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THE IMPACT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY ON LUCY BARTON’S

BEHAVIOR IN ELIZABETH STROUT’S MY NAME IS LUCY BARTON

A THESIS

ANNISA LARAS ANDHIKA

REG NO. 150705088

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara THE IMPACT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY ON LUCY BARTON’S BEHAVIOR IN ELIZABETH STROUT’S MY NAME IS LUCY BARTON

A THESIS

ANNISA LARAS ANDHIKA

REG. NO. 150705088

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dra. Swesana Mardiah Lubis, M.Hum Riko A. R. Pohan, S.S, M.Hum

NIP. 195710021986012003 NIP. 198406092015041001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Universitas Sumatera Utara Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on August 15th, 2019

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.

NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Dra. Swesana Mardiah Lubis, M.Hum.

NIP.195710021986012003

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum.

NIP. 195707201983032001

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, ANNISA LARAS ANDHIKA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR

OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT

OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : August 15th, 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara

NAME : ANNISA LARAS ANDHIKA

TITLE OF THESIS : THE IMPACT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY

ON LUCY BARTON’S BEHAVIOR IN

ELIZABETH STROUT’S MY NAME IS LUCY

BARTON

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : August 15th, 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, first and foremost, I thank Allah SWT for giving me endless livelihood through everything in my life. I also thank to

Prophet Muhammad SAW who has already brought this world far away from the darkness into the better world—one of them, through education, that helping me to finish my bachelor degree in English Department, Faculty of Cultural Science, in University of Sumatera Utara.

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. as the

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies in University of Sumatera Utara, Prof. T.

Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D as the head of English Department, Rahmadsyah

Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D as the secretary of English Department, also all academics and administrative staffs for their helps during my study. Not to be forgotten as well for all lecturers that have taught me in this department.

My sincere and special gratitude I would really like to deliver to my supervisor, Dra. Swesana Mardiah Lubis, M.Hum., and also my co-supervisor

Riko Andika Rahmat Pohan, S.S., M.Hum.Both my supervisor and co-supervisor have helped me by giving great advice, suggestions, kindness, and everything they have taught me in finishing this thesis. I have been so thankful to Allah SWT to have great supervisors who really help and support me in finishing this thesis.

My greatest love and gratitude I would really like to express to my parents; Edi Eka Putra and Dian Tara Ariyanti, S.E. for their unconditional love toward me. Thank you for the ‗lovehate‘ situation, always asking about my thesis

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development, really understand when I cannot be asked to do your favor for the sake of my thesis. I really thank you for all your advice, love, suggestions, and supports to your one and only daughter. For all my younger brothers; Andhika

Fajar Adhitama, Andhika Fathan Abdillah, and Fadhilah Fauzan Akbar—thank you to understand how hectic and want to help my housework at home, thank you for sending me all your good prayers. Thank you for being my greatest support system so I can stand as Icha now, much better from before.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my old friend, Muhammad

Yazdi Siregar for his support, both financially and psychologically. Thank you for being a friend that I always can rely on. Your helps really means a lot for me.

Hope our friendship that can be long lasting period.

To my beloved boyfriend, Febrio Ibrahim Sebayang, S.Kom, thank you for all your advice, helps, love, and support toward me. Thank you for asking me on phone call daily about my thesis, helping me in correcting both thesis and presentation. Both Febrio and I are surviving for the sake of reaching our bachelor degree, and we did it. I am really proud of us, and I hope we can survive in any condition in the next step of our life. No matter how far you are, your love is in the air—and I can feel it.

To all my beloved colleagues in Sasing B 2015, especially Rizka Fatihah,

Desvita Sari, Agung Kirana Sembiring, David Christian, Diana Rahma Putri, Cut

Nadia Muji Rahmah, Vivi Marianti Butar Butar, Sabrina Silmi Aulia, Indah

Permata Sari Siahaan, Yolanda Enditha Monique, Dalilah Fathma, Ahsanulhaq, and every single student in the class, thank you for our precious time and

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moments that we have shared together, both bad and good memories create the new and best version of ourselves. See you on top, pals. Keep in touch is the key.

I love you.

To my beloved high school friend, Manda Sari—thank you for all your supports and motivation. Sharing our youth dreams is never wrong. Thank you for being my loyal friend. I hope you will reach your bachelor degree soon. I am always be inspired by your persistence, keep spreading positive vibes.

To my greatest team with full of ideas and joyness, Juliders – I would really thank you for all your supports, advice, laugh that we have shared together.

Especially for my roomate: Daimah – you are really inspiring me to finish my thesis on time by all your simple words. ―If it can be finished fast, why I must do it slowly?‖ is the precious motivation for me. And for Aurora, Diba, Ray, and

Zulfan – you are so amazing I cannot thank more, I am glad to be part of your life.

To my senior, Kak Gaby and Bang Fariz—thank you for helping me from the very first step of doing draft proposal. All your helps mean a lot for me. To all my XLFL Batch 5 Medan Class, especially Leo, Kak Sherly, Kak Farah, Bang

Tama, Ami, Kak Meila, Kak Dika, and others—thank you for all your supports and motivation, may we meet someday as great person. All moments and time we have shared together really impacted me positively in making this thesis, especially SMARTER Goal. And other friends that I cannot put all your names here—thank you for all your supports. It really means a lot in this time-phase creating this thesis.

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In completing this thesis, I realize this thesis is far from perfection as such a saying ‗There’s nothing is perfect‘. Therefore, suggestions and critics are needed. Hopefully this thesis may be beneficial for the targetted readers or researchers in the future ahead. May God always bless us. Aaamiin ya rabbal alaamiin. Alhamdulillahirabbilalaamiin.

Medan, 15th August 2019

Annisa Laras Andhika

Reg. No. 150705088

Universitas Sumatera Utara

ABSTRACT

This thesis entilted “The Impact of Dysfunctional Family on Lucy Barton’s Behavior in Elizabeth Strout’s My Name is Lucy Barton” discussing about the kinds of dysfunctional family, its behavioral impacts on Lucy Barton, and the healing process to overcome it. The novel My Name is Lucy Barton was selected as the source of data because this novel shows strong impact of dysfunctional condition of family on Lucy Barton‘s behavior. This story is about an adult children who survives from her dysfunctional family. The aims of this study are to find out the kinds of dysfunctional family, the impact of dysfunctional family on child‘s behavior, and also overcoming the condition through healing process. The study of this thesis uses psychoanalysis by Murray Bowen, the kinds of dysfunctional family by Sheryl Benton, the impact of dysfunctional family and healing process to overcome it by Sharon Martin. In analyzing this thesis, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative methodthat presents all data in the form of words and sentences and uses library research to collect data by reading and selecting quotations from the novel My Name is Lucy Barton. The result of the study is Lucy Barton is an adult children who survives from her dysfunctional family that are abusive and deficient parents. The behavioral impact experienced by Lucy Barton is she feels alone, hopeless, inadequate, guilty unlovable. Healing process that Lucy Barton is going through are; trusting others, acknowledging the actual feelings, and letting all the feelings exist. Based on this research, it is found that the life of Lucy Barton in My Name is Lucy Barton is a potrayal of pyschological problems which are faced by adult children. Keywords: Impact, Dysfunctional Family, Healing Process, Adult Children

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul ―The Impact of Dysfunctional Family on Lucy Barton’s Behavior in Elizabeth Strout’s My Name is Lucy Barton‖ yang membahas mengenai keluarga disfungsional dan dampaknya terhadap perilaku Lucy Barton, serta proses penyembuhan untuk mengatasinya. Novel My Name is Lucy Barton dipilih sebagai sumber data karena novel ini menunjukkan dampak besar keluarga disfungsional terhadap perilaku Lucy Barton. Kisah ini mengenai seorang anak yang telah dewasa yang menyelamatkan diri dari keluarga disfungsional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis-jenis keluarga disfungsional, dampak perilakunya pada anak, dan proses penyembuhan untuk mengatasinya. Penelitian skripsi ini menggunakan teori psikoanalisis Murray Bowen, teori jenis-jenis keluarga disfungsional oleh Sheryl Benton, teori dampak keluarga disfungsional dan proses penyembuhan oleh Sharon Martin. Dalam menganalisis penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode deksriptif-kualitatif yang menunjukkan seluruh data dalam bentuk kata dan kalimat serta menggunakan riset perpustakaan sebagai cara dalam mengumpulkan data dengan membaca dan memilih kutipan dari novel My Name is Lucy Barton. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa Lucy Barton adalah anak yang telah dewasa yang menyelamatkan dirinya dari keluarga disfungsional yang orang tua nya berlaku kasar dan kurang mencukupi. Dampak perilaku dari keluarga disfungsional yang dialami Lucy Barton dia sering merasa sendirian, tanpa harapan, canggung, bersalah, dan tidak dapat dicintai.Proses penyembuhan yang Lucy Barton lalui seperti; mempercayai orang lain,mengakui perasaannya yang sebenarnya dan membiarkan seluruh perasaan ada dan muncul. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa kehidupan Lucy Barton pada My Name is Lucy Barton adalah sebuah gambaran permasalahan psikologis yang dihadapi anak yang telah dewasa. Kata Kunci: Dampak, Keluarga Disfungsional, Proses Penyembuhan, Anak yang telah Dewasa

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 6

1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 7

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 8

2.1 Brief Description of Literature ...... 8

2.2 Novel…… ...... 9

2.3 Character ...... 10

2.4 Psychology of Literature ...... 11

2.5 Kinds of Dysfunctional Family ...... 14

2.6 Behavioral Impact ...... 18

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2.7 Healing Process ...... 21

2.8 Previous of Relevant Studies ...... 22

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH...... 24

3.1 Research Design ...... 24

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 24

3.3 Data Collection ...... 25

3.4 Data Analysis Method ...... 26

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...... 28

4.1 Kinds of Dysfunctional Family ...... 28

4.1.1 Abusive Parents ...... 28

4.1.2 Deficient Parents ...... 31

4.2 Behavioral Impact ...... 33

4.2.1 Feeling Alone and Hopeless ...... 33

4.2.2 Feeling Inadequate and Guilty ...... 34

4.2.3 Feeling Unlovable ...... 36

4.3 Healing Process ...... 38

4.3.1 Trust others ...... 38

4.3.2 Acknowledge and Talk about Feelings ...... 39

4.3.3 Let All The Feelings Come and Exist ...... 41

4.4 Findings ...... 43

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 45

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5.1 Conclusion ...... 45

5.2 Suggestion ...... 46

REFERENCES ...... 48

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Author‘s Biography

Appendix 2. Summary of The Novel

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

My Name is Lucy Barton is a domestic fiction novel written in 2016 by

Elizabeth Strout. It tells about the grown-up life of Lucy Barton since she was in her childhood until adultery in her dysfunctional family. The detailed story is on the complicated relationship between her and her mother. Lucy Barton is a fictional character created by American author named Elizabeth Strout. Lucy is introduced first time as a mother of two daughters in the hospital to have regular surgery, characterized by her struggle adjusting to grow up well from a dysfunctional family.

Dysfunctional family is a very crucial problem in our social life that can be impacted on children‘s psychological conditionif the parentsare not able to handle the situation well. It may be impacted adversely when the children are already grown up. Whether they have gotbad or good experience in their childhood,those experience will continue even when they start their own family and not everyone is aware with this problem. As it is proved from the annual report of National Commission of

Women in Indonesia 2018, the number of domestic violence is reaching more than

2.227 cases are reported.

Dysfunctional family is often stigmatized as brokenhome family while the actual it is not always sounded as parents are already divorced. There are so many reasons why dysfunctional family can be happened, it may because of economic problems, parents with mental illness, domestic violence, and many more. A family can be categorized as dysfunctional family when they have all those kind of

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problems but parents do not have any intention to split up even divorce. So, it may happen to any family in any time. Dysfunctional family can be negatively impacted to both parents and children‘s mental and behavior style. One of those kind of problems can be seen from Marshanda, a public figure that is well-known since she was little-one time found out by public through her video against bulliers those are her friends and uploading it on social media years ago. She screamed out loud, yelling on the video. Her reactions on video can be categorized as the impact of her experience in her dysfunctional family. The fact is her parents have been divorced some years ago. Marshanda lived with her mother and rarely met her father afterwards. Her mother is a businesswoman and Marshanda herself is an actress that is clear to know that she rarely interactsto her own family because of her job.

According to Vannicelli (1989), adults raised in dysfunctional families are often reported difficulties forming and maintaining intimate relationships, maintaining positive self-esteem, and trusting others; they fear a loss of control, and deny their feelings and reality. And we may see from Marshanda herself those experience she has got from her childhood is affected to her even when she has grown up. She has divorced with her ex-husband – Ben Kasyafani. Even she opens up about her mental illness which is named as bipolar disorder where she easily denies her feelings and reality and that condition needs serious treatment.

Actually, a healthy family is not always about there is no siblings or parents angry each other or any kind of problems in the family. A family can be categorized as health where all the family members have deep emotional bound, there is not any empty feelings to fulfill the emotional needs and know how to solve the problems of their family well. If we scrutinize carefully, here are many reasons why people get

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married and want to start their own new family: it may because of needs, age, family force, but the best one is because of love. When a man and woman are ready to face the next step of their relationship becomes marriage, they have a dream of having a happy family forever after indeed.

Dreaming about having a happy family forever afrer is not as easy as applicating it in the real life. There are many reasons why having a happy family forever after is kind of a fairytale. They may because of family issues, economic problems, different values or visions of future, violence, parents with mental illnessor even love affairs. Obstacles and challenges, ups and downs and everything happens in the family must be faced to reach the ultimate goal: a happy family.

Big picture of family cannot be seen only from the marriage itself, but it also can be seen as well from child-parents interaction. If both of husband and wife cannot reach their ultimate goal, they may split up, even divorce leaving their family in troubled. Or they can turn into different side of theirselves that may hurt their loved ones in their family. During this time, almost of them do not think wisely what will be impacted of this dysfunctional family on their children.

In Indonesia, case of dysfunctional family can be seen from data taken from

Health Policy Unit Consultant in Southeast Asia Mental Health Forum 2018 in

Jakarta showing that around 15.8% families in Indonesia have mental illness.Another data taken from Woman National Commission Annual Notes in Courts data showing that around 335,062 cases of domestic violence that lead to divorce.

Contrary of dysfunctional family, in a healthy family—mutual respect between family members and everyone has each other‘s back is prominent.

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Indysfunctional families, tension and mistrust amongst parents-children relationship is often happened. The parents‘ authority in the family is often misguided and without accountability as well. Even in adults, a level of mistrust and resentment is often occurred as well. It is unfortunate that parents do not create a safe and sound surrounding for their child to grow. It is absolute to be experienced that underlying fear and hurt constantly while the children are growing up. And, dysfunctional families do not respect apology and do not allow for emotions to be expressed reasonably.

So, to understand more how dysfunctional familyis impacted to children‘s behavior, we may see it through literary works such as novel, shory story, poem and many more. It is clear that we may understand about what happens in our society, psychological condition of someone from their behaviour in this present day, our history and many more through literary works. Literature shows how humans behave in facing problems and environment. As Cohen (1971: 348) said ―Psychology helps to clarify some literary problems, and literature presents insight to psychology.‖.

Dysfunctional family cases often found in this modern era. Even some authors are interested to make this topic into a novel. One of them is Elizabeth Strout in her novel entitled My Name is Lucy Barton. Elizabeth Strout is an American novelist and author. She is also pronounced as the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for

Fiction of her works Olive Kitteridge (2008). While years later she wrote on her novel My Name is Lucy Barton is published on 2016 and becomes the #1 New York

Times bestseller.

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My Name is Lucy Barton tells about a bond back parent-child relationship after years they have not met. The story is told in a series of flashbacks, beginning with Lucy's time in the hospital when she was younger. The time is the early

1980s.Lucy remembersher very first memories of her parents accompanied by feeling lonely. She remembers that when her parents would go to work, and she was still too young to go to school—they could not take her with them, so they lock her in the cab of the truck until they were done for the day. She says those times alone devastated her, and instilled in her the idea that she was a burden. Then many years later, in the hospital, Lucy has grown up as adult children—as a wife and a mother, surprisingly her own mother visits her, which is monumental, because her mother and father lives in impoverished conditions in a rural part of Illinois. Her mother hates hospitals, but has come nonetheless, which speaks volumes to Lucy.

From those explanation above, the writer finds dysfunctional family issue is needed to be discussed through this research. Through this novel, we may understand how dysfunctional family affects on children-parents relationship that may be related to real life of society. How people may prevent some problems in their family and others. Therefore, theresearcher is going to analyze the kind of dysfunctional family, its impact of dysfunctional family on Lucy Barton‘s behavior, and also how to overcome that condition through healing process in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is

Lucy Barton.

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1.2 Problems of the Study

In accordance with the title of this thesis ―The Impact of Dysfunctional

Family on Lucy Barton‘s Behavior in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton”, the researcher tries to clarify some questions, they are:

1. What are the kinds of dysfunctional family experienced by Lucy Barton

in Elizabeth Strout‘sMy Name is Lucy Barton?

2. What are the impacts of dysfunctional family on Lucy Barton‘s behavior

in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton?

3. How does Lucy Barton overcome her dysfunctional family through

healing process in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Related to the problems statement above, the researcherwants to achieve the following objectives:

1. To identify the kinds of dysfunctional family experienced by Lucy Barton

in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton.

2. To describe the impacts of dysfunctional family on Lucy Barton‘s

behavior in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton.

3. To explain the healing process of Lucy Barton to overcome her

dysfunctional family in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton.

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1.4 Scope of the Study

It is necessary to make a scope in analyzing this thesis. It will make this thesis becomesmore objective. In this thesis, the researcher only concentrates on the kinds of dysfunctional family experienced by Lucy Barton in Elizabeth Strout‘s My

Name is Lucy Barton, the impact of dysfunctional family on Lucy Barton‘s behavior, and also the way Lucy Barton overcomes her dysfunctional family through healing processby analyzingin the character and dialogues related in the novel.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The result of this study is expected to be useful in several ways, they are :

1. Give knowledge aboutdysfunctional family, its impacts on child‘s

behavior in a novel,and the healing process to overcome the

dysfunctional family,

2. Can be used as inspiration and reference in making further study about

dysfunctional family, its impacts on child‘s behavior, and the healing

process to overcome the dysfunctional family,

3. Can be used as a reference in discussing the study related to literature and

psychology of literature.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Brief Description of Literature

My Name is Lucy Barton is a novel published in 2016 by Elizabeth Strout. It is the story about a life of daughter named Lucy Barton living in dysfunctional family and how she survives from it and create peace with her family and herself.

Before she letting go all bad feelings about her family, she actually has left the world of her childhood behind. She escapes her indigent life in the small rural town of

Amgash, Illinois where she was born and raised. She is friendless and scorned in her childhood. Almost all people around her family look them down because her family is so strange and poor. Living at home is difficult because her parents are not able to express the love their children obviously needed. Lucy and her siblings live in fear of the abuse they periodically suffer at the hands of their mentally disturbed father who has trauma from his experience as a soldier in World War II.

Those dysfunctional family condition left Lucy is less able to make meaningful connection with people around her and become more sensitive to each small act of kindness as an adult. Even though of all, she keeps going to college and lives in New York city where she gets married and has beautiful daughters. She also can be a writer as she has wanted to be. As Lucy grows older, she becomes more understand with her family condition that finally makes her tries to heal from allbad experience and leaves her negative feelings about her family by communicating well to them.

Literature has always been as an object of study to learn human‘s behavior through psychological condition, social problems, personality of someone, history,

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culture, and others. Wellek and Warren (1990:3) explain that literature as one of imaginary works, literature performs various problem of human and humanity, as well as the life. It is clear from the definition that literature is like a door to open the new world, to gain more new experience. It can be one of the greatest way to deliver messages, express feelings, even understand more about human‘s life by creating various kind of literary works. Those literary works may be as short story, song, poetry, novel, drama, and many more. Reading a literary work is one of process of being interact between an author and a reader – that is clear that, an author may be more able to deliver messages directly to the reader through literary works.

2.2 Novel

The word of novel is from Italian, Novellawhich is from the plural of Latin novellus, a new variant of novus, that means ―new‖. At first, novel was popularly developed in America and England. It was actually developed in other forms of narrative non-fiction such as letters, biographies, and history. However, since the environment has been becoming more dynamic as well as society has concerned on different kinds of novel,it may change the basic concept of original novel once was developed. It is no more only about the reality of life, but also can be developed as fiction, imagination, and many more. According to Sumardjo (1986:29),

Novel adalah suatu karya sastra yang terkenal di dunia. Bentuk karya sastra ini beredar sangat luas dan dicetak karena komunitasnya yang sangat luas di masyarakat. (The novel is a literary form that is very popular in the world. This literary form one of the most widely spread and printed because of the broad community in the society)

As its meaning, novel is expected to give new insight or experience to its readers and author. Nowadays, novel has been published a lot of topics in various

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style. Even Wellek (1989) believes that a novel is the potrayal of humans that is written by the author to the readers.It may be telling life problems that is covered in amazing style of writing. It also can be in the form of fiction or non fiction, but the long story delivered in the novel will be always impressed to the readers.

2.3 Character

Character is responsible for the thoughts and action in the works of literature, especially novel. Because of that, character holds significant role that may help to build and develop the story line inside the novel. Characteris also one of the most necessaryguidance for the author and also can be the medium through the reader.

Every single character in the novel has their own style and personality, motives and expectations to build up the novel. Because the character is the person who is responsible for the thoughts and action in the works of literature.

According to Allpor (1983) states that ―Character is personality evaluated, and personality is character devaluated‖. Robert (1993:366) also states that

―Character and their action may often be equated with certain ideas and values‖.

Those ideas and values that can be seen through social life inside the novel. Both definitions from each expert shows that character is such a soul of the story itself.

In fiction literature, authors use various types of characters to narrate their stories. Various types of characters fulfill various roles in the narrative process.

These are the general types of characters in fictional literature:

 Major, main or central characters are guidefor the development and

resolution of the conflict. There are two types of major character, they

are; 1)protagonist, and 2) antagonist. According to Yanni (2000:55), ―A

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main character is an important figure at the centre of the story‘s action or

theme. This character dominates the story‖.

 Minor characters are the other characters that less important than major

but still have large part in the story to create the plot and support the

major characters. As it is explained above, characters may have different

personality. If the main character is usually more dynamic, changing, and

developing through the story while the minor character may be more

static. There are many kinds of minor characters, they are; 1) foil, 2) static

and dynamic, 3) flat and round, and 4) stock. According to Yanni

(2000:55), ―Minor characters are often static or unchanging: they remain

the same from the beginning until the end of the work‖.

Further explanation above, flat and round characters according to British

author, E.M Forster in his book Aspects of the Novel (1972) that flat

character can be expressed in one sentence that may create ―a single idea

or quality‖ while round character is relatively like to change that may

surprisingly show their other sides in a convincing way to its readers.

2.4 Psychology of Literature

Both psychology and literature have deep concern in human life. While psychology is related to the study of observable patterns of human behavior, literature shows how humans behave in facing problems and environment. There are many kinds of literary works such as poem, short story, novel, etc. So, it can be understood that one of literary works such asnovel, may potray the psychological condition of human in the real life towards kinship, friendship, and many more.

Because through literary works, psychology can analyze through psychology of the

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author, characters inside the literary works, even the readers by doing psychological inquiry. ―Psychology, broadly defined, is the scientific study of behavior, both external observable action and internal thought.‖ (Wortman, et.al., 1999:4).

However, according to Wellek and Warren (1977:92-93), psychology is only preparatory to the act of creation, and in the work itself, psychological truth is an artistic value only if it enhances coherence complexity, in short; it is art.

Psychology and literature have familiar concept. Cohen (1971: 348) said

―Psychology helps to clarify some literary problems, and literature presents insight to psychology.‖ Cohen (1971: 351) also said ―... to gain deeper understanding, literature can be studied by various approach including psychological approach‖.

Dysfunctional family in this era as a phenomenon happened involves many factors not only affects children, but also other family members. Every single family has their own problems and if those family members could not resolve the problems or finding the right solution, in addition with any kind of domestic violence, it can be said that family is in dysfunctional condition.Dysfunctional family functioningmay be happened in anytime that interrupts with healthy family functioning. Most families themselves own some times where functioning is harmed by stressful condition such as death in the family, parent‘s serious illness, and many more. In the healthy family, they tend to be back in normal functioning after all the crisis has been passed. On the contrary, problems in dysfunctional family tend to be more prolonged and their children do not perrennially get their needs met. Negative parenting system tend to dominate in children‘s lives.

Based on the analysis of dysfunctional family, the researcher tries to analyze the kinds of dysfunctional family, itsimpacton Lucy Barton‘s behavior, and also how

Lucy Barton overcomes it through healing process in Elizabeth Strout‘sMy Name is

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Lucy Barton. In which dysfunctional family is considered as psychological problem because people are all interconnected by way of many kinds of interaction and behavior. It is not only limited to relationship between parents and children, but also with their siblings, neighbours, or any significant other. Nowadays, dysfunctional family can be found in any level of family, whether rich or poor, privately or publicly happened in our daily life. Dysfunctional family can be physically or psychologically affected to the one who experiencing some problems in their own family, commonly experienced by women and children. Dysfunctional family can beeasy and hard to be noticed in daily life, it depends on the behavior of family, whether they let the problems revealed privately or publicly.

Related to the theory of psychology of literature, the researcher will use the theory from Murray Bowen (1988) in his book Family Evaluationto explain the relationship between literature and psychology. This psychoanalysis reflects the effects of modern psychology has had upon the literature and literary criticism. This theory is developed and helped by his assistant, Michael Kerr. Both Bowen and Kerr have worked together for twenty years. Michael Kerr (2000) develops this theory on journal entitled One Family’s Theory: A Primer on Bowen Theory. This theory is suitable tool for analysing the modern of American literature by developing the ways in which psychoanalitical theory has been used by literary critics to gain a broader understanding. This theory gives modern paradigm for conceptualization of human behavior and treatment of human problems. It does not see individual as an emotional unit or separate, and individual as the basic unit of treatment. Bowen believes that individual functioning should be noticed in the context of relationships that each person‘s emotional functioning is closely interconnected with each other, reciprocally impact on each other.

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As psychology is a study about human psyche and literature shows how humans behave in facing their problems and environment, this theoretical approach is suitable to analyse the dysfunctional family because it may reflect various facets of psychological impacts. Literary work presents the picture of human‘s behavior around their society and environment.

2.5 Kinds of Dysfunctional Family

According to Stoop and Masteller (1997:1) dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, misbehavior, and often child ignore or abuse on the part of individual parents occur continuously and regularly, leading other members to accomodate such actions. Commonly, it is often found that a dysfunctional family is the result of one overtly abuse parent and one codependent parent who pretends to know nothing about the misbehavior. Dysfunctional parents may learn their behavior from their parents. They emulate or over-correct their dysfunctional parents.

Dysfunctional family is often misunderstood as the parents are separated or divorced while the real few cases find out that dysfunctional family is a condition where the marriage bond is dominant as the parents‘ faults actually complement each other. Simply, they have no way else to go. However, it does not mean the family condition and situation is stable. There are a lot of major stresstors that may affect such as relocation, unemployment, physical or mental illness, natural disaster, etc.

Relationshipsbetween family members are not conductive to emotional as well as physical health in dysfunctional family.Mental, sexual, physical, or verbal abuse, alcohol and drug addictions, delinquency and behavior problems, eating disorders, and extreme rage are commonly associated with dysfunctional family condition.

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This problem has inspired Elizabeth Strout to write story about dysfunctional family within a child until she becomes an adult. It is published in 2016 entitledMy

Name is Lucy Barton. It tells about the story of a woman named Lucy Barton that has been a writer despite having left the world of her childhood behind almost full of harrowing legacy of poverty and abuse. Elizabeth Strout writesMy Name is Lucy

Barton and gets predicate of #1 New York Bestselling Novel, while there she discusses the difficulties that go hand in hand with dysfunctional family as well as emotional needs along family members, especially mother and daughter. She discusses how talking about these issues out loud can lead to a more comfortable and opened environment.

Dysfunctional family can affect children‘s behavior in the long-term that may affect how they behave and interact each other when they grow up. Commonly, it affects negatively to their behaviour, and it also affects how they do parenting when they are already being a parent in the future. If they repeat what their parents do to them in their new family to their children, it only makes another dysfunctional family that endanger the physical and psychological condition of the children.

One of common reasons why dysfunctional family happen is because financial issues that lead to poverty and abuse, so parents may directly asking the children to help them by working under their age. The emotional needs of children is removed.Being a well-developed adult in the future is needed parents‘ attention.It is clear that in this dysfunctional family, children are forced to be grown-up too fast that may cause another mental health that they need to deal with.According to Sheryl

Benton (1993) in Dysfunctional Families: Recognizing and Overcoming Their

Effects, there are many kinds of dysfunctional family, they are:

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1. Alcoholic parents: it can be one or both parents experiencing addictions

or compulsions, such as drugs, alcohol, promiscuity, gambling,

overworking and/or overeating that have strong influences on family

members. Alcoholic families tend to be chaotic and unpredictable. If they

create instruction that is perfectly applied one day, it is possible that it

will not work in the next time. If they promise things, they are neither

kept or remembered. There are various expectations from past, present to

the future day. Parents can be so harsh at current times and indifferent at

others. Emotional expression is also forbidden.Discussing about the

alcohol use or related family problems is usually nonexistent. Family

members are usually expected to hide problems as a secret to prevent

seeking help from anyone else.

2. Abusive parents: it can be one or both parents use threats or doing such a

physical violence as the primary means of control. Abuse can be in form

of mental, verbal, physical, or sexual abusive. It is like often

underestimate criticism—as verbal abuse mayhave long lasting impacts,

particularly when it comes from those entrusted with the child‘s care.

Criticism can be in critizing harshly onthe child‘s looks, intelligence,

capabilities, or basic value. Some verbal abusers are very direct, while

others use subtle put-downs disguised as humor. Both types are just as

damaging.

While definition of physical abuse has various meanings. Almost parents

that love to do physical abuse, think that striking their children is a must.

The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines physical

abuse as ―the infliction as physical injuries such as bruises, burns, welts,

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cuts, bone or skull fractures; these are caused by kicking, punching,

biting, beating, knifing, strapping, paddling, etc.‖

Another one is sexual abuse—that can be in form of physical contact

between an adult and child—when no one notices it. Sexual abuse

happens to both boys and girls. It can be men or women do sexual abuse

to certain children. It cuts across lines of race, socioeconomic condition,

education degree, and religious group. Almost of all cases, sexual abuse is

part of an overall family pattern of dysfunction, disorganization, and

inappropriate role boundaries.

3. Deficient parents: It can be one or both parents are deficient. They harm

their children more by omission than by commission. Parents with

chronic mental illness or a disabling physical illness contributes to

parental inadequancy frequently. Parental emotional needs tend to take

precedence and children often need to take care their parents.

4. Controlling parents: it can be one or both parents are controlling.

Controlling parents cannot allow their children to do their own

responsibilityin their age. The parents also continue dominating and

making decisions for their children well beyond the age at which this is

necessary—as what they assume. Controlling parents are often driven by

a fear of becoming unnecessary to their children. According to Forward

(1989), this fear leaves them feeling betrayed and abandoned when their

children become independent.

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2.6 Behavioral Impact

Dysfunctional family is unwanted condition to both of parents and children in the family itself. Often parents do not know what to do when they face the ups and downs in their family as well as children feel the same way may accept or ignore what happens to their family. This condition of family dysfunction can be repeated, period. Both parents and children may have serious and lasting problems if it cannot be seriously solved. The dysfunctionalbehavior do not only affect to mental or psychological condition of child, but also their physical condition. Most children may do self-harming and self-blaming. This worst memory may be dwelledin child‘s entire life and continue to adulthood as anxiety and depression (Smokowski &

Kopasz, 2005). As conclusion, children who suffer a lot because of dysfunctional family is difficult to behave as normal children or child with no experience in dysfunctional family does. Because the memory will always haunt the victim and stay period from the past experience in the childhood, present, and the future when child decides to make a new family of their own.

Dysfunctional family can be linked as significantly serious problems. Both parents and children tend to have depression more than their peers who never have experience in dysfunctional family. In dysfunctional family, parents tend to be so absorbed with their own problems and pain—while in the other hand, they do not give their children what they need and crave such as consistency, safety, unconditional love.

According to an American psychoterapist, Sharon Martin (2018) in The

Effects of Growing Up in Dysfunctional Family. Retrieved from: https://sharonmartincounseling.com/the-effects-of-growing-up-in-a-dysfunctionalfamily/ on June 2019, dysfunctional family do not know how to behave in healthy

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ways. Parents who are busy with their own problems and taking care of an addicted or dysfunctional partner, do not have enough time, energy, or emotional intelligence to pay attention to, value, and support their children‘s feelings. It also results as

Childhood Emotional Neglect (CEN). Children in dysfunctional family do not learn how to respect their own feelings. Their focus is onlycaring other people‘s feelings because their safety often depends on it.

Parents in dysfunctional family often ignore their child‘s emotional needs in many ways. Especiallychildren in early age believe with what their parents tell them.

As example when our father called us stupid, we do believe that we are stupid.

Amazingly, as childrenhas grown up and spend more time away from parents, those memories stick with them even in adulthood.

According to Sheryl Benton in Dysfunctional Families: Recognizing and

Overcoming Their Effects (1993), dysfunctional family is the condition of family when problems and circumstances such as parental alcoholism, mental illness, child abuse, or extreme parental rigidity and control interfere family functioning. As the effect, children can sometimes linger long after they have grown up and pretend to forget all their problemsin their past families. Adults raised in dysfunctional family frequently report difficulties forming and maintaining intimate relationships, maintaining positive self-esteem, and trusting others; they fear a loss of control and deny their feelings and reality (Vanicelli, 1989).

Those impacts of dysfunctional family may stay period in children‘s life.

Those problems they have been through need to do recovery and it is no strange that it will take years to let go all negative feelings about children‘s dysfunctional family.

If children do not know what to do with their family and keep their negative experience until they are adult, it can be possible that all those dynamics condition

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could lead to self-harm or other destructive behavior. According to a psychoteraphist

Sharon Martin (2018) in The Effects of Growing Up in a Dysfunctional Family, the behavioral impacts of dysfunctional family are:

1. Childrenare difficult to trust others extends outside the family because

some dysfunctional parents fail to protect their children, make them

know how to survive in unpredictable condition of their dysfunctional

family,

2. Children often feel alone and hopeless because they think no one else

is going through what they are experiencing in dysfunctional family,

3. Children often feel inadequate and guilty by repressing their actual

feelings about their parents, numb themselves, and try to distract

themselves from the pain when they see their parents angry or rage,

4. Children often feel highly anxious,sensitive, stressed, and unlovable

because the unpredictable and erratic condition of their parents, they

have to take role as a miniature adults,

5. Self-esteem of children is damaged because they do not learn how to

respect their own feelings that may be continued as adults,

6. Self-blaming, because the family is disrupted with secrets and shame

of their own dysfunction that cause them feeling alone and hopeless

because they do not have someone to talk to.

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2.7 Healing Process

Healing is the process of becoming the family condition becomes healthy again. It also can be aimed as moving beyond the rules that govern dysfunctional family dynamics. By forgiving parents‘ fault, children also forgive themselves which leads to healing adult children condition.According to Sharon Martin (2018) in The

Effects of Growing Up in a Dysfunctional Family, children even adults can replace all negative impacts with a new set of guidelines in adult relationships:

1. Trust others and set proper boundaries even it can be scary and takes time

because trust is an important component of healthy relationship. It is able

to make adult children ensure that they are treated with respect and needs

are met,

2. Acknowledge and talk about feelings and experience rather than staying

in denial with trustworthy people. It helps the adult children to shut down

feelings such as isolated or lonely, and build more connected relationship

which is as open door to solutions of dysfunctional family and healing,

3. Let all feelings come and exist because it is privilege to have all feelings

even it takes time and realize its value. By letting all feelings to exist,

adult children may no longer to be limited to feel shame, fear, and

sadness. Adult children do not need other people to validate their feelings

anymore.

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2.8 Previous of Relevant Studies

There are some researchers that have been analyzed dysfunctional family.

The researcher has learned from the following researches to conduct this study. The study has various kinds of dysfunctional family on children‘s behavior.

A thesis conducted byNajah Alzoubi(2016) entitledBowen Family Systems

Theory and Family Disintegration in Tennessee William’s Drama shows the researcher more about how dysfunctional family examines the dramathrough developing the ways in which psychoanalytical theory has been used to gain broader understanding about life of a family after postwar period. The difference here is, the researcher tries to analyze dysfunctional family in literary works from a novel not a drama.

An article by Sheryl Benton (1993) namedDysfunctional Families:

Recognizing and Overcoming Their Effects also helps the researcher to recognize the real definition of dysfunctional family and healthy family.This journal also helps the researcher tounderstand reasons behind how dysfunctional family can be happened and how to overcome their effects.

The psychoanalysis theory, the researcher takes the source from Murray

Bowen (1988) that is also helped by his assistant, Michael Kerr. Kerr and Bowen have been working together for 20 years. So, it is not strange that they publish their psychological approach in analysis named Family System Theory in a journal entitled One Family’s Story: A Primer on Bowen Theory by his assistant, Michael

Kerr (2000).This journal provides information about background of Bowen‘s family systems theory and how this theory helps the researcher to understand more about family member‘s behavior in better way.

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Sharon Martin (2018) contributes her writings entitled The Effects of

Growing Up in Dysfunctional Family. This writing helps the researcher to analyze better the behavioral impacts on children raised in dysfunctional family until they are adults and how they cope with that condition through healing process.

Sarah Schiff (2004) also contributes her thesis entitled Family Systems

Theory as Literary Analysis: The Case of Phillip Roth.This thesis shows that Murray

Bowen‘s theory explores Roth‘s self within the context of family is better than other psychoanalytical approach, especially Freudian and Lacanian. The difference here is, the researcher explores Lucy Barton‘s self in the novel without comparing or feeling disappointed between one theory and another.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

Descriptive qualitative method is applied in doing this research. This method is a method of analysis by describing and analyzing the data and giving the further explanation. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (2003:426) a study that investigates the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials is frequently refer to be qualitative research. It is in line with Kenneth (2001:197) states that qualitative data consist of written records of observed behavior that are analyzed qualitatively.

Endraswara (2011) gives the important features of qualitative research in doing research of the literature, such as the researcher is the key of instruments that reads the literature thrifty, the research is done descriptively which elaborated in the form of words or pictures than numbers, and the process is more priority than result, because literature establishes interpretations.

The descriptive method is applied in analyzing descriptive data.The researcher chooses related texts in Elizabeth Strout‘s My Name is Lucy Barton novel that are being analyzed.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

Research is identical with data—in getting the right evidence and clues for the researcher to solve the problems of study. There are two kinds of source of data, they are primary and secondary data. The primary source of data for this study analysis was taken from My Name is Lucy Barton novel written by Elizabeth Strout.

The secondary data can be taken from books, articles, journals or other source of

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materials that related to psychological approach—psychoanalysis or Dysfunctional

Family.The novel was published in 2016 by Random House. It contains 210 pages.

Both data are taken in form of words. The data taken from the novel can be in the form of words, phrases, or sentences. However, the researcher only focused on data that indicates the kinds of dysfunctional family, its impact of dysfunctional family on

Lucy Barton‘s behavior as the main character in the novel, and healing process to overcome dysfunctional family.

3.3 Data Collection

The researcher collectsall the data through some steps, as explained in the followings:

1. Collecting all the data needed,

2. Reading the novel to understand fully about the story and using some

references,

3. Organizing the data in order to ease the researcher can finally conduct and

analyzing the collected data and draw a conclusion from the analysis.

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3.4 Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data after all data collected, the researcher did some following steps, they are:

1. Analyzing all selected data that relate to the kinds of dysfunctional family

experienced by Lucy Barton, the impact of dysfunctional family on Lucy

Barton‘s behavior, and the healing process to overcome her dysfunctional

family in the novel,

2. Describing the kinds of dysfunctional family, theimpact on Lucy Barton‘s

behavior, and the healing process to overcome the dysfunctional family

condition on the data,

3. Drawing the conclusion according to the formulated problems of study,

and using the descriptive qualitative method to describe the main data

from the novel. Main data is presented in the form of quotation to prove

the analysis.

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RESEARCH DESIGN

My Name is Lucy Barton Novel by Elizabeth Strout

What are the kinds of What are the impacts of How does Lucy Barton dysfunctionalfamily experienced dysfunctional family on Lucy overcome her dysfunctional by Lucy Barton in Elizabeth Barton‘s behavior in Elizabeth family through healing

Strout‘s My Name Is Lucy Strout‘s My Name Is Lucy process in Elizabeth Strout‘s Barton? Barton? My Name is Lucy Barton?

Theory of kinds of Theory of Impact of Dysfunctional Dysfunctional Family by Family and Healing Process by Sheryl Benton Sharon Martin

Analysis and Findings

Conclusion and Suggestion

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Kinds of Dysfunctional Family

4.1.1 Abusive Parents

―Otherwise, on occassion and without warning, my parents – and it was usually my mother and usually in the presence of our father – struck us impulsively and vigorously, as I think some people may have suspected by our splotchy skin and sullen dispositions.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 12)

From the statement above, it is found the first kind of dysfunctional family in the novel My Name is Lucy Barton isabusive parents.Striking children impulsively and vigorously without any warnings because of parents‘ problems and cannot talk about it in any proper way—in any occasion is categorized as physical abuse.

Someone who experiences physical abuse will feel really in sorrow or even have long lasting traumatic impact. Physical abuse is easy to be noticed by common people as Lucy is recognized by her neighbors having splotchy skin and sullen dispositions as the result of physical abuse.

Not only physical abuse, Lucy‘s parents also do verbal abuse. Verbal abuse is not always as swearing but can be also criticizing too harsh. As it is quoted below:

―‖There are two kinds of men when it comes to their war experience,‖ my mother said. ―One talks of it, one doesn‘t. Your father belongs to the group who doesn‘t‖ ―And why is that?‖ ―Because it wouldn‘t be decent.‖ my mother said. Adding, ―Who in God’s name brought you up?‖‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 32)

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From the quotation above, fiercelycritizing because of something that someone does not know before and easily to judge them to understand in less polite way that can be said as bad judgement from misunderstanding condition before is categorized as verbal abuse. People are often easily judging what other people doing—including parents. Almost all parents in dysfunctional family are too direct even harsh in criticizing their children for something they do not know it is bad for them. In dysfunctional family, it is often to find that parents and children relationship is full of secret – they do not want to share with others and let other family members understand with what current happens in their family. But, it is none of children faults if they do something they think it is right for them, but having totally contrary comprehension with their parents wherethey think it is totally wrong, they do not mind to criticize it fiercely—can be in improper way. It is same as Lucy‘s mother when criticizes Lucy who does not know anything about her father‘s past history because her father never tells it to his children about whatresulting him having long lasting traumatic condition. However, this kinds of dysfunctional family—whatever the condition is, abusive parents keep criticizing too harsh to their children— including Lucy‘s mother who keeps blaming Lucy for what she has done.

This verbal abuse does not only happen when Lucy has grown up. Even when

Lucy was in elementary school, her mother often scolds her. As it is quoted below:

―And when I came home from school one day after we learned how the Indian women planted a field of corn and the white men came and plowed it up, my mother was in front of our garage-home, which we had only recently moved out of, she may have been trying to fix something, I don‘t recall, but she was squatting by the front door, and I said to her, ―Mommy, do you know what we did to the Indians?‖ I said this slowly and with awe.

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My mother wiped at her hair with the back of her hand. ―I don’t give a damn what we did to the Indians,‖ she said. (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout:71)

From the quotation above, it is clear that Lucy‘s mother has been talking rudely to her child—that is categorized as verbal abuse. Almost of all people do not like being disturbed when they are in busy—because they need to focus on it.

Although someone is busy, it cannot be a reason for someone to speak rudely on someone‘s who disturbing them, especially between parent-child relationship. It is the same condition as Lucy‘s mother who is always busy with her own work until it is easy for her to talk rudely to her child, Lucy. Lucy‘s mother does not put too much her attention on her own children. As a child, it is normal for children to tell everything she has learned from school, even it should be the parents‘ obligation to ask their children what they have been going through at school. However, in Lucy‘s family, when Lucy tries to communicate to her mother about something that takes her attention quite fully at school and shares it to her motherat home. Unfortunately, her mother does not care or does not have time to pay attention—by talking rudely to

Lucy—that it will be negatively impactedon her child‘s developmentand behavior.Lucy‘s mother‘srudely speaking is categorized as verbal abuse.

Lucy‘sfatheralso does verbal abuse. Even though he does not speak rudely to

Lucy, but her father speaks rudely to her brother—that directly experienced by Lucy.

As it is shown in the quotation below:

―My father was driving our truck along the main street in town and he was screaming at my brother, who was walking down the street in a pair of big high heels I recognized from the basket, and a bra over his T-shirt,

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and a string of fake pearls, and his face was streaming with tears. My father drove alongside him in our truck screaming that he was a fucking faggot and the world should know.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 118-119)

From the quotation above, it is already clear that Lucy‘s father does verbal abuse by screaming and shouting—in addition using taboo words is categorized as verbal abuse. It is normal for children to express themselves freely—even if it results as mistakes. As parents, it is their responsibility to educate their children what is good and bad things in their life in proper way. However, Lucy‘s parents, especially her father becomes really rage when looking at her brother implies as a girl in their neighborhood by shouting him out loud in taboo words such as ‘fucking faggot’ in front of their neighbors.

4.1.2 Deficient Parents

―My family did not attend my wedding or acknowledge it, but when my first daughter was born I called my parents from New York, and my mother said she had dreamed it, so she already knew I had a baby girl, but she didn‘t know the name, and she seemed pleased with the name, Christina.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 33)

From the quotation above shows that her family are absent in her very special event, labelled as deficient parents as the second kind of dysfunctional family that

Lucy has been experienced of. Relationship gets better when both parts understand and care each other. But in dysfunctional family, especially children who

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experiencing deficient parents—they need to understand and fulfill their parents‘ emotional needs more than parents understand and fulfill their children‘s emotional needs. It is experienced by Lucy where she needs to understand her dysfunctional family more than her family understand her. That emotional absent is one of deficient parents characteristics.

Another condition where Lucy‘s parents are deficient in her childhood is quoted below:

―I don’t know, in numbers, how many times I was locked in the truck. I don‘t know the first time, I don‘t know the last time. But I was very young, probably no more than five years old the last time, otherwise I‘d have been in school all day. I was put there because my sister and brother were in school—this is my thought now—and my parents were both working. Other times I was put there as punishment.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 58)

It is clear that from the quotation above is categorized as deficient parents by recognizing Lucy‘s parents inadequacy to fulfill her emotional needs since she was kid—that is affected to Lucy who remembers how sorrowful and lonely her childhood was. Every child absolutely needs their parents‘ attention to feel safe and lovable that will affect to their mental health. But in dysfunctional family— especially to whom experiencing deficient parents, parental inadequacy to fulfill this emotional needs is often found. Inadequacy can be happened in a dysfunctional family because of many reasons, one of them is parents need to work harder to fulfill their family needs so they sacrifice most of their times with their children. Same as

Lucy has been experienced from the quotation above.This inadequacy leaves

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Lucy‘sparents are unable to take role as parents who fulfill Lucy‘s emotional needs since herchildhood.

Lucy‘s parents deficiency is also shown when Lucy has grown up. As it is quoted below:

―My mother was in pain; she was going to die. ..., ―Lucy, I need you to do something.‖ I stood and went to her. ―Yes,‖ I said. ―Tell me.‖ ―I need you to leave.” She said this quietly, and I heard no anger in her voice. I heard her decisiveness.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 164)

From the quotation above, Lucy‘s mother‘s physical illness is categorized as deficient parents. As parent-child relationship, it is normal to be always there in good and bad times for strengthening family bonding. However, in dysfunctional family – it is quite challenging to create such a situation. In Lucy‘s family, because of her mother is in the condition where her physical illness is disabled, she asks her to leave her dying even though she knows that Lucy will miss her so much. Lucy needs to follow her mother‘s emotional needs to take precedence, and put her feelings down.

4.2 Behavioral Impact

4.2.1 Feeling Alone and Hopeless

―I have met many people, even from the Midwest, who tell me that you can not hear the corn growing, and they are wrong. You cannot hear my heart breaking, and I know that part is true, but to me, they are inseparable, the sound of growing corn and the sound my heart breaking.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 59)

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It is clear that Lucy feels alone and hopeless from the quotation above. She feels no one understands how brokenhearted she was. Most of children in dysfunctional family suffer from loneliness and hopeless because none of their family members can fulfill their emotional needs and they cannot express their truest feelings such as crying when they feel sad, happy when having good times with others and share it to their family members – all are abandoned because it just makes the family condition worse – as behavioral impact of dysfunctional family. This loneliness feeling is shown above as Lucy thinks no one has been going through what she has been going through as she was abandoned by her parents and siblings in her childhood by saying people cannot hear her heart is breaking. It is the most hurtful feeling of children who got impacted from dysfunctional family.

4.2.2 Feeling Inadequate and Guilty

―My mind went very strange places during these episodes of being in the truck... Then I would calm myself, and say aloud to myself, “It’s okay, sweetie. A nice woman’s going to come soon. And you’re a very good girl, ...” I would have this fantasy, and it was very real to me, it kept me calm. I dreamed of not being cold, of having clean sheets, clean towels, a toilet that worked, and a sunny kitchen. ...‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 60)

From the quotation above, it is shown than the behavioral impact of dysfunctional family leaves Lucy feels inadequate and guilty. Children need to feel safe and loved in their own family. However, in dysfunctional family, children are hard to meet those primary feelings. It leaves themwondering to have another family

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who loves them more than their parents and siblings do. It is sad to know if children do not feel comfort in their own family. This inadequate and guilty feelings leaves children in dysfunctional family numb or distract their own feelings continually.

Same as Lucy, she creates her own fantasy of having better family because she feels her family does not love her. This kind of distraction is resulted by feeling inadequate and guilty in the family.

This behavioral impact of feeling guilty and inadhas been continuing until

Lucy has grown up.As it is quoted below:

―The night in the hospital when I felt I had been unkind to my mother by saying that I did not think she ever cared what it was like to be famous, I couldn‘t fall asleep. I was agitated; I wanted to cry.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 100)

It is clear that from the quotation above is categorized as feeling guilty as behavioral impact of dysfunctional family experienced by Lucy. In healthy family, it is normal for family members to show their feelings, include cry when they need to cry. But in dysfunctional family, crying is abandoned since childhood – unpredictable reaction from their parents will make children feel guilty if they want to cry and also feel inadequate to fulfill their emotional needs. Those feelings can make children repress their actual feelings which can lead to their mental health until they have grown up.Same as Lucy who has experienced the impact of dysfunctional family since she was kid.

That unpredictable condition of her parents‘ behavior often forces Lucy to repress her actual feeling about their parents. This condition also leaves her feeling guilty. As it is quoted below:

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―But with my mother I didn’t dare cry. Both my parents loathed the act of crying, and it’s difficult for a child who is crying to have to stop, knowing if she doesn’t stop everything will be made worse. This is not an easy position for any child. And my mother— that night in the hospital room—was the mother I had had all my life, no matter how different she seemed with her urgent quiet voice, her softer face. What I mean is, I tried not to cry.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 100-101)

From the quotation above, it is shown as guilty feeling resulted as repressing

Lucy‘s actual feeling. In dysfunctional family, showing true feelings including crying is prohibited. This condition can be worse affected to child‘s mental health until grown up. This behavior will be resulted in difficulties to value their own self, noticing their own feelings. It is normal for everyone to let all feelings come, include sadness that lead to cry. Crying does not mean someone is weak, but showing that we are human, have emotion is such a gratitude. However, in Lucy‘s family, when she is crying in front of parents is just made the condition worse. As child—Lucy, needs to hold back her tears to not making her family condition worse as making her parents in great anger.

4.2.3 Feeling Unlovable

This dyfunctional family condition is not only impacted on Lucy and her parents also her siblings, but also when she starts her own family. Behavioral impact of feeling highly sensitive that leaves her feeling unlovable, even when she has been married to William.As it is proven in this quotation below:

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―That day of the parade in the Village, I think—but I‘m not sure—that William and I had a fight. Because I remember him saying, ―Button, you just don‘t get it, do you?‖ He meant I did not understand that I could be loved, was loveable. Very often he said that when we had a fight. He was the only man to call me ―Button.‖ But he was not the last to say the other: You just don‘t get it, do you?‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 119)

It is clear that from the quotation above is categorized as feeling unlovable as behavioral impact of dysfunctional family experienced by Lucy. Feeling unlovable can be happened because of many reasons, such as unable to recognize true feelings since kid where almost all of children in dysfunctional family are experiencing it, including Lucy. This unlovable feeling leaves Lucy thinking that no one loves her, including her parents and her husband, even her children. When someone thinks that no one loves them and they could not speak their true feelings— leaving their relationship in miscommunicated, that often leads to argue. Where a healthy family is always be in gentle and warm condition, not ruthless and cold. It also may be led into worse condition as separated, divorced—or the continually condition of dysfunctional family.

Another condition that potraying this behavioral impact of dysfunctional family to Lucy Barton is quoted below:

―But I can tell you this: My mother was right; I had trouble in my marriage. And when my girls were nineteen and twenty years old, I left their father, and we have both remarried.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 148-149)

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It is clear from the quotation above that feeling unlovable since childhood that experienced from the parents may be last longer for a child‘s life in starting their own family. It is shown from Lucy that even Lucy feels the same when she starts her own family, unlovable feelings still there in her life, emotional absent is still shown up. Where as a family, showing love and be compassionate, care and put attention to all family members are really important. Because it will impact to child‘s behavior until they are grown up.

4.3 Healing Process

4.3.1 Trust others

―”Mommy,” I said softly that next night.

“Yes?” “Why did you come here?”... “Because your husband called and asked for me to come. He needed you babysat, I believe.” ...but finally I said, “Well, thank you anyway,” and she did not reply.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 64)

From the quotation above, it is clear that Lucy shows one of healing

process that is trusting others. She tries to trust her mom again after a long

time they have not been communicated each other because she has

experienced dysfunctional family through her parents. Lucy feels that better

to forgive her parents‘ mistakes in parenting, to forgive her own self, so both

her relationship between parents and children can be turned into healthy

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condition. This healing process often happens when children have grown up,

named as adult children—including Lucy knows the urge.

4.3.2 Acknowledge and Talk about Feelings

―“I’m sorry we had so little money when you kids were growing up. I know it was humiliating.‖ In the dark I felt my face become very warm. “I don’t think it mattered,” I said. “Of course it mattered.” “But we’re all fine now.” ... “No. Mothers are supposed to protect their children.”” (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 65-66)

It is shown from the quotation above that is about acknowledge and talk about feelings between mother and daughter. Acknowledge and talk about feelings can be happened in healing process of dysfunctional family when family members have trusted each other and let go all negative feelings. Lucy‘s mother acknowledges her guilty feelings when she did parenting to Lucy and her siblings and talk about it to Lucy afterwards. Her mother realizes this when they have grown up. She feels bad about how dysfunctional family condition is impacted to all her children. Lucy, as the youngest children of all, thinks that her mother has done what is right for her and her siblings. She acknowledgesabout her parents‘ mistakes in parenting.

Acknowledge and talk about feelings can help the family condition becomes better even can turn out into healthy family.

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Another condition that potray about acknowledge and talk about feelings as one of the healing process that is experienced by Lucy in her dysfunctional family is quoted below:

―I said suddenly, as the lights started to come on throughout the city, “Mommy, do you love me?‖ ... “Wizzle, stop.”... I lay back down and closed my eyes. I said, “Mom, my eyes are closed.”... “When your eyes are closed,” she said.― (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 134-135)

From the quotation above, it is clear that acknowledge and talk about feelings between Lucy and her mother have become better. Lucy and her mother who enjoy their time to tell their truest feelings. This healing process often happens in adult children. In dysfunctional family itself, is so rarely to find family members who show affection such as saying ―I love you‖ to each other. However, when family members try to heal their dysfunctional condition by acknowledging and talk their truest feelings to each other members, it may help the condition of family turn better into healthy family. Such as Lucy that is curious about her parents‘ feeling about her because she has experienced dysfunctional family and tries to heal herself by creating better relationship in her kin, talking and acknowledging it never be wrong because it is good for family to recover.

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4.3.3 Let All The Feelings Come and Exist

―I wrote my mother a letter. I said I loved her, and I thanked her for coming to see me in the hospital. I said I would never forget that she did that.” (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 152)

It is shown from the quotation above that healing process which Lucy has been through is letting all her feelings come and exist. Letting all the feelings come and exist is not only in form of speaking words, but may also in writing when someone could not talk it anymore. Writing can be in form of journal or letter that is purposed to. Such as Lucy, she tries to write her mother a letter to let all her feelings for her mother is well-delivered. Delivering any form of feelings in right way is never wrong, and for family members who experiencing this kind of healing process, will receive and appreciate those feelings well.

Other condition that showing the healing process of letting all the feelings come and exist is quoted below:

“...―If I leave, I will never see you again. Things have been hard with us, but don‘t make me leave, I can‘t bear to never see you again!‖ ... ―I’ll miss you,” I said, but I was starting to cry, and I knew she could not stand that, and I heard her say, “Yes, you will.‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 164)

It is clear that from the quotation above is categorized as letting all the feelings come and exist as one of the healing process. Leaving someone‘s important

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in addition that they are family members, is the hardest thing to do. We may be sad even cry when they decide to leave. Although in dysfunctional family, crying is forbidden, but when family members try to heal through healing process, crying in the right way would help to let all feelings come and exist. Including Lucy when she needs to let her mother nearly dying because she insists it, her mother feels fine when

Lucy says that she is going to miss her so much until almost crying. It means that the healing process they have been going through finally turning their family condition into healthier than before.

The last quotation is showing the last process of healing in Lucy‘s dysfunctional family. It happens between Lucy and her father. It is shown from the quotation below:

―I flew to see him only days before he died, staying in the house I had not seen for so many years. ... the fact that my father was so ill and my mother gone. Gone! ―Daddy,” I said, sitting on the bed by him. “Daddy, oh, Daddy, I’m sorry.” I said that again and again: “Daddy, Daddy, I’m so sorry. I’m sorry, Daddy.” And he squeezed my hand, his eyes were so watery, his skin so thin, and he said, “Lucy, you’ve always been a good girl. What a good girl you’ve always been.”...My father died that night, or rather very early the next morning, at three o‘clock. I was alone with him, and when I heard the sudden silence I stood and looked at him and said, “Daddy, stop it! Stop it, Daddy!‖ (My Name is Lucy Barton; Elizabeth Strout: 166)

It is clear from the quotation above that is categorized as letting all the feelings come and exist as one of healing process in dysfunctional family. No matter how worst condition and experience that someone‘s going through in dysfunctional family, if they leave forever, we are going to miss them and cannot let them go.

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IncludingLucy, whatever how bad her experience of dysfunctional family she gets from her parents, when she heals herself and her relationship with her family, it is so hard to let them go because family bound is getting better. In addition, letting all feelings come and exist in healing process from dysfunctional family into healthier family can be going better if all family members have been going through thick and thin and also experiencing all good and bad memories altogether. Such as Lucy, she feels really sorrowful when she has lost her mother because her ill and now she will leave her father because of his ill as well. Her sadness shows when she is only able to say sorry to her father because there is no correct word can say how she loves her father but she feels that she has not given enough affection to her father. Because of that, her father also feels sad and lets all his feelings come and exist to tell that Lucy has been a good girl since she was kid. Afterwards, Lucy‘s father leaves the world forever that makes Lucy‘s sadness becomes bigger. From those condition, she learns that she has forgiven her parents‘ mistakes, she has forgiven herself. All healing process she has been going through makes her realizes that her parents have tried their best as parents—to fulfill what their family needs. And all of them heal each other as the time goes by.

4.4 Findings

Lucy Barton as the main character in the novel My Name is Lucy Barton by

Elizabeth Strout, has become the adult children survives in her dysfunctional family.

Two kinds of dysfunctional family that she has been experienced are abusive and deficient parents in her dysfunctional family. Abusive parents itself has two kinds of abuse, such as physical and verbal abuse.

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Based on kinds of dysfunctional family that Lucy has been experienced, there are three kinds of behavioral impact as the result, such as she feels alone and hopeless, feels inadequate and guilty, and also feels unlovable. Those condition does have long lasting impact to Lucy, even when she starts her own family. Lucyfeels that she needs to forgiveher parents‘ mistakes, so that she has better life and feels more peace as she has forgiven herself, then they heal themselves altogether through healing process such as trusting others, acknowledging and talking about feelings, then letting all the feelings come and exist. As the result, her dysfunctional family is not dysfunctional anymore, but getting better than before, even she has better life than before.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

1. There are two kinds of dysfunctional family that Lucy Barton experienced.

The first is abusive parents where her parents often do physical abuse to

their children if they do not listen to what they say—not only physical, but

also verbal abuse—not only swearing to their children, but also too harsh

in criticizing to what their children doing. The second is deficient parents,

such as her parents and siblings are absent in every special moment of

Lucy which makes her lack of emotional needs as well as her parents‘

disabling physical illness. And each dysfunctional family gives various

impact on Lucy Barton.

2. The dysfunctional family also gives behavioral impact on Lucy Barton‘s

behavior such as she often feelsinadequate and guilty—leaves her

represses her feelings, feels highly anxious, stressed. She also feels alone

and hopeless leaves her feeling unlovable. Those behavioral impact

experienced by Lucy Barton is continued even when she starts her own

family, she is hard to trust others and feels that no one cares about her

because she is craving of emotional needs that she does not have since she

was kid from her parents—in addition, her husband as well, and it leads

her being separated from him.

3. Healing process that happen when she is grown up becomes real because

Lucy does not only have bad memories that fulfill more her experience,

but also good memories. Start from trusting others when her mother comes

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to her in one day at hospital after many years they have gone in Lucy‘s

new life and family, makes her brave to acknowledge and talk about her

actual feelings, acknowledge that they love each other. Trust and set

boundaries is an urge for her to heal. And also, by letting all feelings come

and exist in her life, makes her become more human and from those

processes, makes her heal better from her dysfunctional family and have a

healthy condition in her family.

5.2 Suggestion

Dysfunctional family condition cannot be underestimated anymore as common problems in our society. The impact of dysfunctional family is not temporary and can be last longer to someone who experiences it. Someone can face continual bad experience when they start their own family, even another one can heal from that condition and have a healthier relationship than before with their own family. The researcher wants the topic of dysfunctional family and how it is impacted to children‘s behavior and how to overcome that condition by healing process can open up people‘s mind about prevent the dysfunctional condition in a family, and be more serious in overcoming dysfunctional family condition as psychological problems that affect to society. Because family is the smallest unit and a very strong support system to everyone. Even though parents and children may be getting the impact, children are more risky to get various impact in dysfunctional family. Even though they are still young, they can remember long-term memories since their early age, and those experience they have got from their family will continue until they start their own family. And if they do not heal from their past dysfunctional family, it will just continue, even add more domestic violence and bad

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memories will last longer again. As parents and children, we need to forgive each other to prevent those condition that may happen in the future ahead.

The researcher hopes that this thesis can help adult children raised in dysfunctional family and help society to understand better about kinds of dysfunctional family, its impacts and how to overcome that condition by healing process. For people even government to know the right and better way to help children and parents in dysfunctional family, all they need is to learn how to forgive each other and heal from those bad experience. In addition, this thesis can be suggestions for the readers who want to know the kinds of dysfunctional family, its impact on child‘s behavior, and how to overcome the condition by doing healing process.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Author’s Biography

Elizabeth Strout is the Pulitzer Prize—winning author of Oliver

Kitteridge, which was a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist as well, and also

The Burgess Boys, a New York Times bestseller; Abide with Me, a national bestseller and Book Sense pick; and Amy and Isabelle, which won the Los Angeles Times Art

Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction and the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize. She has also been a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award and the Orange Prize in

England. Her short stories have been published in a number of magazines, including

The New Yorker and O: The Oprah Magazine. Elizabeth Strout lives in New York

City.

Appendix 2. Summary of The Novel

My Name is Lucy Barton tells a story about Lucy Barton‘s life. Lucy has grown up in a family with dysfunctional condition. This novel is presented episodically, showing series of events and memories from Lucy‘s past. Her family is impoverished and lives in an isolated area—Amgash, Illinois.It makes almost impossible for Lucy and her older siblings to make friends. Because of that condition, Lucy suffers from extreme loneliness growing up, a feeling that extends into her adult life.

In addition, Lucy and her siblings got abuse at the hands of her father.

When Lucy was young, her parents could not afford child care, so they left her

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locked in the car during the day when they were at work. Lucy‘s older brother was also often subjected to verbal abuse—being humiliated from his father because of his sexual orientation. Lucy was often frightened by this. Though her mother tried to help her the best she could, she was unable to protect her much of the time.

Lucy has good memories of the time she bonded with her mother and talks to her as an adult. Beginning when she is in elementary school, Lucy frequently stays behind to read and study after classes. This is because the school is warm— contrary from her small house—more like garage. She also can have some privacy unlike in her small and overcrowded home. Though she knows it is an open book that she is poor, no one at school comments on Lucy‘s situation, and she becomes a bit sensitive when she feels that people are judging her because her family is poor.

Lucy goes to college on a scholarship where she meets William, a hardworking German man. Though her father disapproves of William because of his trauma fromWorld War II, Lucy still marries him and starts a family. She has got two lovely daughters. Several years after that, Lucy has got unknown infection and needs to be hospitalized. William is too busy to visit her, so he asks to her mother to fly out from Chicago to keep her company.

The long visits with her mother are very important events in Lucy‘s whole life. Disconnected from her family for a long time, Lucy has not seen her mother much since she got married. During her stay in the hospital, Lucy‘s mother stays with her every day. Both of them have long conversations about both serious and frivolous topics. When Lucy is finally discharged and her mother returns home, the two are much closer than they have ever been.

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Soon after that, both of Lucy‘s parents die. However, due to her mother‘s visits to her in the hospital, Lucy is at peace knowing that she was loved.

Shortly after her mother‘s death, Lucy publishes her first book, which becomes a success. Lucy answers every letter she receives from fans, except for one from an old boyfriend who is looking to reconnect now that Lucy is becoming famous. However, when she has to travel for speaking engagements, she still struggles with loneliness.

Near the end of the novel, Lucy discusses the sacrifices she has made in order to become a successful writer. She has never let herself get too comfortable because she knows she needs to have access to certain negative emotions in order to write. Lucy discusses about divorcing her first husband and distancing herself from her family because she knew that if she did not, she would have been unable to keep writing.

As she grows older, however, she makes efforts to reconnect with her siblings and repair the relationship with her daughters that was damaged when she and William divorced. She ends the novel by concluding that the ups and downs of life are what make it becomes more and more amazing.

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