DOCSLIB.ORG

Ss8h5a Explain the Establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the Spread of Baptist and Methodist Churches

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ss8h5a Explain the Establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the Spread of Baptist and Methodist Churches SS8H5a Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 33 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5a ESSENTIAL QUESTION How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801: Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918: Women allowed to attend university How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801:Students (only all-white / all- male) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918:Women allowed to attend university LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA • Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia’s and would be centrally located for citizens to travel there. • The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War. LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA • Louisville was not a capital city for very long because of the state’s westward expansion due to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers. Milledgeville became the 4th capital in 1807, followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital. • One of the most memorable events to occur in the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the capitol building in 1796. How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists • 1785: Federal US • 3rd capital of government provides money to Georgia purchase land for a public university • Centrally (land grant located (at the charter) - Oldest time) public university • Named after • 1801:Students King Louis XVI (only all-white / all- of France male) attend (American classes in the Franklin College Revolution) building • Burning of the Yazoo Land • 1918:Women allowed to attend Fraud records university SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA • The Great Revivals are periods of time in American history where there is a renewed focus on religion - personally, socially, and politically. • The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off of the Protestant branch) were small at the time, however, the 2nd Great Awakening helped these churches grow in number and spread across the southeast United States. Interest in religion increased during this time period by allowing people to attend large camp meetings called “revivals”, and the southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt. THE BIBLE BELT How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists • 1785: Federal US • 3rd capital of • The 2nd Great government Awakening helped provides money to Georgia these churches grow. purchase land for a public university • Centrally • Spread across the (land grant located (at the southeast United charter) - Oldest time) States. public university • Interest in religion • Named after increased - people • 1801:Students King Louis XVI attended large camp (only all-white / all- of France meetings called male) attend (American “revivals” classes in the • Southeast region Franklin College Revolution) building came to be known as • Burning of the The Bible Belt. Yazoo Land • Religion today is still • 1918:Women allowed to attend Fraud records important to the university culture of the South SS8H5b Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud. Concepts: Movement / Migration Rule of Law Conflict and Change WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 34 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY HEADRIGHT SYSTEM • To attract settlers and economic development in Georgia, the government provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee River. • Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had the “right” to receive anywhere from 200 – 1,000 acres of land. • Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their business • 1782 – most of the land was given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service INDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY • Land east of Oconee River. • White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. • Farmers and ranchers begin businesses • 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans YAZOO LAND FRAUD • Four land companies bribed the governor of Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature) to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi. • The companies bought up to 50 million acres of land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. The companies would then sell the land at much higher prices and share the profits with the legislators. • When Georgia citizens found out they protested and the legislators were voted out of office. YAZOO LAND FRAUD • The US government solved the scandal by forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1.25 million dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories. • The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is today. BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796 What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY • Land east of • Land companies Oconee River. bribed GA government to buy • White male land near Yazoo “head” of a family River had “right” to 200 • Sold land and shared – 1,000 acres of profits with land. legislators. • Farmers and • Citizens protested ranchers begin and legislators voted businesses out of office. • 1782 – most land • US government given to forced Georgia to Revolutionary cede (give up) lands west of War veterans for Chattahoochee River their service forming Georgia’s western border. LAND LOTTERY WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM. WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE, MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR CHANCES. WHEN: 1805-1833 WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF 1812. 3/4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER 100,000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS LAND LOTTERY NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM 1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY. OCONEE HEADRIGHT RIVER SYSTEM 1782-1795 LAND LOTTERY 1805-1833 What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY • Land east of • Land companies • 1805-1833 land Oconee River. bribed GA west of Oconee • White male government to buy River “head” of a family land near Yazoo • Given to citizens had “right” to 200 River after removal of – 1,000 acres of • Sold land and shared Creeks and profits with Cherokees. land. legislators. • Farmers and • Citizens protested • White males, ranchers begin and legislators voted orphans, and businesses out of office. widows received land. • 1782 – most land • US government given to forced Georgia to • Power and wealth Revolutionary cede (give up) lands for more people War veterans for west of • Agricultural their service Chattahoochee River economy - forming Georgia’s tobacco and western border. cotton plantations SS8H5c Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Florida Entanglements: the 1791 William Augustus Bowles Rebellion
    Florida Entanglements: The 1791 William Augustus Bowles Rebellion by Clinton Hough A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts Department of Florida Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida St. Petersburg Chair, Dr. Michael Francis, PhD Dr. Gary Mormino, PhD Dr. Raymond Arsenault, PhD Date of Approval: January 9, 2017 Keywords: (Creek, British, Spanish, Apalache, Borderlands) Copyright © 2017, Clinton Hough Table of Contents List of Figures....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Free Trade Between Florida Creeks and British Bahamas ........................... 17 Chapter 3: Sovereign State of Muscogee ........................................................................ 33 Chapter 4: Rash Decision and Collapse .......................................................................... 46 Chapter 5: Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 55 References ........................................................................................................................ 60 i List of Figures Figure 1: The American Indian Nations………………………………………………………..6
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida
    FIU Law Review Volume 9 Number 2 Article 9 Spring 2014 Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida Andrew K. Frank Florida State University Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/lawreview Part of the Other Law Commons Online ISSN: 2643-7759 Recommended Citation Andrew K. Frank, Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida, 9 FIU L. Rev. 277 (2014). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.9.2.9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Law Review by an authorized editor of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FRANK_PUBLISHER (DO NOT DELETE) 10/18/2014 1:34 PM Creating a Seminole Enemy: Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the Conquest of Florida Andrew K. Frank* The conquest of nineteenth-century Florida required more than signing and enforcing problematic treaties and waging violent expansionist wars on Native Americans.1 The United States fought multiple wars with Florida’s Indians, with three of them explicitly designed to address the “Seminole problem,” and it engineered and enforced several controversial removal treaties with them, most notably the treaties of Moultrie Creek (1823), Payne’s Landing (1832), and Fort Gadsden (1833).2 As an important part of each of these actions, though, the United States also needed to employ a coherent yet fabricated definition of the enemy in order to justify their diplomatic and militaristic behavior. This essay demonstrates how nineteenth-century Americans defined the enemy in Florida as “Seminoles” and placed various unconnected or loosely connected groups under this umbrella term.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Americans Alabama, and Coushatta
    History of Covington The early historic Creeks were probably descendants of the mound builders of the Mississippian culture along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee[2] and Alabama, and possibly relat- County Alabama ed to the Utinahica of southern Georgia. More of a loose con- federacy than a single tribe, the Muscogee lived in autonomous Part 1 villages in river valleys throughout what are today the states of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama and consisted of many ethnic groups speaking several distinct languages, such as the Hitchiti, Native Americans Alabama, and Coushatta. Those who lived along the Ocmulgee The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the River were called "Creek Indians" by British traders from South Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Carolina; eventually the name was applied to all of the various Louisiana). They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The natives of Creek towns becoming increasingly divided between word Choctaw (also known as Chahta, Chactas ,Chato, Tchakta, the Lower Towns of the Georgia frontier on the Chattahoochee and Chocktaw) may derive from the Castilian word "chato," River, Ocmulgee River, and Flint River and the Upper Towns of meaning flat; however, noted anthropologist John Swanton sug- the Alabama River Valley. gests that the name belonged to a Choctaw leader.[2] They were a part of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout The Lower Towns included Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta, the Mississippi River valley. The early Spanish explorers, Cofitachiqui), Upper Chehaw (Chiaha), Hitchiti, Oconee, according to historian Walter Williams,encountered their Ocmulgee, Okawaigi, Apalachee, Yamasee (Altamaha), antecedents.[3] In the 19th century, Choctaws were known as Ocfuskee, Sawokli, and Tamali.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cherokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar History Faculty Research History 6-17-2011 “We Will Hold Our Land:” The heC rokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792 Kevin T. Barksdale Marshall University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/history_faculty Part of the Native American Studies Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Barksdale, Kevin T. "‘We Will Hold Our Land:’ The heC rokee Pe." Omohundro Institute of Early American Hi. New Paltz, NY. 17 June 2011. Lecture. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kevin T. Barksdale [email protected] 17th Annual OIEAHC (New Paltz) “We Will Hold Our Land:” The Cherokee People in Postrevolutionary North America, 1781-1792 In June of 1783, Spain’s newly-appointed Governor of Louisiana Estevan Miro convened a conference of southeastern Indians in Pensacola with representatives from the dominant regional Amerindian groups, including the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creeks in attendance. Among the attendees at the West Florida congress was a small contingent of Chickamauga Cherokee, led by their principal chief Dragging Canoe. During the parlay, Governor Miro implored the Indians to “not be afraid of the Americans,” promised to provide
    [Show full text]
  • Panton, the Spanish Years
    MERCHANT ADVENTURER IN THE OLD SOUTHWEST: WILLIAM PANTON, THE SPANISH YEARS, 1783-1801 by THOMAS DAVIS WATSON, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Annented August, 1972 13 NO'*^ PREFACE Cf The American Revolution suddenly intensified Spain's perennial problem of guarding the approaches to its vast New World empire. By war's end the United States occupied only a relatively narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast, though its boundaries stretched westward to the Mississippi and southward to Spanish Florida. The new nation soon proved to be a restless, expansive neighbor and a threat to the tenuous Spanish hold on the North Amer­ ican continent. Spanish policymakers, of course, had anticipated this development long before the end of the revolution. Yet Spanish diplomacy failed to prevent the Americans from acquiring territory in the Mississippi Valley and in the Old Southwest. In the postwar years Spain endeavor? d to keep the United States from realizing its interior claims. Spanish governors of Louisiana alternately intrigued with American frontiersmen in promoting separatist movements, encouraged them to settle in Louisiana and West t'iorida, and subjected them to harassment by limiting their use of the Mississippi They attempted also to extend the northern limits of West Florida well beyond the thirty-first parallel, the boundary established in the British-American peace settlement of 11 Ill 1783. The key to success in this latter undertaking lay in the ability of Spain to deny the United States control over the southern Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • •Œlet Us Try to Make Each Other Happy, and Not
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 "Let Us Try to Make Each Other Happy, and Not Wretched": the Creek-Georgian Frontier, 1776-1796 Kevin Kokomoor Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “LET US TRY TO MAKE EACH OTHER HAPPY, AND NOT WRETCHED:” THE CREEK-GEORGIAN FRONTIER, 1776-1796 By KEVIN KOKOMOOR A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2013 Kevin Kokomoor defended this dissertation on October 4, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Andrew K. Frank Professor Directing Dissertation Dennis Moore University Representative Robinson Herrera Committee Member Edward Grey Committee Member Frederick Davis Committee Member The Graduate School has verifies and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I dedicate this to my mom and dad. Thanks for everything! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract v INTRODUCTION 1 1. “ALL THE RED PEOPLE WERE NOW THE KING’S PEOPLE:” CREEKS CHOOSE SIDES, 1776-1782 25 2. “BURNING & DESTROYING ALL BEFORE THEM” THE CREEK REVOLUTIONARY WAR EFFORT 77 3. “CONQUERORS OF THE OLD & MASTERS OF THE NEW WORLD:” GEORGIAN TREATIES AND CREEK RESPONSES, 1783-1786 108 4. “THE STATE OF GEORGIA NOW LAYS AT OUR MERCY:” THE OCONEE WAR, 1786-1789 144 5. “A DEBAUCHED AND MERCENARY MAN, AND EXTREMELY TIMID:” THE RISE AND FALL OF ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY, 1789-1793 175 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Bowl 2020
    Notice: study guide will be updated after the November tribal elections. Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Challenge Bowl 2020 Elementary Study Guide Challenge Bowl 2020 Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Table of Contents A Struggle To Survive ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 1. Muscogee History ......................................................................................................... 5-18 2. Muscogee Customs & Traditions .................................................................................. 19-30 3. Branches of Government .............................................................................................. 31-44 4. Muscogee Royalty ........................................................................................................ 45-47 5. Muscogee (Creek) Nation Seal ...................................................................................... 48-49 6. Belvin Hill Scholarship .................................................................................................. 50-51 7. Wilbur Chebon Gouge Honors Team ............................................................................. 52-53 8. Legends And Stories ..................................................................................................... 54-65 9. Muscogee Authors & Artisans ...................................................................................... 66-74 10. Veterans Affairs ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma (Oklahoma Social Studies Standards, OSDE)
    OKLAHOMA INDIAN TRIBE EDUCATION GUIDE The Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma (Oklahoma Social Studies Standards, OSDE) Tribe: The Muscogee (Creek) Nation_Mvskoke Tribal websites: www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov 1. Migration/movement/forced removal Oklahoma History C3 Standard 2.3 “Integrate visual and textual evidence to explain the reasons for and trace the migrations of Native American peoples including the Five Tribes into present-day Oklahoma, the Indian Removal Act of 1830, and tribal resistance to the forced relocations.” Preremoval: The Mvskoke have lived in the Southeast portion of what is now the United States of America for thousands of years. Early ancestors of the Muscogee constructed magnificent earthen pyramids along the rivers of this region as part of their elaborate ceremonial complexes. The historic Muscogee later built expansive towns within these same broad river valleys in the present states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida and South Carolina. Treaty of 1832 In the early 19th century, the United States Indian policy focused on the removal of the Muscogee and the other Southeastern tribes to areas beyond the Mississippi River. In the removal treaty of 1832, Muscogee leadership exchanged the last of the cherished Muscogee ancestral homelands for new lands in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Many of the Lower Muscogee (Creek) had settled in the new homeland after the treaty of Washington in 1827. But for the majority of Muscogee people, the process of severing ties to a land they felt so much a part of proved impossible. The U.S. Army enforced the removal of more than 20,000 Muscogee (Creeks) to Indian Territory in 1836 and 37.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dispute Between the Creek Nation and the State of Georgia: United States Diplomacy in the Formation of the Federal Union, 1784-1790
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses UMSL Graduate Works 7-2-2009 The Dispute Between the Creek Nation and the State of Georgia: United States Diplomacy in the Formation of the Federal Union, 1784-1790 Michael William Beatty University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Beatty, Michael William, "The Dispute Between the Creek Nation and the State of Georgia: United States Diplomacy in the Formation of the Federal Union, 1784-1790" (2009). Theses. 176. https://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/176 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Dispute Between the Creek Nation and the State of Georgia: United States Diplomacy in the Formation of the Federal Union, 1784 – 1790 Michael William Beatty B.A. (History), The University of Missouri – St. Louis, 2006 B.A. (German), The University of Alabama, 1992 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at The University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History August 2009 Advisory Committee J. Frederick Fausz, Ph.D., Chairman The University of Missouri – St. Louis Steven W. Rowan, Ph.D. The University of Missouri – St. Louis Peter J. Kastor, Ph.D. Washington University in St. Louis Copyright © 2009 by Michael William Beatty Beatty, Michael, UMSL, 2009, p.2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Cowkeeper Dynasty of the Seminole Nation
    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 30 Number 4 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 30, Article 6 Issue 4 1951 The Cowkeeper Dynasty of the Seminole Nation Kenneth W. Porter Part of the American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Porter, Kenneth W. (1951) "The Cowkeeper Dynasty of the Seminole Nation," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 30 : No. 4 , Article 6. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol30/iss4/6 Porter: The Cowkeeper Dynasty of the Seminole Nation THE COWKEEPER DYNASTY OF THE SEMINOLE NATION by KENNETH W. PORTER It is generally agreed that the sons - or possibly nephews, at any rate the immediate successors - of the Alachua chief, who it was suggested in a previous article was Cowkeeper rather than Secoffee, - that these sons were Payne and Bow- legs. Sprague is probably correct when he writes of the former, “Payne was of a different character from his father and not to be led astray and blinded by absurd revelations and traditions. Though a bold and intrepid warrior, he cared more for the happiness of his people than the indulgence of vicious passions, or the influences of superstitious feelings. By his example and counsels, he secured the confidence of the Spanish government, and died at an advanced age, honored and respected.“ 1 Sprague does not seem to have been familiar with the exact circumstances of the chief’s death, which was on the field of battle, at the hands of invaders from Georgia.
    [Show full text]
  • ALEXANDER Mcgillivray Tensions Between the Creek and the Settlers
    SS8H5 The student will explain significant factors that affected the development of Georgia as part of the growth of the United States between 1789 and 1840. d. Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivary, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY Tensions between the Creek and the settlers had grown during the late 1700’s as pioneers pushed into Creek lands along the Oconee River. Tribes led by Chief Alexander McGillivray sent warriors against some of the pioneer settlements. The Indians burned houses, stole horses and cattle, and killed or captured over two hundred settlers. Georgia settlers got some men together and told them to kill on sight any Creek who were not members of friendly tribes. Although it was not quite a full-scale conflict, these skirmishes and attacks became known as the Oconee War. Fighting between the settlers and the Creek went on for several years. In 1790, President Washington called Chief McGillivray to New York. President Washington and the chief talked and exchanged presents. McGillivray then signed the Treaty of New York, by which the Creek gave up all their land east of the Oconee River. They also promised to honor an earlier treaty in which they gave up lands through the Currahee Mountains to Tugaloo. In return, the United States government promised that no whites would go into land west of the boundary. The government also agreed to help the Creek start farms by giving them tools and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indians May Be Led, but Will Not Be Drove the Creek Nation's Struggle for Control
    “THE INDIANS MAY BE LED,BUT WILL NOT BE DROVE” THE CREEK INDIANS STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF ITS OWN DESTINY, 1783-1794 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By William David Cummings In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies March 2016 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title “THE INDIANS MAY BE LED,BUT WILL NOT BE DROVE” THE CREEK INDIANS STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF ITS OWN DESTINY, 1783-1794 By William David Cummings The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Thomas D. Isern Chair John Cox Mark Harvey Jo Ann Miller William Caraher Approved: March 30, 2016 John Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT History tends to portray the interactions between Euro-American settlers and native Indian Nations as one in which Euro-American settlers imposed dominance on the Indians. This work takes an in-depth look at the relationship between the Creek Nation and the Euro-American settlers of Georgia in the early years of the American republic and shows the Creeks in control of their own destiny, as well as the destiny of Georgia and the young republic. The core argument is that the nature of the Creek nation allowed them to maintain autonomy while affecting the physical development of the United States From Massachusetts to Carolina various Native American nations had tried to fend off Euro-American expansion but were forced off their land in short order.
    [Show full text]