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University of South Florida Scholar Commons FORUM : the Magazine of the Florida Humanities Florida Humanities 9-1-1992 Forum : Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall : 1992) Florida Humanities Council. Jerald T. Milanich David M. Blackard Harry A. Kersey Jr. J. Anthony Paredes See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/forum_magazine Recommended Citation Florida Humanities Council.; Milanich, Jerald T.; Blackard, David M.; Kersey, Harry A. Jr.; Paredes, J. Anthony; Quetone, Joe; and Koenig, John, "Forum : Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall : 1992)" (1992). FORUM : the Magazine of the Florida Humanities. 20. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/forum_magazine/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Florida Humanities at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FORUM : the Magazine of the Florida Humanities by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Florida Humanities Council., Jerald T. Milanich, David M. Blackard, Harry A. Kersey Jr., J. Anthony Paredes, Joe Quetone, and John Koenig This article is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/forum_magazine/20 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Lester Abberger tallahassee Carl Christian Andersen FORUM Leesburg THE MAGAZINE OF THE FLORIDA HUMANITIES COUNCIL Margaret L. Bates Sarasato Somuel P. Bell Ill Tallahassee I N St 0 E Phyllis Bleiweis Goinesville Cecilia Bryant 4 The Lost Tribes of Florida Jacksonville and colonial warfare W. Frank Cobbin, .lr, Disease Jacksonville destroyed the first Floridians Myra S Daniels By Jerald T. Mi/an ich Naples FrancIsco Jnse de vorono PROFILE: Gabriel Horn, Page 8 Miami thomas K. Equels Coral Gables 10 Florida’s Seminole Tribe: William T. Hall Jr. The Resilient Runaways NicevIlle Lois C. Harrison By David M. Blackard Lakeland PROFILE: Billy L. Cypress! Page 15 Thomas J. Hegarly Tampa Mildred tillI-Lubin 16 The Miccosukees: Gainesville Arthur H. Jam Florida’s Oldest "New Tribe" Boca Ratan ByHartyA. Kersey, Jr. Jean H. iCislak MIami PROFILE: Minnie Bert, Page 23 Patsy J. Palmer Tallahassee Gordon M. Patterson is The Past 500 Years Melbourne A Graphic Look at Indian History Yvonne V. Sapia Lake Cily George tiarry Stapp, Jr. 24 The Poarch Creek Indians: Pensacola Florida’s Third Tribe Frank E. Taylor Key West ByJ. Anthony Paredes Sally Collins Wallace Petersburg PROFILE: Eddie Tullis, Page 27 St. STAFF PAGE 16 Nations Within a Nation ANN HENDERSON 30 Executive Director Native Americans in Florida Today SUSAN LOCKWOOD By Joe Quetone and John Koenig Associate Director JOAN BRAGGINTON Program Director 34 Suggested Readings RON COOPER Resource Center Director DNA HUNtER Accountant COVER: Seminole artisan Jimmie OToole Osceola wearing one of JANINE FARVER the Iradilianal garments he makes. tie lives in Hollywood. Photo by Membership Director Keith Thompson. PAGE 2: Seminole Jane Motlow grinding com in Miami during the PAGE 30 MARY MARGARET POSCHEL 1940s. Today she lives in West Palm Beach. Administrative Assistant MYRA StONER Secretary ANN BOOKS THE FLORIDA HUMANITIES COUNCIL Administrative Consultant FORUM Vol. No.2 * magazine FLORIDA HUMANITIES COUNCIL FHC XVI, Fall 1992/The of THE Editor 1514 1/2 East Eighth Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33605-3708 Phone 813 272-3473 John tV. Koenig The Florida Humanities Council Is anon-profit organization, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Design & Production Russ Kramer state of Florida and private contributors. FHC Forum is published twice a year and distributed free of charge to the friends of the Florida Humanities Council and interested Floridians. It you wish to be added to the mailing list please request so in writing. Views expressed by contributors to the Forum are not necessarily those of the Florida Humanities Council. C 1992 FHC I N T R 0 0 U C T I 0 N hokoloskee, Nokomis, Thonotosassa, Oka-loosa, . Chattahoochee, Okee chobee, Apalachicola, Lox achatchee and Immokalee ... * Anyone traveling across this state would surely assume that Floridians are well acquaint ed with the Native American peoples among us. Unfortunately, our knowl edge of Native Americans is woefully scant. * This special issue of the Forum is intended to help counter that igno rance. It is the culmination of the Flori da Humanities Council’s "View from the Shore" initiative, in which we designed a number of activities that served as introductions to Native American culture and people. As a council, we insisted that every activity we sponsored or orga nized to commemorate the 1992 Columbian Quincentenary- whether a lunchtime program for employees at Prudential Life In surance Company or a teacher institute at Melbourne or a confer ence in St. Augustine-include the perspectives of Native Ameri can communities. * In the end, we believe all of our lives are en riched by having a better understanding of those people who were first on these shores. THE LOST TRIBES Disease and colonial warfare destroyed the first Floridians By Jerald T. Milanich rom the surface, as from manatee and either panther the pond at the or bobcat bone and bird bone. Windover site in Found, too, were bones from a Brevard County number of animal species presum seems like a most ably eaten by the Windover people, insignificant body which suggest that they utilized al of water. It is most every meat source available to small and shallow. Yet, this is one them. The pond also revealed that of the most treasured archeological these people had an assemblage of locations in Florida, for the pond’s material items well suited to life in peat-lined bottom is a vault that for Florida. From the peat was excavat thousands of years held artifacts ed a sophisticated array of pre and remains that allow us now to served cordage and fabrics, whose form a picture of the lives and prac fibers came from Sabal palm, saw tices of some of the first Floridians, palmetto and other plants. the Early Archaic people. The Windover people were Careful excavations by Glen part of a continuous line of Native Doran of Florida State University American inhabitants of this penin revealed that about 7,000 to 8,000 sula, stretching back some 13,000 years ago 5000-6000 B.C. the Early years and reaching forward to the Archaic people buried their dead early 18th century. But there are no underwater in the peat of the Win- direct descendants of the Windover dover pond. The peat helped to people to be found now in Florida. preserve an array of normally per What happened? The Euro ishable artifacts and human tissues, peans arrived, bringing with them including brains that contain genet genocidal warfare and devastating 100 miles west of its present loca ic material. diseases. tion. Many of the tools used by the The first settlers of Florida - Florida was also drier than Early Archaic have been found the Paleoindians of 13,000 years today. Many of our present rivers, there: shark teeth and dog or wolf ago - found this a much different springs, and lakes were not here, teeth, to which handles were at place than that which we know and even ground water levels were tached; pins, points, and awls made today. Sea levels were much lower, significantly lower. from deer bone and antler as well the result of so much water being The Paleoindians were no tied up in Ice Age glaciers, and the madic, seeking animals to hunt and JeraId 1. Milanich /5 Curator/n archeolo peninsula was nearly twice its pre water in deep springs, like Warm gy at the Florida Museum at Natural sent width. For instance, the Gulf of Mineral Spring in Sarasota County, H/story at Gainesville. Mexico shoreline was more than or at watering holes or shallow 4 FORUM ln.n.tss.;;.znsss!;s!.;;fli;.,,;;!ht,;k,;;.tn.sflts;Ina;sesssss.;qnt..;;.!,;;3tn.tsfl*,nqn s.zLnns..;.s1.. OF FLORIDA 0 5. 0 Illustration depicting Tisssucua Indians preparing afeast, by Jacques Ic Moyne, 1h0 accompanied a French expedition to the St. Johns Ris’er area in 1564. Temple sins abovefrom the Weed en island Culture noiz housed aI the iniiass Tern pie Mound and Museum at Eon Walton Beach. and social conditions. A wider vari ety of stone tools began to be used, and many of the stone points origi nally used to hunt large animals were no longer made. These changes were sufficient by 7500 B.C. for archaeologists to delineate a new culture, the Early Archaic, of which the Windover people were a part. After 5000 B.C. the climate of Florida began to ameliorate, be lakes or prairies where limestone Florida’s climate generally became coming more like modern condi strata near the ground surface pro wetter than it had been, providing tions, which were reached about vided catchment basins. Such lime more water sources around which 3000 B.C. The period between 5000 stone deposits are found from the the Paleoindians could camp. and 3000 B.C. is known as the Mid Hillsborough River north through These new conditions may have in dle Archaic. peninsular Florida into the panhan fluenced the later Paleoindians to Middle Archaic sites are found dle. Most Paleoindian sites are lo practice a less nomadic life style in a variety of settings, some very cated in this region, although sites and to maintain camps occupied different from those of the Paleoin have been found as far south as for longer periods of lime. dians and Early Archaic periods, Dade County. The tool kits of the Paleoindi including, for the first time, along After about 9000 B.C., as ans were altered as the people ad the St. Johns River and the Atlantic glaciers melted and sea levels rose, justed to changing environmental coastal strand.
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