditions .................................................................................. 19-30 3. Branches of Government .............................................................................................. 31-44 4. Muscogee Royalty ........................................................................................................ 45-47 5. Muscogee (Creek) Nation Seal ...................................................................................... 48-49 6. Belvin Hill Scholarship .................................................................................................. 50-51 7. Wilbur Chebon Gouge Honors Team ............................................................................. 52-53 8. Legends And Stories ..................................................................................................... 54-65 9. Muscogee Authors & Artisans ...................................................................................... 66-74 10. Veterans Affairs ..........................................................................................................