Ill A Florida Heritage Publication fu^ruOl^ Na£ii^& /xmxriaMy Herita4c^ Trcu

f^^RfR^^^Vi ^^i i / // \////yV' ^ i///rV7iy///// / Li'/yf/'fi/L' in( if

Florida's Native American heritage is based on a long and varied occupation of the state by indigeneous people. Over the past 12,000 years, Florida's Native

Americans have witnessed the effects of global

environmental change, developed complex societies,

were among the first to encounter Europeans, and defied the U.S. government's attempt to remove them from their homeland. The origins of native cultures are marked by mounds, earthworks, middens, and other

archaeological sites throughout the state. Names such

as Miami, Pensacola, Okeechobee, Tallahassee and Caloosahatchee are reminders of the people who lived

here first. Traditions practiced by native people living in Florida today ensure their cultural legacy will endure.

The Florida Native American Fieritage Trail presents and honors the past and present. Included are more

than 100 destinations where visitors can experience the rich history and modern culture of Florida's native people. This publication also provides an account of the 12,000-plus years of Native American presence and

significance in Florida. Additionally, special interest topics and biographies of individuals important to Florida's Native American heritage are presented

throughout this publication.

Cover image courtesy of Sarasota County Natural Resources. Images in cover photo bar starting on front cover left to hgtit (unless otherwise noted, images courtesy of Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville): Weeden Island Plain 4-headed bowl, McKeithen site • Seminole basket weaver Many Frances Johns • incised silver tablet • Carrabelle Punctated bowl (center of picture), Sweetwater Lake Midden Site • watercolor of a Calusa mask • ca. 9,000-7,000 year-old projectile points (courtesy of Polk County Historical Museum, Bartow): Back cover left to right: portion of the Tocobaga exhibit at the South Florida Museum (courtesy of South Florida Museum, Bradenton) • wooden Calusa deer head • Calusa woman, ca. 1.350 years ago • Weeden Island Red effigy vessel, McKeithen Site • Weeden Island Zoned Red bird head, McKeithen Site. •^-^;^^'^./>#^>^

Table of Contents

2 Sharing Nativk American Heritage 20 Central Region

3 Archaeology and Florida's 22 East Centrum. Rix^ion Native American Heritage 24 West Central Region 4 Historic: Preservation AND Heritage Tourism: 26 Southwest Region A Long Seminole Tradition 31 Southeast Rp.gion 6 Native American Presence AND Significance in Florida 34 Helpeul Terms

10 Northwest Region 34 Selected Bibliography

14 North Central Rixhon 35 Federally Rt.cocNizED Native American 16 Northeast Region Groups With Ties To Florida

18-19 Ri:gional Map of Sites 35 Helpful Resources

Credits

Produced by the Trail of Florida 's Indian Heritage, Inc. Production Team: Brenda Swann, Project Director

Roger F. Block. Assistant Project Director

James J. Miller Project Consultant Graphic Design: Patti Cross of Tom Cross. Inc.

2007 Board of Directors, Trail of Florida's Indian Heritage: Roger F. Block. President Theresa Schober. Vice President Ronald Fekete. Treasurer Doris Anderson. Acting Secretary

Directors: Martha Ardren Scott Pardue Brian Polk Nicholas Robbins Brenda Swann

This project has been financed in part with historic preservation grant assistance provided by the Bureau of Historic Preservation. Division of Historical Resources. Florida Department of State, assisted by the Florida Historical Commission.

Special thanks to the Frank E. Duckwall Foundation for providing funds to print additional copies of the publication for distribution to all elementary school libraries in Florida.

Special thanks to VISIT FLORIDA for providing funds to print additional copies of the publication for distribution. riOiTila JWdtivc /x/ntricajv ?Lax:tt:ufc uYiio

Sharing Native American Heritage

"Heritage" is a property of

the present—how the past is used, viewed or expressed in the present

by Hving people. Archaeological sites

contain irreplaceable information about Native American heritage

that is lost when sites are vanilized.

Responsible visitation of sites

described here will preserve Florida's

Native American heritage for future generations.

Archaeologists and living descendants

of Native Americans use different

methods to share Florida's Native

American heritage. Together, they give

a complementary and more complete

picture of Florida's past. Throughout

this publication. Native Americans and

archaeologists present their presectives. Acknowledgements on page 36

provide a complete list of contributing authors. !

2 Archaeology and Florida's Native American Heritage Ryan WhtrU'r State Anhnmloffst and Chief, Florida Bureau of An haeolofjiccd Research

daily Florida'slorida's native heritage is ancient to erode the andmd expansive. The earliest lives of these people

evidence suggests that people first and significantly

lived in Florida 12,000 years ago, altered traditional

and some scholars believe these first social, political and Floridians may have arrived even ceremonial systems.

earlier. Archaeologists have long Despite these

believed that these people arrived hardships, the cultures

in Florida on fiaot, following now- of many Native

extinct Pleistocene animals such as American groups

the mastodon. But ideas about these persisted for 200 years

first Floridians are changing and or longer. In some some scientists have suggested that cases the introduction these people may have traveled by of European metals dugout canoe and subsisted on smalk inspired an artistic animals, including fish and shellfish. renaissance, with

The descendants of these first traditional forms arrivals flourished here, developing interpreted in distinctive regional cultures that new media. The

produced exquisite pottery effigies; introduction of complex villages; technologies in European goods also "The Mullet Run" Harvesting and processing mullet. bone, shell, wood and stone; and altered traditional (Image courtesy of Hermann Trappman, Gulfport) intricate local and long-distance trade relationships within

networks. Life changed drastically and between neighboring tribes. llie native people of Florida left after the arrival of Europeans in the In the twilight of the original behind dugout canoes, burial mounds, early 16th century. New diseases, cultures oi native Florida some and heaps of village refuse known as missions, warfare and slavery began groups perished, others escaped to midden, as well as temple mounds,

neighboring areas earthworks, and artifacts—all distinct

in the Southeast traces of their lives. Archaeology is

and Caribbean, one way to understand the Native

and some joined American experience in Florida.

h)rces with other Oral, written, and living historv,

Native Americans anthropology, literature, folklore and

that moved into the lives of modern Native Americans

the region from ilic also offer avenues to understanding

north. Disruption this rich heritage. Florida's Native

of traditional American heritage can be found in

\va\s ol li\ ing in main places and in man\- wa\s. Ihis

other parts of the book is a guide to many archaeological

American Southeast sites, museums and living history

brought the people programs across the state. Visit these now known as places and look for more information Using archaeology to teach about the past at the Mound ( reck, Seminole, on the internet aiul at the librar\.*I» House (see page 28). ^Jlmag^ courtesy of The Mound House. Fort Myers Beach) ^^^ .md Miccosukee. 1 —

<~"Si5r>

W'illard S. Steele Tribal Historic Presni'atio)! Offtccr, Seminole Iribe ofFlorida More than 12,000 years ago, before Europeans came to the area. Augustine would remind people of Native American people It is easy to travel through Florida the rich history that predates Spanish entered Florida and made it their today without realizing that there exploration. The populations of homeland. Tlie total population in were ever vibrant native communities people of the Southeast were further

Florida when Columbus first landed here, or that there still are. There are devastated by conflicts bersveen tribes, in the "New World" was greater than a number of reasons for this; disease and colonial and U.S. governments it would be again until the mid- 19th was one. Some historians estimate that that brought about numerous wars. century. Most of Florida's roads that 21 out of every 22 native inhabitants Beginning in 1680, these wars continued were in use through the beginning were killed by the diseases brought by with little abatement until 1858. This of the 20th century were part of a Europeans to the Americas. Florida's era terminated with the period of transportation system developed prehistoric people constructed Indian removal, during which 98% of by native people. If the history of monumental architecture from dirt Florida's surviving native population the state was measured in time on and shell, the most readily available was sent to reservations west of the a 12-inch ruler, the native people and abundant construction material. Mississippi River. by themselves would be the first 1 If Florida temple mounds had been It should be easy to understand inches, and would dominate the constructed of stone instead of dirt, the dismay that a Seminole or other political scene up to the last 1/8 of an a hundred structures as impressive Native American might experience inch. 95% of Florida's past occurred as the Castillo de San Marcos in St. when opening a history book to see

Illustration of a Seminole patchwork m based on Bial, see bibliography page 34. W (by Patti Cross)

' Cv^^H^^i^^HR|3SfJS7]^Hil^HU^L_'* Jf ' ?^^Sk ^W^^f^^^^^^BB^^^ \ ^^MHf f/^^^^^B^f/g/ Miccosukee Surviving, ^^^/^^ /^^^^^^V^ tmi leaders were Adapting, and ^^^ ^^H^S^ /Jff born and grew Flourishing in ^^bSIl^vVB^^^^CX^^^flj^lH^SHf^ y^y up during the Florida Today: ^IH^i^^^l^Sil^^^H^I^^BH^^^>^P^ "Seminole living The Seminole Tribe ^^ ^^5j^^^^ on display" tourism of Florida and the ^^ ^/^^^^^ ^'^^P^^^H^^^^^F ^'^^^f^ era (1920s- 195Gs), Miccosukee Tribe of ' ^p^^^ and they would carry this Indians ^^^iTr^JT^^^^^i^ of Florida ^"^^^ 0^m^'^ experience with them and Built between 1915 and 1928, ^^^ ^r^ reshape life for their people. the Tamiami Trail cut through the In 1957, many Seminoies Everglades and increased contact organized and gained federal between Seminoies, Miccosukees Musa Isle and Coppengers, invited recognition as the Seminole Tribe and non-Indians that worked on a few Seminoies to set up Indian of Florida. This allowed the tribe the road. Some Seminoies and villages in which to live, make arts to organize its administration in Miccosukees eventually opened and crafts to sell in gift shops, give Hollywood, Florida and receive Indian villages and craft shops guided tours, and wrestle alligators. funding from the Bureau of Indian

along the new Trail. During this The combination was a hit, and Affairs. Recognizing the value time, Miami was becoming a these attractions continued to be of Native American tourism, the popular tourist destination. Two successful for several decades. Seminole Tribe of Florida used this of the area's tourist attractions, Many future Seminole and funding to develop the Seminole their people largely left out and why so important to native people and of on the Big Cypress Reservation (see native people may truly say, "that is great interest to the general public. page 27). To increase public awareness their story, not our story." But today Heritage tourism is the practical of the Seminole's involvement in the things are changing. People are less application of history and historic rich history of Florida, the Seminole comfortable with phrases like the preservation. It provides both Tribe has worked to acquire, preserve, "age of discovery" and "vanished education and economic development and interpret significant historic races." Under federal law, tribes now and is self perpetuating. It is also a Seminole sites across south Florida. establish their own Tribal Historic Seminole tradition. Since the late The Seminole Tribe invites the public Preservation Offices, which give 19th century, Seminoles have worked to learn more about their story and

"traditional cultural authorities" of in tourist attractions and hotels all the thousands of years of native the native people the same place across the state. They act as guides culture through the Florida Native in historic preservation law as for hunters in the Everglades. The American Heritage Trail. < professional archaeologists, historians, "Seminole Heritage Map," developed and architects. At the beginning of in 1993, depicts 24 of the most the 21st century, there is a greater significant Seminole sites in Florida understanding and more effective and provides a history for each. In preservation of cultural landscapes 1997, the Seminole Tribe of Florida and traditional properties that are opened the Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum

other programs, and economic Florida's Native Americans. This development became a key issue new income also allowed the for both. In 1971 Seminole Tribal tribes to create other enterprises Chairman Howard Tommie began that they had never before been selling tax-free tobacco products. In able to develop, such as the the mid-1970s, Miccosukee Tribal Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum on the

Chairman Buffalo Tiger created Big Cypress Reservation in 1997 eco-heritage tourism packages that and the Miccosukee Resort and

combined the Miccosukee culture Convention Center in 1999. with the Everglades environment. These enterprises allow today's

This became a successful venture Native Americans in Florida to attracting tourists from all over share their heritage and continue the world. their cultural traditions. Seminole woman in traditional clothing. Building on these successes, the Lee Tiger (Image courtesy of Division of l^istohcal Hollywood Seminole reservation Resources, Florida Department of State) began offering high stakes bingo

Okalee Indian Village. Now the in the late 1970s, which was

Tribe could reap the benefits of challenged in U.S. courts as being sharing its culture and history. Many unlawful. The U.S. Supreme Court

Miccosukee families sought federal found in favor of the Seminole "^ recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe Tribe, opening the door for . of Indians of Florida, and were similar ventures at other { ( successful in 1962. reservations throughout the ^-^Jl;-.. After federal recognition, both United States. The proceeds Crafts currently 'made by the Seminole Florida tribes organized health, from casinos and resorts have Tribe of Florida. Brighton Trading Post. education, public safety, and vastly improved living conditions of (Photographed by Patti Cross) Native American Presence and Significance in Florida Broida Sii'diui I'rojcd Diirilfii. Dfi/I a/ I'/nruhi \ hid'uni HeriUiirc

People first arrived in what is now About 9,000 years ago, the glaciers With the climate change, food and known as Florida more than 12 began to melt as Florida's climate water resources became more abundant. millenia ago. At that time, the earth became warmer and wetter, and plants This allowed populations to hunt and was in an "ice age," when much of the and animals in the region became more gather in one specific area, and people planet's water was frozen in glaciers, diverse. Between 7,000 and 6,000 years began to live year-round at the same and sea levels were hundreds of feet ago, when our modern forests and location. Social and political relations lower than today. The land mass of wetland environments began to appear, became more complex and regionally

Florida extended 100 miles farther into people in central and south Florida varied. As early as 2,500 years ago, the Gulf of Mexico, and the climate practiced a unique custom of burying villages often included low circular was cooler and drier than today. Large their dead in wetland cemeteries (see mounds for burial of important people. mammals that are now extinct, such as page 23). Around 4,000 years ago, as sea At about the same time, potters began mastodons, wooly mammoths, giant levels and climate approached modern to produce better quality ceramic vessels sloths, and saber-toothed cats, roamed conditions, native people began to that were decorated based on cultural the arid grasslands, along with smaller depend more on wetland resources such preferences, demonstrating the cultural animals such as deer and turtles. Few as fish, shellfish, and turtles. They also diversity of the region. clues remain of these Paleolndians, but developed limited horticulture or small By 1 ,000 years ago, people in the thousands of their stone tools survive household gardens. Human population Florida panhandle grew corn, beans, to demonstrate their ingenuity and increased. Settlements became more and squash in the fertile red clay soils. creativity. Never staying in one place seasonal and were usually located near Their agricultural success supported very long, they hunted large and small sources of fresh water and raw chert, large and complex societies with game and gathered edible plants. the stone used for making tools. These permanent towns featuring central

Their hunting success and population innovative and adaptive people began plazas, great temple mounds, public increase along with climate change firing clay to make pottery for storing, buildings, and residences with baked contributed to the extinction of Ice preparing, and serving food. Clues to clay walls. The environment in most

Age big game animals. their religious and spiritual beliefs are other parts of Florida could not

revealed by burial practices. support large-scale agriculture. The Timeline

12,000 YEARS AGO 9,000 YEARS AGO 5,000 YEARS AGO 3,000 YEARS AGO i i ^

izscz^ar:.:o Indiana L.LOBAL WARMING TRElML vv. IN Flor MELTS GLACIERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SEA LEVELS RISE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Large mammals ROAMED Florida Burial of dead IN WETLAND CEMETERI ES

6 skill and efficiency of native

people to use resources in

Florida's rich marine and upland

environments, however, led to the development of highly complex

cultures that are usually associated

with agriculturally based societies. Accounts from Spanish explorations

of Florida led by Ponce de Leon, were established to Panfilo de Narvaez, and Hernando convert indigenous

de Soto in the early 1 500s reveal that people to Christianity.

these cultures developed into powerful By the mid- 1700s, there

chiefdoms including the Pensacola, were 40 Spanish missions Jeaga Apalachee, Timucua, Tocobago, in La Florida, manned by

Calusa, Saturiwa, Utina, Potano, Ocale, 70 friars and occupied by

Tequesta, Ais, Mayaca, Jororo, Chacato, 26,000 Native Americans. and Chisca, among others. Spain's British colonists from Georgia \fr /^^r^'-' first attempt to establish a permanent and the Carolinas and their

settlement in Florida near present- Creek allies attacked and brought

day Pensacola in 1559 failed. Pedro an abrupt end to the Spanish missions

St. in the early 1700s. the mid- 1700s, Matecumbeu Menendez de Aviles succeeded at By e Augustine in 1565, destroying a small most of the original inhabitants of

French settlement on the St. Johns Florida had been enslaved, devastated Regions of the major by disease and warfare resulting from River and defending the Spanish claim Florida Indian tribes. to La Florida. As part of the Spanish the European invasion, or relocated or lage courtesy of Ted Morris)

colonial strategy, Catholic missions fled to other areas.

300 M ARS A(. S»00 VI ARS , 1,000 VKARS AdO 500 VK.ARS A(;() 100 VI ARS i i

/•, r» c- f /•> 17 C()MI»I.KX SOCIKTIKS Spanish missions Fk.dkrai. OVKK ICX) WID1.I.V Rl Ri-:(:(h;nition DlJ(;OUT AS "Skmin OK Skminolk canoks Many()rk;inai. Triiu.of DAnN(;uKn\T»j INIIAHrrAN'I"S VANISH vSiMiNOLK Wars FU)RIDA(19r>7 r>.5(K) and r>(K) 1)IJII()FaJK()I>KAN AND YKARS A(;() DISI'.ASK AND WARIARI-. 3(K)Si:min{)I.k.s MiCCOSl'KKK htUtND IN AND MlCCOSUKK.KS TRIHFOK 11 IK ItKDOK Crkik Indians FROM Indians OK Nkwnans L\KK IN NORI hwk: I'RKSIN l-DAY Al AKAMA (2(KK)) Imokida and(iI:()R(.ia -y //y\/f>Y^'^ ^^ ^^/C

Na 1 1\ 1, Amkric:an Presence AND SiGNIEICANCE IN FLORIDA (continukd)

European settlers moving into Seminoles, a Creek pronunciation led to four decades of hostilities (1818 North America and warfare among of the Spanish word cimaron or to 1858), marked by three distinct various Creek tribes pushed groups "wild one." By the early 1 800s, these wars collectively called the Seminole of Creek Indians off their ancestral separatist groups developed a staunchly Wars. Hostilities ended when the U.S. lands in Georgia and Alabama and anti-American element. military, deterred by the environment into a nearly empty Florida, a place In response to demands by white and persistence of the natives, gave they already knew well through settlers for more territory and greater up the fight. No formal treaty was trade and shared cultural traditions. security, the U.S. government signed. Though the numbers of natives

Cowkeeper's Cuscowilla band near attempted to remove Seminoles from remaining in Florida were reduced the present-day town of Micanopy Florida, first by treaty, then by military to between 200 and 300 people, the and Secoffe's band near present-day force. A few agreed to leave and many determination of those remaining had

Tallahassee began to act independently were forceably removed to what is now not been broken. of other Creeks in Florida and Oklahoma and Arkansas. Those that Groups led by Abiaka or Sam Jones, eventuallv became known as the remained were determined to stay. This Chipco, Chitto-Tustenuggee, and

Who, When, and Where: Pottery in Florida About 4,500 years ago Florida and prevent shattering during the

Indians living in villages in firing process. Most often these northeast and southwest Florida fibers were from palmetto fronds began making fired clay pottery. or Spanish moss. Soon people Prior to that time containers were began incising geometric designs or

fashioned from gourds, wood, shell, making punctations in the surface basketry, and even stone. Being of the wet clay before the pots were

able to easily construct vessels fired. By 3,000 years ago potters

of clay was an extraordinary improved their skills, creating more accomplishment that would present sophisticated ceramics using sand Ft. Walton pot (ca. 500- 1,000 years ago) from northwest Florida. new options for the way people and even ground shell as temper. cooked and stored food and used During the ensuing two and a half Archaeologists use these ceramic containers in general. The clay millennia groups in different areas variations to identify regional of the earliest pottery contained of the state made pottery vessels archaeological cultures, including

plant fibers added as temper to in different shapes and decorated the St. Johns culture in central help hold the damp clay together them with distinctive designs. and northeast Florida; Alachua of north-central Florida; Belle Glade, Caloosahatchee, and Glades in II south Florida; Deptford, Weeden

Island, and Suwannee Valley in north Florida; Swift Creek, Fort Walton, and Pensacola cultures of northwest Florida; and Manasota

and Safety Harbor in the central Gulf Coast region. Recognition of these regional cultures allows archaeologists to study the nature and development of the i« pre-European Florida Indians.

Jerald T. Milanich

Swift Creek and Weeden Island "everyday dishes" (Images courtesy of the Florida Museum of (ca. 1,000- 1,850 years ago) from central and north Florida. Natural History, Gainesville) A coastal Safety Harbor village at the time of Spanish contact. (Image courtesy of artist Hermann Trappman. Gulfport)

Chakaika settled in the remote areas can learn more about these cultures at contribution to Florida's rich cultural and swamps of South Florida. The the Miccosukee Indian Village (page legacy, enriching experiences of descendents of these groups are now 32) and Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museums Florida's citizens and visitors. t* members of the Seminole Tribe of (pages 27 and 31). Florida and the Miccosukee Tribe of Today almost 3,000 people

Indians of Florida. The Miccosukees live on Seminole and Miccosukee and Seminoles belonged to the Creek reservations. Also living in Florida,

Confederacy and have a shared mostly in Escambia County, are heritage. In fact, the Miccosukee members of the Poarch Band of and Florida Seminole cultures Creek Indians. Ihe 2000 census include most ol the same beliefs and records show that over 53,000 people practices. The language spoken by the in Florida claim Native American

Miccosukees is also spoken by over descent, and 39 different tribes from half of the modern Seminole Tribe. across North America are represented

This language is called Mikasuki. in Florida's population. The Miccosukees and Seminoles Archaeological remains, oral however, are distinct and separate traditions, and living Native American tribes with their own proud histories cultures in Florida demonstrate that pre-date Columbus. Others who the long presence and continued are culturally and historically tied to significance of Native American Safety Harbor bottle (ca. 500-1.100 years ago) from the central Gulf Coast the Seminoles or Miccosukees have heritage in Florida, llie FlorirLi Niititr ofFlonda. chosen to remain independent of the American Heritage /;v//7 informs (Image courtesy of ttie Ftonda Museum of Natural History. Gainesville) federally recognized tribes. Visitors the public about this iniponaiii Northwest Region Sites are listed in alphabetical order b\' city, then site name. Also see map, on pages 18-19.

Fort Gadsden Historic Site, Heritage Park and Fi-ORiDA Caverns State Park Ap.aiachicoia National Forest Cultural Center Marianna, Jackson County Eastpoint, Franklin Count>' Fort Walton Beach, Okaloosa County 850.482.9598 850.643.2282 850.833.9595 \v\vw. Boridastateparks.org/floridacaverns/ default. cfm www.fs.fed.us/r8/Horida/recrcation/index_ w\vv.'.Kvb.org/content.php?page=55 apa.shtml The IndianTemple Mound Museum is The park features cave tours of the dry Fort Gadsden, also known as the located next to the National Historic (air-filled) caves, which are very rare Negro Fort, was originally built during Landmark Temple Mound that gave in Florida. Native Americans used the the War of 1 8 1 2 by the British and name to the impressive Fort Walton caverns for shelter for 1 ,000 years. manned by African Americans and Period ceramics. There is a short trail Displays include a variety of exhibits Creeks. In 1818, the U.S. government to the mound. Museum exhibits reflect on the cultural and natural history took over and rebuilt the fort, naming the spiritual, technological, and artistic of the park area, including pre- it after the lieutenant who supervised achievements of the Native American European periods. construction. Interpretive exhibits people from 12,000 years ago through Letchvvorth-Love Mounds and artifacts on the role of Native Spanish contact in the early 1500s. Archaeological State Park and African Americans during the Site of San Pedro de Monticello, Jefferson County early 1800s are displayed along a PoTOHiRiBA Historical Marker 850.922.6007 level pathway on the banks of the \"Avw. floridastateparks.org/ Madison, Madison County Apalachicola River. letchworthmounds/default.cfm In the mid 1600s San Pedro de The Letchworth Mounds site includes Potohiriba, a Spanish mission, was Florida's tallest recorded Native established in this area on the Old American ceremonial mound at 46 Spanish Trail. The first courthouse of feet in height. The people who built Madison County was erected at San the mound are believed to have Pedro, die county seat from 1828 to 1838. been members of the Weeden Island

Changes in Stone Tool Technology

Florida's native people used chert

to make a wide variety of tools.

Because this flint-like rock is durable, chert tools and the waste flakes that result from their manufacture are

common artifacts in Florida. When people arrived here at the end of the last Ice Age, their stone technology was already quite

advanced. Their tool kit included large, lance-shaped spear points designed

for hunting large mammals, as well as smaller, less specialized, and suited into new territories, high-quality chert

knives, an assortment of scraping and to a mobile lifestyle. Stemmed was less available, but tool makers wood-working tools, small drills and bifaces (stone chipped or flaked learned that slowly heating stone

gravers, implements used to engrave on both sides and having a stem improved its flaking qualities, and heat leather and stone. When large at the base) were used as hunting treatment became widely practiced. Pleistocene mammals died out around implements, knives, and scrapers. About 1 ,000 years ago, the bow-and- 9,000 years ago, people focused on Flakes from tool manufacture were arrow emerged as a primary hunting hunting deer and other small game, used more often when convenient implement with the arrows tipped fishing, and collecting plants. Their and practical, replacing large scrapers with small thangular points. After this stone tools changed too, becoming and choppers. As people expanded time, stone tools that were used to

10 ^ <.C ^C.- /x^-.^-

Culture, a group of Native Americans Pensacol.\ Historical Fort San Marcos de Apalache who lived along the Gulf Coast Society Museum Historic St.ate Park Pensacola, Escambia St. Marks, Wakulla County between 1 ,200 and 1 ,800 years ago. County 850.434.5455 850.925.6216 There is a self-guided interpretive trail, vwvw. pensacolahistory.org/museum. htm w-ww.Horidastateparks.org/sanmarcos/ including a boardwalk around the default.clm the Pensacola Historical tallest mound. Operated by Society, Inc., the museum exhibits Located at the confluence of the St. Archaeology Institute, include Native American displays Marks and Wakulla Rivers, Native University of West Florid.a showcasing the human occupation of Americans used the site of Fort San Pensacola, Escambia County Pensacola from 10,000 to 500 years Marcos de Apalache for thousands of 850.474.3015 ago. Other exhibits feature Pensacola's years. The fort was built by the Spanish www.uwhedu/archaeology/about/ colonial. Civil War, military, and in 1600s to protect the Spanish The Archaeology Institute at the maritime heritage. missions in the area. The park museum University of West Florida is an displays pottery and tools unearthed educational, research and service facility Fort Pickens, Gulf Islands near the original fort and explains the prehistoric concerned with and National Seashore the history of the San Marcos site, a Pensacola Beach, Escambia County historic archaeological resources of the National Historic Landmark. 850.934.2600 northwest Florida region. Facilities vv\vw. nps.gov/guis/ include laboratories, offices, and collection curation space. An exhibit Fort Pickens is the largest of four forts hall features exhibits on West Florida built to defend Pensacola Bay and its

archaeological sites from pre-European navy yard. The fort was begun in 1829, completed in 1834, and used times through the 1 800s. until the 1940s. The famous Apache chief Geronimo was imprisoned in Fort Pickens from 1886 to 1888.

(a) from left-to-right: lancelote spear pointed. 10,000 years old. 9.000 year old stemmed biface, 7,000-year-old biface, 5,000-year-old biface. 3.000-year old-biface.

(b) Shell tools from Southwest Florida: Top two rows - bone fishing tools and jewelry, including shark teeth (top right): Bottom two rows - shell tools, including plummets and fishing weights (top) and cutting tools, and hammers (bottom).

(Images courtesy of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville)

drill, cut, and engrave shell, bone,

and wood were common. In southern

and eastern Florida, where chert is not available, shell and shark teeth

were used. Chert was still considered valuable, however, and was often obtained through trade.

Robert J. Austin y y / / /- yy //y^

NoRiHw EsT Region (CONTINLKO) De Soto Winter Encampment Site, Anhaica J/^- Tallahassee, Leon County gll'^ y^ym 850.922.6007 ^ The location of Anhaica, the Apalachee ?. village where Spanish explorer '>tvStl • Hernando de Soto spent the winter of r^CTt'»T^ r r^ 1539-1540, this park also serves as the \-<^^ ' '^FT^ ^Fs|pi';^ r^ northern trailhead of the Hernando de Soto Trail, which follows de Soto's ^ "\. route through Florida. Interpretive kiosks explain the site's history and .'^ i Z.\^' archaeological excavations at the site. ^^^^|^^B«. ^ Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park Tallahassee, Leon County 850.922.6007 i^ www.floridastateparks.org/ if' 1. lakejacksonmounds/defauit.cfm Ear/y 20th century photograph of an Apalachee family in Louisiana. The Lake Jackson Mounds Site (image courtesy of M/ss/on San Luis. Tallaiiassee) encompasses six earthen temple mounds The Apalachee Indians and Their Descendants and one possible burial mound. Artifacts The Apalachee Indians were already allied themselves with recovered during excavations show that

among the most advanced and the Spaniards and it was in the the site is part of a larger southeastern

powerful native people in Florida. Apalachees' best interest to culture known as the Southeastern

Their territory was bounded in become part of that alliance. And, Ceremonial Complex. Visitors can picnic northwest Florida by the Aucilla and despite living under Spanish rule on an open grassy area near the largest mound or hike past the remains of an Ochlockonee rivers, and included for many generations, it is evident 1800s grist mill. Outdoor exhibits explain rich soils well suited to intensive from archaeological research at the history and lifeways of the native agriculture. Archaeologically the site of Mission San Luis that people who lived here. they are best known through the Apalachees were allowed to their capitals: Lake Jackson-late maintain many of their social and Mission San Luis prehistoric; Anhaica-protohistoric; political traditions throughout the Tallahassee, Leon County and San Luis-historic. Chroniclers mission period. British-led attacks 850.487.3711 of the Narvaez and de Soto on the Florida missions resulted www.missionsanluis.org/

entradas (expeditions) described in the annihilation, enslavement, Mission San Luis was the largest and the Apalachees at the time or exile of most native people most populated mission in northwest

of contact, and a wealth of in north Florida, including the Florida during the 17th century.

documentary evidence exists Apalachees. In 1704, approximately Within the mission was a fort, church, from the mission era because 700 Apalachees from San Luis Apalachee council house, and Spanish the Franciscans counted the relocated to a newly established and Apalachee houses. Based on the site, Apalachee missions among their outpost at Mobile at the invitation archaeological excavations at including the fort and greatest successes. The Apalachee of French authorities. When Mobile the community, Apalachee council house, have been re- missions are thought to have came under British rule in 1763, created. Living history demonstrations succeeded for several reasons. most of the Apalachees moved to portray daily life at a 17th-century For centuries the Apalachees Louisiana. Today, they still reside Spanish mission in Florida. participated in extensive regional in Rapides Parish but visit their

networks that involved interaction traditional homeland in north Florida with others. Their closest several times each year. neighbors, the Timucuans, had Bonnie G. McEwan ^<

^^<../: -^

Museum of Florida History Tallahassee, Leon County 850.245.6400 www.flheritage.coni/museum

The Museum of Florida History collects, preserves, exhibits, and interprets evidence of past and present cultures in Florida. "Florida's

First People" depicts the life and environment of Florida's earliest inhabitants, and "Seminole Portraits' displays portraits of Seminole warriors and chiefs painted during the Seminole War period. Velda Mound Tallahassee, Leon County 850.245.6444

Built by Apalachees around 500 years ago, Velda mound was probably the foundation platform for the leader's

house. An interpretive panel at the site

explains the site's origins.

A part of the Florida's First People exhibit at the Florida Museum of History (left). (Image courtesy of the Florida Museum of History, Tallahassee)

Heritage Museum OE NoRiHWES r Florida Valparaiso, Walton Count)' 850.678.2615

www.hcritage-museum.org/exhibits 1 .htm

F.xhibits describe the Native American chronology of the Okaloosa and Walton Counties area. Stone tools and projectile points used from 12,000 to 5,000 years ago and potter\' made from 4,000 to 2,000 years ago are on display. Fdward Ball Wakulla .Si'RiN(,s SiAiE Park Wakulla Springs, Wikulla C\ninrv 850.224.5950

\s ww.Horidasiateparks.c»rg/\v akulLisprings/ default. cfm

Humans have occupied Wakulla Springs

h)r over 12,000 vears. I he camp where

the C'reek prophet Hillis Hadjo. t»r

1 rancis, sought rehige in Spanish

Florida after the Creek War of 1 8 1 .S-

1814. is believed to be within the park.

Interpretive panels discuss artifacts Apalachee Council House reconstruct di,sct)veied here. (Image courtesy of Mission San Luis, TalLii North Central Region Sites are listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, pages 18-19.

Ckdar Key Museum State Park Florida Museum Alligator Lake Cedar Key, Levy County oi Natural History Recreation Area 352.543.5350 Gainesville, Alachua County Lake City, Columbia County wwvv.floridastateparks.org/ 352.846.2000 800.226.1066 ccdarkcymuseum/default.cfm www. Hninli.LiH.edu/ www.srwmd.state.fl.us/features/ cooperative+programs/alligator+lake/ Picturesque Cedar Key was a thriving The Florida Museum of Natural recreation+opportunities.htm port city and railroad connection History is dedicated to understanding, Halpatter Tustenugee, or Chief during the 1800s. The museum preserving and interpreting biological Alligator, was the Chief of a Seminole contains exhibits depicting its diversity and cultural heritage. The village in what is now Lake City. A colorful history during that era. The permanent exhibit, Northwest Florida life-size statue honoring this leader is collection includes sea shells and Waterways & Wildlife features a located at the recreation area. Indian artifacts collected by Saint Native American trading scene, and Clair Whitman, the founder of the South Florida People & Environments Suwannee County first museum in Cedar Key. celebrates south Florida and the people Historical Museum who have lived there for thousands Shell Mound, Lower Live Oak, Suwannee County Suwannee National of years, including the Calusa, 386.362.1776 Wildlife Rl:fuge Miccosukees, and Seminoles. This museum features displays on the Cedar Key, Levy County The Matheson Museum area's first inhabitants from 12,000 years 352.493.0238 ago, a re-creation of a 16th-century Gainesville, Alachua County www.Rvs.gov/lowersuvvannee/smpubuse.html 386.378.2280 Timucuan village and exhibits on This area of the Wildlife Refuge www.mathesonmuseum.org animals indigenous to the north central contains a shell that built Florida region. mound was Housed in Gainesville's old American up over a 1 , 000-year period. Between Legion Hall, exhibits on Timucuans

1 ,800 and 400 years ago, native people and Seminoles display the area's Native used oysters clams food and and and American heritage. The museum complex discarded the shells, creating a large also includes a research library, the mound. hiking trail A provides views of historic Matheson House, the Tison Tool the mound. Museum, and Sweetwater Park.

Micanopy, ca. 1780 - 1849

Micanopy, whose name in the to relocate, but Micanopy refused,

Hitchiti language means "high aligning with younger leaders such chief," was a generation older than as Osceola. Their bold attack on

Osceola and Billy Bowlegs, two Major Dade's forces, known as the other Seminole leaders discussed Dade Massacre, and on troops under

on pages 21 and 32. Born around General Clinch in 1835 ignited the

1780 near St. Augustine, he seven-year Second Seminole War. became hereditary leader of the Recognizing that resettlement was

Seminoles in 1819, near the inevitable, Micanopy eventually

beginning of the American Tgrritorial negotiated terms of removal. After Period. U.S. government policy removal, he remained a strong encouraged colonization of the Seminole leader, pressing for

new territory, as a step toward independence from the Creek

statehood, and Micanopy became Nation in Indian Territory out West.

a strong defender against white James J. Miller settlement of Indian lands. At the

Treaty of Payne's Landing in 1832, (Image courtesy of the Seminole Tribe of Florida. Clewiston. Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum other Seminole leaders agreed permanent collection. 2006.48.1) /<

y^^.../s .:;a

Original transcription of a 1 742 speecti made by Cowkeeper (Image courtesy of the Seminole Tribe of Florida. Clewiston. Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki

permanent collection. 2003.251. 1) Cowkeeper, ca. 1710 - 1783 MiCANOPY Historical HeRITACE Im ERPREl EK Cowkeeper, whose traditional Society Museum In This Rixhon name was Ahiaya, was the first Micanopy, Alachua County Heritage oe the Ancient Ones recorded chief of the Alachua Band 352.466.3200 Traveling Museum/Coi.u:ction www.afn.org/-micanopy/ of Seminoles. He was witness to Based in Hildreth, Suwannee County and part of the initial migration of Located in the town named after 386.935-6573 the Seminole Chief Micanopy, the www.ancientnative.org the Oconee people from central Georgia to the Chattahoochee museum features an exhibit on various Reenactors of the Ancient Native River and eventually to Paynes Seminole War chiefs. The museum Village Traveling Museum offer also has displays of Native American hands-on educational demonstrations Prairie. He played a central role artfacts from 7,000 to 500 years ago. at schools and public events about in the emergence of Seminoles as an independent political force Paynes Prairie Preserve the first encounters that occurred 500 State Park years ago between Florida's native in Spanish and British Flohda. Micanopy, Alachua County people and Spanish explorers. Cowkeeper's village, Cuscowilla, 352.466.3397 at the site of present-day Micanopy, www.Horidastateparks.org/paynesprairie/ included several hundred people, default.cfm herds of cattle and horses, The area of Payne's Prairie is rich in cornfields, and many wood-framed Native American heritage. Tlie many buildings around an open square archaeological sites within or adjacent with a council house at the center. to the prairie demonstrate that it was Cowkeeper and his people enjoyed used by Native Americans at least a special status during the twenty- 7,000 years ago. Cuscowilla, one of the ^^K ^^^^H year British occupation of Florida, largest and earliest (ca. 1 740 - 1 830) due to his skill as a diplomat as Seminole towns, was located on the rim well as his hatred of the Spanish. of this prairie. Nature trails through He is best known through William the park and prairie provide views of Bartram's account of his hospitality this environmentally and historically at Cuscowilla in 1774. Cowkeeper significant area. The visitor center feauiivs Alu- III Alachua Cob

Maih'.!i~^!,. 1 1.400 - 400 years died in 1783 just after Flonda again exhibits on the areas narurai and cultural from noilh-central Florida. ago) came under Spanish control. history, including the pre ,S[>.inisli ,iiul (Image courtesy of the Florida l^useum Seminole periods. of Natural History. Gainesville) Bi^nda Swann _ Northeast Region Sites arc listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, on pages 18-19.

BuLow Plantation Ruins Fort George Island Museum of Science Historic Statk Park Cultural State Park and History Bunnell, Flagler County Jacksonville, Duval County Jacksonville, Duval County 386.517.2084 904.251.2320 904.396.6674 www.Horidastateparks.org/ www.floridastateparks.org/fortgeorgeisland/ www.themosh.org/general/index.asp bulowplantation/default.cfm default.cfm The Museum of Science and History In the early 1800s, the Bulow family Historic documents show that the serves to increase the knowledge of grew sugar cane, cotton, rice, and fort orginally called Fort Saint residents and visitors on the topics of indigo and became prosperous. In Georges was built within this state physical science, history, astronomy 1836, during the Second Seminole park in 1736 by James Oglethorpe, and natural science through exciting War, Seminoles burned the plantation, founder of the Georgia Colony. and educational exhibits, events and effectively destroying it. The Bulow The fort no longer stands and its programs. The "Currents in Time" family did not rebuild it. The remains location has not yet been determined. exhibit is a trip through 12,000 years of of this plantation, still visible today, are The huge shell mounds found on history in Jacksonville that features the located in the park. park interpretive the island are evidence of Native A ancient Timucua Indians. center tells the plantation's history. American habitation dating back

over 7,000 years. The 4.4-mile self- Timucuan Ecological Amelia Island Museum guided Saturiwa Trail tour explains AND Historic Preserve OF History Jacksonville, Duval County Fort George Island and its former Fernandina Beach, Nassau County 904.641.7155 inhabitants. Guided tour books are 904.261.7378 www.nps.gov/timu/planyourvisit/timucu- www.ameliamuseum.org/ available at the ranger station. anpreserve_visitorcenter.htm

Housed in the historic Nassau County Located at Fort Caroline National jail, the museum showcases the island's Memorial, the Timucuan Preserve 4,000 years of Florida history. Native visitor center exhibit "Where the American exhibits highlight aTimucuan Waters Meet," showcases the richness Village and Spanish Missions of Florida.

Mound Building: iVIyth and Reality

Mounds built by Florida's earth were piled high or in specific everyday, practical applications. Native American groups were shapes to serve as markers of Some groups built circles of shell

used for many purposes, the best territory, as places where chiefs and and earth, called shell rings or ring known being for human burial. other important people lived (temple middens, to mark boundaries of But most mounds, particularly or house mounds), as memorials plazas that served as public space those made of shells, were used to events or kin (monuments), or where meals were cooked and eaten. for more mundane purposes—to as architectural features linked to The elevated circles also served as get rid of garbage. The garbage mounds (ramps and causeways). ceremonial places where spirits were from individual households was Shell and earth were also mounded honored and feasts and marriages often dumped behind the house along canals, around retaining ponds took place. Today mounds continue

or underfoot, which over time that held fish and turtles, and into to serve as monuments to those who could create a large pile called a marsh and mangrove swamps to built them. midden. These midden mounds build elevated lands where only water Michael Russo vary in size from a few inches to existed before. These public works

over 30 feet in height. But not all demonstrate that mound building shell mounds were simply garbage not only had a ceremonial purpose

dumps. In many cases shell and as in burial mounds, but also had

16 V/ >v

AyC.y.^<:' .iX.

of the environment in northeast Florida preserved and interpreted. Significant Mt. Royal and how humans have interacted with to Native American heritage is the use ARCHAEOLOCilCAL SiTE this environment for thousands of years. of the fort as a prison cell for Osceola Welaka, Putnam County 386.467.9709 The history and archaeology of the before he was moved to Fort Sumter, www.flheritage.com/archaeology/projects/ Timucuans are featured. as prison cell for warriors and a Apache mountroyal/ in the late 1800s. Putnam County This archaeological site was famously Historic Museum, Old Florida Museum described and illustrated by Bronson-Mulholland House St. Augustine, St. Johns County botanist William Bartram in 1765. Palataka, Putnam County 800.813.3208 Archaeologist Clarence B. Moore 386.329.0140 www.oldfloridaniuseum.com/index.html excavated a large and a small mound www.rootsweb.com/-flpchs/virtual_tour.htm This "Hands On" museum has at the site in 1894. Excavations Native American exhibits feature exhibits and special programs that in the 1950s and by the Florida cultures from the St. Johns River and allow guests to participate in daily Bureau of Archaeological Research include artifacts and interpretive panels. living activities from pre-European in the 1980s and 1990s led to the Castillo de San Marcos times to 1900's. The "Timucua Indian discovery of earthworks, a village area, and evidence of a Spanish Mission St. Augustine, St. Johns County Program" includes grinding corn and 904.829.6506 using Native American techniques occupied by Timucuan Indians. www.nps.gov/casa/index.htm for face painting and making dugout Today the burial mound and site are Unique among national parks, the canoes, jewelry, and tools, and the interpreted as a park in the Mt. Royal Castillo de San Marcos, a national "Black Seminole Program" is offered Airpark Development. monument, encompasses nearly 450 in January and February. Advance years of history and culture. Historical reservations required. and cultural influences of various groups associated with the site are

"On Top of the World" A/1ist depiction of the Pineland site. Pine Island, (see Calusa Hentage Trail, page 30). (Image courtesy of Florida Museum of Natural History. Randell Research Center Pine Island, artist Merald Clark) ^'^^^^y/ . yy\/ /^

N<- ^

Northwest Region Northeast Region (p.\(;k.s 10-13) (PAc;i:s 16-17)

Escambia County Flagler County • Pensacola Historical Society Museum • Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park • Archaeology Institute, Nassau County Universit)' of West Florida • Amelia Island Museum of History • Fort Pickens, Gulf Islands National Seashore East Central Region Duval Count)' (l>A(.KS 22-23) Okaloosa County • Fort George Island Cultural State Park Volusia County • Heritage Park and Cultural Center 1>^||; • Museum of Science and History • DeLeon Springs State Park Walton County • Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve • Halifax Historical Museum • Heritage Museum of Northwest Florida Putnam County • Hontoon Island State Park Jackson Count)' • Mt. Royal Archaeological Site i^ • New Smyrna Museum of History • Florida Caverns State Park • Putnam County Historic Museum, • New Smyrna Sugar Mill Bronson-Mulholland House Ruins County Historic Site Franklin County • Ormond Burial Moimd • Fort Gadsden Historic Site^ St. Johns Count)' • Seminole Rest, Canaveral National Seashore • Castillo de San Marcos Leon Count)' • Tomoka State Park, Nocoroco • Old Florida Museum • DeSoto Winter Encampment • Turtle Mound Trail, Site, Anhaica Canaveral National Seashore • Lake Jackson Mounds Central Region Brevard Count) Archaeological State Park (packs 20-21) • Brevard Museiun of History and Science • Mission San Luis # Marion County • Museum of Florida History • Fort King * St. Lucie County • • St. Historical Velda Mound • Marion County Museum of History Lucie Coimty Museum Jefferson County • Silver River Museum and Okeechobee Count)' Environmental Education Center • Letchworth-Love Mounds • Battle of Okeechobee Historic Marker ^(^ Archaeological State Park in Silver River State Park Wakulla County Sumter Count)' West Central Region • Dade Battlefield Historic State Park * • Fort San Marcos de Apalache (PACKS 24-25) Historic State Park* Lake Count)' Citrus Count)' • Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park • Alexander Springs Recreation Area • Crystal River Archaeological State Park ||: Madison County • Lake County Historical Museum • Fort Cooper Historic State Park Orange Count)' • Site of San Pedro de Potohiriba Hernando Count)' • Fort Christmas Park and Museum Historical Marker • May-Stringer Heritage Museum • Orange County Regional History Center 1^ Pasco Count)' North Central Region Polk Countv' • Oelsner Mound Historic Marker (pages 14-15) • Chief Chipco's Village Historical Marker • Polk County Historical Museum Pinellas Count) Suwannee Count)- • Anderson-Narvaez Mound • Suwannee Count)' Historical Museum Highlands County at Jungle Prada Mound Parkf|; • Museum of Florida Art and Culture i|^ Columbia Count) • Pinellas Point Temple Mound • Alligator Lake Recreation Area Hardee Count)' Historic Marker • Paynes Creek Historic State Park Alachua Count)' • Safety Harbor Mound, Philippe Park lie ^ • • Safety Harbor Museum of Regional History i|; Florida Museum of Natural History ||; • • The Matheson Museum Science Center of Pinellas County f^ • Micanopy Historical Society Museum • Weedon Island Preserve Cidtural and Natural History Center • Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park i|; Le\y County Hillsborough Count)' • • Cedar Key Museum State Park Fort Foster, Hillsborough River State Park • Tampa Bay Histor)' Center • Shell Mound, Lower Suwannee f|; National Wildlife Reflige • Upper Tampa Bay Park Archaeological District Southeast Region

(I'Af.KS ."(i-;',:?)

Martin Count\ • Mount Elizabeth, Indian Riverside Park • The Historical Society of Martin County at the Elliot Museum

Palm Beach C^ounty • Jonathan Dickinson State Park • Jupiter Inlet Historic and gustine Archaeological Site, Dubois Park • Loxahatchee River Historical Museum

Broward Ca)iint\ • Tree Tops Park, Pine Island Ridge Southwest Region • Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum at Okalee • Seminole Okalee Indian Village (packs 27-30) • Snake Warrior's Island Manatee County Mianii-Dadc Cahiiu\ • De Soto National Memorial 1^ • Historical Museum of Southern Florida • Madira Bickel Mound State • Miccosukee Indian Village and Museum Archaeological Site J'^ of Tribal and Natural History • Portavant Temple Mound at • Arch Creek Historic and Emerson Point Park Archaeological Park • South Florida Museum !|:

Monroe ( oimtN Sarasota County • Crane Point Nature Center, Museums, • Historic Spanish Point f^ and Historic Site • Indian Mound Park (Paulsen Point) i^ • Indian Key Historic State Park • Sarasota County History Center ft

Charlotte County • Charlotte County Historical Center

Glades County • Fort Center, Fisheating Creek Wildlife Management Area • Ortona Site, Indian Mound Park Hendry County • Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, Big Cypress Reservation • Billie Swamp Safari, Big Cypress Reservation

Lee County • Barbara Sumwalt Museum • Calusa Heritage Trail,

Randell Research Center at Pineland ||; • Museum of the Islands • Mound Key Archaeological State Park f|; National Historic Landmark: • Southwest Florida Museum of History Historic places designated by • The Mound House f|; I Ik- Secretary of the Interior as Collier C'ounty possessing exceptional value • Big Cypress National Preserve or quality in illustrating or Oasis Visitor Center interpreting tiie heritage of tlie • Collier County Museum||; United States. Only y) sites • Everglades National Park, in Florida bear (bis national Sandfly Island Canoe Trip distiiKtion. • Museum of the fvcrgladcs -r^ ilj: Sites on the I rail t»f I loritla's • Olde Marco Museum Indian Heritage (see inside hack cover).

19 Central Region Sites are listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, pages 18-19.

Museum of Florida Polk County Paynes Creek Historic Art and Culture Historical Museum State Park Avon Park, Highlands County Bartow, Polk County Bowling Green, Hardee County 863.382.6900 863.534.4386 863.375.4717 www. mo be. org www.polk-counry.net/counry_offices/ www.floridastateparks.org/paynescreek/ leisure_svcs/hist_museum/about.aspx default. cfm The Museum oi Florida Art and

Culture contains exhibits on the Native The Polk County Historical Museum Within this park is the site of Fort American cultures of the Lake Wales collection includes natural and cultural Chokonikla, built in late 1849 as an Ridge and Kissimmee Valley, including objects related to Polk County and outpost in a chain of forts established artifacts from the Blueberry Site. Also the greater central Florida area that to control the Seminoles. A museum at the museum are paintings by Florida represent the area's history from at the visitor center depicts the lives artists that interpret Florida's history, pre-European times through the of Florida's Seminoles and pioneers heritage, and environments. present. Exhibits on Native American during the 19th century. Today, nature heritage include a dugout canoe, the enthusiasts can enjoy walking along

Paleolndian Gallery, and a Seminole trails through the park's natural areas, War display case. canoeing, kayaking, and fishing. Dade Battlefield Dugout Canoes in Florida Historic State Park Prehistoric "dugout" canoes Bushnell, Sumter County are important and fragile artifacts. 352.793.4781 More have been found in Flohda www.floridastateparks.org/dadebattlefield/ default.cfm than in any other state. There are currently over 200 recorded sites The Dade battle ushered in the

in Florida that have canoes or log Second Seminole War in 1835. The boats. Some are single canoes, park protects the National Historic Seminole family with their canoe ca. 1930. others are groups of canoes, Landmark battlefield and the natural (Image courtesy of the Florida State Archives, and a few sites, such as Lake Tallahassee) communities as they existed when the Pithlachocco (Nev\/nans Lake), soldiers and Seminoles battled ovet from many time periods are known, 170 years ago. The visitor center has have large numbers of canoes including examples made by information and displays about the in close proximity. As part of the Europeans and American settlers. batde and a 12-minute video history. archaeological record, these canoes Even today. Native Americans An annual battle reenactment in provide information about Florida's continue traditional canoe making. December commemorates the Seminole past. The oldest canoes date to the All artifacts located on state-owned attack on Major Dade's command. Middle Archaic Period, ca. 7,000 lands or sovereign submerged to 6,000 years ago, but canoes bottoms, including canoes, are Fort Christmas Park and Museum property of the state. Chapter 267, Christmas, Orange County Florida Statutes, assigns ownership 407.568.4149 of these items to the Division of On December 25, 1837, a force of Historical Resources, so that they may 2,000 U.S. Army soldiers and Alabama be protected and conserved for future volunteers arrived near this spot to generations on behalf of the citizens of construct a fort which was aptly named. Flohda. It is illegal to remove or disturb Fort Christmas was only one of over 200 artifacts on state lands, including forts planned for construction during canoes. If you believe that you have the Second Seminole Indian War, 1835 located a canoe, please contact the - 1842. A video and display cases in the Florida Bureau of Archaeological reconstructed fort provide a history of the Research (see Helpful Resources Seminole culture, Seminole war and the An excavated canoe at Newnans Lake. section on page 35). early days of white settlement. (Image courtesy of the Florida Bureau of Arctiaeological Researchi. Tallafiassee) Ryan J. Wheeler

20 y/^^?/A^:\ ^^^??7J-

Chikf Chipco's Village tools and weapons constructed from

Historical Marker native materials made by Florida's first Lake Hamilton, Polk County people from 12,000 years ago, are found A marker located in a small roadside within the museum. The state park also park on the west side of U.S. Highway has a pioneer cracker village and offers 27 on the south shore of Lake canoe trips on the clear waters of the Hamilton recognizes the location of Silver River. Chief Chipco's Village on Bonar's Island in the mid 1800s. A staunch The Orange County opponent of Seminole removal, Regional History Center Orlando, Orange County Chief Chipco is remembered for his 407.836.8500 friendship with white settlers. www.thehistorycenter.org/home/

Fort King National Historic Located in the historic Orange County Landmark Historical IVL4Rki-:r Courthouse in downtown Orlando, (Image courtesy of the Division of Antfiropology, American Museum of Ocala, Marion County this history center focuses on the Natural History. New York, catalog A marker commemorates Fort King, history of central Florida. Exhibits number A/686) portray the area's first people and their a military outpost during the Second Osceola, 1804-1838 initial encounter with the Spanish. Seminole War named for Colonel Born in 1804 to a Creek mother There are also exhibits on the Seminole William King and first occupied in and Scottish! trader, William Powell, War period. The outdoor Heritage 1827. After the Seminole War ended. Osceola became a prominent Square courtyard provides a glimpse Fort King became the temporary seat Seminole leader during the Second center of newly created Marion County. of original Florida in the of a Seminole War. By age 15 he bustling city. had already leamed much from Marion County Lake County Neamathia, a Seminole leader in Museum of History Historical Museum the First Seminole War, and Ocala, Marion County Tavares, Lake County received his adult name, Ussi Yahola, 352.629.2773 or 352.694.2529 352.343.9600 meaning Black Drink Singer. This museum houses collections www.lakegovernment.com/historical_ Although not a hereditary chief, he relating to the history of Marion museum/ in first the was elected war chief 1832. His County. There are exhibits on Marion Located on the floor of exhibits fierce resistance to removal and County's original inhabitants from Lake County Court House, his leadership of an undefeated 12,000 years ago through Spanish and programs offer an exciting and County's Seminole force led to great fame. contact. There are also displays of informative view of Lake exhibits His capture under flag of truce by authentic reproductions ol Seminole history. Native American a stone in clothing from the Seminole War period include displays of pottery and General Thomas Jesup October tools from 10,000 years ago to Spanish further (ca. 1830s) and the history of Fort 1837 added embarrassment King and other Seminole War forts in contact and Seminole artifacts. to the failed U.S. military effort. After the area. a brief imprisonment at Castillo San Alexander Si»rin(;s Re.creahon Area, Marcos, then known as Fort Marion, Silver River Museum and Ocala N.vhonal Forest in St. Augustine, he was moved to Environmental Educaiion Umatilla, Lake County Fort Moultrie in Charleston where CeN lER IN SlL\ ER Rl\ ER 352.669.3153 he survived less than a year. His

State Park wwvv.fs.fcd.us/rS/Horida/local-rcsourcc.s/ death and bunal with full military Ocala, Marion County imagcs/map.s/oca/alex%20springs.pdf honors were reported across the 352.236.7148 Archaeological excavations have nation and in Europe. Counties in www.si I vcrri verm uscum. com/ tour, html; www.Horidastatcparks.org/silvcrrivcr/dc- uncovered evidence of Native American Florida and several other states, as fault.cfm settlements at the spring dating back well as Osceola National Forest, the lliis "hands-on" museum focuses on the 1 ,000 years. These arc explained on honor his name. James J. Miller environmental and human histor\' ol short nature trail near the campground.

Florida. Displavs ol artitacis, including 21 East Central Region

Sites are listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, pages 1 8-19. Brkvari) Muskum Halifax Historical Museum DeLeon Sprincs State Park OK History and Science Daytona Beach, Volusia County DeLand, Volusia County Cocoa, Brevard County 386.255.6976 386.985.4212 321.632.1830 www.haliFaxhistorical.org/index.cfm www.Horidastateparks.org/deleonsprings/ www.brevardmuseum.org/Home_Page.php default. cfm The history of the greater Daytona visited This museum features an exhibit Beach area is presented in numerous Native Americans and used on the National Historic Landmark display cases containing thousands of these springs as long ago as 6,000 Windover Site, pond burials dating to artifacts and memorabilia organized years. In the early 1800s, settlers built around 7,000 years ago (see page 23). by theme. The Native American sugar and cotton plantations that were The museum also contains artifacts exhibits contain artifacts and replicas burned by Seminole Indians in the and displays on the area's original dating from 5,000 years ago through 1830s during the Second Seminole inhabitants from 12,000 years ago to Spanish contact. War. Exhibit panels describe the area's Spanish contact and a replica of a 19th- past, and tours are available. century Seminole village. Hontoon Island State Park Boat accessible only. Basket Weaving, DeLand, Volusia County A Cultural Continuity 386.736.5309 vvww.floridastareparks.org/hontoonisland/ Long before Florida's earliest default. cfm inhabitants developed pottery, they made baskets from pine In the middle of the St. Johns River, 2,000-year-old shell midden mounds straw and other plant fibers to are found along the shoreline and in the carry and store food and other interior of Hontoon Island. Intricately goods. Sites buried in wetland carved wooden animal effigies have muck and other anaerobic been recovered from these midden environments are the most mounds. Trails through the island park likely to contain the remains of take visitors past these ancient remains, baskets that are thousands of and replicas of the animal effigies are years old, providing a glimpse of on display in the picnic and playground this ancient and skilled practice. area. A visitor center contains exhibits Seminoles and Miccosukees about the many inhabitants and uses of continue basket weaving Hontoon Island over the past 2,000 years. traditions today. Brenda Swann St. Lucie County Historical Museum Fort Pierce, St. Lucie County 772.462.1795 www.visitstluciefla.com/frame3h.html

Exhibits on the Ais, who lived in the the Fort Pierce area at the time of Spanish exploration, include artifacts B^l from the period and reproductions B of sketches made at the time of European contact. The museum also presents a recreated early 20th-century ^^^^ Seminole encampment. Top: Seminole Mary Frances Johns demonstrates basket weaving. (Images courtesy Pi of Florida Museum of Natural History, i^a Gainesville) u .>>>A^^

^^ ^'ir./

Np:w Smyrna Museum Turtle Mound Trail, OF History Canaveral National Seashore: New Smyrna Beach, Volusia County Oak Hill, Volusia County 386.478.0052 407.267.1100

WW vv. n sb h i s t o i v. org/ www.nps.gov/cana/planyourvisit/ outdooractivities.htm Native American exhibits contain At almost feet in height. Turtle artifacts and displays on pre-European 45 St. Johns Plain boat-shaped bowl cultures of southeast Volusia County. Mound is one of the tallest shell (ca. 500 - 3,000 years ago) from middens in Florida. It is an impressive Seminoles are highlighted as part of north Florida. site situated a narrow strip of (Image courtesy of Florida New Smyrna's rich history. on land Museum between the old Intercoastal Waterwav of Natural History, Gainesville) New Smyrna Sugar Mill channel and Apollo Beach. Turtle Ormond Burial Mound Ruins County Historic Site Mound can be reached by hiking trails Ormond Beach, Volusia Count)' New Smyrna Beach, Volusia County which lead to the top of the ancient www.volusiahistory.com/Ormond.htm 386.736.5953 shell midden and provide excellent Dating to 1,200 years ago, Ormond This Volusia County Park preserves views of the Atlantic Ocean. Burial Mound is one of the most intact the remains of one of the sugar mills burial mounds in eastern Florida. Thanks that thrived in the area in the 1800s. B.\TTLE OE Okeechobee to communit)' efforts, the Ormond Seminoles raided and burned the sugar Historic Marker Okeechobee, Okeechobee County Mound has been preserved as a cirv park. mill in 1835. 863.467.0105 www.okcechobee- tdc.com/Outdoors. htm Seminole Ri-:st, Canaveral ToMOKA State Park, National Seashore A historic plaque marks the location NOCOROCO

Oak Hill, Volusia County of the Okeechobee Battlefield, a site Ormond Beach, Volusia Countj' 386.428.3384 designated as a National Historic 386.676.4050 www. lips. gov/cana/Lipload/seininole_rest_ \vA\'w.Horidas[ateparks.org/tomoka/delault.dTn Landmark. In late December 1837, niiht .pdf Colonel Zachary Taylor met Seminoles Within the park is the Nocoroco Site, a Seminole Rest consists of several who were led by chiefs Coacoochee Timucuan village reported by Spanish prehistoric shell mounds dating from (Wild Cat), Halpatter (Alligator) and explorers in the early 1600s. The site is 4,000 years ago to 1565. Snyder's Abiaka (Sam Jones) in the largest represented b)' a black earth and oyster Mound, the largest mound at this site, battle of the Second Seminole War. shell midden. Artifacts recoxered from is unique because few mounds this Roughly 1,000 U.S. soldiers and the once-extensive midden indicate that large remain intact today. There is a 400 Seminoles fought in the battle. the site was used from 2,500 years ago. self-guided hiking trail through the site A total of 26 U.S. soldiers and 14 Ihe park museum contains exhibits to view the mounds. Seminole were killed. on Florida history, including Native American artifacts from the area.

Windover Pond, Brevard County

Wetland areas can contain Over 120 individual burials were greater personal, social, and significant archaeological resources found within the peat deposits of the religious importance than those

because their environment tends pond some 10 feet below the pond containing human burials. For all to preserve archaeological remains surface. These burials occurred people, and especially for Native such as wood and bone, which neady 8,000 years ago, long Americans, burial sites command are rarely or only poorly preserved before the Egyptian mummies were special respect, reverence, and

in other archaeological sites. The entombed. Despite their age, the peat treatment. Florida's cemetery law Windover Pond Site, situated preserved the remains so well that protects unmarked human burials, between the Indian and St. Johns even brain material was present. In those graves and burial sites and Rivers, near modern day Titusville, the continental U.S., such finds are their contents that occur outside our contains one of the most important unique to Florida. traditional cemeteries— regardless

archaeological finds in the country Of the many types and ages of of origins or burial technique.

and is a National Historic Landmark. archaeological sites, none carry Brenda Swann West Central Region Sites are listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, pages 18-19.

Mav-Stringer of the Smithsonian Institution. The here in 1528, the public portion of

Heritagk Museum mound is preserved as a small park the multi-mound site is nestled in a

Brooksville, Hernando County in a residential neighborhood and is wooded park overlooking Boca Ciega 352.799.0129 surrounded by a short stone wall. Bay. The private portion, owned by the www.hernandoheritagemuseum.corn Anderson family, contains a 10-foot Safety Harbor Mound, With over 1 1 ,000 artifacts, the deep archaeological test pit that looks Philippe Park museum is housed in a 12 room, down into the heart of the mound. Safet}' Harbor, Pinellas County four-story Victorian mansion built in 727.669.1947 Artifacts from the site and information 1856. Native American exhibits include www.co.pinellascounty.org/parkl 1_ about Tocobaga Indians are on display artifacts from excavations on the mounds Philippe.htm in the Greenhouse Museum on site. at the Weeki Wachee Springs attraction. Within the boundaries of Philippe Pinellas Point Temple Park and jutting out over Old Tampa Crystal River Mound Historic Marker Bay is the National Historic Landmark Archaeological State Park St. Petersburg, Pinellas County Crystal River, Citrus County Safety Harbor site, which includes a This mound, now surrounded by 352.795.3817 large temple mound. The site was a modern houses, was built beginning www.floridastateparks.org/crystalriver/ ceremonial center for nearly 500 years, around 1 ,000 years ago. The site is default. cfm beginning about 1 ,000 years ago. A accessible at a small park surrounding A National Historic Landmark, nature trail leads to the mound. the mound in the Pinellas Point this 61 -acre site has burial mounds, Safety Harbor Museum neighborhood. A historic marker explains temple/platform mounds, a plaza area, of Regional History the history and legends of this mound, and a substantial midden. The six- Safety Harbor, Pinellas County including the story of Juan Ortiz and mound complex is one of the longest 727.726.1668 the Tocobaga princess (see page 25). continuously occupied sites in Florida. www.safetyharbormuseum.org The visitor center showcases Native With artifacts from the nearby Safety Science Center American artifacts from Crystal River OF Pinellas County Harbor archaeological site, dioramas and related sites. St. Petersburg, Pinellas County and displays tell the story of Florida's 727.384.0027 first people and the arrival of Spanish Fort Cooper www.sciencecenterofpinellas.com explorers in the 16th century. Historic State Park The Science Center of Pinellas Inverness, Citrus County County offers a variety of displays 352.726.0315 Anderson- Narvaez Mound and exhibits on science and history, www.floridastateparks.org/fortcooper/ AT Jungle Prada Mound Park default. including a 16th-century Indian cfm St. Petersburg, Pinellas County village, which features recreated Named for Major Mark Cooper, 727.347.0354 aboriginal style dwellings, mounds the fort was built during the Second www.sacredlands.info and an archaeological excavation Seminole War. It saw action in 1 836 Known as the Anderson/Narvaez Site brought to life through living with the First Georgia Battalion after the 600-man Panfilo de Narvaez history demonstrations. of Volunteers, and served as an expedition believed to have landed observation post and stopover until the war's end. Part of the palisade wall has been reconstructed, and a batde reenactment is staged each April during Fort Cooper Days. Oelsner Mound Historic Marker Reenactment of Port Richey, Pasco County the Dade Battle at Fort Foster. Built by Native Americans around Hillsborough 1 ,000 years ago, this is all mound River State Park. that remains of a little-known Native (Image courtesy American community. The mound of Elizabeth Nelly. Gulfport) was excavated in 1879 bv S. T. Walker y.^J-??//^:.

The Story of Juan Ortiz and the Tocobaga Princess

Shortly after landing near where the dead were kept

Tampa Bay in 1539, Hernando before burial. After falling de Soto and his soldiers were asleep while guarding the very surprised by a man who told corpses, Ortiz awoke to

them in Spanish that he was Juan find that an animal had Ortiz from Seville, Spain. Native dragged off the corpse of Americans had captured him years a dead child. Ortiz chased

before and almost killed him, until the animal, wounded

the daughter of the chief pleaded it, and recovered the

for his life. The saga began in body. The chief was 1528, when a Spanish expedition angry at Ortiz for falling with many soldiers, headed by asleep while guarding Panfilo de Narvaez, landed near the hut and wanted to Pari of the Tocobaga exhibit at the South Florida Museum (see page 26). Tocobaga is the tribe that Tampa Bay. Juan Ortiz, one of the kill him, but once again first encountered Panfilo de Narvaez, Hernando de soldiers who went ashore, was the chief's daughter Soto and other Spanish explorers and with whom quickly captured by the Tocobaga successfully pleaded for Juan Ortiz lived. (Image courtesy of South Florida Museum. Bradenton) Indians. Chief Hirrihigua wanted his life. Worried about his Soto expedition. Ortiz eventually to kill Ortiz in retaliation for the safety, the chiefs daughter helped Spanish mistreatment of Indians, Ortiz escape to another tribe. Ortiz died while accompanying de Soto, but the chiefs daughter successfully traveled with several Indian tribes but he recorded many fascinating stories about his time with the pre- pleaded for Ortiz's life. The Indians and learned their languages and made Ortiz a slave, forcing him to customs, and in doing so became a European societies of Florida. do menial tasks like guarding the hut great help to the 1539 Hernando de Kevin McCarthy Wkedon Island Preserve Tampa Bay History Center Fort Foster, Hillsborough Cultural and Natural Tampa, Hillsborough County River State Park History Center 813.228.0097 Thonotosassa, Hillsborough County St. Petersburg, Pinellas County www.tampabayhistorycencer.org 813.987.6771 727.453.6500 Native American exhibits include www.floridastatcparks.org/ www.pindlascourity.org/enviionment hillsboroughriver/default.cfm objects and tools from 12,000 to 8,000 This 3,700-acre nature preserve, years ago and interpretive panels on Within Hillsborough River State Park situated is on Old Tampa Bay, was the Seminole people. There are also a replica of Fort Foster, a Second home to Native Americans for displays on the Seminole War and Fort Seminole War military fort built in thousands of years. The site gave the Brooke, the embarkation point for 1836 and occupied until 1838. 'Ihe name to the Weeden Island Culture, Semi notes removed to the west and tort guardecl a militarv bridge over the whose distinctive ornate pottery was where many Seminoles were buried. Hillsborough River. An interpretive first recorded on Weedon Island in center contains exhibits on the fort, 1924. The spelling was changed to Upper Tampa Bay Park Seminoles. and Second Seminole War. differentiate Weedon Island, the place, Arctiaeoi.ogical District Tampa, Hillsborough Count)' I ll KI I A(.l I\ 1 EKPRErER from Weeden Island, the culture. 813.855.1765 1\ IniS Rl (.ION Through public programs, guided www.hillsboroughcounry.org/parks/ Florida Fron in rs hikes and exhibits, the Weedon Island park.scrviccs/regionalparks.cfm Preserve and Natural History Cx-nter Based in St. Petersburg, Pinellas C 'ountv Ihis is a 2,144-acre park and preserve interprets the rich natural, cultural 727.321.7845 located on Double Branch Peninsula in wuw.Horidafronticr.com and archaeological history of the area lampa Bay. Ihe archaeological district and how the environment and people Florida Frontiers otters tours of sites within the park includes 18 sites that support and shape each oihei. in Pinellas County where Focobaga date from 4,000 to 500 \-ears ago Indians built ancient towns over 1.000 and are associated with the Manasot.i \cars ago. Artists, environmental Cailture. Ihe interpretive building educators, and li\ing histor\' interpreters houses exhibits on the archaeological 1 li/abeth Neily and Hermann tiisiriei, and nature trails, boardw.ilks, Irappman tell stories about 12,000 A\\t\ canoes are also available. years of human occupation in Florida. 25 Southwest Region Sites are listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, pages 18-19.

B.\RB.\R.\ SUMVVAI.T MUSKUM Charlotte County dating to 5,000 years ago and pottery Boat accessible only. Historical Center fragments dating to around 3,000 Bokeelia, Useppa Island, Lee County Charlotte Harbor, Charlotte County years ago. Other Native American exhibits 239.283.9600 941.629.7278 inlcude stories of the ancient people who www. useppa. com/sociery.html www.chariottecountyfl.com/historical/ fished and thrived in the Calusa heartland index. asp Exhibits focus on Useppa Island's estuaries over 2,000 years ago. history, including displays on the Exhibits of the earliest inhabitants pre-European inhabitants of the island of the area contain projectile points from 12,000 to 7,000 years ago and the Calusa, who lived in the area at the Coacoochee (Wild Cat), ca. 1808 - 1857 time of Spanish exploration of Florida. November 1837, he succeeded Asin The "Useppa Woman," a reconstructed Yahola or Ussi Yahola (Osceola) bust from a 1,400-year-old burial, g. |l as paramount military leader of the pictured on the back cover, is on 1 Seminole resistance, and held that display. RjWi position longer and more effectively De Soto National Memorial than his more famous predecessor. Bradenton, Manatee County Sz^^*^E Coacoochee became micco of a y^^^^^^P' 941.792.0458 fi^^^^^^^t small community during the war www.nps.gov/deso i^^ii, and occupied a series of other This site the 1 539-1 542 commemorates offices in the Seminole government expedition of Hernando Soto, first de after his people's forced relocation European explorer of 4,000 miles of ^J^H to an area now in Oklahoma in the southeastern United States. l^w' November 1841. After Micco De Soto National Memorial provides Nuppa's death in 1848, the Council a view of the coastal environment that pw passed over Coacoochee for the was home to ancient Floridians and ^^^^r: y^-^=:i^ position of principal chief despite his a barrier to the conquistadors. From Oo^ och.- - act, extraordinary talent for leadership. December to April the site has living (Image courtesy of Florida State Frustrated, presumably, with that history demonstrations that bring to life Archives. Tallahassee) and with Muscogee ("Creek") and de Soto's landing camp, Camp Uzita, Coacoochee (Ko AH koo chee) American interference in Seminole named after the local chief was an effective and colorful leader affairs, he moved his town to South Florida Museum in the Seminole resistance to the Coahuila, Mexico, between 1849 Bradenton, Manatee County American invasion of Florida in the and 1 850. A community of maroons 94L746.4131 1830s and 1840s. He was born (free Africans) led by John Cowaya \^^vw.sollthfloridamllseum.org about 1808 near the Oklawaha (John Horse) accompanied them, The "Archaic Man" display contains River in east-central Florida. His and a group of Kickapoos, originally artifacts and exhibit panels about people mother was a sister of the Seminole from the Great Lakes area, joined who lived in Florida between 9,000 and principal chief Micco Nuppa them briefly They negotiated a 5,000 years ago. This museum houses ("Micanopy") and his father was treaty with Mexico, agreeing to the famous Montague Tallant Collection, micco (leader) of a Seminole town defend the Mexican border country one of the premier collections of Florida on the St. Johns River. Therefore, under Coacoochee's leadership aboriginal artifacts from 1 ,700 years ago Coacoochee belonged to the elite in exchange for land, goods, and through European contact in the 1 500s. lineage that provided the most services. In 1857, Coacoochee and influential Seminole leaders. By many of his people died of smallpox.

1836, Coacoochee was raiding His community soon fell apart, and

American settlements in eastern the Seminoles left Coahuila by Florida. After his celebrated 1861 . Seminoles still remember and escape from the U.S. prison at Fort admire him. Marion (Castillo de San Marcos) in Susan A. Miller

26 Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, Indian Mound Park explain the lifeways of the people who Big Cypress Ri:servation (Paulsen Point) built the mounds as well as nature trails Clewiston, Hendry County Englewood, Sarasota Count)' to the top of the mounds. 863.902.1113 941.474.3065 or 941.861.5000

vvww.ahtahthiki.com This site, now a Sarasota County Everglades Nauonal Park, Sandfly Island Canoe Trip This is the official museum of the park, was a site of regional authority Everglades City, Collier County Seminole Tribe of Florida. Exhibits occupied from approximately 3,000 305.242.7700 in to 650 years ago. Ancient people were depict the lives of the Seminoles \\'w\\.nps.t:;o\/archive/ever/visit/canoe-gc.htm south Florida during the late 1800s. attracted to this particular area of land Everglades National Park protects a Additionally, there is a 600-square- because of the abundance of seafood, large portion of the Everglades, the foot changing exhibit gallery and a the mainstay of their diet. Nature trails largest marsh estuar)' in the United nine-mile boardwalk through the provide various views of the mound. States. Native Americans took cypress swamp. The Legends Theater Mound Key Archaeological advantage of the vast resources it portrays how storys were passed State Park offered and sought refuge there from down from generation to generation. Boat accessible only. U.S. attempts at removal. Interpretive Estero Bay, Lee County Billie Swamp Safari, Bic; displays on Sandfly Island tell of the 239.992.0311 Cypress Ri.servation island's long human histor)'. The island www.floridastateparks.org/moundkey/ Clewiston, Hendry County default. cfm itself is a shell mound created by 800.949.6101 Cakisa Indians, who lived in this area www.serninoletribe.com/safari Mound Key is believed to have been over 2,000 years ago. the ceremonial and political center of Billie Swamp Safari offers first- the Calusa Indians when the Spaniards hand experience of the wildlife and MUSEI'M OF THE EvERGLADES first attempted to colonize southwest Everglades City, Collier County environment of the everglades. Florida. Archaeological investigations 239.695.0008 Overnight guests sleep in a native-style \\ w \\. riorid.i-cN crglades.com/evercrNVmu- indicate that Mound Key was occupied chickee hut. There are also day and scLim.htm at least 2,000 years ago. In 1 566, the evening swamp tours, and campfire Native exhibits display Spanish governor of Florida established American stories about the history and legends artifacts from 2,000 to 500 years ago a setdement on the island with a fort of the unconquered Seminoles. and tell the story of southwest Florida's and the first Jesuit mission in Spanish first inhabitants. Education programs, Florida. Accessible only by boat, the lectures, and events are presented island features outdoor exhibits that throughout the year.

Vandalism of Florida's Native American Heritage

Florida's Native American of destruction, which ruins both

heritage sites attract attention the intrinsic and scientific value

from many individuals and groups of archaeological sites. Section

interested in their protection, 267.13, Florida Statutes provides preservation and interpretation. misdemeanor and felony penalties Unfortunately, many sites also attract for vandalizing sites on state land. unscrupulous people interested Many looters dig at night or target AIIIEFtfBIE in removing artifacts for personal remote sites, making them difficult to gain. Sites on public and private catch. Despite this, five to ten people He's Stealing From Youl land are systematically targeted by are prosecuted every year. Please

looters who collect or sell Native visit sites responsibly, leave exposed American artifacts. State land artifacts for others to observe and

PROTECT THE PAST managers, archaeologists, law learn from, never dig into a site, and

enforcement officers and prosecutors report signs of vandalism to state law work together to stem this tide enforcement authorities. (Image courtesy of Florida Bureau of Ryan J. Wheeler Archaeological Reserch, Tallahassee)

27 Sor I HWKsr Rix.ioN (coMiNUi:n) SouTH\vKST Florida The Mound House Olde Marc:o Museum Museum of History Fort Myers Beach, Lee County Marco Island, Collier County Fort Myers, Lee County 239.765.0865 239.394.6917 www.themihs.org/index.htni 239.332.5955 www.moundhouse.org \\•^\^v.citv^tmycrs.com/mu,sellm/about.a,spx The oldest standing structure on Fort The Calusa culture, dominant in the

Housed in the former Atlantic Coastline Myers Beach sits on the crest of a area from 2,000 to 500 years ago, is the

Railroad depot, this museum tells the Calusa shell mound overlooking Estero premier exhibit at this museum. Some Native American heritage of the region Bay. Walk inside the mound to view of the most important finds in North

in exhibits portraying the first people interspersed layers of shell and earth American pre-European archaeology who arrived 12,000 years ago, as well used to construct the site from 2,000 are depicted in photographs, including as the Calusa and Seminoles. to 1,200 years ago. finds from the Key Marco Site. In 1895-1896, archaeologist Frank Hamilton Cushing excavated the Key

Marco Site and recovered over 1 ,000 wooden artifacts, the most famous of

which is a carving of a cat-like animal.

This amazing find ensured this site's place as among the most famous in the southeast.

Fort Center, Fisheating Creek Wildlife Management Area Moore Haven, Glades County 561.625.5122 www.floridaconservation.org/recreation/ fisheating_creek/default.asp ^^^M^. Used as a location for a small fort during the Second and Third Aerial photograph of Little Salt Spring. (Photographed by Peter Masa. Image courtesy of John Gifford) Seminole War, archaeological remains at Fort Center consist of mounds, Little Salt Spring: Oasis of Information ponds, circular ditches, and linear Little Salt Spring is a unique wood will never decay. Here 20th- embankments built about 2,000 years archaeological resource. Not only century divers have excavated a ago. At the site, bundles of human is it one of the oldest in North giant turtle with a 12,000-year-old remains were found along with the America, it contains organic wooden stake through its shell and remnants of a wooden platform remains of plants, animals, and the remains of a cook fire, a 9,000- decorated with wooden carvings of people that are extremely well year-old oak boomerang-like object wildlife including life-size cats, a bear, preserved. Around a small sink hole and a host of artifacts from 6,000-year- foxes, eagles, and wading birds. in present-day Sarasota County, old burials, including two beautiful people continuously used the site greenstone pendants. Now owned by Ortona Site, from 12,000 to 5,000 years ago, the University of Miami, the 110-acre Indl^n Mound Park Moore Haven, Glades County when Florida was much dher. wooded preserve around the sinkhole 863.946.0440 They camped in the upper bowl is an island in a sea of streets, homes, First documented during a survey of the hourglass-shaped sinkhole, schools, and golf courses. in 1839, unusual earthworks near pounding stakes into the sides Excerpted from a report by Bill the Caloosahatchee River were first of the shaft to lower ropes to the Dudley and provided by John Gifford believed to be fortifications built by water surface 90 feet below ground witfi funding from the Florida Dept. Europeans. Archaeological investigations level. Below a depth of 15 feet the of State, Div. of Cultural Affairs and determined that the earthworks are in water that flows up from Florida's produced by the Florida Humanities fact the remains of a canal system dating underground aquifer contains no Council on the web at: to about 1 ,700 years ago, demonstrating dissolved oxygen. As a result, www.flahum.org that the Indians engineered large organic material such as bone and irrigation projects. An exhibit and trail

interpret the site. 28 Collier County Museum Naples, Collier County 239.774.8476 vvww.coliierm useum.com

Exhibits on the Calusa and Seminole Indians describe the Native American heritage of the area. Also at the museum are five acres of native gardens.

Big Cypre.ss National Preserve Oasis Visitor Center Ochopee, Collier County 239.695.1201 www. nps.gov/ bic)7 pi anyour vis it/ directions.htm

The Big Cypress Swamp became a refuge for Seminole and Miccosukee

people remaining in Florida at the end

of the Third Seminole War in 1 858.

Today, a large portion of the swamp is (Image Courtesy of Florida Public Radio - Trimmel Gomes) within the boundaries of the Big Cypress Buffalo Tiger, 1920- Reservation of the Seminole Tribe of

Buffalo Tiger is a venerated married a non-Indian woman and Florida. The National Preserve visitor elder of the Miccosukee Tribe of interacted with white society. Thus center offers exhibits and educational materials on the natural and cultural Indians who resides in southern he became an invaluable negotiator histor)' of the preserve, including its tise Florida. He was born in 1920 at a for his people when, in the 1950s, as home to Native Americans. traditional Indian camp, deep in the they requested federal recognition Everglades. Mostaki was his child- as a tribe separate from the Florida HisroRiG Spanish Point hood name. The Tigers are mem- Seminoles. When the U.S. govern- Osprey, Sarasota Count)' bers of the Bird Clan, and he spent ment refused to grant the Micco- 941.966.5214 www.historicspanishpoint.org his childhood learning the language sukee's tribal status, Buffalo led a and traditions of his people. As a delegation to Cuba in 1959, where Over 5,000 years of human history is child, Mostaki accompanied his they were eagerly recognized by represented within this 30-acre site. The site family on visits to trading posts in Fidel Castro. Officials in Washington includes rwo large shell middens and Miami where he occasionally played quickly reconsidered their position a significant burial mound constituting one ot the largest intact prehistoric sites with white youngsters and began and the Miccosukee Tribe's govern- in the region. It features "A Window To to learn English. He never attended ment was organized in 1962. Buffalo Ihc Past," an exhibit inside a 15-foot school until he was an adult and was elected its first chairman and high midden mound. The site also has a then only for a short time. Like served for 23 years. Under his lead- pioneer era homestead and form;il gardens. other Miccosukee boys, at about ership the Miccosukee became the age fifteen he received an adult first tribe to totaly manage its own Madira Bk.kel Molm) .Si mi name from elders at the Green Corn affairs under President Nixon's new .\K(:nAK()i()(;ic.Ai. Sin Dance, the annual ceremony of his Indian Self-Determination Policy. Palmetto, Manatee County 941.723.4536 people. However, the white children After stepping down from tribal WW u. rioridastatcparks.org/ that with said like Buffalo Tiger he played he ran government, began m.iJirabickelmound/delault.ctm a buffalo and that name stuck. Buf- a successful airboat tour business Hesignatcd as Florida's first falo Tiger was unusual among the that he continues to operate on the archaeoK)gical monument in 1049. the reclusive Miccosukees who pre- Tamiami Trail. M.idira Bickel temple and burial mound ferred to remain in their Everglades Harry A. Kersey. Jr complex reflect native occupations from camps. He took a job in Miami, .ibout 1.700 to 800 years ago. A trail

Ic.rIs to the top of the niouml. v>"

Sor I nwEST Re(;i()n (continukd)

PORTAVANT Tp:MPI,E MoUNI) AT Museum of the Islands Heritage Interpreters Emikson Point Park Pine Island, Lee County In This Region Palmetto, Manatee County 239.283.1525 941.776.2295 www.museuinoftheislands.com Around the Bend N.atur>: Tours Based in Bradenton, Manatee The Portavant Temple Mound is the Museum exhibits present the history of County 941.794.8773 largest Native American mound in the the Ten Thousand Islands along the www.aroundbend.com Tampa Bay Area and overlooks the southwest coast of Florida. A mural Around the Bend Nature Tours offers Manatee River. Emerson Point Park and period artifacts provide an group tours and educational field trips has witnessed extensive human use for interpretation of the powerful Calusa to discover the rich natural and cultural over 4,500 years with the most striking culture that inhabited the islands 2,000 heritage of Florida's southwestern Gulf of evidence being the 1,200-year-old years ago. An extensive shell collection Mexico. Hands-on programs with replica temple mound and surrounding village and exhibit celebrating the importance tools and storytelling are available for middens. Outdoor exhibits explain the of fishing is on display. people of all ages with the goal of giving site's archaeological features and the Sarasota County them a sense of Florida as "home." area's past. History Center Calusa Heritage Trail, Sarasota, Sarasota County Tarpon Bay Explorers at Randell Research Center 941.861.6881 J.N. Ding Darung National www.scgov.net/Arts/Culture/History AT Pin ELAND 'Wildlife Rfjfxige Sanibel Island, Lee County Pine Island, Lee County The Sarasota County History Center 239.472.8900 239.283.2062 maintains an archive, museum, and www.tarponbayexplorers.com www.flmnh.ufl.edu/RRC reference service for public interest and Tarpon Bay Explorers present Sanibel's The Calusa Heritage Trail is an research, and an exhibit on pre-European ancient history through naturalist- interpreted path that leads visitors people of the area. guided and self-guided kayak tours through the mounds, canals, and other on Commodore Creek, a trail used features of the archaeological site at by the ancient Calusas. The Shell Pineland. Signs provide information Mound Trail has views of a 2,000- about the Calusa, their environment, year-old shell mound covered with and the people who have lived at subtropical vegetation. Pineland since the Calusa.

Betty Mae Jumper, 1923 - Betty Mae Jumper spent iier established the Seminole Tribune, early childhood on the Seminole the widely circulated newspaper

reservation in Dania, now called that brings information and news Hollywood, where she attended about the Seminoles to the Native the reservation school. She then American community and the world. ojHiw went to school in Cherokee, North Throughout the latter half of the 20th Carolina and became one of the century, she regularly appeared as

first Seminoles to graduate high a Seminole storyteller at the Florida school. She went to nursing school Folk Festival and other events. She

in Oklahoma, returning to Florida to has authored several books and

be a nurse for the Seminoles. She was the recipient of the first Lifetime married Moses Jumper, and together Achievement Award from the Native they raised 3 children. When the American Journalists Association. m^^^ [BH^^P^pi^^^Sfll^^B Seminole Tribe of Florida received The Native America Indian Women's

federal recognition in 1957, Betty Association named her among the top

Mae was on the first Tribal Council 50 Indian women in the U.S., and she

and was elected Chairperson of is a member of the Florida Women's

the Seminole Tribe of Florida in Hall of Fame.

1967, becoming the first woman to Brenda Swann (Image Courtesy of the Florida Commission on the Status of Women, Tallahassee) lead the Seminoles. In 1979 she

30 :^x:.^<. :.c.

5w^. 1 xx...^ ,1 Region Sites are listed in alphabetical order by city, then site name. Also see map, pages 18-1' Trek Tops Park, Pink Island Ridgk Abiaka (Arpeika, Sam Jones), ca. 1765-1870 Davie, Broward County Although little is known about genius directed Seminole gains in 954.370.3750 Seminole medicine man Abiaka, the the 1837 Battle of Okeechobee. www.broward.oig/parks/ Seminole Tribe says he may have When the fighting had concluded, he This park provides access to Pine been more important to Seminole was the only major Seminole leader Island Ridge, a core area of Seminole resistance than Osceola. Abiaka to remain in Florida. settlement beginning in the 1830s. was a powerful spiritual leader who Starved, surrounded, sought The visitor center features exhibits used his medicine to stir Seminole with a vengeance, Abiaka would on the life of Abiaka (Sam Jones) and warriors into a frenzy. Many years answer no flag of truce, no offer the Battle of Pine Island Ridge, and a older than most of the Seminole of compromise, no demand of bronze sculpture of Abiaka pointing a leadership of that era, Abiaka was surrender. He founded a settlement woman and child to safety. a staunch resister of removal. He along the Pine Island Ridge, near Jonathan Dickinson kept the resistance fueled before Dania. His final camp was in the Statk Park and after Osceola's period of Big Cypress Swamp, not far from Hobe Sound, Palm Beach County prominence. He was present at the Seminole Tribe's Big Cypress 772.546.2771 the attack on Dade's troops and community of today www.floridastateparks.org/ jonathandickinson/defauit.cfm the Battle of Loxahatchee, and his Brenda Swann

Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant, and his family and crew Seminolk Okalee Mount Elizabkth, Indian were shipwrecked near Hobe Sound Indian Vii.la(;k RivKRSiDK Park in 1696 and walked the coast to Hollywood, Broward County Jensen Beach, Martin County

St. Augustine. Dickinson's journal 954.797.5551 727.692.7501 www.seni tribe. com/en terprises/holK'wood/ ww^\.ap.^ser\er martin. describes encounters with Native fl.us:7778/pls/ okalee. shtm I portal/docs/page/mc_parks/documents/ Americans and Spanish settlers along irspinfopic.pdf The history and culture of the Seminole the coast and provides a detailed Indians are explored here, featuring an The Mount Elizabeth site is a large historical account of the time period. authentic Seminole Village with Seminole coastal midden dating between 2,000 Portions of the Battle of Loxahatchee, people demonstrating their world famous and 3,000 years ago. The exhibit on fought during the Second Seminole arts and crafts. Wildlife shows, dligator the site was developed by the Southeast War, are believed to have been fought presentations, and animal feedings are Florida Archaeological Societ)' Chapter within the park. A sign at the park conducted on the weekends. of the Florida Anthropological Society. interprets the battle. Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Muskum Indian Key Historic AT OkAKKK Statk Park Islamorada, Monroe Count\' Hollywood, Broward County 305.664.2540 954.797.5570 www. floridastateparks.org/indian key/ www.semtribc.com/entcrprises/liollywood/ default. cfm ahtahthikiokalee/ In 1840 Chakaika, leader of the This branch of the Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki "Spanish Indians," led a raid on the Museum, located on the Seminole settlement at Indian Key that burned Hollywood Reservation, is accessible all but one building of this prosperous through the Hard Rock entertainment town, then the county .seat of Monroe complex. It includes an exhibit on Cx)unty. Oral traditions of the Florida habitats and features Seminole Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida paintings, colorful patchwork dispkus, assert that some members of their tribe and vintage photos. are descendents of C-hakaika's group. Ihc Indian Key town ruins are on display, along with interpretive panels Part of the Indian Key town rums (Image courtesy of the Florida Park of the town's history. Service, Indian Key)

31 Sol 1 HI AS 1 Rkcion (continued) Jupiter Inlet Historic LOXAHATCHEE RiVER Historical Museum AND Archaeological Site, Historical Museum OE Southern Florida Dubois Park Jupiter, Palm Beach County Miami, Miami-Dade County Jupiter, Palm Beach County 561.747.6639 305.375.1492 56L747.6639 www.lrhs.org/indexFlash.htm www. historical-niuseum.org/hmsf/ wwvv.lrhs.org/htmlPages/dubois.htm moreinfo.htm The permanent exhibit, "Five Dubois Park contains the remains Thousand Years on the Loxahatchee," The Historical Museum of Southern of a village occupied by the Jobe includes displays about pre-Spanish Florida tells the stories of people in and their predecessors from 1,000 contact periods dating from 5,000 south Florida and the Caribbean from years ago. The shell midden, or trash to 500 years ago. Also on display are 12,000 years ago through the present. pile, from the village site is 20 feet Seminole artifacts and a replica of a The "Tropical Dreams: First Arrivals" high. Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker Seminole village. exhibit features information and merchant whose family and crew were artifacts about southern Florida's first Crane Point Nature Center, shipwrecked in 1696, is thought to have inhabitants and the Miami Circle (see Museums, and Historic Site been held captive at this site. The Dubois page 33). Marathon, Monroe County Pioneer Home is located on top of the 305.743.3900 Miccosukee Indian Village archaeological site. www.cranepoinc.org/index.html AND Museum of Tribal Exhibits about Native Americans in the AND Natural History Florida Keys include a 600-year-old Miami, Miami-Dade County dugout canoe. 305.480.1924 www.miccosukeeresort.com/mivillage.html

The Miccosukee Indian Village offers demonstrations and exhibits of Billy Bowlegs, 1810-1859 woodcarving, patchwork, beadwork, Known as Holata Mico or basket weaving, and doll making. The Alligator Chief, Billy Bowlegs was Miccosukee Museum of Natural and a hereditary chief, descended from Tribal History was founded in 1983 Cowkeeper, and probably a nephew and features clothing, paintings, and of Micanopy. He was a key Seminole artifacts from the tribe. leader during the Second and Third Seminole Wars, especially after the Snake Warrior's Island Miramar, Broward capture of Osceola in 1838. A series County 954.964.0283 of successful attacks by his small w\v"w.broward.org/parks/parklist.htm band of 200 warriors eventually led The City of Miramar, State of Florida, to a peace treaty in 1842, ending Seminole Tribe of Florida, and Broward the Second Seminole War. The County have preserved this park in Florida Territory was relatively calm honor of Chitto-Tustenuggee's (Snake until 1855 when a U.S. Army raid Warrior) village, once located on the on Bowlegs' camp at Great Cypress island. Archaeological excavations Swamp provoked three more years revealed European trade items such of guerrilla-style warfare. One of as glass beads and other Seminole the last Seminole leaders to agree artifacts at the site, and an 1840s map to removal to Indian Territory in shows the location of the village within Oklahoma, Billy Bowlegs, along with the park. more than 100 followers, boarded the steamer Grey Cloud at Egmont Key

near Tampa in 1858 for the arduous journey to Oklahoma.

James J. Miller

(Image courtesy of Florida State Archives)

32 Arc:h Crei-.k Historic around 2,000 years ago and later by The Historical Society AND Arc;hae()lo(.k:al Park the Seminoles in the 19th century. OF Martin County at North Miami, Miami-Dade County Middens dating to the Tequesta period Elliot Museum 305.944.6111 and a 19th century coontie mill are Stuart, Martin County www. miamidade.gov/parks/Parks/arch_ 772.225.1961 also present in the park. Coontie is a creek. asp elliottmuseumfl.org plant ground into flour by Seminoles Arch Creek Park was created around The museum is home to the and early white settlers. A museum a natural limestone bridge formation Willoughby Collection, one of the contains displays on the Native that was once part of an important largest collections of late 19th and early American remains at the park. trail first used by the Tequesta 20th century Seminole artifacts.

The Miami Circle: Case Study in Grassroots Preservation

The Miami Circle at Brickell

Point, in the heart of downtown

Miami, was discovered in 1998 during archaeological investigations

conducted in preparation for development of two high-rise towers

on the Brickell Point site. Carved into the soft limestone around 2,000 years ago, the Miami Circle

likely represents the foundation of an ancient building or open-air enclosure that was part of a Native American village at the mouth of the Miami River. The threat of the Miami Circle's destruction by development attracted the attention of archaeologists, Native Americans, and preservation-minded citizens. Because of the Miami Circle, many have learned a great deal about Native American history and

now recognize that cooperation is needed to understand and preserve that legacy. Strong public pressure

to preserve the archaeological site prompted the Florida Governor and Cabinet and Miami-Dade County to acquire the 2.2-acre parcel for

$26.7 million. The Miami Circle is currently being developed as a public park and preserve.

For more information visit: www.miamicirclesite.com

Ryan J. Wheeler and

Jerald T. Milanich Excavations at the Miami Circle, Brickell Point Site. (Image courtesy of the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research) Helpful Terms

Exerpted from the National Park Service. Chert: A flint-like rock For more terms, visit: that occurs in central and www.cr.nps.gov/seac/terms.htm western Florida.

Culture: Shared beliefs Anaerobic Environment: An and practices learned by environment that lacks oxygen. These a group of people. environments preserve organic materials Historic Period: The such as wood, bone, and grasses. period of time during

Anthropology: The scientific and which a written record is humanistic study of people's present available. and past biological, linguistic, social, Midden: The layer of and cultural variations. Its major Recreated midden at the South Florida: People and soil where people lived, subfields are archaeology, physical Environments exhibit at the Florida Museum of Natural walked on, built houses, anthropology, cultural anthropology, History (see page 16). Shell and dirt have been built up and threw out trash, and a dwelling is placed at the top. and anthropological linguistics. including fragments of Archaeological Site: A location where tools, charcoal, pieces of pottery, and Paleontology: The study of people left some material evidence of food remains such as animal bones and development of life on earth through past activity. seeds. Decomposition of these food the fossil record. remains and artifacts usually makes the Archaeology (also spelled Archeology): Prehistoric Period: The period of time midden layer darker than surrounding The scientific study of the physical before a written record. In Florida, it layers of soil. evidence of human societies recovered is pre-Eurpopean contact. through controlled collection or Mound: Mounds can be comprised Protohistoric: The period of time when excavation from archaeological sites to of midden material, while other types only a partial or very limited historic discover and describe cultures. Analyses of mounds were purposefully built to record is available. In Florida, that provide answers and predictions about serve a particular function. These other would be primarily during the period of the development of cultures and types of mounds are architectural Spanish exploration (1513 - 1565). human behavior. features for burials, ceremonies, or to support houses. See page 14 for more Subsistence: The means by which a Artifact: Any object manufactured, on mounds. group obtains the food and shelter used or modified by humans. Common necessary to support life. examples include tools, art, and pottery.

Selected Bibliography

Austin, Robert J., Hudson, Charles M. McEwan, Bonnie G., Editor. Kathleen S. Hoffman, Knights ofSpain, Warriors ofthe Sun: The Spanish Missions ofLa Florida and George R. Ballo, Editors Hernando de Soto and the South's Gainesville, FL: University Press of Thinking About Significance Ancient Chiefdoms Florida, 1993 Riverview, Florida: Special Publication Athens, GA: University of Georgia Milanich, Jerald T. Series No. 1, Florida Archaeological Press, 1997 Archaeology ofPrecolumbian Florida Council, Inc., 2003 Jumper, Betry Mae Gainesville, FL: University Press of For ordering information, go to: Legends ofthe Seminoles Florida, 1994 www.flarchcouncil.org/ Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc., 1994 Florida Indians and the Invasion Bial, Raymond A Seminole Legend: Life ofBetty MaeJumper fi'om Europe The Seminole- Lifeways Gainesville, FL: University Press of Gainesville, FL: University Press of Tarrytown, NY: Benchmark Books, 2000 Florida, 2001 Florida, 1995 Florida's Indians From Ancient Time to Bartram, William MacMahon, Darcie A. the Present Travels of William Bartram and William Marquardt. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Dover, NY: Edited by M. Van Doren, 2000 The Calusa and TJjeir Legacy Florida, 1998 Gainesville, FL: University Press of Brown, Robin C. Florida, 2004 Weisman, Brent R. Florida's First People Unconquered People: Florida's Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc., 1994 Mahon, John K. Seminole and Miccosukee Indians History ofthe Second Seminole War Gainesville, FL: University Press of Gainesville, FL University of Florida Florida, 1999 Press, 1967 34 w;>.^>y^\";>>>"7

X.^_ ;^'

Fl 1)1 K Al 1 A RlCOCNIZED NaI IVK American Groups With Ties To Florida MiccosuKEE Tribe Poarch Band Seminole Nation OF Indians of Florida OF Creek Indians OF Oklahoma

Tamiami Station 581 1 Jack Springs Road RO. Box 1498 P.O. Box 440021 Atmore, AL 36502 Wewoka, OK 74884 Miami, FL 33144 www. poarclicreekindians.org seminoienation.com/ wavvv.miccosukeeresort.com/tribe.html Seminole Tribe of Florida Muscogee (Creek) Nation 6300 Stirling Road P.O. Box 580 Hollywood, FL 33024 Okmulgee, OK 74447 www.seminoletribe.com www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/

Helpful Resources Florida Anthropological Florida Division of Trail of Florida's Society Historical Resources, Bureau Indian Heritage www.fasweb.org/index.html OF Archaeolo(;ical Research v\"s\'w. trailoffloridasindianheritage.org

Florida's statewide organization for Main offices located at: A membership network of sites, anthropology and archaeology, this B. Calvin Jones Center for Archaeologj' at museums, and heritage interpreters, as organization includes amateur and the Governor Martin House well as organizations and individuals 1001 professional archaeologists in 1 5 chapters De Soto Park Drive interested in heritage tourism in throughout the state. Publications Tallahassee, Florida 32301 Florida. See the inside back cover for www. Hheritage.com/archaeology/ Include The Florida Anthropologist and more information. occasional series of publications. This bureau works with other state agencies and local communities to National R\rk Sermce, Chapters of the Florida Southeast Anthropological Society: manage, preserve, and interpret Florida's irreplaceable archaeological sites for Archeologic:al Center • Archaeological Society of citizens and visitors. The Bureau 2035 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Southern Florida manages the Florida Artifact Collection, Johnson Building, Suite 100 • Central Florida a Conservation Lab, Mission San Tallahassee, Florida 32310 Anthropological Society Luis, and programs in Underwater w\\"\v.cr.nps.gov/sc'ac/seac.htm

• Central Gulf Coast Archaeology, Public Lands Archaeology, For nearly 40 years, the Southeast Archaeological Society and education and training for land Archeological Center (SEAC) has carried managers and law enforcement officers. • Emerald Coast Archaeology Society out a tradition of archeological research, collections and information management, • Gold Coast Anthropological Society Florida Public and technical support lor national park • Indian River Archaeology NF.T^voRK units located in the southeast region of the Anthropological Society Coordinating Center National Park Sen'ice. University of West Florida • Kissimmee Valley Archaeological 207 East Main Street and Historical Conservancy FL()Kn)A Di\ ision of Pensacola, Florida 32591 HiSrORICAL Rfsoi'rcf.s, • Panhandle Archaeological Society www.Hpublicarchacology.org/ Florida .Mas ifk Sn f File at Tallahassee The Florida Public Archaeology Netvs'ork 500 South Bronough Street • Pensacola Archaeological Society (FPAN) is direction for protection a new Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 • Southeast Florida and preservation of cultural resources \\\\\\.Hhtrifage.com/prescr\ation/sitefilc7 Archaeological Society and for involving the public in the I he Florida Master Site File is a paper study of our past. Regional centers • Southwest Florida Hie archive and computer data base around Florida serve as clearinghouses Archaeological Society of all known historical structures and for information; as places for learning, •St. Augustine archaeological sites in Florida. Ihe Site training and study; and as headquarters Archaeological A.ssociation File also maintains copies of reports on h)r public participation in archaeologv llorida history and prehistory. • Time Sifters Archaeological Society and historic preservation. • Volusia Anthropological Society

• Warm Mineral Springs/Little Salt Spring Archaeological .Society

35 Acknowledgements

Project staff would like to thank the Tribune: Patsy West: Anne McCudden, Museum of Florida Art and Culture, South numerous individuals who helped make this Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum; Charity Wood, Florida Community College; Phylis Kolianos, publication possible. We thank the Florida Museum of Florida History: Carl Tinsley, Director of the Weedon Island Preserve Historical Commission for approval of the Florida Public Radio: Adam West, Florida Cultural and Natural History Center; Linda grant application. Thanks to the staff at the State Archives: Lindsay Calkins and Peter Coleman and Debra Fabiszak, Charlotte Florida Division of Historical Resources: Whiteley, American Museum of Natural Harbor Historical Center; Willard Steele, Sharyn Heiland, Susanne Hunt, Catherine History: Laura Dean, South Florida Museum; Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, Seminole Tribe Clark, Ryan Wheeler, and Frederick Tom Muir, Polk County Historical Museum; of Florida: and William Swann, South Gaske. We thank Tina Osceola and Willard Stephanie Gaub, Orange County Regional Florida Community College. Anne Stokes, Steele, Seminole Tribe of Florida, for their History Center; Angella Jones and Michelle President, Southeastern Archaeological participation and input. Thanks to Steve Manning, Florida Commission on the Status Research, Inc., allowed use of a copy Terry, Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, of Women; Theresa Schober, The Mound machine. Anne Stokes, James Pochurek, for his review and comments. Editorial House: Ryan Wheeler and Mary Glowacki, Travis Fulk, and Norma Roberts of input from Brent Weisman, University of Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research: Southeastern Archaeological Research Inc., South Flonda, gave direction to the project and Suzanne White, South Florida Museum. provided support and encouragement. For and improved the final product. William Scott Mitchell provided copies of drawings their input and direction, we thank members Marquardt, Florida Museum of Natural and made suggestions for additional image of the Board of the Trail of Florida's Indian History, was very generous of his time and sources. Elizabeth Neily, Florida Frontiers Heritage: Roger Block, Theresa Schober, provided input and many, many images and past Trail Board member, gave input Ronald Fekete, Doris Anderson, Martha

for use in the publication. His donation of during the planning phase of the project and Ardren, Brian Polk, Nicholas Robbins, time and materials significantly contributed provided artwork by Hermann Trappman and Scott Pardue. We thank the Frank E. to the success of this publication. Ann and photographs. We also thank Richard Duckwall Foundation, Florida Humanities Cordell and Donna Ruhl, Florida Museum Estabrook, Director, West Central Region Council, VISIT FLORIDA New Product of Natural History, also gave their time and Florida Public Archaeology Network, for Development Department, and all members provided images. Many individuals provided his input and interest in the project. For of the Trail of Florida's Indian Heritage for assistance with obtaining images: Melissa providing Board meeting space to review the their continued support. < Sherman and Felix DoBosz, Seminole publication status, we thank Mollie Doctrow,

Contributing Authors

Robert J. Austin, Ph.D., Vice President, Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc.

Bill Dudley, Florida Public Radio

John Gifford, Ph.D., Director of Little Salt Spring, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami

Harry A. Kersey, Jr., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Florida Atlantic University

Kevin McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, University of Florida

Bonnie G. McEwan, Ph.D., Executive Director, Mission San Luis

Jerald T. Milanich, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus of Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History

James J. Miller, Ph.D., Heritage Presen/ation

Planner and State Archaeologist (1 983 - 2003)

Susan A. Miller, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies, Arizona State University and member, Seminole Nation of Oklahoma

Brenda Swann, M.A., Heritage Education and Preservation and Project Director, Florida Native

American Heritage Trail

Willard S. Steele, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Seminole Tribe of Florida

Ryan Wheeler, Ph.D., State Archaeologist and Chief, Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research The Calusa believed that people had three souls: in the pupil of one's eye. Lee Tiger, President, Lee Tiger and Associates in one's shadow, and in one's reflection. Do you see her three souls? Artist: Merald Clark) and member, Miccosukee Tribe of Indians (Image courtesy of the Florida Museum of Natural History: of Florida 36 This publication produced by:

?lA°'Horida's fflndian Heritage

Founded in 2000 by heritage interpreter entrepreneurs Martha

Ardren and Karen Fraley, the Trail of Florida's Indian Heritage is a membership network of three heritage interpreters and 26 public sites, including history museums, archaeological sites, and city, county, state and national parks. With funding from the Florida F^umanities Council, the Frank E. Duckwall Foundation, and VISIT FLORIDA New Product Development Department, the Trail has produced three important ^ archaeological speaker series and three very popular tourism brochures which are distributed throughout the state and at all VISIT FLORIDA Welcome Centers. kl

Want to contribute to the promotion and preservation of Florida's past in a significant way?

Want to demonstrate support W for local and statewide nonprofit tourism efforts? k

Get Involved! Become a member ofthe Trail ofFloridas Indian Heritage!

Categories of membership:

• Individual Member

• Nonprofit Organization Members

• Site and Heritage Interpreter Members • Sponsor Member (Convention and Visitors' Bureaus, CRM firms and other businesses)

For more information on becoming a tiKinbcr,

please call toll free: 877.621.6805 or visit the Trail at: www.trailofiloridasindianheritage.org ^^ TTT t^M ^^S^^

Florida Native American Heritage Trail Florida Department of State

Kurt S. Browning Secretary of State

Division of Historical Resources R.A. Gray Building th Bronoueh Street

800.847.7278 ^mimmtm

ISBN-13: 978-1-889030-25-8 ISBN-1G: 1-889030-25-2 90000

9ll781889ll030258l