Nutrition Interventions for Children with Special Health Care Needs Third Edition, 2010 Nutrition Interventions for Children with Special Health Care Needs 3rd edition, 2010 DOH 961-158 April 2010 To order this report, please visit the Washington State Department of Printing Fulfillment Center: https://fortress.wa.gov/prt/printwa/wsprt/default.asp For persons with disabilities, this document is available on request in other formats. To submit a request, please call 1-800-525-0127 (TDD/TTY 1-800-833-6388). Mary Selecky Secretary of Health Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Editors Yuchi Yang, MS, RD, CD Nutrition Consultant Children with Special Health Care Needs Program Washington State Department of Health Olympia, Washington Betty Lucas, MPH, RD, CD Nutritionist Center on Human Development and Disability University of Washington Seattle, Washington Sharon Feucht, MA, RD, CD Nutritionist Center on Human Development and Disability University of Washington Seattle, Washington Authors Laili Abd Latif, MS, RD, CD Nutritionist, Benton Franklin Health District, Kennewick, Washington Lori S. Brizee MS, RD, CSP, LD Central Oregon Nutrition Consultants, Bend, Oregon Susan Casey, RD, CD Clinical Dietitian, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Elaine Cumbie, MA, RD, CD, CDE Clinical Dietitian, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Sharon Feucht, MA, RD, CD Nutritionist, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Robin Glass, MS, OTR, IBCLC Occupational Therapist, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Kathryn L. Hunt, RD, CD Clinical Dietitian, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Nancy James, RD, CSP, CD Clinical Dietitian, Sacred Heart Children’s Hospital, Spokane, Washington Kelly A. Johnson, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist, UW Autism Center, Center on Human Development & Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Naomi Katsh, MD Pediatrician, Everett, Washington Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Kay Kopp, OTR/L Occupational Therapist, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Betty Lucas, MPH, RD, CD Nutritionist, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Melissa Mortensen, MS, RD, CSP, CD Clinical Dietitian, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Beth Ogata, MS, RD, CSP, CD Nutritionist, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Donna Parsons, MS, RD Nutritionist, Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia, Washington Annette Pederson, MS, RD, CD Nutrition Support Dietitian, LifeCare Solutions, Richland, Washington Peggy Solan, RD, CD Clinical Dietitian, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Roseann Torkelson, MS, RD, CD Nutritionist, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Cristine Trahms, MS, RD, CD, FADA Senior Lecturer, Division of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Kathleen Washington, PT, PhD Physical Therapist, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Lynn Wolf, MOT, OTR, IBCLC Occupational Therapist, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Joan Zerzan, MS, RD, CD Clinical Dietitian, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington Advisory Committee (original edition) Lori Brizee, MS, RD, CSP, CD Lisa Campo, MPH, RD, CD (deceased) Sharon Feucht, MA, RD, CD Betty Lucas, MPH, RD, CD Maria Nardella, MA, RD, CD Beth Ogata, MS, RD, CSP, CD Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Contents Acknowledgements ..........................................xi Introduction ...............................................xiii Section 1: Determination of Nutrition Status Chapter 1 Nutrition Screening and Assessment .......................1 Chapter 2 Anthropometrics .................................... 13 Chapter 3 Physical Activity .................................... 37 Section 2: Problem-Based Nutrition Interventions Chapter 4 Breastfeeding ..................................... 51 Chapter 5 Medication-Nutrient Interactions ......................... 59 Chapter 6 Nutrition Interventions for Constipation .................... 71 Chapter 7 Nutrition Interventions for Diarrhea ...................... 81 Chapter 8 Oral-Motor Feeding Problems ........................... 93 Chapter 9 Behavior Issues Related to Feeding ...................... 101 Chapter 10 Enteral Feeding (Tube Feeding) ......................... 121 Chapter 11 Community Monitoring of the Patient on Home Parenteral Nutrition ........................................ 129 Chapter 12 Accommodating Special Dietary Needs in the School System .... 137 Section 3: Condition-Specific Nutrition Interventions Chapter 13 Nutrition Interventions for Overweight and Obesity ........... 143 Chapter 14 Nutrition Interventions for Failure to Thrive ................ 149 Chapter 15 Nutrition Interventions for the Premature Infant After Discharge . 165 Chapter 16 Nutrition Interventions for Respiratory Diseases ............. 177 Chapter 17 Nutrition Interventions for Cystic Fibrosis ................. 191 Chapter 18 Nutrition Interventions for Congenital Heart Disease .......... 203 Chapter 19 Nutrition Interventions for Chronic Renal Failure ............. 215 Chapter 20 Nutrition Interventions for Short Bowel Syndrome ........... 227 Chapter 21 Nutrition Interventions for Metabolic Disorders .............. 237 Chapter 22 Ketogenic Diet for Seizure Disorders ..................... 247 Chapter 23 Nutrition Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorders .........263 Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Appendices Appendix A Sample Screening Forms .............................275 Appendix B Sources of Anthropometric Equipment ....................279 Appendix C Head Circumference (Nellhaus) – Boys ....................281 Head Circumference (Nellhaus) – Girls Appendix D Incremental Growth Charts – Boys ......................283 Incremental Growth Charts – Girls Appendix E Parent-Specific Adjustment for Evaluation of Length and Stature – Boys ....................................291 Parent-Specific Adjustment for Evaluation of Length and Stature – Girls Appendix F Percentiles for Triceps Skinfold .........................299 Percentiles of Upper Arm Circumference Percentiles for Estimates of Upper Arm Fat and Upper Arm Muscle Area Appendix G Physical Growth in Males with Achondroplasia ...............303 Physical Growth in Females with Achondroplasia Appendix H Growth References for Children with Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy – Boys ......................................311 Growth References for Children with Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy – Girls Appendix I Boys with Down Syndrome, Physical Growth: 1 to 36 Months ....319 Girls with Down Syndrome, Physical Growth: 1 to 36 Months Boys with Down Syndrome, Physical Growth: 2 to 18 Years Girls with Down Syndrome, Physical Growth: 2 to 18 Years Appendix J IHDP Growth Percentiles: LBW Premature Boys ..............327 IHDP Growth Percentiles: LBW Premature Girls IHDP Growth Percentiles: VLBW Premature Boys IHDP Growth Percentiles: VLBW Premature Girls Appendix K Prader Willi Syndrome – Stature: Males 3 to 25 Years .........335 Prader Willi Syndrome – Stature: Females 3 to 25 Years Appendix L Girls with Turner Syndrome: Physical Growth 2 to 19 Years .....339 Appendix M Williams Syndrome – Stature, Males .....................341 Williams Syndrome – Weight, Males Williams Syndrome – Stature, Females Williams Syndrome – Weight, Females Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Appendix N Technical Aspects of Enteral Feeding .....................345 Appendix O Technical Aspects of Parenteral Nutrition ...................369 Appendix P Diet Order for Meals at School, Sample Forms ...............375 Appendix Q IEP Nutrition Related Goals and Objectives .................377 Appendix R Table of Selected Disorders Affecting Children with Special Health Care Needs ..................................379 Appendix S Commercial Nutrition Products .........................385 Appendix T Increasing Energy Density of Infant Formula ................397 Appendix U Nutrition Resources for Children with Special Needs ...........403 Glossary ..................................................407 Index. 415 Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Nutrition Interventions for Children With Special Health Care Needs Acknowledgements There are several key groups who made this third edition of the Nutrition Interventions for Children with Special Health Care Needs possible. We would like to thank the authors who contributed their time and expertise to update the information and references. We offer our deepest appreciation for the contribution of editors who have spent hours attending to the many details. Thanks also to registered dietitians who have reviewed and provided comments on this edition. We would also like to extend our appreciation to registered dietitians and others who worked on the first and second editions. The CSHCN Program deserves acknowledgement for supporting staff that had continual involvement in this project. The Washington WIC Program provided the funding for closure on the project,