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ZONA 1 FR.Cdr CIP's Mission The International Potato Center (CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and achieve food security on a sustained basis in developing countries through scientific research and related activities on potato, sweetpotato, and other root and tuber crops, and on the improved management of natural resources in potato and sweetpotato-based systems. The CIP Vision The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing resilient, sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and technologies. CIP will address these challenges by convening and conducting research and supporting partnerships on root and tuber crops and on natural resources management in mountain systems and other less-favored areas where CIP can contribute to the achievement of healthy and sustainable human development. www.cipotato.org CIP is supported by a group of governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). www.cgiar.org L'Odyssée de la Pomme de Terre L’ONU a proclamé 2008, Année Internationale de la Pomme de Terre. Cet «humble» tubercule est en fait la troisième culture vivrière du monde. Cette exposition retrace l’histoire fascinante de la pomme de terre, de sa domestication dans les hauts plateaux andins d’Amérique du Sud jusqu’à la table des européens et jusqu’aux pays en développement pour lesquels la pomme de terre constitue une partie essentielle de l’alimentation. L’exposition est composée de six grandes parties. Cette exposition, intitulée «L’Odyssée de la pomme de terre” célèbre l’Année Internationale de la Pomme de Terre en montrant comment et où la pomme de terre a été domestiquée, son importance dans les civilisations précolombiennes, sa découverte par les espagnols et son introduction en Europe. L’exposition se poursuit avec la propagation de la pomme de terre en Europe et dans les autres parties du monde, et souligne l’héritage que cette culture nous a laissé aujourd’hui. Remerciements Cette exposition a été mise au point par le Centre International de la Pomme de Terre (CIP) à Lima, Pérou, avec le soutien des Ministères de l’Agriculture et des Affaires Étrangères du Pérou. he domestication of potatoes (Solanum spp.) probably started at least 10 000 years ago around Lake Titicaca (in modern-day Peru and Bolivia), when the first inhabitants of this region began selecting edible forms of wild potato species. The wild species eventually crossed with each other and produced increasingly better varieties. The modern potato (Solanum tuberosum) was apparently domesticated about 7000 years ago from wild potato species of the Solanum brevicaule complex. However, the emergence of agricultural communities, in this and other regions of South America, only occurred some 3800 years ago at the beginning of the Formative Period La domestication et l'évolution de la pomme de terre La domestication de la pomme de terre (Solanum spp.) a probablement commencé il y a au moins 10.000 ans dans la région bordant le Lac Titicaca (Pérou et Bolivie d'aujourd'hui), lorsque les premiers habitants de cette région commencèrent à sélectionner des formes comestibles des espèces sauvages de la pomme de terre. Par la suite les espèces sauvages se sont entrecroisées et ont donné naissance à un nombre toujours plus grand de variétés ameliorées. La pomme de terre actuelle (Solanum tuberosum) a apparemment été domestiquée il y a quelque 7.000 ans à partir d'espèces de pommes de terre sauvages du groupe Solanum brevicaule. L'émergence de communautés agricoles dans cette région et dans d'autres régions de l'Amérique du Sud ne se produisit toutefois qu'il y a 3.800 ans environ, au début de la Période Formative. 6 7 The first progenitor of the potato Wild species of the potato The fiirst progeniitor of the potato Wiilld speciies of the potato 1 The wild species Solanum The characteristic type specimen The diversity of the wild species bukasovii probably gave rise of Solanum bukasovii was found 2 S. acaule Bitter S. circaeifolium Bitter to the first cultivated potato, in the Department of Junin (now 4000 m. S. acroglossum Juz. S. wittmackii Bitter Solanum stenotomum, Pasco), in Yanamachay, near the S. chancayense Ochoa 3 about 7000 years ago in the city of Cerro de Pasco, Peru, on 0 m. Lake Titicaca area the banks of a stream, among rocks and along the edges of cultivated areas. (7 March, 1927, 4 S. Juzepczuk 10605) 1 187 wild species of potato (Solanum spp.) have been found in North, Central and South America, with most species occurring in Peru and 1 Bolivia. They are found in many different habitats, from over 4000 meters above sea level to coastal 2 desert areas 2 There is much variation in the species throughout its range of 3 distribution, as shown 3in these examples The domesticated potato originates near Lake Titicaca 8000-7000 BP 4 4 1. 10 000-2000 BC Hunter-gatherers in the Lake Titicaca region, such as the Viscachani, probably started the selection of edible and more productive potatoes in the late Paleolithic and Early Archaic Periods 2. 2000-1800 BC Bitter potatoes from high altitudes found in Pachamachay sites near Junin, the Late Archaic Period 3. 1800-1200 BC The Peruvian and Bolivian cultures of Qaluyo, Tiwanaku and Chiripa were the first potato growers in the Early Formative Period 4. 300 BC-AD 100 Potatoes were already widely cultivated in the highlands of Ecuador and Colombia in the Late Formative Period Le premier ancêtre de la La diversité des espèces La pomme de terre pomme de terre sauvages domestiquée est née dans les environs du Lac Titicaca vers Il y a quelque 7.000 ans Espèces de pommes de 8000-7000 avant JC dans la région du Lac terre sauvages Titicaca, l'espèce sauvage 187 espèces de pommes de 1. 10000-2000 avant JC Solanum bukasovii a terre sauvages (Solanum Les chasseurs-cueilleurs de la probablement été à l'origine spp.) ont été découvertes en région du Lac Titicaca, tels que de la première pomme de Amérique du Nord, centrale les Viscachani, ont terre cultivée, Solanum et du Sud. La majorité des probablement commencé à stenotomum espèces se trouvent au sélectionner des pommes de Pérou et en Bolivie. Elles ont terre comestibles et plus Un spécimen caractéristique été répertoriées dans productives durant les périodes de Solanum bukasovii a été differents habitats Paléolithique Tardif et découvert à Yanamachay s'échelonnant des régions Archaïque Ancien dans le département de désertiques du littoral Junín (actuellement Pasco), jusqu'à des altitudes à plus 2. 2000-1800 BC Des près de la ville de Cerro de de 4.000 mètres au-dessus pommes de terre amères Pasco, au Pérou, sur les du niveau de la mer trouvées en haute altitude rives d'une rivière, parmi des dans les sites de Pachamachay rochers situés au bord de près de Junín, datent de la terrains cultivés. (7 mars période Archaïque Récent 1927, S. Juzepczuk 10605) 3. 1800-1200 BC Les Les exemples suivants communautés péruviennes et montrent que, en fonction de boliviennes de Qaluyo, leur habitat, les espèces Tiwanaku et Chiripa furent les peuvent être très variées premiers cultivateurs de pommes de terre durant la période Formatif Ancien 4. 300 BC-AD 100 La culture des pommes de terre était déjà très largement répandue dans les régions montagneuses de l'Équateur et de la Colombie durant la période Formatif Récent 8 9 The biodiversity of the potato expressed through its flowers The wild and domesticated potato compared the effect of 7000 years of domestication and breeding Une comparaison entre la La biodiversité de la pomme pomme de terre sauvage et de terre illustrée par ses la pomme de terre fleurs domestiquée souligne les résultats de 7.000 ans de domestication et sélection 10 11 he first known agricultural societies in the Lake Titicaca region emerged both north and south of the lake. The earliest farmers (about 1400 BC) were the Qaluyo in the north, and the Tiwanaku and Chiripa cultures in the south. At this time, potatoes probably began disseminating to other regions of South America. Potato was critical for the development of the Andean highland cultures where maize (Zea mays) could not easily adapt. Potatoes formed the basis of their food security and allowed pre- Columbian cultures, such as the Tiwanaku/Wari, to expand and create the first empires in South America. The importance of the potato was manifest in the culture of both the highland and coastal pre-Hispanic Andean societies of Peru, particularly in their ceramics and rituals Période Archaïque Période Formative Période Développement Régional L'importance de la pomme de terre dans les cultures précolombiennes Les premières communautés d'agriculteurs connues dans la région du Lac Titicaca apparurent tant au nord qu'au sud du lac. Les premiers agriculteurs (vers 1400 avant JC) appartenaient à la culture Qaluyo, au nord, et aux cultures Tiwanaku et Chiripa au sud. À cette époque, il est probable que les pommes de terre commencèrent à se propager dans les autres régions de l'Amérique du Sud. La pomme de terre a été déterminante pour le développement des cultures de l'Altiplano andin où le maïs (Zea mays) ne pouvait pas s'adapter facilement. Les pommes de terre formaient la base de la sécurité alimentaire de ces communautés et permirent à des cultures précolombiennes comme les Tiwanaku/Wari de se développer et de créer les premiers empires de l'Amérique du Sud. Comme le démontrent les céramiques et les rituels, l'importance de la pomme de terre était évidente dans la culture des sociétés andines préhispaniques du Pérou que ce soit celles de l'Altiplano ou celles de la côte 12 13 3 Vilcanota Pucara Valley 200 B.C.
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