© Cambridge University Press Cambridge

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85099-5 - The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400-1900 Thomas Benjamin Index More information

Index

Abenakis, 310 Muslims in, 24–25 independence of Brazil, Acadians, 243–245, 494 Niger Delta chiefdoms, 609–612 Acosta, Josede,´ 281, 286 33 inspiration of early Adams, Abigail, 534 plant domestication, 34 revolutions, 518 Adams, John, 435, 525, savanna state development, reasons for anti-slavery 539 25–28 actions in Caribbean, Address to the Congress of slaves, indigenous 587–589 Angostura, 606–607 agricultural, 33 revolutionary republicanism, Africa, 24–35 as infantrymen/archers, 517 agriculture, 24, 25 27 and slavery, 518, 613.See Akan kingdom, as laborers, 27–28 also American animal domestication, 34 slave trade, indigenous, 28, Revolution; arts, 30 33, 35 Enlightenment; French Berbers in, 25 Songhay (See Songhay) Revolution; Haitian Canary Islands chiefdom (See South Africa chiefdom, 34 Revolution; Spanish Canary Islands) Thirstland, 33–34 America revolutions colonization, 662 trade in, 25, 29 agriculture Dyula, 82 tribute systems, 33 expansion in 14th-century early descriptions of, 80–81 underpopulation, in Europe, 38–39 economic/political sub-Saharan, 35 in pre-contact Africa development in Wolof, 81, 82 irrigated, 24 sub-Saharan, 34–35 Yoruba kingdom, 30.Seealso rain-fed, 25 endemic disease, 28–29, 35 Angola, and Portugal; in pre-contact Americas, 19, equatorial Central Africa antislavery, and Africa; 21 state development, 33 gender relations, in chinapa, 17 European disease, 35 Africa; Portuguese plant domestication, 22 famine, 35 imperium, in Africa; slash-and-burn, 21 forest-savanna edge state slavery; slave trade; West Ahuitzotl, 12 development, 28–29 Africa Aimore,´ 156 Ghana empire, 27 African Trade Act, 487 Akan kingdom (Africa), hearth of civilization, 25 Africanus, Leo, 28, 75, 117, Alaska, pre-contact herding in, 25 331 sub-arctic/arctic, 21 hunting/gathering in, 33–34 Age of Reason. See Alavres´ Cabral, Pedro, 96 Igboo, 29 Enlightenment alcaldes mayors, 172 Kongo kingdom (See Kongo Age of Revolution aldeias, 203–204, 308, 667 kingdom) Dutch patriot revolt, 539–542 Alexander VI (pope), 214 Koranic schools, 25 crushing of, 541–542 Alfonso I (Kongo; Mbemba A. literacy, 27 Free Corps (popular Nzinga), 115–117 Loango kingdom, 33 militias), 540–541 Alfonso IV (Portugal), claims Mali empire, 25–27, 81 precipitating manifesto, Canary Islands, 73 Moors in, 25 539–540 Alfonso X (Castille), 163

699

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85099-5 - The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400-1900 Thomas Benjamin Index More information

700 Index

Algonkian Indians, 242 animal domestication, 22 Anasazi, 19 Algonquian, 20–21 Chavin culture, 7 violence among, 20 ethnography on, 289–290, chiefdoms in, 18–22 Anderson, Karen, 425 292 Anasazi, 19 Anglo-Dutch wars, 260–261, Allada, 339 Carib, 19 475–476 Allende, Ignacio, 599 Cenu,´ 21 Anglo-Norman monarchy, 45 Almagro, Diego de, 150 Chibcha, 21 Angola Alvarado, Pedro de, 138–139, Ciboney, 19 Dutch defeat in, 259–260 144 conflict among, 20, 21–22 intermarriage in, 436–437 Alvares, Diego, 449 Hohokam, 19 Angola, and Portugal, 192–197 American Revolution, 503–508, Mississipian, 19–20 agriculture, 195–196 525–538 Mogollon, 19 clerical establishment, 195, anti-Federalists, 535 Muisca, 21 196 Articles of Confederation, native Brazil, 21–22 as colony of Brazil, 195 532 Pacaha, 19–20 council of local notables in, beginning of, 505, 530 Taino, 18–19 195 Bill of Rights, 535–537 Tairona, 21 donatorio´ awarded, 119 Boston Massacre, 505, 528, Chimu Empire, 7 Dutch invasion, 124, 195 529i confederacies, 21 government, 192–195 Boston Tea Party, 528–529 disease, 23 Imbangala, 123 British diversion in West fishing, 19, 21, 22 Jesuits in, 123 Indies/Florida, 506, gathering, 19, 22 Luanda, 118, 122–123, 124, 537–538 hunting, 19, 20–21, 22 195 Continental Congress, Inka empire, 7, 13–17 military conquest of, 119, 505–506, 529–530, 531 ancestor worship, 16–17 123–124 Declaration of Independence, child sacrifice, 17 missionaries, 118–119 531 Cuzco, 16–17 mulattos, 196 difference from French tribute system, 14 Pende on arrival of Revolution, 563–565 Mapuche, 22 Portuguese, 123 dispute over taxes, 503–505 Maya, 7 puppet ruler, 123, 124 Enlightenment influence on, metals, 23 slave trade, 118, 122–123, 527 Mexica Empire, 7, 10–13 195, 196–197 Federalist movement, 535 cosmology, 11–12 Spanish Habsburgs establish foreign assistance, 505–507 Flowery Wars, 11 royal colony, 122 impetus for, 503–505, human sacrifice, 12 tribute, 192 527–528 social stratification, 11 Angolares, 191 Intolerable Acts, 505 Teotihuacan, 7, 10–11 animal domestication, in Native American assistance, Triple Alliance, 10–11 pre-contact Americas, 22 507 Moche culture, 7 anker, definition of, 667 non-importation pact by Native American languages, 6 antislavery, and Africa, colonists, 528 Olmec culture, 7 654–658 peace negotiations, 508 population, 22–23 abolishment of legal status of and political/social equality, population, regional c. 1492, slavery, 657 533 23t British efforts to abolish Proclamation Line of 1763, similarity between slavery, 654–655 527 Inka/Mexica Empires, economic consequences, Quartering Act, 527 17–18 656–657 as radical, 525 Tiahuanaco culture, 7 forced labor, 657 republicanism, 531–532 Toltec culture, 7 increase in Central/southeast rights of women, 533–534 tools, 23 trade, 655–657 separation of powers, 532 trade, 10, 19, 21 slow demise of slavery/slave in southern colonies, 507–508 tribute system, 11, 14, 19 trade, 655–656, 657–658 Stamp Act, 503–504, 527, Wari culture, 7 territories for liberated slaves, 537 writing/literacy, 23–24 654 Sugar Act, 503, 527 Amherst, Jeffery, 496, 497–499 antislavery, British and French, surrender of British, 508 Amistad affair, 643 638–641 as too democratic/egalitarian, Amsterdam abolition by Britain, 639–640 534–535 port of, 230i.SeealsoUnited antislavery movement in Townshend Duties, 504–505, Provinces of the France, 640 528, 533, 537 Netherlands Dutch and antislavery, 641 Americas, pre-contact, 6–24 Anahuac (in the vicinity of the emancipation and French, agriculture, 17, 19, 21, 22 waters), 10 640–641

Index 701

religious motivation in influence of other nations asientos, 344, 383, 667 Britain, 638 on abolishment, 632 Askia Mohammed (Muslim slave revolts and Britain, popular support for king), 27 638–639 antislavery movement, astrolabe, 70, 71i, 667 slave revolts and French, 640 629 Atahualpa, 146–148, 284, 439 antislavery, demise of American and Quakers, 628 Atkins, John, 347, 351, 356, slavery, 1860s–1880s, weakening of antislavery 391, 392 641–654 movement, 629–631 Atlantic, first forays, 53 Amistad affair effect on, 643 Zong affair effect on, 629 Eric the Red, 54, 55 antislavery movement in French Revolution, 626–628 into Greenland, 54 United States, 643–645 emancipation decree, 627 into Iceland by Irish monks, black soldiers in Civil War, Society of the Friends of the 53–54 645 Blacks, 626–627 into Labrador and Baffin in Brazil, 649–654 antislavery, Spanish American, Island, 54–55 Civil War, 644–645 1810s–1850s, 633–638 Norse raiders/settlers, 54 consequences of election of abolition of slave trade, into North America by Norse, Lincoln, 644 634–636 54 cotton and, 641–642 and Catholic Church, 633 Atlantic Africa Overseas Trade, cotton boom effect on and Cortes of Cadiz,´ 634 1680–1820, 341t slavery, 641–642 free womb laws, 634, 635, Atlantic Mediterranean. See and Cuban independence, 636–637 Near Atlantic 646–648 lessening need for slave labor, Atlantic Ocean, 67–71 Dred Scott decision, 644 633–634 early charts/maps of, 68–70 Emancipation Proclamation, and Mexican Revolution, 634 map of Near Atlantic, 74, 74i 645 and slaves as soldiers, maritime technology for formation of Confederate 635–636 exploring, 70–71 States of America, 644 slow rate of emancipation, Near Atlantic, 71–75 Fugitive Slave Act, 644, 645 637–638 reasons for opening of, industrial revolution effect on survival of slave systems, 101–103 slavery, 641–642 637–638 wind-driven current system, Kansas-Nebraska Act, 644 antislavery thought and 68 Lincoln and, 644, 645 opinion, 617–623 winds and currents map, Missouri Compromise, 643, capitalism effect on, 618 69m, 70 644 Enlightenment philosophers wind system, 68 Moret Law, 647 on, 621–623 Atlantic System, 326 resettlement of slaves in moral consciousness, Atlantic World Africa/Haiti, 642–643 617–618, 623 fall of/rise of modern world, Slave Power conspiracy, 644 political economists on, 623 661–666 Spanish Abolitionist Society, Protestants on, 619–621 growth as result of 647 Quakers on, 619, 620–621, European/African/Indian Thirteenth Amendment, 645 623 interactions, xxii antislavery, revolutionary, slavery as not Iberian/Native alliances, 1770s–1804, 624–633 permanent/natural, 158–159 American Revolution, 618–619 importance of Western 624–626 slavery harm to Europeans in, xxi–xxii abolition of slave trade, slaveholder/society, 623 rise and fall of, xxii–xxiv 625 Antonil, AndreJa´ ao,˜ 410, 454 shipping routes, c. 1750, 488, early emancipation laws, Anzico, 117 489m 625 Anzilotti, Cara, 459 audiencias, 172 founding fathers and aqueduct, stone in Teotihuacan, Augustinians, 301 antislavery, 624–625 10 in Mexica, 144 slaves as soldiers in, 626 Arab astronomy texts, 84–86 in Peru, 303 southern states and Arab mariners, 57 in Philippines, 301 antislavery, 625 Arabs, 25, 327 Austrian Netherlands, French antislavery in Great Britain, Arawak speakers, 18–19, 22 Revolution influence on, 628–632 arbitristas (Spanish reformers), 559–560 abolishment of slave trade, 225 Aveiro, Joao˜ Alfonso, 84 631–632 Armas, Rumeo de, 119 Avila,´ Pedro Arias de, 130 emergence of antislavery Aro, 339 Azores, 73 movement, 628–629 arroba, definition of, 667 Aztecs. See Nahua freed slaves shipped to Articles of Pacification, 415 Sierra Leone, 632 Aruba, 130 Bacon, Francis, 239

702 Index

Bahamas, 129–130 Address to the Congress of immigration to, 202 Bahia capitancy, 156, 386, Angostura, 606–607 independence of, 609–612 388–389 constitutionalism of, 607–608 created without revolution, Balboa, Vasco Nu´ nez˜ de, 98 and liberation of slaves, 609 ball courts, 18, 19 588–589, 603 Dom Joao˜ VI as ruler, 610 Baltic Germans, 255 portrait of, 608i Dom Pedro I as emperor, Banda (Africa), on revolution, 567 611–612 bandeirantes, 204, 667 Bolivia (Upper Peru) Portuguese revolution and, bandeiras, deﬁnition of, 667 end of slavery in, 641 610–611 baracoons, 349, 402 independence of, 602 repression of independence Barbados Bonaparte, Joseph, 512, 561, movements, 609–610 account of Negroes of, 595–596 Indian slave labor, 153–154, 404–406 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 509, 156, 200, 204 annual percent decline in 510–511, 557, 561, 591 intermarriage, 153, 155, 203 slave populations, 408t Bono (Africa), Jesuits in, 153, 155, 156, 199, indentured workers in, 256 Bosman, Willem, 332, 336, 351, 203–204, 309–310 Jews in, 255 432, 434 Jews in, 202 planting English colony, 256, bossal/bozal, 401, 402, 667 lurid scene of cannibalism, 257–259 Boston Massacre, 505, 528, 276i reaction to American 529i mamelucos (mestizos), 203, Revolution, 538 Boston Tea Party, 528–529 204 sale of African slaves in, Botero, Giovanni, 170 map of colonial, 201m 359–360 Bourbon reforms, 589–590, map of Native and sugar industry in, 256, 596–597 Portuguese, 152m 391–393 Boxer, C.R., 451 missionaries, 203–204 Barbot, Jean, 262, 337, 351, Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 583–585 Paraıba´ capitancy, 156 433–434 Braddock, Edward, 494 Paulistas, 204, 295–296 barcha (shipwithoars),71 Bradford, William, 237 Pernambuco capitancy, 155 Barry, Boubacar, 369 Braithwaite, John, 409 Pernambuco capitiancy, 198, Battle of Jenkins Ear, 491 Brandao,˜ Ambrosio´ Fernandes, 200 Bayly, C.A., 661 450 plantations, 200–202, 205 Bay of All Saints, 199i Braudel, Fernand, xxiv–xxv, 65, population of, 202t Beccaria, Marquis de (Cesare), 367 Portuguese alliances with 520 Brazil, 197–205 Natives, 155, 156 Bemoin (King), 88 administrative supervision of Portuguese claim to, 96–97 Benalcazar,´ Sebastian de, 149 church/state, 199–200 Portuguese colonization, 153 Benedictines, 199 African slave labor, 200 Potiguar, 155, 156 Benevente, Toribio de, 283 Aimore,´ 156 pre-contact, 21–22 Benguela Current, 68 Bahia capitancy, 156, 386, quilombos (runaway slave Benin, 29, 30, 33, 84, 112–114 388–389 communities), 203 Bight of Benin, 262, 334, Bahia capitiancy, 198, Rio Grande capitancy, 156 338–339, 357, 359, 365 200–201 royal governors, 198–199 Berbers, 25, 28, 76, 327 bandeirantes, 204 royal Indian policy, 156–157 Berbice, 260, 511–513 bilateral pattern of slave Sao˜ Paulo capitancy, 295 Bermuda, tobacco farms in, trade, 357 Sao˜ Tome´ capitancy, 156 239 candombles´ in, 364–366 Sao˜ Vicente capitiancy, 198, Betanzos, Juan de, 16, 17, 18, coffee economy, 649 200 284 conquest of coastal, 152–157 slavery, 649 Biafra, as slave source, 262, crioulos (mulattos), 203, 204 abolitionism in, 652–653 339, 359 crown capitaincies, 153 delaying abolition with Rio Bight of Benin, 262, 334, discovery of bulge of, 96 Branco Law, 650–651 338–339, 357, 359, 365 division into states, 199 emergence of antislavery Bight of Biafra, 262, 339, 359 Dutch defeat in, 259–260 movement, 650 Black, Jeremy, 473–474 Dutch efforts at religious geographic reorientation Blackstone, William, 427 conversion, 312 of, 649–650 Blake, William, 207 episcopate, 199 revived antislavery The Bloody victories Obtained ethnography on, 286–289 movement, 651–653 by the Iroquois over Our French in, 153, 154–155, 197 slave population, Hurons (Jesuit gold, 204, 205 1798–1887, 649, 649t Relations), 315–316 government, 197–199 social class system, 202–203 Bodin, Jean, 619 hunter-gatherers, 156 sugar economy, 153–154, Bolıvar,´ Simon,´ 597, 601 Ilheus´ capitaincy, 156 191, 200–202, 295–296

Index 703

Tupinamba,´ 154–155, Canary Current, 68, 79 Caribbean 286–289 Canary Islands, 73, 107–109 African slaves in, 129 Tupiniuin, 154–155 Castile claim to, 73, 74 Cuba, 125, 129 westward expansion, Castile conquest of, 74, 107, devastation of, 131 204–205.Seealsogender 108–109 disease in, 129 relations, in Brazil Castile control of, 73, 76 emancipation of slaves in, 627 Brazilian engenho (sugar mill), chiefdom, 24 map of Native and Spanish, 200–201, 387i claims to control of, 73–74, 130m brazilwood (red dyestuff), 76, 107–108 nonindigenous animals, 129 96–97, 152, 197, 667 diversity among, 107 protests against devastation Bristol, England, 97–98 epidemics in, 109 of, 131 British Guiana, 398–399 Fuerteventura, 107 right of conquest in, 132.See Brooks, Francis, 327 Gomera, 107–109 also Columbus, Brown, Kathleen M., 421 Gran Canaria, 107–108 Christopher; individual Bry, Theodor de, 439 Lanzarote, 73–74, 107–108 country bubonic plague, 321–322 La Palma, 107 caribocas, 450 buccaneers, 263–271, 667 missionaries, 107 Caribs, 19, 130, 278–279 Dutch, 265 pre-contact, 24 Carlos I (Spain), 161–162 French, 268–269 slaves in, 73, 75, 79, 381 Carlos III (Spain), 590, 596 in Jamaica, 264–265 sugar production, 75, 380 Carlos IV (Spain), 590 and Providence Island colony, Tenerife, 107, 108 Carlos V (Spain), 139, 146, 264 Treaty of Alcac´ ¸ovas, 74, 90, 171, 222, 223, 229–230 The Buccaneers of America 108 Carlos VI (Spain), 595–596 (Exquemelin), 266–268 candombles,´ in Brazil, 364–366 Carmelites, 199 Buenos Aires, 151, 205, 225, cannibalism carracks, 92, 219, 668.Seealso 502, 512, 601–602 lurid scene from Brazil, 276i naos˜ buen policıa´ (law and order), in travel Carrera de Indias, 216–217, 169–170 narratives/travelogues, 218–219, 668 Bull of Donation and 278 Cartier, Jacque, 101, 227, 236, Demarcation, 106 canoe-building, by Taino, 19 275 Burke, Edmund, 528 Cantor, Norman, 375 Casa de Dontratacion,´ 216 Cao,˜ Diogo, 83–84, 114 castas, 186, 599, 604–605, 668 Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez,˜ Caonabo´ (chief), 126, 127 Castile 20 capac hucha/capacocha (royal and Caribbean, 125 caboclo, 450 obligation), 17 claim to Canary Islands, 73, Cabot, John, 97–98, 228 Capetian monarchy, 45 74 Cabot, Sebastian, 228 Cape Verde Islands, 75, 80 conquest of Canary Islands, cacahuatl (chocolate), 448 capitalism 74, 107, 108–109 cacique, 175, 668 defining, 65.Seealso control of Canary Islands, 73, Cadamosto, 80–81, 83 capitalism, and western 76 Cadornega, Antonio´ de Europe dynastic union with Aragon,´ Oliveira, 437 capitalism, and western Europe, 124–125 cafuso, 450 62–67 financial support for Cahokia, 19 industrial, 67 expansion, 125 Cajamarca, 149 Marxists/neo-Marxists, state trading company at Cakchiquel Maya, 144 63–64 Seville, 125.Seealso calba, 450 merchant capitalism, 65–67 Spanish imperium, Calhoun, John C., 643 significance of making of Calusas, of Florida, 18 endogenous/exogenous Castillo, Bernal Dıaz´ del, 279 Camara de Luanda, 195 forces, 64–65 Catalan Atlas, 24–25, 36 Canada society with market/market Catawbas, 313 French emigration to, society, 67 Cathay (China), 91, 668 1670–1729, 462t Weberians, 62–63, 64 Cayenne, 257, 398–399 gradual emancipation in, 629 capitao-mor˜ , definition of, 668 Central Africa, in Early Jesuits in New France, Capitulaciones de Santa Fe, European era, 116m 309–310 92–93 Central Mexico pre-contact sub-arctic/arctic, captaincy late 16th-century towns, 175i 21 in Brazil, 386 Spanish in, 144, 145 Quebec,´ 242, 478, 496, 497i, definition of, 668 Cenu,´ 21 505 caravels, 71, 79–80, 219, 668 ceremonial mounds, Cahokia, Seven Years War and, 494, careen, definition of, 668 19 496–497, 502 cargo ships, ocean-going, 70–71 Chaco Canyon, 19

704 Index

Champlain, Samuel de, 242, colonial/modern dichotomy, Columbus, Christopher, 60, 298, 309 665–666 91–96 Chanchan, 7 colonies, planting, 236–263 brings sugarcane to Charles II, 477 Anglo-Dutch wars, 260–261 Hispaniola, 383 Charles of Ghent, xxvii Baltic Germans and, 255 complaints about Charles V (Holy Roman Cayenne, 257 misgovernment, 128 Empire), 98–100, chartered companies, 238 death of, 95–96 161–163, 166 Company of New France, destruction of La Navidad, Charrua,´ 151 242–246 126 chartered companies, 238 Danish slave trade, on Espanola˜ during first Chavin culture, 7 Dutch and, 246–254, voyage, 126 Chiapa, 144 259–261 finds gold mines at Cibao, Chibcha, 21 Dutch Brazil, 251–252, 253 126–128 Chichen Itza, 13 Dutch defeat in Brazil and first voyage, 93–94 Child, Josiah, 66 Angola, 259–260 fourth voyage, 95 Chile, 150 Dutch East India Company, imposes tribute, 127 Chimu Empire, 7 253, 259 royal commission, 92–93 China Dutch New West India second voyage, 94 invention of magnetic Company, settlement at Isabella, 126 compass, 70, 84 Dutch West India Company, slave trade and, 127–128 maritime expeditions, 55–57 248–253, 255, 259 theory of, 91 slavery in, 35 English and, 238–242, 254, third voyage, 94–95 trade and, 255 writings about Indians, 278 chinapa agriculture, 17 English and Virginia Columbus, Diego, 129 Chipango (Japan), 91 Company, 238–240 Columbus, Ferdinand, 127 chip log and reel, definition of, English Barbados, 256, Company of New France, 668 257–259 242–246 Choco,´ 151 English colonization of Company of the Isles of Chollolan, massacre at, Ireland, 236–237 America, 394 135–136 English in Caribbean, compass, 70, 669 Chontal Maya, 133 255–256 The Complete English Choquette, Leslie, 426, 461 English proprietary, 240–242 Tradesman (Defoe), Christophe, Henri, 585, 587 failed colonies, 236 486–487 Chronicle of Cieza de Leon,´ French and, 242–246, 255, “Concerning Marriage and of 285i 256–257 Parental Duty”, 429–430 Ciboney, 19 indentured servants in concubines Cieza de Leon,´ Pedro, 284 Virginia, 239 among plantation slaves, 413 cimarrones´ , definition of, 668 Jamaica, 256 children of, 437, 449 circumnavigation, first, 98–100 Jamestown settlement, definition of, 669 Clarkson, Thomas, 617–618, 238–240 Indian women as, 439, 460 629, 632 Louisiana, 246 native women as, 207 Classic Era, in pre-contact Maryland, 240–242 slaves as, 331 Americas, 7 Massachusetts Bay colony, Condorcet, Marquis de, 519, Clerc, François de, 231 240 558 cloth, 65, 81 New Amsterdam, 250 Consulada de Seville (merchant Cobo, Bernabe,´ 17, 178 New Holland (Brazil), 255 houses), 216 coca crop, 183 New Netherlands Company, Continental Congress, 505–506, Cocum, 145 248 529–530, 531 Code Noir, 393–394, 408 New Sweden, 251 Cooper, David, 467 Codex Telleriano-Remensis, Plymouth plantation, 240 Coosas, of Georgia, 20 284 Port Royal, 242 Correa,ˆ Silva, 437 Coelho, Duarte, 153 Providence Island colony, corregidores, 172 coffee 264 corsaires in Brazil, 649 Quebec,´ 242 Barbary, 327 in Haiti, 649 Rhode Island, 240 French corsaires and cofradıas´ , 302, 385–386, 668 slave labor in Virginia, 239 Portuguese, 231 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 245, Surinam, 260 French corsaires and Spanish, 257 Swedes and, 255 231 Colmobo, Cristoforo. See tobacco farms in Bermuda, French Huguenot, 226 Columbus, Christopher 239 Lutheran and Spanish, 235 Colonia do Sacramento, tobacco farms in Virginia, Corte-Real, Gaspar, 98 502–503 239 Corte-Real, Miguel, 98

Index 705

Cortes,´ Hernando, 133–144 warning letter to Indians of, epidemics in 19th/20th alliance with Texcoco, 140 131 centuries, 665 alliance with Tlaxcala, 134, Cugano, Quobna Ottobah, 330, European, in Africa, 35 139 353, 355–356, 417 leprosy in Africa, 35 alliance with Totonacs, 134 Cuneo, Michele de, 438–439 Native American lack of arms and ships, 140 Curaçao, 130, 254, 260, resistance to, 22–23 booty, 136 586–587 of pre-contact Native disease effect on enemies, curacas, 175 Americans, 23 140, 141 Curtin, Philip, 366 schistosomiasis (liver flukes), encomienda distribution, 144 Cuzco, 16–17 35 encomiendas, 171 ancestor worship at, 16–17 smallpox epidemic in Valley entry into Valley of Mexico, architecture at, 16 of Mexico, 140, 141 136 imagined scene of conquest, smallpox in Africa, 35 gold looting, 141 148i smallpox in Brazil, 388 Indian allies of, 135–136, A Dispatch to Blanchlande, 139, 140, 141 da Gama, Vasco, 86 Governor of Saint Indian women as gifts to, 440 Dahomey kingdom, 339, Domingue 1791, 572 at Ixtlapalapan, 140 368–369 doctrina, definition of, 669 massacre at Chollolan, da Mota, Mendo, 225 Doldrums, 68 135–136 Darwin, Charles, 665 dollar, definition of, 669 Moteucçoma pays tribute to, dead reckoning, 70, 669 Dominicans, 301 133 Dean, Phyllis, 488–490 Bartolome´ Las Casas, 126, myth of, as god, 135 de Cieza, Pedro, xxv 127, 129, 166, 280 native massacre at A Declaration to the French on Indian slave labor, Tenochtitlan,´ 141 Nation from the 131–132, 172 personal view of Mexica, National Assembly 1790, in Mexica, 144, 181, 305 275 551–552 in Philippines, 301 rape of Indian women by men Declaration of the Dona Beatrice (Kimpa Vita), of, 439 Independence of the 118 and results of massacre by Blacks of St. Domingo donatorio,´ 119, 669 Alvarado, 138–139 1803, 584–585 Douglass, Frederick, 643, 645 royal contract, 133–134 Defoe, Daniel, 481, 486–487 Drake, Francis, 232, 233 Tenochtitlan´ degradados, 202, 432, 435, fleet at Santo Domingo, native massacre at, 141 436, 669 233i rebuilding of, 144 de Gua, Pierre, 243–245 Dred Scott decision, 644 resides at, 136 de la Vega, Garcilaso, 16, 20 Duran,´ Diego, 11, 18 siege/conquest of, 139–141 Demerara, 260, 511–513, 639 Durston, Alan, 169–170 temporary defeat at, 139 Demos, John, 458 Dutch wounding/capture of, 141 De Origine, Populi: On the Anglo-Dutch wars, 260–261, writings on Indians, 279 Origins of the Natives of 475–476 Cosa, Juan de la, 96 Virginia (Strachey), commercial success, 66 cosmology, in Mexica Empire, 287–289 defeat in Brazil and Angola, 11–12 de Rochefort, Cesar,´ 377–378 259–260 coureurs de bois, definition of, de Rouvroy, Claude-Henri, 465 Dutch patriot revolt, 539–542 669 Desmoulins, Camille, 550 invasion of Angola, 124 Coventry, William, 477 de Soto, Hernando, 19–20, 439 invasions of Iberian Atlantic, Covilha,˜ Pero da, 84 de Sousa, Martim Afonso, 153 234–235 creoles, in plantation complex, de Sousa, Tome,´ 153 planting colonies, 246–254, 401–402 Dessalles, Pierre, 402, 409, 414 259–261 criollos, 186, 596, 669 dhows, 57 rise and fall in New World, Cromwell, Oliver, 256 Dias, Bartomomeu, 84, 86, 192 474–476 Crusades, 40, 58 Diaz, Paulo, 120–122 view of Indians as wild men, Cuba, 125, 129 Dıaz´ del Casillo, Beranl, 275 Chinese workers in, 648 142–144 in West Indies, 249–250.See Havana marketplace, 168i Diderot, Dennis, 519, 524, 525, also United Provinces of independence of, 646–648 569 the Netherlands patronato system in, 648 disease Dutch Brazil, 251–252, 253 slave population, 1795–1860, Black Death in pre-expansion Dutch East India Company 646t Europe, 37–38, 46 (VOC), 66, 235, 248, as Spanish port, 217 in Canary Islands, 109 253, 259, 301, 312 wage labor in sugar industry, in Caribbean, 129 Dutch New West India 648–649 endemic in Africa, 28–29, 35 Company,

706 Index

Dutch Reformed Church, invasions of Iberian Atlantic, Espanola,˜ 125–128 312–313 232–234 devastation of Taino, 129. Dutch West India Company in Africa, 232–233 See also Columbus, (WIC), 312, 389–390, in Caribbean, 232 Christopher; Hispaniola 674 in Guiana, 234 Essequibo, 260, 511–513 Atlantic slave trade, 344–345 and New World estancia, 182–183, 294, 670 and planting of colonies, arrival in Virginia, 239i ethnographies, on Indians, 248–253, 255, 259 British Atlantic empire, 281–292 Du Tetre, Jean-Baptiste, 411 1763, 504, 504m Acosta, Josede,´ 286 Dyula, 82 in Caribbean, 255–256 Algonquian, 289–290, 292 colonies planted by, artist John White, 289–290 East India Company (VOC), 66, 238–242, 254, 255 Benevente, 283 235, 248, 253, 259, 301, early voyages to New Betanzos, 284 312 World, 97–98 bilingual, 283–284 Eburne, Richard, 456 emigration to America, in Brazil, 286–289 ecomiendas, 171, 294–295 1635, 458t on cannibals, 289 economic growth on late war with France, Cieza de Leon,´ Pedro, 284 North/South differences, 662, 500–501 Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 663 ports of, 228 284 Western Europe, 1500–1700, view of Indians as savage, Harriot, Thomas, 289–290 225t 275–276.Seealso on Inkas, 284–286 of world regions, 1820–2000, Europe, pre-expansion; on Iroquois, 290–292 663 France and Great Britain, Jesuit Relations, 290 economy in long 18th century; Lafitau, 292 total wealth of world regions, gender relations, in New Lahontan, 292 GDP, 1000–1600, 56, England/New France Lery,´ Jean de, 286–289 56t.Seealsocapitalism English and Virginia Company, Montaigne, 289 Ecuador, 149 238–240 Nahua, 283–284 Edwards, Bryan, 362–363, 379, English Barbados, 256, New France, 292 402, 411, 412, 415 257–259 New Netherland, 290–292 Egerton, Sarah Fyges, 427 English Carolinas, 298–299 Pane,´ first ethnography, Egypt English proprietary, 240–242 282–283 Christian trade embargo on, Enlightenment, 519–525 Sahagun,´ 283–284 59 and greater good, 524 Santo Tomas,´ 286 mariners from, 57 and individual rights, 520 van den Bogaert, 290 Eighty Years War, 259 influences on, 524–525 van der Donck, 290–292 Elbl, Ivana, 329, 330–331 and popular sovereignty, working with native Eliot, John, 311 522–523 languages, 283 Elizabeth I (England), 214 and punishment, 520 Europe, pre-expansion, 35–50 Elliott, John, 456 and religion, 519–520 agricultural expansion, Eltis, David, 367–368, 370 as revolutionary ideology, 38–39, 46 Emancipation Proclamation, 519 Anglo-Norman monarchy, 645 and rights of women, 520 45 Emerald Isle, 68 and separation of powers, Black Death in, 37–38, 46 encomendero, 128 521–522 Capetian monarchy, 45 encomiendas, 129, 669 and social contract, 520–521 Crusades, 40 distribution by Cortes,´ and Spain, 523–524 expansion of external 144 Enrique III (Castille), 107 frontiers, 39–40 The End of the Conquest of The Entire Earth Consists of famine, 37 Mexico (Dıaz´ del Three Continents fiefdom system, 39, 40 Casillo), 142–144 (Claudius Ptolemy), 72 fishing, 39 engages,´ 245, 669 entrepot,ˆ 475 Germany, 45–46 engenho (sugar mill), 200–201, definition of, 669 gold coins, 42 387i, 669 slave, 192, 336 Iberian peninsula, 39–40, 45 England epidemics. See disease Italy, 45–46 Atlantic contribution to trade, Equiano, Olaudah, 332, 334, lack of political integration, 1700–1772, 490, 490t 335, 339, 353–354, 43–46 Bristol, 97–98 411–412, 413, 629 Low Countries, 43, 45 colonization of Ireland, Erasmus, Desiderius, 427 metallurgy, 39 236–237 Eric the Red, 54, 55 mining, 39 interventions in Netherlands, Erıksson,´ Lief, 55 population, growth in 233 esclaveries, 349 Western, 1000–1500, 38t

Index 707

population, regional in florin, definition of, 670 Ohio Valley war, 493–494, Western, c. 1500, 47t Flowery Wars, 11 495–496 print revolution, 47–48 fluyt, 475, 670 Peninsular War, 512 Reconquest, 39–40 Fortunate Isles. See Canary privateers/piracy, 481–482 slavery in, 35 Islands Queen Anne’s War, 480 technological change, 39 France round one, 1689–1713, tenant sytem, 46 Atlantic coast of, 228m 476–482 trade, 40–43, 48–49 in Brazil, 153, 154–155, 197 round three, 1792–1815 university system, 47 colony planting by, 242–246, (French Revolution), urban expansion, 40 255, 256–257 501–508 violence and brutality, 48 invasions of Iberian Atlantic, round two, 1739–1763, wars, 38 227 490–501 wool trade, 43 defeat in Florida, 231–232 Seven Years War, 494, European exceptionalism, 63 French corsaires and 496–497, 502 European expansion, motives Portuguese, 231 value of French colonial for, 57, 60–62 French corsaires and trade, 482 European migration, Spanish, 231 war in New England, 1500–1700, 259t in New World 478–479 European seaborne empires, early voyages to New war in New France, 478, 270m World, 96 480–481 “Europe Supported by Africa & emigration to Canada, war in West Indies, 479–480, America” (engraving), 1670–1729, 462t 509–511, 513 207 on late war with England, War of 1812, 512–513 An Exhortation & Caution to 500–501 Franciscans, 144, 173–174, Friends Concerning ports of, 227 199, 301, 303, 306–307 Buying or Keeping view of Indians as savages, Francis I (France), 101 Negroes (Keith), 275.SeealsoFrance and François I (France), 214, 227 620–621 Great Britain, in long Franklin, Benjamin, 527–528, 18th century; French 542, 623 Fage, J. D., 367, 370 Revolution; gender free womb laws, 634, 635, Falkland Current, 68 relations, in New 636–637 famine, in Africa, 35 England/New France French and Indian War, 318 Faria, Manuel Severim de, 123 France and Great Britain, in French Revolution, 542–565 fathom, definition of, 670 long 18th century Brunswick Manifesto, 553 fazendas, 201–202, 436, 670 American Revolution, 472, Civil Code of 1804, 559, feitoria (trading factory), 83, 514 561 96–97, 110–111, 670 Battle of Jenkins Ear, 491 convening of Assembly of Felipe II (Spain), 158, 162, 166 British debt, 484–485 Notables, 546 dispatches Spanish Armada, British in South America, 512 convening of Estates-General, 233 British naval power, 483–484 547 imposes embargo on Dutch British triumph, 513–514 and Declaration of Rights of ships, 234 Cherokee Rebellion, 496–497 Man and Citizen, 543, Felipe V (Spain), 479 Continental System, 483–484 548–549 Fernandez´ de Oviedo, Gonzalo, effect of Dutch commercial difference from American 280, 383 hegemony on, 475–476 Revolution, 563–565 Fernando Po, 82–83 England, internal division in, Directory takes over, 556, Fernando VII (Spain), 82–83, 473 557 591, 592, 595–596, 603 English-Indian relations, drawing up of cahiers, 547 Ferrer, Jaume, 73 497–499 early political activism, fetitço (witchcraft), 81, 670 English merchants, 485–487 546–547 fiefdom system, 39, 40 France as preeminent land early work of Constituent filhos da terra, 192, 432–433, power, 473 Assembly, 550–552 435, 436, 437, 462, 670 French and Indian War, 472 fiscal problems, 546 The First Booke of Moses, French debt, 484–485 influence of American Callled Genesis,The French merchants, 487–488 Revolution on, 542–545 Holy Bible, 1638, 41 French Revolution, 472 influence on Europe, 559–561 First Maroon War, 415 interlude, 1713–1739, Louis XVI becomes King of fishing 482–490 the French, 552–553 Ciboney, 19 King George’s War, 491–493 Napoleon becomes absolute in pre-expansion Europe, 39 Louisiana colony, 483 monarch, 557 Taino, 18–19 Napoleon overtakes Spain, and National Assembly, Flanders, wool trade in, 43 512 547–549

708 Index

French Revolution (cont.) sexual conduct of Christian marriage, 442 and National Convention, unmarried girls vs. convents, 447–448 553–555 married women, 431 Crown policy on wives left in population make-up, women slaves, 431–432 Spain, 444–445 545–546 in Brazil, 449–455 daughters of indigenous and rights of women, activities of Portuguese rulers, 442 557–559 women, 452 dowries and inheritance, 445 separation of powers issue, Crown policy on orphan impact of Spanish Conquest 549–550 Portuguese girls, 451 on Mesoamerican gender sister republics, 560–561 dowries, 454 relations, 440–443 suffrage limitations, 550 European immigrants in importance of legal marriage, the Terror, 555–556 Brazil, 451–452 446–447 trial/execution of king and Indian women as naturally Indian view on marriage to queen, 554 lacivious, 449–450 Spaniard, 441–442 uprisings in Paris, 547–548, legal marriages, 454 Indian women as gift in 550, 553–554, 556–557 nunneries, 454 Spanish Indies, 439–440 French West India Company, Portuguese-Brazilian legitimate children, 446 394 family, 454 marriage as socioeconomic Freyre, Gilberto, 449, 450 preference for native mates, alliance, 445–446 Friedman, Thomas, 666 451 marriage with non-elite Froger (Sieur), 433, 453 rape by Portuguese, 450 Indian women, 442–443 Frontenac, Louis de, 246 sex ratios of Europeans, rape of Indian women in Fuerteventura, 107 452 Spanish Indies, 439 Fugitive Slave Act, 644, 645 terminology for mixed-race Spanish American families, fur trade, 232, 242, 248, offspring, 450 445–448 250–251 ways to obtain Indian Spanish view on marriages to European-Indian cooperation, women, 449–450 elite native women, 441 319 women as heads of taking of Indian women in households, 454 Spanish Indies, 439 galeons,´ 219, 670 childbearing and family as gender relations, Western patri- Gao (Songhay Empire), 25, 28 partnership, 422–423 archy/complementarity, Garsden, Alexander, 401 cultural transmission, 422 423–430 Geggus, David Patrick, 586 European creation of gender destruction of gender system gender relations, 420–463 frontiers, 420–421 of Mexica/Inka, 425 in Africa, 420, 430–438 Indian women, 420 literature on marriage, 428 African prostitutes, 432 in New England/New France, migration of women/families commercial marriages, 455–463 from Spain, 443–444 436–437 activities of English wives, overview of gender degredados, 432, 435, 436 457–458, 459 parallelism/ Dutch men and African Dutch and intermarriage, complementarity, 424 women, 434–435 459–460 overview of patriarchy, English men and African English culture, 459 423–424 women, 434 English families, 458–459 patriarchy in late medieval intermarriage in Angola, English reticence toward Europe, 424–425 436–437 intermarriage, 456 patriarchy in theory and intermarriage on Gold English sexual relations practice, 426–427 Coast, 434–435 with Indian women, 456 power of women in late intermarriage on Sao˜ English women medieval/early modern Tome,´ 435–436 immigrants, 456–457 Europe, 425 intermarriage on Slave French and intermarriage, proliferation of women Coast, 435 460–462 religious orders, 425–426 Luso-Africans, 432–433, French women immigrants, Protestant women, 426 436–437, 438 461 querelle des femmes, 427 multiple wives, 435 Indian women opinion of republican motherhood, myth of female English men, 456 427–428 licentiousness, 430–431 metis,´ 461 Roman Catholic Church and Portuguese men and sexuality of African/Indian women, 425–426 African women, women, 421–422 separate spheres, 427–428 432–434, 435–436 gender relations, in Spanish Genoa/Genoese Portuguese women and America, 438–448 attempt to circumnavigate girls sent to Angola, 436 burdens on village Indian Africa, 58 prazo system, 436 women, 443 loss of colonies, 59

Index 709

mercantile colonies, 58 Gulf Stream, 68, 217 Henry “the Navigator” mercantile expansion into gun-slave cycle, 368 (Portugal) Spain, 58 Guzman,´ Nuno˜ Beltran´ de, 144 attempts to conquer Canary recapture of Constantinople, Islands, 76, 107–108 58 habitant, definition of, 670 at Ceuta, 76 sugar production/trade, 75 habitation, definition of, 670 and Madeira/Azores, 76 support of Castile expansion, haciendas, 182–183, 670 reasons to search for lands of 125 Hadfield, Andrew, 237 Guinea, 76–79 and trade, 58–59, 75.Seealso Haitian revolution, 511, 567, sends expeditions down coast Columbus, Christopher 568, 569–578, 589 of Africa, 80 gens de couleur, 570, 670 affranchis, 569 sends expeditions to Germany, and slave trade, 345 and aftermath at Saint northwest coast of Geˆ speakers, 22, 156 Domingue, 578–585 Africa, 79 Gezo (Dahomey), 655i agriculture restoration, Henri IV (France) Godoy, Manuel, 591 578–579 and colonization, 242, gold and Rigaud, 576–578, 587 243–245 in Brazil, 204, 205 and Britain, 577 converts to Catholicism, 232 in Caribbean, 130 and Leclerc, 580–581 Henry VII (England), 228 in Iberian Atlantic, 215–216 and Christophe, 585, 587 Henri VII (France), 243–245 imports, and decline of Spain, coffee plantations, 649 Henry VIII (England), 228 221, 222 and Dessalines, 581–585 Heywood, Linda M., 364, 438 mining in Spanish America, destructiveness of, 583–585, Hidalgo, Miguel, 599 182 649 Hispaniola in Yucatan, 132–133 economic consequences of, Columbus brings sugarcane Gold Coast, 82, 83, 434–435 585 to, 383 gold coin minting, decline in, and France, 577–585 sugar industry on, 383, 384 60 gens de couleur, 570 Taino on, 18 gold dust, 65 gran blancs, 569, 570 Hobsbawm, Eric, 519 Golden Age of Spain, 162 influence of, 588–589 hogshead, definition of, 671 Gomera, 107–109 influence of French Hohokam, 19 Gomes, Fernao,˜ 81–82 Revolution on, 569–570, Hojeda, Alonso de, 127 Gottlieb, Theodor, 558 571, 573 Holland Gouges, Olympe de, 558 in North Province, 570, colonies, planting Grain Coast, 81–82 571–572 Danish slave trade, gran blancs (big whites), 569, petit blancs, 569, 570 hookworm anemia, in Africa, 570, 670 political consequences of, 35 Gran Canaria, 107–108 585–586 Horse Latitudes, 68 Grand Banks fisheries, 98, 228 and Rochambeau, 582–583 horses Grand Village of Natchez, 20 and Saint Domingue, in Africa, 82 Great Awakening, 312 570–578 in Caribbean, 129 great galleys, 70 in South Province, 570, in post-conquest Americas, Great Migration (1630s), 297 572–573 22 Grenada, revolt in, 586–587 Toussaint L’Ouverture role in pre-Expansion Europe, 39 Groot, Peter de, 475 in, 573–581, 586 How the Spider Obtained the Grotius, Hugo, 214 arrest of, 581 Sky God’s Stories Gua, Pierre du (Sieur de Monts), 1801 Constitution, (Ashanti Folklore), 242, 243–245 579–580 30–32 Guacanagarı,´ 125, 126 efforts to overthrow, 579 Huascar, 146, 147 Guadaloupe War of the Knives, 577 Huastecas, 144 emancipation of slaves in, 627 in West Province, 570 Hudson, Henry, 248 revolts in, 570, 586–587 Hakluyt, Richard, 238 Hudson’s Bay Company, 298 Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe, Hale, John, 428 Huejotzingo, 136 182 Hamilton, Earl J., 222, 226 Huguenots, 226, 231, 671 Guanche, 73, 107 Hansa, 42–43 Huitzilpochtli (Mexica god), Guaranı´ mission, 306 hardwood timber, from human sacrifice Guiana, 254–255, 260 Madeira Islands, 73 among Maya, 13 Guinea Hasburg Empire, 161–162, in Mexica Empire, 12 in Early European era, 113, 222–223 in pre-contact Brazil, 21–22 113m Haudenosaunee, 21 Humboldt, Alexander von, 597 in 18th century, 338m Havana, Cuba, 217 Hundred Years War, 38 Guinea Current, 68 Hawkins, John, 232, 233 hunting, in pre-contact Gujaratis mariners, 57 Hemmings, John, 106 Americas, 20–21

710 Index

hunting-gathering in French Canada, 297–298 French and Hurons, Ciboney, 19 in French fur trade, 298 313–314 Kung!, 33–34 in Portuguese Brazil, French and Iroquois, 317 Huron Indians, 242, 298, 313, 295–297 Iroquois Confederation, 315–316 self-interest role in, 314–317 Hus, Jan, 426 293–299 trade and, 318–320 in Spanish America, relaciones/cronias/historias,´ Iberian Atlantic, Spanish, 293–295 279–281 215–221 death and life, 320–324 Acosta, Josede,´ 281, 286 Carrera de Indias (Indies epidemic disease, 321, 322 Garcilaso de la Vega, Run), 216–217, 218–219 languages, 323 280–281 defense of trade monopolies Plains native population historians de segundo in, 214–215 decline, 320–321 mano (writing from extent of imperium, 205–206 population recovery, other texts), 279–281 gold in, 215–216 322–323 Las Casas, 280 interdependency among, 206 smallpox epidemics, LopezdeG´ omera,´ 280 map of, 198m 320–321 Martyr, first history of New Spanish fleet, 217 Valley of Mexico native New World, 279–280 and Portuguese, 220 population decline, 320 Oviedo, 280 protection against French ethnographies, 281–292 religion and, 299–313 corsair attacks, 216 Acosta, Josede,´ 286 Anglican missions, 312, Reconquest in, 39–40, 45 on Algonquian, 289–290, 313 resource inequity between 292 Calvinism, 301 Europeans/Natives, artist John White, 289–290 Catholicism, 301–310 206–207 Benevente, 283 Catholic missionary friars ship types, 219 Betanzos, 284 in Caribbean and Spanish crown authority over bilingual, 283–284 Mexico, 302 trade, 216 on Brazil, 286–289 Catholic missionary friars and Spanish/Portuguese on cannibals, 289 in Peru and central union, 220–221 Cieza de Leon,´ 284 Andes, 303 Tierra Firme fleet, 217 Codex Catholic missions, 301 trade decline, 219 Telleriano-Remensis, 284 conventos, 303–305 trade fairs in Americas, 217 Harriot, Thomas, 289–290 conversion to Christianity, trade growth, 218–219, 220 on Inkas, 284–286 299 trade with Philippine colony, on Iroquois, 290–292 Dutch Reformed Church, 217–218.SeealsoBrazil; Jesuit Relations, 290 312–313 Portuguese imperium, in Lafitau, 292 entwined beliefs, 308, Africa; Spanish imperium Lahontan, 292 310 Ife, 30 Lery,´ 286–289 Jesuits missions in Brazil, Ilheus´ capitaincy, 156 Montaigne, 289 308–309 Imbangala, 123 Nahua, 283–284 Jesuits missions in New The Imitation of Christ New France, 292 France, 309–310 (Kempis), 37 New Netherland, 290–292 Jesuits missions in Imperium Christanum, 162–163 Pane,´ first ethnography, Paraguay, 306 Imperium romanum, 162–163 282–283 life at missions, 307–309 indentured workers, 373 Sahagun,´ 283–284 missionary efforts to Asian, 661 Santo Tomas,´ 286 protect Indians, in Barbados, 256 van den Bogaert, 290 305–307, 309 engages,´ 245, 669 van der Donck, 290–292 Protestantism, 301, in Virginia, 239, 399 working with native 310–313 India, slavery in, 35 languages, 283 Protestant missions, 301 Indian Charity School, 312 Europeans as savages, Puritan missions, 311 Indian/European entanglements 276–277 resistance to Christianity, broad patterns in, 273–274 European view of Indians as 305 closeness of connection, savages, 274–277 revivalism, 312 293–299 partners and allies, 313–320 spiritualism, 312 in Dutch fur trade, 298 Chickasaws, 318 travel narratives/travelogues, in English Carolinas, Choctaw, 318 277–279 298–299 Covenant Chain treaty, 317 cannibalism, 278 in English fur trade, 298 Creeks, 317–318 by Columbus, 278 in English Virginia and Dutch and Mohawk, 314 writings about Indians, New England, 297 English and Mohawk, 317 277–293

Index 711

Indies Itsekiri kingdom, 114 and India, 86, 88, 90 devastation of (See Cuba; Iturbide, Agustın,´ 604 and Japan, 90 Espanola)˜ Ivory Coast, 82 and kingdom of Kongo, emigration of Spanish women Ixtlapalapan, 140 114–115 to, 1509–1600, 444t and Prester John, 83–84 indigenous languages, living and Jaga, 117, 123 Jobson, Richard, 433 extinct in Americas, 323t Jamaica, 129, 256 Johnson, Samuel, 624 industrial capitalism, 67 annual decline in slave Joliet, Louis, 246 ingenios, 374, 380, 383, 671 populations, 408t Joseph I (Spain), 598 Inka Empire, 7, 13–17 French and England at war Joyner, Charles, 361 ancestor worship, 16–17 in, 478 just war principle, 105–106, Charrua,´ 151 runaway slaves in, 415 132, 136, 156, 165–166, child sacrifice, 17 slave family in, 413 204, 295, 388–389 civil war in, 146 slave rebellions in, 416, 538, conquest of, 145–151 588, 638–639 Kamen, Henry, 445 Cuzco, 16–17 James I (England), 238, 239 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 644 ethnographies of, 284–286 James II (England), 473, Keith, George, 620–621 Musica, 151 476–478 Kellogg, Susan, 430 in pre-contact Americas, 7 Jamestown settlement, 238–240 Kennedy, Paul, 484 Querandie, 151 Jefferson, Thomas, 525, Khoikhoi, 34 similarity to Mexica Empire, 542–543, 548, 624–625 KiKongo language, 115 17–18 Jenkins, Robert, 490–491 King Philip’s War, 297 size of army, 146 Jennings, Francis, 324 King William’s War, 478 tribute system, 14 Jesuit Relations, 290, 315–316 kivas, 19 Inter caetera (papal bull), 214 Jesuits Klein, Herbert S., 341 Intolerable Acts, 505 in Angola, 123 Knight, Alan, 440–441 Inuit, 55 in Asia, 301 kolo nut, 29 In which five reasons appear boarding schools, 295 Kongo kingdom, 33, 83, 88, why the Lord Infant was in Brazil, 153, 155, 156, 199, 114–118 moved to command the 203–204, 309–310 under Alfonso I, 115–117 search for the lands of college in Peru, 179 Anzico, 117 Guinea (Zurara), 77–79 efforts to protect Indians, Christianity in, 115 Ireland 305–307, 309 under Diogo, 117 English colonization of, expulsion from Spanish disintegration of, 117–118 236–237 dominions, 590, 596 European-style royal court in, influence of French flying, 310 115 Revolution on, 560 in Kongo Kingdom, 115, 117, Jaga, 117 Iroquois, 298 118–119 Jesuits in, 115, 117, 118–119 chiefdoms of, 21 in Naples, 282 literacy, 115 ethnography on, 290–292 in New France, 309–310, missionaries in, 117 Iroquois Five Nations, 242, 460–461 under Nzinga Nkuwu, 315–316, 478–479 in Paraguay, 204, 306, 114–115 Isabel and Ferdinand (Spain), 501–502 Portuguese military conquest, 91–93 in Peru, 303 117 on treatment of Caribbeans, and slave trade, 195, 387 slaves on agricultural estates, 126, 128 Jews 331 Isert, Paul Erdmann, 351, 431, astronomers in Portugal, slave trade, 115–118 434 84–86 succession crisis in, 117 Islam, spread of, 299–301 in Barbados, 255 Koranic schools, in Africa, 25 Islamic slave trade, 35, 82 child immigrants in Africa, Kung!, 33–34 The Island of St. Thomas, 190 193–194 in colonial Brazil, 202, 389 Labat, Jean-Baptiste, 378, Italy expelled from Spain, 125 408 Christian trade embargo on as New Christians, 183–184 Labrador, discovery of, 98 Egypt, 59 orphan children on Sao˜ Labrador Current, 68 invention of maritime Tome,´ 435 ladinos, 385–386, 401, 671 compass, 70 Jimenez,´ Gonzalo, 151 Lafayette, Marquis de, 542, motives for expansion, Joao˜ I (Portugal), 76, 83–84 543, 548 57–58, 60 Joao˜ II (Portugal) Lafitau, François, 292 nautical charts, 84.Seealso and African trade, 83 Lafitau, Joseph-François, 460 Europe, pre-expansion; and Bemoin, 88 Lahontan (Louis-Armand de Genoa/Genoese; Venice and Brazil, 153, 156–157 Lom d’Arce), 292

712 Index

lançados, 80, 109, 336–337, Lopes, Duarte, 33, 88–89, 115, market society vs. society with 432, 671 120–122 market, 67 Lanzarote, 73–74, 107–108 LopezdeG´ omera,´ Francisco, maroon, definition of, 671 La Palma, 107 280 Marquette, Jacques, 246 La Salle, Robert de, 246 The Lord’s Prayer in Nahuatl, marronage (running away), Las Casas, Bartolome,´ 126, 127, 303 414–416 129, 166, 280 Louisbourg, French naval base Martinique, 357, 373, 570, 588 lateen rigged, 57, 671 and fortification, 483, Martyr, Peter, 92, 93, 108, 438 The Late War in North America 483i Martyr, Peter, first history of Between France and Louisiana, 246 New World by, 279–280 England (Pouchot), Louis XIV (France), 477–478, Maryland, 240–242 500–501 479–480, 481 Masefield, G.B., 378 Latin America Louis XV (France), 482 Massachusetts Bay colony, 240 Early Spanish overland L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 575i, Massa Melly (African king), 25 expeditions, 152m 582–587 Mather, Cotton, 311 lack of scramble for, 662–663 Lovejoy, Paul E., 341, 363–364, Maya latitude 366, 370, 431–432, 657 Cakchiquel, 144 calculating, 57, 84 Low Countries. See Dutch; Chontal, 133 definition of, 671 Europe, pre-expansion classic, 7 latitude sailing, 70 Luanda, 118, 122–123, 124, Quiche´ Empire, 13, 144 lavradores de cana, 671 260 Mazarin, Jules (Cardinal), 245, Lavrin, Asuncion,´ 448 Lugo, Alonso de, 108 257 Law, Robin, 370 luxury goods, from Orient, 58 Medea (Seneca), 1–2 league, definition of, 671 Medieval Warm Period, 39 League of the Five Nations, 21 macambos, 414–415 Mediterranean Europe, slavery Leclerc, Charles Victor MacCulloch, Diarmaid, in, 35 Emmanuel, 580–581 425–426 Mello, Ferdinand de, 117–118 Leeward Islands, 130, 538 MacLachlan, Colin, 446 mendicant orders legua, definition of, 671 Maddison, Angus, 662 Mercator, Gerhard Kremer, 98 Leon,´ Cieza de, 439 Madeiras, xxvii, 73 merchant adventurers, 67, 238 Leon,´ Luis de, 428 sugar production, 75, merchant capitalism, 65–67, leprosy, in Africa, 35 379–380 661 Lery,´ Jean de, 22, 286–289 Magellan, Ferdinand, 98–100 Merolla, Jerome de, 379 Lesser Antilles, 19, 130 magnetic compass, 70, 84 mestiço, 450, 671 Letters of Marque and Reprisal, malaguetta pepper, 82, 188, mestizos 263 231, 671 definition of, 671 Lever, J.T., 434–435 malaria, in Africa, 28–29, 35 in Spanish America, 186 Liberia Maldonaldo, Isabel, 445–446 metallurgy, in pre-Expansion freed slaves shipped to, 632 Malinali (Dona˜ Maria), 133, Europe, 39 liberated slaves in, 654 440 Mexica Empire, 7, 10–13 Ligon, Richard, 391, 393, Malocello, Lanzarotto, 73 conquest of, 132–145(See 404–406, 407 mameluco (mestizo), 203, 295, also Cortes,´ Hernando) Lima 450, 671 cosmology, 11–12 founding of, 149–150, 177 Manco (Inka), 148–149, 150 Flowery Wars, 11 government of, 178 Mann, Kristin, 370 human sacrifice, 12 manufactures and commerce, The Manner How the Negroes in pre-contact Americas, 7 180–181 Became Slaves similarity to Inka Empire, population of, 178 (Snelgrave), 333–334 17–18 religious establishments, Manning, Patrick, 366, 369 social stratification, 11 179 Manoel I (King of Portugal), 86, Teotihuacan, 7, 10–11 social framework of colonial 113 Triple Alliance, 10–11 society in, 177–181 and Angola, 118 Michelet, Jules, 426 wealth of, 178–179 and Kongo kingdom, 115 Mignolo, Walter D., 665–666 Lincoln, Abraham, 644 Mapuche, 22 Miller, Joseph, 437 literacy, in Muslim Africa, 27 maravedı,´ 92–93, 671 mining Little Ice Age, 37 Marees, Pieter de, 431, 433 Native labor in Americas, Loango kingdom, 33 Margarite, Mosen´ Pedro, 127 184i Locke, John, 520–521, 522, Marina, Francisco Martınez,´ in pre-expansion Europe, 39 524, 548 523, 590 Miranda, Francisco, 567, 589, Lockhart, James, 441 maritime compass, 70 601 Long, Edward, 349, 413 maritime routes, Spain and Miranda, Jose,´ 523–524 longitude, 70, 671 America, 218m missionaries, 107

Index 713

baptism in Peru, 304i in Northwest Africa, 24–25 Norris, Robert, 369 in Brazil, 153, 155 North America in Kongo kingdom, 117.See Nahua Indians and Europeans, c. also Augustinians; definition of, 672 1660, 300i, 307i Carmelites; Dominicans; ethnography of, 283–284 map, 1750, 318m Franciscans; Jesuits Lord’s Prayer in Nahuatl in 17th century, 241m missions, in South America, language, 303 North Atlantic Current, 68 307i origins of, 10 North Atlantic Westerlies, 68 Mississipian, 19–20 naos,˜ 2–3, 92, 219, 672 Northeastern North America, c. Missouri Compromise, 643, Narrative of a Five Years 1755, 491, 492m 644 Expedition (Stedman), North East (Portuguese) Trade mit’a/mita, 14, 172, 181, 182, 207 winds, 68 672 Native American languages, in North Equatorial Current, 68 Mixtecs, 12–13, 144 pre-contact Americas, 6 northwest passage, 101 Mixton´ War, 144, 305 nau, definition of, 672 Novais, Paulo Dias, 118 Moche, 7 nautical astronomy, 84–86 Nova Scotia, 494 Mogollon, 19 Navigation Acts (England), 475 Novus Mundus, xxvii Mohawk language, 290–292, Ndongo. See Angola, and Nunes, Pedro, 84–86 312 Portugal Monck, George, 475 Near Atlantic, 71–75 Oaxaca, 144, 181 Mongolian Empire, 59 Azore Islands, 73 Observations of the Estate and Monks Mound (Mississipian), Canary Islands (See Canary Affairs of Holland, 19 Islands) 249–250 Montaigne, Michel de, 289, 428 Cape Verde archipelago, 75 Of Independence, State Montcalm, Marquis de, 496 Madeiras, 73 Constitutions, and the Montejo, Francisco de, 145 map of, 74, 74i Confederation (Ramsey), Montesinos, Antonio de, The Negroes of Barbados 536–537 131–132 (Ligon), 404–406 Of the Manner How Sugar is Montesquieu, 521–522, 548, Netherlands Made (de Rochefort), 557, 621 economic strength of, 377–378 Montevideo, 512 229–230 Of the Original beginning of Moogk, Peter, 461 government of, 229–230.See Christendom in the Moors, 25, 39–40, 58, 105 also Dutch; United Kingdom of Congo, And Morelos, JoseMar´ ıa,´ 600 Provinces of the how the Portuguese Moret, Segismundo, 647 Netherlands obtained this traffic Moret Law, 647 New Amsterdam, 250 (Duarte Lopes), 88–89 Morocco New England. See gender Ojeda, Alonso de, 96 European defeat in, 157 relations, in New Oliviera, Joao˜ de, 350 slaves in, 28 England/New France Olmec culture, 7 Moscovy Company, 232 Newfoundland, discovery of, 98 OPrıncipe,´ 82–83 Moteucçoma, 133, 134–135, New France The Origins of Abolitionism in 136, 139 Jesuits in, 309–310, 460–461 Brazil 1879, 652–653 Mother Cultures, in pre-contact Miramich settlement, 246i Ortiz, Fernando, 382, 407 Americas, 7 in 17th century, 247m.See Ottoman Turks, 38, 57, 59 Mounier, J.J., 549–550 also gender relations, in Ovando, Nicolas´ de, 128–129, Mozambique, prazo system in, New England/New 184, 442 436 France Oxenham, John, 232 Mudthu, Sankar, 524 New Holland (Brazil), 255 Oyo, 30, 339 Mugaburu, Josephe de, New Netherland, Dutch efforts 179–180 at religious conversion, Pacaha, 19–20 Muisca, 21 312–313 Pacheco Pereira, Duarte, 80, 81, mulattos New Netherlands Company, 82, 83, 86, 112–113 in Brazil, 203 248 padrao˜ (stone marker), 83 definition of, 672 New Sweden, 251 Paine, Thomas, 465, 468, 525, in Kongo, 118 New World religions, African 531, 542 in Spanish America, 186 origins of, 365t palisaded villages, in Mullin, Michael, 401 Nieser, Jan, 434–435 pre-contact Brazil, 21 Mundus Novus (Vespucci), Niger Delta chiefdoms, 33 Palmer, R. R., 518 99–100 Nine Years War, 477, 478 Panama, 130 Musica, 151 Nkuwu, Nzinga, 114–115 Pane,´ Ramon,´ 282–283 Muslims Nobrega,´ Manoel de, 450, 451 Panuco´ province, 144 enslavement by, 327, 376 Normans, 40 papal bulls, 80, 214

714 Index

papal donation, 214 and Manco, 148–149, 150 trade in staples, 417.Seealso Paraguay marches on Cuzco, 146, 150 colonies, planting; end of slavery in, 637, 641 ransom offered by Inka plantation complex, independence of, 602 leader, transatlantic Jesuits in, 204, 306, 501–502 recruits men from Trujillo, plantation complex, Paraguayan war, 650, 652 184–185 transatlantic, 384–400 Paraıba´ capitancy, 156 size of Inka army, 146 African slaves, 393, 395–397, pardos, 450, 567, 604–605, 672 slaughter of Inkas, 399–400 Parma, Giovanni della, 73 Pizarro, Hernando, 185 coffee and sugar in Surinam, Parry, J.H., 303 plantation, deﬁnition of, 672 398 patroonships, 255, 292, 672 plantation complex decline of African slave trade Paulistas, 204, 295–296, 672 Africans as preferred labor in Spanish Ameria, 385 Paullu (Inka), 150–151 source, 374 French and English in lesser Paulo Diaz in Arms Against the creoles, 401–402 Antilles, 390–391 King of Angola (Duarte cultures of slaves and, French in Louisiana, 397–398 Lopes), 120–122 401–419 indentured servants, 395, 399 Pavia, Afonso de, 84 African generations, 401 New World blacks (creoles), pawnship, 332 allowance system, 409–410 385–386 Pax Mongolica, 42, 58, 59 assumption of master rice in Georgia, 400 Pech, 145 absolute power, 411–412 rice in South Carolina, Pende, 123 Atlantic creoles, 401–402 399–400 peninsular, 186, 673 on Desalles plantation, 409 rise of planter society, Peninsula War, 592 gang-labor system, 403 392–393 People of the Longhouse, 21 marronage (running away), slave codes, 393–394 Pequot War, 297 414–416 sugarcane in Barbados, Peraza, Fernan,´ 108–109 provision grounds and 391–393 Pernambuco, 155, 260 rations, 407–409, sugarcane in Brazil, 384, Perrot, Michelle, 426 410–411, 412 386–390 Peru resistance to slavery, Dutch in Brazil, 389–390 church and convent, 180i.See 374–375, 414–417 Indian slavery, 386 also Inka Empire; Lima; slave families, 412–413 productivity, 386 Pizarro, Francisco slave languages, 413–414 transition from Indian to Petion,´ Alexander, 583–585, slave suicide, 414 African slavery, 386–389 588–589 Sunday market, 410–411, sugarcane in Jamaica, 394 petit blancs (little whites), 569, 412 sugarcane in Leeward Islands, 570, 672 task labor system, 406 394 petit vs. grand marronage, 415 violent rebellions, 416–417 sugarcane in Saint Domingue, peublos, 172 in Gulf of Guinea, 82–83 394–397 Pillars of Hercules, xxvi–xxvii, plantations as labor intensive, tobacco in Caribbean, 52 374 390–391 pirates, 672 rise of, 375–384 tobacco in Virginia, 399 Barbary, 216, 327 and Africanization of slave types of work slaves Dutch, 191 trade, 381–382 performed, 385 end of Atlantic piracy, indigo production, 379 urban slaves, 400 481–482 in Mediterranean, 382 West India Company, English, 232 rice in Carolinas, 379 389–390 French, 191 sugarcane in Canary plant domestication in Jamaica, 264–265 Islands, 380–381 n Africa, 34 Japanese, 56.Seealso sugarcane in Europe, in pre-contact Americas, 22 buccaneers; corsaires 376 Plymouth plantation, 240 Pisan, Christine de, 427 sugarcane in Madeiras, Poland, inﬂuence of French Pitt, William, 495, 503, 379–381, 382 Revolution on, 560 629–631 sugarcane in New World, Polanyi, Karl, 67 Pizarro, Francisco 376–378, 379 polders, 39 alliance with Cuzco, sugarcane in Sao˜ Tome,´ Pole star, 70 and Almagro, 150 381, 382–383 Political Aphorisms (Locke), arrival in Peru, 146 sugarcane in Spanish West 522 capture of Inka leader, Indies, 383–384 polygyny ecomiendas, 171 slave quarters, 402–403 on plantations, 413 founds Lima, 149–150, 177 societies with slaves vs. slave in sub-Saharan Africa, 35 granted contract to conquer societies, 374 Poma de Alaya, Felipe Guaman, Peru, 145–146 sugar plantations, 373–374 441, 443

Index 715

pombeiros (slave trade nautical charts, 84 Prester John (fabled Christian intermediaris), 123 overextension of empire, 162 king), 83, 84, 114 Ponce de Leon,´ Juan, 129 Overseas Council, 199–200 Price, Richard, 542 Pope-Hennessy, James, 368–369 pure discovery voyages by, Prideaux, John, 496 Pope-Hennessy, John, 662 83–84 print revolution, 47–48 Pope Innocent VIII, 299 reaches India, 84, 86 privateers, 673 Popol Vuh, Maya-Quiche´ reasons for expansion, 57 Dutch, 215 Creation Myth, 8–10 regulatory house in, 83 French, 231.Seealso population and slave trade, 73, 75, 79, buccaneers; pirates Americas, regional c. 1492, 80, 82.SeealsoAngola, Proclamation Line of 1763, 23t and Portugal; Brazil; 527 Brazil, 202t Henry “the Navigator” Promontorium Passum, 83–84 European and Euroamerican, (Portugal); Portuguese Protestant ethic, 62–63 1600 and 1800, 274t imperium, in Africa; Providence Island colony, 264 national of Western Europe, West Africa, Portugal in provision grounds, 407–409, 1700–1800, 473, 473t Portuguese imperium. See 410–411, 412, 672 national populations of Brazil; Portuguese Ptolemy, Claudius, 52, 72 Europe, 1500–1700, imperium, in Africa Puerto Rico, sugar industry on, 224t Portuguese imperium, in Africa, 384 Native American, 187–197 Purepecha,´ 12 1492–1996, 321t agricultural revolution, 189 Puritans, 297, 301 Portuguese Atlantic, 17th Angola (See Angola) century, 437, 437t Angolares, 191 Qorikancha (Inca temple of the sub-Saharan Africa, regional Catholic Church, 190–191 Sun), 16–17 c. 1500, 36t coast guard, 189 quadrant, definition of, 673 world regional, 1820–2000, disease in, 190 Quakers, 619, 620–621, 623, 665t Dutch and, 189, 190, 191 628 world regional c. 1500, 47t economic decline, 192 Quartering Act, 527 Portocarrero, Pedro de Leon,´ French and, 191 Quauhtemoc, 140, 141 179 Gold Coast, 189–190 Quebec´ City, New France, 242, Portolan Charts, 84 gold trade, 188–189, 190 478, 496, 497i, 505 Port Royal, 242 government, 187–188, Quechua, 13, 303, 673.Seealso Portugal 190–191 Inka Empire alliance vs. conquest, 106 inter-African rivalries, Quechua grammar, 286 Atlantic Africa and, 109–114 189–190 Querandie, 151 Cape Verde archipelago as intermarriage, 189, 192 querelle des femmes, 427 base, 75 Jewish children in, 190 Quetzalcoatl, 135 capture of Ceuta, 76 language, 189 Quiche´ Empire, 8–10, 13, 144 claim to Brazil, 96–97 Mina captaincy, 187 quintal, definition of, 673 control/occupation of Azores, mulattos, 189, 192 quipo/u, definition of, 673 73, 74 relations with natives, 189 Quisquis, 148–149 control/occupation of religious establishment, 188 Quito, 149, 602, 603 Madeiras, 73, 74 Sao˜ Jorge de Mina capitaincy, and control of Canaries, 73, 187, 188, 189, 190 Ralegh, Walter, 234, 236 74, 76 Sao˜ Tome´ capitaincy, Ramalho, Joao,˜ 449 discoveries in Africa, 86, 87m 190–192 Ramsay, David, 467, 533 discovery of Grand Banks slave trade, 191–192 Ramsey, David, 536–537 fishery, 98 sugar economy, 191 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, expeditions from Guinea to supervision of trade from 544–545 Cape of Good Hope, Lisbon, 188 Reconquista, 39–40, 105, 124 81–90 trading establishments, 187 reduccion´ /congregacion´ policy, and fabled river of gold, 79 Village of Two Parts, 189 166–168, 308 feitoria establishment, 83 Portuguese imperium, in Reed, Ester De Berdt, 533–534 andgoldfromAfrica,82 America. See Brazil regular clergy, 173–174, 673 importance of opening Potiguar, 155, 156 religion, and Indian/European Guinea coast, 82 Potosı,´ 182–183 entanglements, 299–313 islands and mainland, Silver Mountain, 183i Anglican missions, 312, 313 and making of imperium, Pouchot, Pierre, 500–501 Calvinism, 301 163–164 Powers, Karen Vieira, 424, 425 Catholicism, 301–310 map of voyages, 84, 85m Powhatan, of Virginia, 20 Catholic missionary friars in maritime technology, 71, Pradt, Dominique de, 568–569 Caribbean and Mexico, 79–80, 84–86 prazo system, 436 302

716 Index

religion, and Indian/European Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Scott, Rebecca, 658 entanglements (cont.) 522–523, 524, 548, 549, Sea Beggars, 234 Catholic missionary friars in 622 Sebastain (Portugal), 157 Peru and central Andes, Rowlands, Alison, 426–427 Secota, Virginia, 291i 303 Royal African Company (RAC), secular clergy, definition of, Catholic missions, 301 262, 346, 347, 352, 673 conventos, 303–305 354–356, 359–360, 487 Seeker, William, 428 conversion to Christianity, Royal and Supreme Council of seigneuries, 245, 673 299 the Indies, 172–173 seigneurs, 245, 673 Dutch Reformed Church, Royal Ordinances Concerning Seneca, 1–2 312–313 the Laying Out of New Senegambia, 82, 432–433 entwined beliefs, 308, 310 Towns (Philip II), Seven Years’ War, 494, Jesuits missions in Brazil, 176–177 496–497, 502 308–309 Royal Patent to the Sieur de shaman, in pre-contact Brazil, Jesuits missions in New Monts, 243–245 21 France, 309–310 Russell-Wood, A.J.R., 438 Sheridan, Richard B., 397, 407 Jesuits missions in Paraguay, Rut, John, 228 ship of the line 306 definition of, 673 life at missions, 307–309 Sabatino Lopez, Robert, 42, 59 Sierra Leone missionary efforts to protect Sa’dısˆ expedition against liberated slaves in, 654 Indians, 305–307, 309 Songhay Empire, Luso-Africans in, 433 Protestantism, 301, 310–313 157–158 Sieyes, Abbe,´ 549–550 Protestant missions, 301 Sahagun,´ Bernardino de, Silk Road, 59 Puritan missions, 311 283–284 silver resistance to Christianity, 305 St. Domingo, 572, 584–585 imports, and decline of Spain, revivalism, 312 Saint Domingue, 511 221, 222 spiritualism, 312 map of, 576m mining in Spanish America, repartimiento (forced labor), slave uprising in, 627, 628 178, 182 128, 172, 181 at time of Haitian Revolution, in Peru, 178 Republic of Cartegena, 567 578i Silver Mountain, 183i Requerimiento (Requisition), Saint-Mery,´ Moreau de, 413, Silverblatt, Irene, 424–425 132 414 Siouan-speaking, 20–21 reserves, 309–310, 673 St. Thomas, literary description Slave Act of 1723, 411 The Revolution of America of, 193–194 slave barracoon, 350i (Raynal), 544–545 Saint Vincent, 586–587, 627 Slave Coast, 82, 359, 365 Rhode Island, 240 Salinas y Cordova,´ BightofBenin,262, 334, rice farming, in Carolinas, 299 Buenaventura, 179, 180 338–339, 357 Richelieu, Armand Jean du Sandys, Edwin, 420 intermarriage on, 435 Plessis de (Cardinal), sans-culottes, 555, 556 Slave Power conspiracy, 644 242–245 Santo Tomas,´ Domingo de, 286 slavery Rigaud, Andre,´ 576–578, 587 Sao˜ Jorge da Mina (Portuguese in Africa, 80 Rio de Janeiro, 96 castle), 83, 111, 111f, annual percent decline in emancipation, 653–654 114, 187 Jamaica/Barbados, 408t founding, 155 Sao˜ Paulo capitancy, 295 in Brazil, 649 gold in, 204–205 Sao˜ Salvador, 199i abolitionism in, 652–653 Protestant missions in, 286 Sao˜ Tome´ African slave labor, 200 slave trade, 195, 357, 650 capitancy of, 156, 190–192 bilateral pattern of slave sugar industry, 200, 454–455 intermarriage on, 435–436 trade, 357 Rio Grande capitancy, 156 Jewish children on, 435 delaying abolition with Rio river blindness (onchocerciasis), and Kongo kingdom, 115, Branco Law, 650–651 35 118 emergence of antislavery River of Gold, unsuccessful Portuguese recapture of, 260 movement, 650 expedition to find, 73 slave trade and, 115–117, 118 geographic reorientation Robespierre, Maximilien, 523, sugar estates on, 82–83, 381 of, 649–650 550, 555–556, 564 sugar productivity in, 386 Indian slave labor, Rochambeau, Donatien, Sapa Inka (Sole Inka), 16 153–154, 156, 200, 204 582–583 Schama, Simon, 545 revived antislavery Rodney, Walter, 367 schistosomiasis (liver flukes), 35 movement, 651–653 Rodriquez, Jaime, 446 Schurz, William Lytle, 445 slave population, Rogers, Robert, 501 Schwartz, Stuart, 454–455 1798–1887, 649, 649t Roldan,´ Francisco, 127–128 scientific racism, 665 in Canary Islands, 73, 75, 79, Rome, slavery in ancient, 375 Scott, John, 391 381

Index 717

concubines creolization of black social, 369–371 among plantation slaves, culture, 361, 363 independent traders, 413 ethno-religious patterns, 343–344, 346, 347, 348, slaves as, 331 363–366 357 emancipation of slaves in names of nations, 362 judicial process as cause for Caribbean, 627 slavehold national enslavement, 332 forced labor (repartimiento), characteristics of natives, kidnapping as cause for 172, 181 362–363 enslavement, 332 freed slaves shipped to transplantation of African levels of servile conditions in Liberia, 632 culture, 361–362 Africa, 331–332 gun-slave cycle, 368 African view on morality of, merchandise traded to in India, 35 330 Africans for slaves, 347 map of African slavery in African violent resistance to, Middle Passage, 349–357 Americas, 396m 335 cowrie shells as currency, in Mediterranean Europe, 35 arrivals by region, 351–352 in Morocco, 28 1451–1700, 342t gender discrepancy, by Muslims, 327, 376 arrivals by region, 352–353 in pre-expansion Europe, 35 1701–1800, 342t gold bar as common slave population in U.S., arrivals in America, currency, 351 1790–1860, 642t 1510–1870, 327t middlemen, 349–350 slave populations in asiento system, 344, 346 mortality rates, 354–356 Americas, c. 1770, 400t Bight of Benin (Slave Coast) selling slaves in New slaves after abolition, as source for, 338–339 World, 357 658–659 Bight of Biafra as source for, slave auctions, 357 in West Africa, 340m.See 339 slave decks, 354 also antislavery, and bilateral pattern of, 357 uprisings on ships, Africa; antislavery, Brandenburg African 356–357 demise of American Company, 345 mortality rate of captives in slavery, 1860s–1880s; Brazil as destination, 341, Africa, 350–351 plantation complex 342 as not capitalism, 348–349 slave trade British North America as number of Africans vs. abolition of, 615–616 destination, 341–343 Europeans in Americas, African indigenous, 28, 33, British sugar islands as 326–327 35 destination, 341 origins of captives, Angola and Portugal, 118, business of slaving, 341–349 1662–1867, 362t 122–123, 195, 196–197 captive redemption in Africa, pawnship in Africa, 332 barter price for African 335 Portugal and, 328–329 captives, 352i capture in war as cause for proﬁts/losses, 348 Biafra, as slave source, 262, enslavement, 332 protecting selves from slavers 339, 359 chartered companies, 343, in Africa, 334–335 Caribbean, 129–130 344–345, 347, 348, 357 Royal Afrıcan´ Company Central American coast, 130 determining trade value of (RAC), 345–346, Dutch, 260 slave, 335–336 354–356 and Germany, 345 Dutch West India Company, Royal Chartered Danish instruments used in, 631i 344–345 Guinea Company, 345 Kongo kingdom, 115–117 East Africa as source for, royal contracts, 344 markets in Timbuktu, 28 340–341 Senegambia region as source sale of African slaves in European view on morality for, 336–337 Barbados, 359–360 of, 329–330 Sierra Leone as source for, sale of slaves by native chiefs, French sugar islands as 337 353i destination, 341 slaves in African mines, and Sao˜ Tome,´ 115–117, French West Indies Company, 331 118 346–347 slaves on African agricultural slave-raiding in Canary Gold Coast as source for, estates, 330, 331 Islands, 73 337–338 Spanish America as slave transatlantic, 340m, 343m Henrietta Marie, 357–360 destination, 341 slave trade, Atlantic impact on Africa, 366–371 sugar plantation slaves, African connections, 328–341 demographic, 366–367 327–328 African elite control of, 336 domestic slavery in Africa, Swedish African Company, African nations of New 369 345 World, 360–366 economic, 367–368 triangular pattern of, 328, candombles,´ 364–366 political, 368–369 357

718 Index

slave trade, Atlantic (cont.) agriculture/manufacturing, population of, 1570–1800, West Central Africa as source 221–222 174, 185t for, 339–340 conspicuous consumption, provincial governors, 172 Windward Coast as source 223–224 pueblo life, 181–183 for, 337 depopulation, 224 race mixing in, 185–186 Sloane, Hans, 415 economic reform attempts, religious establishments, 179 Small, Stephen, 366 225–226 royal government, 172–173 smallpox, 141 effects of gold and silver segregation in, 174 in Africa, 35 imports, 221, 222 separate Indian culture in, in Brazil, 388 excessive taxes, 222, 223 174–175 epidemic in Valley of Mexico, military expenditures, silver mining, 178, 182 140, 141 222–223 social framework of colonial Smith, Adam, 66, 348–349, 623 per capita economic growth, society (Lima), 177–181 Smith, William, 431, 432, 433 224–225 tribute, 181–182 Smits, David, 456 persecution of Portuguese in unconditional emancipation Snelgrave, William, 326, Spain, 226 in, 637t 329–330, 333–334 public debt, 222, 223 viceroys, 172.Seealsogender Society of the Friends of the uprising of Portuguese relations, in Spanish Blacks, 626–627 nobility in Spain, 226 America society with market vs. market waning hegemony in Atlantic Spanish America revolutions, society, 67 World, 1600s, 236 595–609 Socolow, Susan Migden, 420, Spanish Abolitionist Society, and ayuntamiento, 598–599 441 647 in Buenos Aires, 601–602 Soeiro, Susan, 452 Spanish America in Central America, 604 Solano, Francisco, 304i African slaves in, 186 in Chile, 603 solar tables, 70 agricultural estates, 182–183 and conservative Some Account of the Author’s art/architecture by Indians, republicanism, 605 Captivity (Cugano), 186 and Constitution of 1812, 355–356 audiencias, 172 600–601, 612 Songhay chiefdom, 27 basis of administrative coup d’etat by Audiencia, 599 Songhay Empire, 25–27, 82, regions, 170–171 and creole juntas, 598 110 Catholic Church authority in, and creole nationalism, Sa’dısˆ expedition against, 173 597–598 157–158 checks and balances system, criollos/peninsulares, 596 Sonthonax, Leger-F´ elicit´ e,´ 574 173 in Cuzco, 602–603 South Africa chiefdom, 34 city planning, 175 Indian/black slaves interests, South East Trade winds, 68, 86 class system, 185 605 South Equatorial Current, 68, coca crop, 183 influence of American/French 86 control from Spain, 172–173 revolutions on, 597 Southern Cross, 70 control through ecomiendas, influence of Bourbon reforms Spain 171 on, 596–597 alliance vs. conquest, 106 corregidores/alcaldes mayors, Mexican Revolution, claim to Portugal, 158, 189 172, 178 599–600, 604 Council of the Indies, disease in, 174 in New Granada, 602, 603 199–200 ecomiendas, 171 in Peru, 603 early voyages to New World, ecomiendas, Crown political consequences of, 96 restriction of, 172 605–609 emigration of Spanish women extent of, 170 populist consequences of, 609 to Indies, 1509–1600, forced labor, 172, 181 in Quito, 602, 603 444t gold mining, 182 racial composition of armies, expels Moors, 236 health of Indians, 174, 181 604–605 and first circumnavigation, immigration/emigration by and restoration of Fernando 98–100 Spanish, 183–185 VII, 603 Golden Age of, 162 manufactures and commerce, and rights of women, 605 shipbuilding industry, 180–181 variety of political outcomes, 219–220.Seealso map of cities/towns of, 167m, 612–613 Spanish America; 170–187 in Venezuela, 601, 603 Spanish imperium, missionaries, 172, 173–174, Spanish Armada, 233 making of 181 Spanish-as-god myth, 135 Spain, decline of, 221–226, native cooperation in, 171 Spanish imperium, making of, 269–270, 474 New Laws of 1542, 172 164, 165i, 170

Index 719

city planning, 166, 167i in Brazil, 153–154, 191, Tlaxcalan, 134, 144 divide and rule strategy, 164 200–202, 295–296 tobacco farms expansion of Castillian in Canary Islands, 75, 380 in Bermuda, 239 language, 169 in Caribbean, 257 in Virginia, 239 extension of law and order, and Genoa, 75 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 519, 169–170 in Madeiras, 75, 82–83, 545, 563, 621 imposition of civitas, 379–380 Togo-Dahomey Gap, 28 166–169 plantations in Atlantic Toltec culture, in pre-contact mapping/naming conventions, regions, 1494–1860, Americas, 7 168–169 397t ton, definition of, 673 reduccion´ /congregacion´ slave labor, 73, 75, 398t tools, in pre-contact Americas, policy, 166–168 wage labor in Cuba, 648–649 23 religious justification, Sunni Ali (Muslim king), 27 Toscanello, Paolo dal Posso, 91 165–166 Surinam, 260, 415–416 Totonac, 134 royal engineers, 169 Swedes and, 255 Toussaint, L’Ouverture, 510 self-criticism of, 164–165 Symonds, William, 456 Townshend Duties, 504–505, Spanish Revolution, 567–568, 528, 533, 537 589–595 Taino, 18–19, 125, 129, 132, trade and Bonaparte, 591 278–279.Seealso in Africa, 25, 29 Bourbon reforms prior to, Columbus, Christopher Americas, pre-contact, 10, 589–590 Tairona, 21 19, 21 and Central Junta, 591–592 Tamoio War, 155 Atlantic Africa, 1680–1820, Constitution of 1812, tangomaos, 336–337 341t 592–595 tapoeyers, 434 Atlantic contribution to and Cortes, 592–595 Taqui Onqoy, 305 English, 1700–1772, and free trade, 594 Tarascan Empire, 12, 144 490, 490t liberals vs. serviles, 594–595 Taylor, John, 410 China and, and religion, 594 Templo Mayor (Great Temple), Christian embargo on Egypt, representation for American 10, 12 59 subjects, 593, 594 Tenerife, 73, 107, 108 Dutch-West Indies, 249–250 resistance by juntas, 591–592 Tenochtitlan,´ and Cortes´ Europe, pre-expansion, and slavery, 593–594 Cortes´ resides at, 136 40–43, 48–49 and Spanish Enlightenment, defeat of Cortes,´ 139 fur trade, 232, 242, 250–251, 590 native massacre, 141 319 and war with France, rebuilding of, 144 Genoa and, 58–59, 75 591–592 siege/conquest of, 139–141 gold trade, 188–189, 190 spice trade, 220 temporary defeat at, 139 Portugal-Africa, 83, 188–189, Stamp Act, 503–504, 527, Teotihuacan, 7, 10–11, 138m 190 537 Texcoco, 10–11, 140, 144 Portugal-West Africa, 109 Stannard, David E., 320 Texupa, 181 Spanish Revolution and free Stedman, John Gabriel, 207, They love Women extreamly, trade, 594 362, 401, 416 and spare no Charges for spice trade, 220 Stephens, James, 638 the setting out of their sugar production/trade, 59, Sterba, James, 418 Wives (Sieur Froger), 453 60, 65 Stono Rebellion, 416–417 13 colonies, map of, 530m supervision from Lisbon, 188 Strachey, William, 287–289 Thirteenth Amendment, 645 by Taino, 19 Stuyvesant, Pieter, 251 Thislewood, Thomas, 401 in Valley of Mexico, 10 Suarez,´ Francisco, 523 Thomson, Charles, 465–466 value of French colonial Sugar Act, 503, 527 Thornton, John K., 90, 124, trade, 482 sugar cane 369, 572 wool trade, 43.Seealsoslave crushing of, 395i Tiahuanaco, 7 trade making sugar from, 377–378, Tiçocic (ruler of Tenochtitlan),´ Trade fairs, 43 392 12 trans-African slavery, 327 slave cutting in West Indies, Timbuktu, 25, 28, 110 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 493 379i tithe, 173, 188, 192, 196, 302, Treaty of Alcac´ ¸ovas, 74, 90, 108 Sugar-Canes (Atkins), 392 561, 673 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis,´ sugar production/trade, 59, 60, Tlacopan, and Triple Alliance, 231 65 10–11 Treaty of Madrid, 502 in Atlantic Regions, Tlaloc (rain god), 12 Treaty of Nonsuch, 233 1492–1870, 391t Tlatelolco, 10 Treaty of Paris, 499 in Barbados, 256, 391–393 Tlatoani speaker, 11 Treaty of Ryswick, 479

720 Index

Treaty of San Ildefonso, 503 van der Woude, Ad, 475 map from Arguim to Benin, Treaty of The Hague (1596), Vega, Garcilaso de la, 280–281, 110m 235 441–442 Songhay Empire, 25–27, 82, Treaty of Tordesillas, 94, 95i, Velazquez,´ Diego de, 132–133, 110.SeealsoAfrica; 96, 214 136–138 West Africa, Portugal in; Treaty of Utrecht, 481 Velazquez´ de Cuellar,´ Diego, individual country tribute system 129 West Africa, Portugal in, in Inka Empire, 14 Venezuela, 96, 588–589 109–114 in Mexica Empire, 11 Venice Accra, 112 Mississipian, 19 Crusade against Akara, 112 Triple Alliance, 10–11 Constantinople, 58 arms/warfare, 111–112 trypanosomiasis (sleeping mercantile colonies, 58, 59 Benin, 84, 112–114 sickness), 28–29, 35 Verrazzano, Giovanni da, Commany, 112 Tula, 7 100–101 converts to Christianity, 113, Tupac Hualla (Inka), 148 Verrazzano, Giovanni [Same 114 Tupac Huascar (Inka), 148 person as next entry?], Efutu, 112 Tupi, 21–22 227 feitorias (trading factories), Tupi-Guaranı´ speakers, 22 Vespucci, Amerigo, 70, 98, 83, 96–97, 110–111 Tupinamba,´ 154–155, 286–289 99–100 Gold Coast, 82, 83, 110, Tupiniuin, 154–155 Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, 111–112 Tuscaroras, 317 601–602, 603 gold mining, 29–30, 42, 110, Twelve Years Truce, 246–248 Vieira, Antonio, 204, 450 112 Villaut, Nicolas, 337, 351 Grain Coast, 81–82 Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 458 Virginia Guinea, 33 United Provinces of the arrival of Englishmen, 239i Itsekiri kingdom, 114 Netherlands indentured servants in, 239 Ivory Coast, 82 Atlantic slave trade, 344–345 on origin of natives of, Portuguese arrival, 29–30 claims in North America, 287–289 settlers, 80, 109, 671 246–248 slave labor in, 239 Slave Coast, 82 commercial treaties with tobacco farms in, 239 slave trade in, 113–114, Spain, 236 Virginia Company, and 340m creation of, 230, 234–235 Christian mission, 311 trade, 109 inﬂuence of French Vitclupuchtli (Mexica god), Upper Guinea, 109–110 Revolution on, 560 Vives, Juan Luis, 427 Westerlies, 86, 217 merchant marine, 235 volta do mar, 79, 86, 96–97, westernization, of Southern planting colonies, 246–254, 674 global societies, 663–665 259–261 Voltaire (Franc¸ois-Marie West Indies as protectorate of England, Arouet), 519 Dutch in, 249–250 233 Vries, Jan de, 475 late 18th-century map, 506, truce with Spanish, 235, 507m 474–476.SeealsoDutch Waitaca,´ 156 map, c. 1750, 497, 498m Upper Guinea, 187, 433 Waldseemuller, Martin, 98 in 17th century, 258m Uruguay, 151, 602 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 63 war between France/Great Walpole, Robert, 491 Britain, 479–480, Valley of Mexico wampum, 310, 674 509–511, 513.Seealso Cortes´ entry, 136 (See also Wari, 7 plantation complex; Cortes,´ Hernando) The Warning of the Cacique individual country map, 137m Hatuey to the Indians of West Indische Compagnie. See mendicant orders in, 144 Cuba, 131 Dutch West India native population collapse in, War of Spanish Succession, 317, Company (WIC) 320 477, 479, 589 White, John, 289–290 native populations of, War of the Knives, 577 Wiesner, Merry E., 428–430 1519–1800, 174t War of the League of Augsburg, Wild Coast (Guiana), 207, 236, smallpox epidemic in, 140 477 254–255, 257, 260 trade at Tlatelolco, 10 Washington, George, 505, Willem III (Holland), 477, 541 van den Bogaert, Harmen 564 Williams, Eric, 382, 618 Meyndertsz, 290 Weberians, 62–63 Williams, Roger, 240 van der Capellen, Joan Derk, Webster, Noah, 555 Windward Islands, 586–587 539–540 Wedgewood, Josiah, 629 Wolfe, James, 496 van der Donck, Adraen, Wesley, John, 621 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 520, 558 290–292 West Africa Wolof, 81, 82, 88

Index 721

Wood, Gordon S., 360 Xiu, 145 Yoruba kingdom, 30 Wood, William, 490 Yucatan, 132–133, 145 world-systems theory, xxv, 64, Ya´nez˜ Pinzon,´ Vicente, 96 65 Yanomamo, homicide rate Zapotecs, 12–13, 144 Wright, Robert, 666 among, 20 Zong affair, 629 writing/literacy, in pre-contact yaws, 28–29, 35 Zorita, Alonso, 181–182 Americas, 23–24 yellow fever, 35 Zurara, Gomes Eannes de, 77–79