Ethnic Differentiation 1

GLIMPSES

In understanding the peoples of the Philippines, an in-depth study of the different ethnic groups is needed-their beginnings, differentiation, adaptation, distribution, convergence and many other aspects. This books intends to identify all the ethnic boundaries that define their existence and provides glimpse of the different peoples that make up this nation.

i ii GLIMPSES PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES

JESUS T. PERALTA

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

First edition, 2000 First printing, 2000

Cover design by Boy Togonon Page composition by Rommel Macaraig

The National Library of the Philippines CIP Data Recommended entry:

Peralta, Jesus T. Glimpses: Peoples of the Philippines / By Jesus T. Peralta – Manila : NCCA, c2000 1v

1. Ethnic groups-Philippines I. Philippines. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. II. Title.

GN495.4P5 305.8’09599 2000 P 200000005 ISBN 971-814-002-6

National Commission for Culture and the Arts 633 General Luna Street, Inramuros, 1002 Manila Tel. 527-2192 to 98 • Fax 527-2191 and 94 email: [email protected] • website: www.ncca.gov.ph

The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) is the overall coordinating and policymaking government body that systematizes and streamlines national efforts in promoting culture and the arts. The NCCA promotes cultural and artistic development; conserves and promote the nation’s historical and cultural heritage; ensures the widest dissemination of artistic and cultural products among the greatest number across the country; preserve and integrates traditional culture and its various creative expressions as a dynamic part of the national cultural mainstreams; and ensures that standards of excellence are pursued in its programs and activities. The NCCA administer the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA).

iv CONTENTS

Preface vii

Acknowledgement xi

The People: Ethnic Differentiation 1

Ethnic Group Briefs 13

Ethno-Linguistic Group Listings 53

Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Provinces 63

Bibliography 115

v vi PREF ACE

The study that resulted in this book started in 1988 when initial inquiries into a more definitive assessment of the people of the Philippines were made. Surprisingly, the number of ethnic groups in the country could not be ascertained. The number varies according to which authority is read. The Republic of the Philippines has been in existence for a long time and yet no one knows exactly who are the different people that make up this nation. The beginning, differentiation, adaptation, distribution, convergences, and other aspects of the different ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago have never been discussed in a continuous format. The question can even be raised as to why there are ethnic groups at all, or if there still are ethnic groups as they have been traditionally recognized. Many ethnic names are known but little else is heard about the people they refer to. For instance, who are the Balango? Where were they located originally and where are they now? How many of them are there? The Tituray, Ikalahan, I’wak and others are not even been mentioned in the 1990 national census. Studying peoples is a very complex endeavor, and one has to speak about them in the so-called ethnographic present because they continually change. Even the relationships among them are in a state of flux, and are altered when seen from another perspective. Also, relationships are often compounded so that any genealogical tree of kinship between ethnic groups can be graphically stated in a number of ways depending on the perspective used. An attempt to show a dendogram of the relationship of Philippine groups will be made here if only to serve as a point of departure for future refinements. To put all known ethnic groups in a single volume that will allow contiguous glimpses, like still photographic frames flipped through, is the objective of this work. The different parameters that led to the formation of the different ethnic communities that now compose the Filipino people are treated here. How specific ethnicities developed due to the variations in the state coordinates, whether environmental or sociological in nature, are discussed. However, the state of isolation of a majority of these ethnic groups through time has led to the establishment of rigidly maintained and defended ethnic boundaries. During the past few centuries many of these boundaries have become amorphous

vii especially where the strictures of a centralized government, modified religious and belief systems, new sets of values, state-introduced systems of education and economy have been established. The breakdown of traditional institutions together with the deterioration of ethnic cultures has become an essential component of the development of a single nation and people, and this now characterized the state of the many ethnic groups. The loss of ethnic culture is a high price to pay for nationhood. This is inevitable for ethnicity by its very nature changes as individual persons alter through time. It is static and constant only in the ethnographic present, but changes in the harsh light of reality. The tragedy of traditions in continual flux is evident now in the Philippine ethnic societies. It is no longer possible to be very positive in the identification of ethnic membership by appearance alone. Before a person could readily be said to be a Kiyyangan Ifugao or a Duluanon B’laan because the patterns and colors of clothing alone would identify him as such. Now unless a person says that he is Kiyyangan or Duluanon, or speaks in this mother tongue, identification cannot easily be done. Before the pagdiwata ritual was performed in the Tagbanua villages on occasions of celebration. Now this is choreographed on stage before seated audiences instead of participating villagers. Given the altered states of Philippine ethnic group it is imperative taht they be located and identified for the rest of the Filipino people who are enmeshed only in of nationhood. Secondly, with the mobility afforded by the infrastructures of government, peoples have moved out from their traditional enclaves into different catchment areas in the country. Thus, communities that have developed in Mindanao composed of peoples from different ethnic groups like the Hiligaynon and Ilocano. Others through internal pressures exerted by their own culture have left their home land, like the Ilongot. There are now more Ilongot in Bulacan, Cavite, and Palawan than in Nueva Vizcaya or Quirino provinces. These matters are discussed in the second part of this study. The second part of this work gives a sketch of a majority of the different ethnic groups, with longer annotations on those groups that are relatively less known. The various names given to these various groups in different studies are included to make the identification more specific, even if to a certain extent it would create some confusion. Some of the ethnic groups have not been described due firstly to the lack of literature or because no fieldwork data have been obtained from the groups at the time of writing. The core areas-places where the population counts are densest while indicating the probable staging areas of dispersal of the different populations are pointed out when possible. This is based on the postulate in natural history that the area of greatest variation of a species is the area of origin.

viii The succeeding part attempts to list the different ethnic groupings in varying levels of integrations. With the multiplicity of ethnic subgroup names, there had been a tendency to equate specific ethnicity to a subgroup, or even a sub-subgroup which is actually only a highly localized community with a locative term to identify this member of an ethnic group. The classification clarifies that different level of membership. Thus, twenty six (26) major groupings are recognized, with the rest falling in different levels of integration. There are problems, too where a subgroup at a secondary level, has received anthropological treatment such that the focus had somewhat elevated the status of the subgroup to the level of a major group, e.g. the Tasaday which has been regarded by most as a distinct ethnic group when in fact it is merely as subgroup of the Cotabato Manobo, or the “Badjaw” or Sama Delaut which is only a subgroup of the larger Sama ethnicity. In northern Luzon, there are the Malaweg, Itawit, and Ibanag that culturally for all intents and purposes, have already converged into a single group. Insofar as the Negrito and Manobo groups are concerned, the picture is not yet very clear. At one time, the summer institute of Linguistics, revealed the existence of some 82 subgroups of the Manobo. How they are related is still not clear .the situation call for more field work, and even then once can still not clear. The situation calls for more fields work, and even then one can still expect changes because ethnicity and its relationships with other groups are always in flux. In understanding the peoples of the Philippines, it is an obligation that the status and dispersal of the various groups have to be considered. Time was when an ethnic group is concentrated in a home territory with strictly defined and defended ethnic boundaries. The Itnegs were fund only in Abra, the Ifugao in Ifugaoland , the maranao in Lanao del Sur, and so on. The boundaries are even expressed in terms of village limits. With the development of a plural society in the Philippines where a national economic and market system is superimposed over the various domestic economies, ethnic boundaries have become diffused, interdigitated, and in many instances, anachronistic. The last part of this work traces the distribution of the different ethnic groups in various parts of the country, including an estimate of these populations. To a large extent the population count is based on the 1980 and 1988 to 1990 statistic of the National Museum. The bulk of the research data will probably never see publication. The present work is actually only a spin-off of the ethnic Mapping Project. The main body of materials is comprised of raw statistical data running some 450 pages of continuous computer forms that define the indices of affinities between different languages and dialects in the country today. Also included are estimates of margins of error and research areas which can be taken up by archaeology to understand more clearly the movements of populations into the Philippine archipelago through time-correlations.

ix The completed databases, covering records of ethnic distribution, and language affinities, can be accessed readily. It is hoped that this work will be further subjected to refinement by another generation of anthropologists so that our insight into the Filipino people will be clearer.

x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A study of this scope is not possible unless the work of countless people in the field of prehistory, anthropology, demography, and other related disciplines of the humanities and the natural sciences are put together. The task alone of collating the various word lists and ethnographies involved the entire staff of the anthropology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines in a single aspects of the study from 1988 to 1994. Artenio Barbosa, OIC of the Division, should be mentioned in particular. Polarization of ideas also developed from arguments with Dr. F. Landa Jocano-presently of the Asian Center of the University of the Philippines-when he was still with the National Museum. Data have also been culled from the works of social scientists from the University of San Carlos, Siliman University, Mindanao State University, and many other institutions. The various regional branched of the National Museum, principally the Butuan City Branch have also participated in the collation of demographic data. Margarita Cembrano of Butuan practically combed the island of Mindanao to make a more accurate count of the distribution of different ethnic groups. At the Zamboanga City branch, Eufemia Catolin and Hope V. Villegas provided the linguistic data from the western part of Mindanao. At the Central Office the following contributed to the Ethnic Mapping Project: Nicolas Cuadra, Donato Zapata, Pedrito Caspe, Celedonia Yamson, Marcedita Magno, Nicetas Aquino, LEty Cabang, Remy Merilou, Alejo Ballesteros, Helen Hosillos, Mario Dancel, Them Simpao, Adela Escober, Erlinda Bagaslao, Aileen Eclipse,Ederick Miano, Lutgardo Ramirez, and Felicely Magparangalan. There were many individuals in personal or official capacities with Different institutional affiliations who advanced information or provided ethnographic data which otherwise would have been missed. Among these are the staffs members of the Office of Southern Cultural Communities based in Zamboanga City and headed by Director Pearl de Castro, and the main office in Manila. Members, too, of the Summer Institure of Linguistic in particular are Glenn L. de Peralta, Rose W. Teves, Olivia Dupingay, Juan Galeon, E. Macaraya, Haji Yusof Malabong, Dr. Toh Goda, Dr. Ghislane Loyre, and Dr. Lawrence Reid, Dr. Thomas Headland, Dr. Delbert Rice, and Karl Aaronsen.

xi The National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the National Museum of the Philippines are to be acknowledged, especially Dr. Jaime C. Laya, chairman of the board of the NCCA, for making the publication of the manuscript possible. Handling of the voluminous amount of data required the use of computer technology, while existing database software were utilized, special programs were commissioned practically gratis et a more to handle specialized aspects, my three sons have to acknowledged: first among them is my physicist son in Canada, Samuel, who designed the intial ‘Lexicon” program to handle my linguistic data; then my second son,Francis Paul, a chemical engineer, who improved of “Lexicon” by eliminating some bugs; and thirdly, my computer genius of a son, Patrick Ian, who wrestled with the highly complex main “Lex2” program to solve my most intricate programming demands, and sat through the long hours of processing my data at home when my AT286 office computer could no longer handle the immensity of the data matrix. Patient through all these and the lost weekends, is my painter/sculptor wife, Charito, without who’s sustaining support, I would not have had the energy to push through with the project.

xii GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

The People: Ethnic Differentiation

he ecological diversity and the differential cultural adjustment of Particular population to their effective environment both physical and Tnatural, have led to the evolution of at least 77 major Ethno linguistic groups in the Philippine archipelago. These groups are compounded by their own respective subgroups numbering about 244 with their own variation of the central cultures ecotonal areas have also given rise to marginal populations where culture change is much more accelerated than the core area. The diversification is not only dispersed horizontally in the various regions, but also vertically, with respect to the different elevations of the habitation areas of the groups. This has become so since changes in elevations in the topography produce differences in climatologically affected flora and fauna. Various parts of the country, too, are affected differentially by the wind currents that flow over the archipelago seasonally, principal among which are the southwest monsoon, the northeast monsoon, the southeast and the Siberian current. Those that are affected directly by the monsoons exhibit distinctive flora; others that are affected directly by the monsoons exhibit distinctive flora; others that are not so affected developed differently. Ecological zones, too, differ in terms of elevations. The edge of the sea develops mangrove forests. Dipterocarp forests cover vast tracts of land. Higher up are the mountain forests characterized by tropical oaks. Beyond these are the temperate zone forests where the temperatures are brought down by the increased elevation. And much higher still are the mossy forest. Societies change since cultures adapt to the vagaries of the physical environment, adjusting their subsistence patterns to the relevant features of the environment. In all these, differentially developed ecosystems are niches where ethnic groups coevolved correspondingly different culture complexes. Due to the generally homogeneous forms of ecosystems prevalent in some broad areas, and the relatively more increased interaction between ethnic groups that inhabit proximate areas, some patterning of culture may be seen in certain regions in the Philippines. Thus, the mountain regions of the Cordilleras of Northern Luzon have peoples that appear to be related in general aspects of their culture as the Ifugao, Bontoc, Kalinga, Ibaloy, Kankanaey, Apayao, Itneg, and Gaddang. In the Cagayan Valley, between the 2 PERALTA

Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre Mountain, adaptation is again specialized giving the rise to the cultures of the Ibanag, Itawis, and Yogad. Influenced by the Islamic movements and provided with a base Southeast Asian culture the southwestern part of the Philippines forms another generalized groupings for similar cultures: the Tausug, Maranao, and Maguindanao. The peoples of the central and eastern Mindanao are yet to exhibit another set pattern, like the Manobo, Mandaya, and T’boli. Central Philippines and the other lowland and coastal area all exhibit a leveling of culture such that homogeneity is more the rule. An enigma in itself is the widely distributed groups of negrito who in spite of isolation from one another, exhibit similar features in their culture. In the hinterlands are small groups that subsist largely through food- gathering activities. The similitude, however, is deceptive for each group is very well defined and distinct differential in their resources and habitat and as far ranging in variations as their Austronesian languages. More than geographic and environmental circumscriptions are the social boundaries that separate one group of people from another. From the basic biological unit of parents and children, the more sociologically operable unit composed of the household extends the concept of family; an s the former forms the basic economic, social and ritual unit- the household. The composition of this unit is defined by each society and it may range from a single individual to more complex families composed of a number of nuclear members. In some societies, a household of only one member is considered an effective and operable unit so long as this single member fulfills all the obligations to the society of a family member, that is, it performs all the functions- subsistence, social, ritual, and others- usually attributed to a full- fledged family. Usually, households are bound together into a more or less cohesive aggrupation based on kin relationships of some kind in varying degrees of distances in consanguinity or affinity, gravitating around the household of a senior member e.g. households of children establishing post marital residences about a parent of either side. Groupings like these are further increased in scale by the gathering of kindred, which greatly enhances the spread of sociological benefits horizontally among peer groups, as in the polarization of social groups in confrontational situations. The relationships between such groups, however, can rebound into one of a more cohesive nature as alliances develop where the canalization of behavior becomes more of a pattern than a divergence. In such instances the emergence of a strong personality would weld such alliances into a political structure some initially based on reciprocity and redistribution of benefits. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 3

Ethnic groups become marked also by means of which inheritances are distributed among the members. While the general rule of kinship is an equal reckoning of affiliation ob both parents, there are differences in the manner by which property is treated upon the death of parents. In the Cordilleras, for instance, it is the oldest child that inherits the property, but he is also under social sanctions to support his siblings. In much of the lowland areas the inheritance is more equally distributed among the offspring. This is so because in the highlands, arable land in the rugged environment is a premium commodity that cannot be continually subdivided and reduced down the line of descent, whereas in the lowlands this is not usually the case since agricultural land here is more expansive. Since social proximities and distances lead group to invert into themselves to the exclusion of others, the environment in which they find themselves tends to be homogenous for all the members. The manner by which the members adapt to the parameters of the environments in terms of subsistence technology is usually common to all. Thus, along the shoreline communities tend to be fisher folk, and in the uplands the subsistence pattern develops along the lines of slash-and-burn cultivation, and so on. The domestic kind of economy practiced would be one where each household is both the producing and the consuming unit, without the generation of a surplus in the production, there is little need for a market, if there is one at all, where the existence of specializations in the production of goods would lead to the need to trade for things one household does not produce. Religion too is a powerful organizing principle that defines the edges of an ethnic group. The communities may be organized based on any number of parameters. One of this would be based on the circle of members that constitute a “parish”. The parishes of ritual specialists are sharply confined to specific groupings of individual households. The linkages may be based on kinship network or more intimate personal associations, or simply the structure of the religion itself limits the memberships. In some areas in the Cordillera, for instance, the ritual specialist will only celebrate the rituals of a particular grouping of household whether or not these belong to a contiguous group. The membership is traced to the extent of the meat-sharing system that is part of the ritual feast that highlights a celebration. Outside the network of households and individuals that shared the meat of animals scarified, membership to the community stops. There are overlaps in particular meat- sharing networks. Those that do not belong to any of these networks will not be part of the ethnic group. 4 PERALTA

Persistence of Tradition

Although change is part of social existence, and societies fluctuate in number and character, there is always a functional resistance of change due to homeostasy of adaptation. Thus, there has been through Philippine prehistory, and even up to more recent time, the maintenance of levels of subsistence technologies and the corresponding cultural traits. Group like the Tasaday, Tau M’loy, and Uka of southern Cotabato subsist through the same food. Gathering level, but exploiting different features of the environment, maintaining a balance with their ecosystem, the population reached no take off point to another level of technology other that incipient hunting. Thus, their societies are organized into separate nuclear units loosely structured into bands widely distributed in respective territories of exploitation in the rain forests of Mindanao. Principal among the organizing principles is kinship, both sangunial and affinal. Relationship with parents and parental relatives is equal in terms of how these relationships are named. The difference is only in the way one behaves with a particular relative. Often it is the frequency and intimacy of interaction that define the difference. The structure of leadership is hardly defined and may only be specific to occasions. The most incipient form is probably one where the difference in role is only one based on prestige or economic levels. In larger communities, an individual is recognized because or personal prowess, but in most other cases even this tempered by a council composed of the elders. Religion is amorphous and phenomenon-bound. References are often made to an overall “owner” of natural resources that the people exploit and to whom some returns are periodically made. Or there might be a super- entity who is beyond all mundane things. There are spirits and pseudo- supernatural forces in the world about them that affect their lives unless these are propitiated. Broad spectrum dry cultivation supplements gathering and hunting among other groups that occupy the Philippine highlands like the Subanon, Mandaya, Mansaka, Manubo, T’boli and others in Mindanao, the Pala’wan and Tagbanua of Palawan, the various Mangyan groups of Mindoro, and many others. Such cultivation has repercussions on the sociology of these groups. The cropping of cultigens has further effects on sedentism and the increase in interpersonal relations since communities tended more and more to be nucleated under these conditions. In this stage environmental degeneration results in the imbalance between man and land ratio. A homeostatic condition GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 5 no longer exists to balance natural regeneration and man’s exploitive intrusions into his ecosystem such that agricultural production has to supplement the minimum subsistence requirements of populations. Cultivation trends gradually shifted to focus more on mono cropping, and as opposed to broad spectrum cultivation, seasonality of cultivation activities also has implications on the social behavior of groups. Mono cropping and seasonality make crops more vulnerable to pests and disease, thus posing the threat of seasonal shortage of food supplies. The cultivation, too, in ever increasing areas of land affords less protection than the checkerboard techniques of earlier periods. However, since the techniques of swidden cultivation is energy- efficient in terms of the ratio of production output to labor inputs per unit area, more than the production technique to persist through time up to the present. The persistence of their subsistence technology brings with it the maintenance of associated cultural milieus, thus the preservation of cultural traditions and their resistance to change. Not until there was another technological breakthrough did dramatic change in culture take place among the peoples of the Philippines. And this came with the introduction of intensive wet rice cultivation and the associated complex that goes with it. But since the technology is adaptable only to specific geographic situations, it flourished only in the lowlands except in certain mountain regions where water could be channeled to terraces on the slopes as among the Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga. Vast mountain region are to remain under slash-and-burn cultivation in spite of the technological breakthrough. The persistence of cultures is due to the capacity of groups to maintain a systematic organization where each of the functional segments of the society makes adjustments to changes so as to preserve the social structure. As a result, societies are organized as almost closed systems in a domestic type economy. The structure of the societies is based on social functions that cofunctions and covary, thus kinship, religion, social organization, subsistence technology, leadership, and so on are integrated in an interlocking network. An example of this is the I’wak of the southern Cordilleras. Among the I’wak the basic social units is the household defined by its capability to be economically self- sustaining and its ability to function ritually in the community. A number of households are organized into a kin-related group that operates also as a ritual congregation with the head, also a ritual practitioner. This ritual congregation cofunctions with at least one other ritual congregation in order to be able to conduct a community ritual. Animal sacrificed during rituals are utilized in the 6 PERALTA

meat distribution within the community since this is shared equally among the members. Thus, the principal ritual animal, the pig, is a basic requirement for a unit to be considered a social member of the community. The taro, which is the principal crop, is also the ritual cultigens and it systematically binds the various households together in terms of cultivation. Taro is propagated through cuttings. But since taro is harvested daily to fill the daily consumption only not enough cuttings can be gathered to plant a field sufficiently. Other members of the community contribute cuttings so that a taro field may be planted, thus sharing in the capital outlay. The elders of the community who are active in ritual practice also operate as the group from which community decisions and leadership emanate. Each of the social function, however, serves as a linchpin that holds the rest of the society together. Social change is effected when a link in the structural chain is changed. Among the I’wak, changes took place when advanced soil degradation necessitated the shift of cultivation from taro to sweet potato. Cooperation between households no longer became necessary, for instance, to get slips for planting a field. Sweet potato did not have a function in rituals, thus with cohesion gone, the society began to disintegrate even in its religious structure. The effects are seen in household migration and the movement from a purely domestic economy to integration with the market economy and labor market. But even without changes that come from within, social change comes inevitably with the integration of the various ethnic groups with the market system that intermeshes the rest of the country hand the continuing imbalance between population and the rest land they inhabit. Thus, social practices change with the changing times. However, vestiges of aspects of particular cultures persist, even when modified and become bases for tradition to becomes what is recognized as the “adat” of the southern Philippines, or the “kadawyan” of the north: things of the past, yet creations of the contemporary factors the continually change them.

Intergroup Relationship

It is the amount of interaction between social units that affects the character of a community or a society. Beyond this network of interchange are zones of diminishing exchanges between peoples. There are interchanges even across ethnic boundaries, however and the character of these social exchanges defines the limit. Thus, even if there are factors that divided that various peoples of the Philippines into distinct ethnic group, there still exist social exchanges between them, if not in terms of exchanges for marriage, GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 7 then exchanges fpr goods or for social services. Trade is one of the strongest bases for reciprocity among groups and the sociologically acceptable means of penetrating social boundaries. For instance, Maranao merchant range far into central Mindanao and Central Philippines in their trading forays. The Ifugao go from the lowlands, on the other hand, depend on the highlanders for forest products. Ethnic boundaries, however, are continually maintained although transactions take place through them. Interchanges among the different Philippine ethnic groups are not entirely harmonious as frictions develop even among the best of kin. When kin group are involved, friction escalates in accordance with the number of participants and intergroup conflicts taking place. More often than not blood flows which must be balanced by each contending side, head taking thud developed as a social mechanism among the Ilongot, for instance, for minimizing conflicts and retributions. And peace pacts are forged between conflicting groups as among the Kalinga to ensure peace, further enforced by the establishment of ritual kinship and blood brotherhood, as in the case of the Tagbanua of Palawan. Slowly, however, the civil government structures radiate even to the hinterlands to slowly redefine traditional social controls that integrate the different ethnic societies.

Beyond Technology

In spite of the agricultural base which has reduced ethnic economy to a primarily domestic one, cultures of the various peoples flourished in surprising ways. Among peoples that did not develop writing, oral literary traditions that combine poetry and song grew with amazing proportions with various kinds of epic poetry like the Hudhud and Alim of the ifugao, labaw Dunggon of the Sulod, Darangan of the Islamic groups to name a few that compare with the lliad and the odyssey. Those that developed writing like the Hanunoo Mangyan have created poetry forms like the highly sophisticated ambahan. Decorative art flourished in well-established communities that are marked with functional specialization. Among the most sophisticated of this art is the okil of the Maranao, exemplified in the painted wood carvings in floral motifs that decorate the torogan, or royal house. The Ifugao, well known for the complexity of their religious structure, combine the art of sculpturing with their belief systems, exemplified by their consecrated images like the bullol and the kinabbigat. The expression of music-both vocal and instrumental, solo and in ensemble- became as distinctive as the development of the languages. Flute music among the Pala’wan, for instance, is used as a language with 8 PERALTA

the various notes becoming ideational apart from being tonal. Music of an ensemble is often inseparable from the dance of which there are innumerable varieties from the purely imitative to the prodigiously societal like the lunsay of the southern Philippines.

Kinship

The pattern of kinship among the various groups varies in accordance with accepted behavior which is to some extent expressed in kinship terminologies. An individual is reckoned to be equally related structurally to his parentage from both sides although behaviorally his interactions with such individuals may vary in accordance with the social distance built between them. Thus, he may relate himself more to either side depending on this interaction bias in terms of social organization. Behavior-wise, kinship is cognatic as has been noted in the northern mountain groups. In southern Philippines, where Islamic religion has been entrenched, a lineal-like organization is resurgent that is somewhat segmentary in nature.

Leadership

Leadership among the traditional peoples of the Philippines is amorphous and defined by the moment. Among the Tau’t bato an incipient form that is distributive in nature is exhibited. This is more like a type of social exchange is the redistributive kind where the leader gathers from the production of his groups and distributes among others to gain a larger following: often there are a number of leader within a group depending on the nature of the function-religious, political, etc. at times, a group of prestigious men, often the elders, makes the necessary communal decisions. A mark of distinction, however, is that beyond the functions of politics, a man labors in his own fields and in all domestic functions acts in a community of peers.

Religion

The earliest indications of religious activities are probably the existence of petrographs, petroglyphs, and the like, suggesting man’s attempt to influence the elements of nature to his advantage. Examples of these have been found in the provinces of Rizal, Bohol, Mountain Province, and Palawan. The way man relates himself to the spiritual worlds Province, and Palawan. The way man relates himself to the spiritual worlds varies in accordance with GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 9 the factors he has to deal with since his culture dictates this. In a general sense, the deities he recognizes belong to different pantheons, with each deity limited to a particular domain and other with a broader scope of powers. Some are mere anthropomorphization of natural phenomena such as the makakameng or “owner” of the I’wak; other are abstractions of social values, e.g., the kabbigat or the lawgiver of the Ifugao. Religious cosmologies, too, differ from the layered one that exemplified the underworlds and upper worlds, to an inversion of the real world as among the Pala’wan. To the south, Islam as adapted by local cultures flourished among the Maguindanao, Maranao, and Tausug with the religious structures impeding into the political structures. But everywhere in the Philippines, the pattern is the same where the various functional structures overlap in a number of ways such that it is difficult for instance to separate the political from the religious leadership. And like his political counterpart, the religious leader holds no special privilege in the community that exempts him from his own domestic obligations. Thus, he cuts his own forest and tends his own fields.

The Anomaly of Persisting Cultures

Change is as inevitable as time, and this is true of what has been accepted as traditional cultures. Traditions change as new values are developed, adopted and integrated by a society. The kalinga of today are different from the Kalinga some fifty years ago because people change as they alter their physical and social environments since the perturbations impose upon them some feedback groups that are now living in the fringes of urban areas of the Philippines are representative of prehistoric cultures of the land. Ethnic cultures have moved as far forward in time as the social developments in the metropolitan areas. The distinction of development, however, has diverged due to parameters of other kinds. The existence of items of material culture identified with earlier periods are of no help at all for such survivals as often are likely to have lost their original function and context in a society. An example of this is the polished stone adze which before was a utilitarian cutting tool but now assumes a purely ritual function. It is now used as a talisman among the Ifugao to make the warrior bulletproof, and as a cock fighting charm among lowlanders. So many changes have taken place that the question has been raised as to whether there is still some validity to the existence of some ethnic groups as they have been known heretofore. Some of these groups, especially those that live near urbanized areas or are within reach of the sphere of government, the 10 PERALTA

market and educational systems, no longer look nor behave the way they used to. The reason is that the state coordinates that are factors in the development of specific ethnic groups before the coming of the colonizing western powers no longer exist or at the mot are mere vestiges of what these were. Apart from the internal changes that take place within each community as a natural course of things, more drastic are the pressures from outside that alter the character of ethnic groups. Even, internally, societies change without influences from outside. Culture traits change depending on the individual actors in the society- a powerful leader may pass away and with a new kind of leadership, the direction of the community might veer in some other ways. A shift in the environment of subsistence, the rise of another powerful person- all these cause alterations in the way the people are organized. Pressures from outside the society are even more compelling and effecting changes in shorter time frames. Colonized peoples are even more subjected to change that drastically alter aspects of their cultures. The way a group of people organize their subsistence strategy largely defines how they organize their society. While the domestic type of economy that defines the traits of cultural communities’ changes little through time, the introduction of the network of sources has affected micro economies. Self-sustaining domestic economies have begun to cease from being merely producing-consuming entities and have now interlinked with the marketing network. Cash cropping, for instance, has become the byword of agricultural production, and with it the recourse to mono cropping characteristic of ethnic agriculture is no longer viable since now there is a need for the production of surplus in the trade-off with the markets. Thus, households have become dependent on the market system as whole communities are dependent on the production of others in satiating their own consumption needs. New needs are created neither for consumer goods of which there were nor before. The use of money has become a necessity for survival in market relationships. Even more drastic is the superimposition of an alien political structure upon the local leadership organization. The national political structure has now encompassed heretofore isolated communities with a kind of leadership organization that infringes on traditional leadership forms like the community council of elders, and relegating the latter to secondary functions. Often those that occupy the positions of government in the civil structure are those members of ethnic communities that are young and relatively more educated since these are the ones that can relate better to the national institutions. The elderly and less educated elders who ordinarily occupy positions of authority in the communities are now subordinated to this younger generation, resulting GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 11 in internal cultural conflicts. Different social intuitions, too, contribute to the degradation of local leadership since issues are now elevated from the sitio to the barangay and higher, to the municipal, provincial and national levels in either degradation of traditional authority or the restricting of internal relationships within the group. The most leveling factor of all is the public education system introduced from the West. The reduction of learning of generation into standardized gradation among age groups has pervaded the cultures of ethnic groups, changing entire systems of ethnic knowledge, values, loyalties, perspectives, internalizations, needs, and whole set of cultural traits, Education within an ethnic group is culture specific while nationalized education establishes as generalized standard that develops people in a larger scale that transcends ethnic boundaries. This is further aggravated by the official emphasis on the development of a national language through the medium of public education. Language has been said to be the bearer of culture. There is nothing in the culture of a society that is not reflected in the vocabulary of the group. The degradation of an ethnic language can only mean the erosion of traits in that culture. The introduction of a new language necessarily induces changes in the parameters of that particular culture, including its original language. The internalization of concepts through the medium of language and the externalization of these is altered since the culture of the introduced language is internalized by the receiving culture. What public education has not reached in terms of influence, mass media, especially in form of the transistor radio, have made incursions into in order to affect changes in erstwhile isolated communities that before this tended toward conservatism. New tastes and needs ranging from consumer goods, personalities, leadership, opinions, and points of views are continually developed and then altered by relentless bombardment through the airwaves, further contributing to the destruction of traditional value systems. Indigenous religions which differentiated peoples were the first to go among major ethnic groups, the great religions introduced by the Western powers were an efficient leveling device that destroyed entire systems of beliefs and with these indigenous values that bind together members of a community. Exchanging these with new ones which are alien if not outright contradictory to the traditional forms. The end result is the gradual eradication of ethnic boundaries especially in areas of greatest contact between groups. Where one can move through the islands before and see differences among people through their 12 PERALTA

manners of dress, types of architecture, modes of subsistence, and organization of communities, now there is a visual continuum where cultural breaks are no longer perceived. One will be hard put to recognize the ethnicity of a person unless that person states this or speaks his native tongue. The Filipino nations is emerging without doubt, at the cost of the disappearance of individual ethnic groups no longer exists, and have been replaced by new social factors. There are survivals of ethnic cultures in areas still distant and isolated enough to remain relatively untouched by external influences. But these are more the exceptions that the rule. Even these communities have developed needs attuned to the market system which have made them dependent on external providence. It is only a matter of time when the onslaught will reach them. Communities by now, in different degrees, have become mere terminal points in the development of the peasant-urban continuum. They are no longer discrete and independent cultural entities. There are divergences, convergences, and parallel developments in societal change. The cultures of the Filipino people are much too complex and compounded to be reduced to generalized statements that are not just sociological principles. The beauty of ethnicity is in the particular aspect. It is the shell-inlaid wooden earplug of a wizened Abiyan Negrito woman, the friction decorated blowgun of the Pala’wan, the chanting of the Alim by an Ifugao membunung or again, the I’wak ritual practitioner reciting the bilang, enumerating the deities with which they have accord and the names of the ancestors with whom they maintain kin relationship. Yet even these particular aspects of culture change through stimuli both from within the structure of the society and from pressures impressed by an external factors. The “traditions” develop in time where these were not present before, as the ati-atihan of Aklan and the moriones of Marinduque. Thus in time, too, even these changes, for the interpretation of cultural values between groups is a constant where there is social contact. What maintains the ethnic boundaries, however, is still the particular culture that defines what changes is sociologically relevant to a population and how this can operate within the limitations of the ecological niche. Thus we witness the paradox of persisting cultures that are in reality altered to respond to the perturbations in the social and physical environments. This is because ethnicity is not of the static past, but of living peoples. But like all things, even ethnic peoples change at the birthing of a nation. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 13

Ethnic Group Brief

Luzon

1. Ivatan/Itbayat he Ivatan/Itbayat are the groups inhabiting the two island groups in extreme northern Luzon which lie in the typhoon belt: the Batanes- TBabuyan groups. Only the larger islands are habitable and even the larger ones with an estimated area of 21,000 hectares are largely rugged terrain. The relative isolation of the area has led to development of distinct indigeneous cultures that have traits of the Cordillera societies and of the peoples of Formosa. There is a strong regional self-sufficiency. The total national population is about 20,350 (NM 1994) with some 1,601 in Bukidnon and 1,044 in Cagayan. Itbayat is the largest of the islands, with a population of some 3,551 (NSO 1990). Batan Island lies 20 kilometers is approximately 6,000 with the communities largely distributed along the coastline due to the ruggedness of the interior of the island. The people themselves distinguish between Itvayat and Ivatan as languages and the speakers as having distinct ethnic characters. The lifestyles, the architecture, including those of boats, agricultural techniques, and crops are conditioned by the strong winds that buffet the islands. Houses are built with thick walls of stone and mortar and traditionally with roofs of layers and layers of thatching. The common dug-out banca of the rest of the Philippines is alien to the place where the fisherfolk use sturdier crafts which are rowed rather than paddled. Agricultural fields are often broken up into areas by trees that function as windbreakers. The overall feel of the cultures in the islands is traditional megalithic, where self-sufficiency is the norm. thus there is no felt need for a marketplace in the communities. Agriculture is the base of livelihood, although production is low. Root crops are extensively cultivated, especially sweet potato, with some production surplus. Taro, yams, banana, and citrus fruits are also produced. Fishing is very limited about the Batan Islands, although there are better fishing grounds in the Babuyan Channel. The Ivatan are known for their oral traditions which include lyric folk songs (lagi), working songs (kalusan), and legends (kabbata). 14 PERALTA

2. Ilocano The northwestern coast of Luzon is exposed to the southwest monsoon and is shielded by the Cordillera mountain ranges from the northern and northeastern air currents. The result is a well-marked wet and dry season that brings in excessive rains and extreme droughts. The narrow coastal plain with highly eroded soil and dense population has made for the development of a very hardy group of people. The Ilocano are in the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Abra, and Cagayan. They are highly concentrated in areas in the mouths of the Laoag and the Abra Rivers. While the population is generally homogenous, a northern and a southern dichotomy may be postulated in terms of dialect differentiation. If not a sociological one as when northern Ilocano would refer to those in the south as “those across the river”. As late as the nineteenth century, there were eight to ten dialects known. The total national population is 5,915,557, with concentration in the Ilocos region distributed in Ilocos (460,684), Ilocos Sur (519,273), and the La Union and in Isabela, 744,915 (NSO 1990). Ilocanos are found in all provinces of the country. The people are essentially rice producers who also indulge in extensive agriculture with cash crops like tobacco and garlic. There has been a continual migration of labor to different parts of the country to the southernmost reaches, and even to other places like Hawaii, and California. Outmigration was caused by dense population pressures in a land with limited agricultural potentials. It is one of the most densely populated regions in the country. The agricultural production is not sufficient to meet and interregional trade. Tobacco is the leading cash crop. The textile industry in the area has a long tradition. Fishing is second only to agricultural production. Among the more dominant of the ethnic groups, they have figured prominently in the political, educational, economic, religious, and other sectors of society. Intensely regionalistic like most of the other major groups, the Ilocano take pride in their roots and language.

3. Tinggian Otherwise known as Itneg or literally, Itneg, which means people living near the Tineg river (Tinguian, Tinguianes, Itinek, Mandaya, Tingian), the group has been classified into several subgroupings: adassen, BInongan, Inlaod, Masadiit, Aplai, Gubang, Maeng, Luba, and Balatok, although the latter might be a Kalinga group. The population range is 51,422 with concentrations in the towns of Tubo (4,535), Manabo (3,250), Sallapadan (3,525), San Quitin GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 15

(3,270), Luba (4,746), and Boliney (3,694) in the province of ABra (NSO 1990). Outside Abra, they number most in Ilocos groups with whom they have a continual relationship. There are two general groupings: the valley Tingian which are an homogenous and concentrated population found in the lower reaches of the province of Abra that thrive on wet rice cultivation; the mountain Tinggian Traditionally, the Tinggian live in fortified villages adjacent to the swidden fields they differ from other Philippine ethnic groups in that their dress is arm ornaments. The village is the political unit with a lakay as the head, assited by a council of elders. The indigenous religion recognizes Kadaklan as the supreme deity, often identified also with Kabunyian, and other animistic deities. The ritual specialists and healers are usually women. Prestige feasts by men, saying, are common among the Cordillera groups and usually aspired for by most people with sufficient kin support.

4. Apayao The Apayao (Isneg, isnag, Mandaya, Ibulus, Imandaya, Imallod, Itne’g, Kalina’, Apayaw, Iapayaw, Imandaya, Imallod, Idamma’n Abulog) inhabit the northern end of the Cordillera mountain ranges in the northern portions of the Kalinga and Apayao provinces. The country is mountainous. The lowlands are mostly level swamps of lesser areas that alternate with hills. This is the only part of the Cordilleras that can be traveled by water by the use of boats and rafts. The territory, however, is not exclusively inhabited by the Apayao alone. Other ethnic groups like the Kalinga and Itawit also occupy pockets. Groups of NEgrito are also found, as well as Ilocano farmers, especially in the flat lands. There are at least three generalized groupings: (1) Kabugao Mandaya Tawit; (2) Karawagan, and (3) Talifugu. The areas of concentration of the people are in the municipalities of Pudtol (21,075). Kabugao (10,651), kalanasan (8,367), and Conner (3,086) (NSO 1990). In the province they number to about 24,844 with a total national population of some 27,627 (NSO 1980). The groups are riverine-oriented and practice a slash-and burn type of cultivation, and presently an intensive type of wet rice agriculture in the lower reached of the drainage systems and the floodplains. Most are traditionally oriented along the banks of the Abulug (Apayao) and Matalag rivers, and the tributaries. Rice is a prestige crop with yams, taro, corn, and sweet potato supplementing the diet. 16 PERALTA

Settlement areas are usually small permanent hamlets within hailing distance and composed of kin-related households. Multifamily houses are among the most sturdily built in the Cordilleras with nuclear compartment. The political structure is usually headed by individuals of economic and leadership distinction, mengal, with a large kin following: the position is not inherited. The prestige validating feat, sayam, is also indulged in by highly placed males to celebrate propitious events. Ritual celebrations are attended to buy female ritual specialties that are generally mediums. Ritual feast are usually accompanied by “boasting” by mengal around a ritual stone.

5. Kalinga Historically, thi is a mixed group (Calinga, Kalinga, Kalina’) but now considered as a more or less homogeneous group with an estimated population are in the drainage areas of the Chico River and its tributaries in northern Cordillera. One of the ways the culture has been grouped is as follows: Balbalan (northern), Lubuagan (southern), and Maducayan (eastern). Another postulated subgrouping is (1) Giad’an Balbalasang, (2) Sumadel, (3) Lubuagan, (4) Nabayugan, (5) AbligSaligsig, (6) Kalagua, and (7) MangaliLubo. There is a little-known highly mobile group in the Kalakad-Tupac area in east Tanudan. The population is a mixed group thought to be descendants of migrants into the area from the Cagayan valley to the east and the province of Abra to the west. The population concentrations are in Pinukpok (13,469), Tabuk (19,835), Balbalan (9,745), Tinanglayan (12,306), and Tanudan (9,242). The national population is 91,128 (NSO 1990). There is a marked difference between the northern and the southern populations due to the introduction of wet rice terracing in the south from Bontoc. An eastern grouping caused by geographic circumscription is also recognized. The society is organized into endogamous groups stemming from budong alliance. Because of their dress and personal ornamentations, the Kalinga have been dubbed the “Peacocks of the North”. Their octagonal house in southern Kalinga is distinctive, as well as the peace pacts that they enter into to preserve relationships with neighboring groups. Settlement area are more dense in the south. Agriculture is also carried on in terraces, though less grandiose than those of the Ifugao and Bontoc, and field preparation is done with the use of draft animals. Rice is the principal crop. Swidden crops include beans, sweet potato, corn, sugarcane, and taro. Coffee is a popular cash crop. Distinctive pottery basketry and metal craft are known. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 17

6. Balamgao The Balangao (Balangaw, Balangad, Bontoc, Baliwen) are found in the navel of the Mountain Province in the central Cordillera mountain ranges in the municipality of Natonim. The estimated population is 7,000. Although related to the general Cordillera languags, Balangao appers to be a language branch that developed independently from the central BOntoc, Kalinga, and Ifugao groups. Both physical and social circumscription contributed to the differentiation from the neighboring groups. The subsistence mode is wet terrace rice farming although the terrace systems are not as those of the Ifugao. The biannual rice crop production is supplemented by some swidden cultivation of roots crops including yam, taro, and sweet potato, and food gathering. Although the basic culture belongs to the generalized Cordillera culture, it is closer to the Kalinga with whom they are in contact. For instance their architecture is similar. Howeverm Christianity has already penetrated the area; likewise in place are the civil structure of government as well as its educational system. Otherwise much of the indigenous customs still prevail as in marriage and lifestyle as well as in the use of dormitories women.

7. Kankanay The kankanay (Northern Kankanai, Lepanto Igorot, Katangan, Sagada Igorot, Kataugnan) are found on the western flank of the Cordillera in the Mountain Province just east of Ilocos Sur. They are in the municipalities of Tadian, Besao, Sabangan, and Sagada. Cervantes in Ilocos Sur also has a fairly large Lepanto Kankanai concentration. The population is estimated at some 59,987 (NSO 1990) in the area about Lepanto and Tiagan to the headwater streams of the Chico and Abra rivers where they practice wet terracing. This type of cultivation, however, was preceded by dry cultivation of tubers, a practice widespread among the peoples of the Cordilleras. The northern Kankanay are more related in terms of culture to the Bontoc peoples tot eh north and northeast on the Chico River system. The language (Kataugnan), however, has been classified with the Kankanaey to the south of them in the Amburayan area. There are differences in dialect from district to district. They have large nucleated communities associated with the terraces especially about the Kayan, Bauko, Besao area. The social organization parallels that of the Bontoc. The ward system of structuring groups is practiced with 18 PERALTA

the institution of the dapay, which is similar to the Bontoc ato. Male meeting houses cum dormitories are separate from those of women.

Mining for gold and copper is extensive in Suyoc and Mankayan, they worked extensively during historical times. Rice, sweet potatoes, and taro are the principal crops. The terracing is similar to those of the Bontoc.

8. Kankanaey The southern Kankanaey are linguistically linked with their northern neighbors, the northern kankanay. In cultural terms, they comprise a very distinct group. They occupy the area drained by the Amburayan Rivers. They are more similar to the Ibaloi to the south, and like them, the Kankanaey are in the province of Benguet in the northwest and the rest in the old Amburayan are in the highlands above northern La Union, southern Ilocos Sur, and the southern sections of Mountain Province. Although many cultural traits are shared with the Ibaloy, the languages of the two are not related since the affinity of Inbaloi is with Pangasinan. The terrain they occupy is rugged and steep. There is an estimated population of about 158,313 nationwide (NSO 1990). They have been described in the early 1900 as like the Ibaloy but they celebrate their festivals”more splendidly. There is marked difference between their language and that of the Ibaloi. But like the latter, their settlements are dispersed. Their terraces have mud walls like those of their southern neighbors, with the same kind of cropping. During modern times, their agricultural thrusts turned more toward the production of mid-latitude vegetables which are marketed even to the lowlands and cities of central Luzon.

9. Bago The Bago (Bago Igorot) were identified first in the municipality of Pugo in the southern side of La Union. This is a highly acculturated group whose villages are along major transportation routes between the lowlands and the Abatan, Benguet markets in the highland. The major ritual practices and beliefs are somewhat related to the northern kankanay, thus the idea that the people were migrants because of trade from western Mountain Province. The Kankanay regard them as such and not as a specific ethnic group. The language is a mixture of northern kankanay with an infusion of lowlands diealects. Most of the individuals are bilingual with Ilocano as the trade language. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 19

Their agricultural activities revolve around a mixture of highland root crops like sweet potatoes, yams, and taro, and lowland vegetables and fruits.

10. Bontoc With a total population of about 65,000 (NSO1980) the Bontoc (Bontok, Bontoc Igorot, Igorot, Guianes) are found in the Mountain Province of the Cordillera mountain ranges in the upper Chico river region. The group is more densely located in the municipalities of Bontoc (18,080), Sadanga(7,245), and Barlig (5,640). Five sub groupings are usually recognized by social scientists: (1) Central (2) talubin, (3) Barlig, (4) Lias, and (5) Kadaklan, based on dialectal differences. The culture is distinguished by the stonewalled rice terracing technology with the use of organic fertilizers- unique among ethnic groups in the country. Fields are irrigated through intricate canals channeling mountain streams, or through the use of raised wooden troughs, or even moved by hand. Rice, the Principal crop, is rotated with sweet potato, corn, millet, and beans. The material culture is a generalized Cordillera stream distinguished by the use of pocket hats among the males, and the preference for the ax instead of the bolo as tool. The communities are organized about the village ward- ato- small political units or male council houses/dormitory/gathering places. Introduced to male adult roles in the community. There are girl dormitories (olag) too under the care of elder women. Houses are usually built on the ground with stone and boards, topped by a steep pyramidal roof. Stonewalled pig pens are common.

11. Ifugao The Ifugao (Ifugaw, Ipugao, Ypugao, Hilipan, Quiangan) are world famous for their spectacular rice terraces especially in Mayaoyao and Banaue where entire mountainsides are sculpted like giant steps. The national population is over 167,369 (NSO 1990). Concentration in the province of Ifugao are in the municiopalities of Banaue (25,400), Lagawe (15,615), Kiangan (21,3298 NSO 1990), and Mayaoyao (23,330,NSO 19980)/ the language has been grouped in a number of ways; one of which is: (1) Kiangan- Hapao, (2) Banaue-Burnay, (3) Ayangan-Mayaoyao, (4) Hanglulu, (5) Tuwali, and (6) Keleyi (related to the Ikalahan). In the whole province, they numbr some 117,281 (1990 provincial estimates). The basic subsistence technology is wet rice cultivation in massive rice terraces covering entire mountainsides, and dry cultivation of other crops like sweet potato. During off seasons, the terraces are planted with vegetables. 20 PERALTA

Some amount of food gathering is still practices, along with minimal hunting in the remaining forested areas. The group is noted for its wood carving- usually associated with ritual-and weaving. The group is famous for its very complex indigenous religion marked by a cosmology that includes hundreds of deities. There are elaborate rituals that accompany personal and social events, participated in by choirs of ritual practitioners. Among the many celebrations is that of the elevation of a couple to the rank of kadangyan- the most prestigious rank in the society which involves the carving of a prestige bench- the hagabi. The Ifugao are famous too, for their prodigious oral epic literature like the hudhod and the alim.

12. Ibaloi The ibaloy(Ibaloi, Ibadoy, Igodor, Benguet Igorot, Nabaloi, Benguet, Iniballuy) constitute a large ethnic group that number approximately 112,447 (NSO 1990) and are found in the Benguet province, principally in the municipalities of Itogon (12,353), Tuba (11,063), La Trinidad (12,136), Bokod (8,911), Baguio (68,550), and Atok)9,063) (NSO 1980,1990). The population has spread to the neighboring provinces of Pangasinan, La Union, NuevaVizcaya, and Nueva Ecija. Kabayan is recognized as the center of Ibaloy culture Sablan, and kabayan. A wide range of dialectical differences are known but not clearly studied. Thus far (1) Ibaloy Proper and (2) Karao are the sub groups cited. To some extent, rice terracing is practiced in the lower reaches of the drainage systems. Sweet potato and taro are planted dry in areas that cannot be irrigated. The terracing technology is at present applied to middle latitude vegetable growing. Rice is the principal and ritual food. Animal husbandry is practiced, although meat is traditionally limited to ritual consumption. The group has a long history of gold and copper mining. The Ibaloy lack the ward system of the Bontoc although in the past there were communal dormitories. A traditional community would have a council of elders (tongtong)whose opinions hold sway over a two-tiered social system: the rich (baknang) and the poor (abitug). Deities collectively called “Kabunian” include the major entitiy “Kabigat”. Souls of departed relatives (kaamaran) are revered. Ritual celebrations, reportedly numbering more than 40 classes are conducted by mambunung. These include the prestige feast pashit and curing séances that feature animal sacrifice, feasting, and use of fermented rice beer. The rich in Kabayan used to be interred in coffins after mummification in artificially made caves. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 21

13. Ikalahan/Kalanguya This group (Kallahan, Kalanguya, Kadasan, Ikalasan, Kalasan) may be found in Imugan and kayapa in the provinces of Nueva Vizacaya and Benguet living in mid-mountain forests of tropical oak, hence their ascribed name. Segments of this population may be found in the province of Ifugao where they are known as Kalanguya, speaking dialects like Keleyi. This group is concentrated in the southwestern corner of Ifugao. The national population is some 34,000 (Rice 1974). Like the Ifugao, the preferred food is taro even if the sweet potato is the staple, and rices the prestige food. Planting is done in low terraced fields along mountain drainage systems and valley flood plains. Pig raising is one of the more important occupations. In the town of Imugan and the sorrunding villages about Sta. Fe, Nueva Vizacaya, the population is noted for the production of basketry and brooms. Ikalahan culture is characteristically that of the Cordillera with involved rituals and animal sacrifices and prestige feasts (padit0 of men which are held for days accompanied by the sacrifice of prescribed sets of animals. Like the I’wak, meat is consumed principally during rituals and is meticulously shared.

14. I’wak This small ethnic group (Oak, Iguat, Iwaak, etc.) has populationof approximately 3,000 (NM 1972) dispersed in small fenced-in villages which are usually enclaves in communities of surrounding major ethnic groups like the Ibaloy and Ikalahan (1970 estimates). The characteristic village enclosing fences are sometimes composed in part of the houses with the front entry facing inward. Pig sties are part of the houses with the front entry facing inward. Pig sties are part of the residential architecture. The I’wak is found primcipally in the municipalities of Boyasyas and Kayapa, province of Nueva Vizcaya. The sub groups are: (1) Lallang ni I’wak, (2) Ibomanggi, (3) italiti, (4) Alagot, (5) Itangdalan, (6) Iasas (7) lliaban (8) Yumanggi, (9) Ayahas, and (10) Idangatan. Subsistence is based on dry cultivation of taro which is associated with complex rituals using the pig as the principal ritual animal. Focus in cropping is shifted to the cultivation of sweet potato as the staple. Some wet rice is cultivated in the flood plains of mountain streams in the lower elevations. The social organization is systematic and is based on indigenous religion marked with the use of a ritual house about which a kin-based parish is organized. Associated with the social organization and religion, membership is defined in 22 PERALTA

a meat-sharing system. Like othet groups in the Cordillera, it is obligatory for an adult male to celebrate a personal prestige feast (padit) at least once in his life time. He would raise and gather a large herd of pigs for the highly complex rituals that may take several days to conclude. Pigs like other animals are only eaten within the context of rituals, and the meat is judiciously shared with all the members of the community.

15. Isinay The Isinay (Isinai, Inmeras) are a small group found principally in the municipality of Bambang (1,225), Nueva Vizcaya and Dupax Sur (265) in Quirino province. The total population is set about 6,000 (NSO 1980). The language belongs to the northern Philippine, central Cordilleran group. The subsistence technology is principally wet rice cultivation. There is some swidden cultivation in the higher elevations. Subsistence is supplemented by animal husbandry. Since the area is linked with the major transportation arteries that connect southern and northern Luzon, and thus exposed to intensive trade culture change us highly advanced and much of the traditional culture is gone. The population has merged with mainstream society due to the change wrought by the national power structure, educational system, market economy, and the great religions. Except for the language, the ethnic character is no longer distinguishable. Population movement theories point to the Isinay country as of the possible staging areas for the migration of people to the Ifugao highlands.

16. Pangasinan The Pangasinan (Pangagalatok, Pangasinense) live in the peninsula projecting west into the South China Sea just north of the Zambales mountain ranges. The densest areas are in San Carlos City (117,850), Dagupan City (101,131), and Malassique (79,808). The national population is some 1,159,176 (NSO 1990). Made fertile by the Agno River and its tributaries streaming down from the southern end of the Cordillera mountain ranges, the area is lush with vegetation and agricultural production. To the west, at the tip of the peninsula are the Bolinao, a Sambal-related people; to the south are the Sambals. Pressing from inland to the east are the Tagalog of Nueva Ecija, and from the north are the has maintained a distinct language in spite of the onslaught of the complex institutions of contemporary metropolitan cultures. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 23

Agriculture, with the production of rice, is the leading industry, with fishing about the waters of the Lingayen Gulf, along the fringers of which are areas used for the cultivation of fish and crustaceans. The Pangasinan also produce some of the best “buri” mats and are well known for domestic metal craft, especially the production of bolos.

17. Ga’dang The area in the middle Cagayan Vallley where tributaries of the Cagayan River merge with the eastern sides of the Cordillera Mountains is occupied by the people called Ga’dang. Some of the more conservative groups may be found in highlands of southeastern kalinga-Apayao, eastern Bontoc and Isabela. From here, they extend into the valley and have become interspersed with the Christian Ilocano and Ibanag,specially in the Magat River valley in northwestern Nueva Vizacaya. In the lowlands they are almost indistinguishable from other groups. Five sub groups are recognized: (1) Gaddang proper, (2)Yogad, (3) maddukayang, (40 Katalangan, and (5) iraya. The area of Isabela (50,000 NSO 1980), with a total national population of about 20,850 (NSO 1980). Traditionally, subsistence is based on swidden cultivation of rice and sweet potatoes, supplemented by cash cropping of tobacco and corn, in the lowlands, intensive wet cultivation is practiced. Settlements are located near streams and their cultivated fields. Leadership in a community is based on bravery, skills, knowledge of custom law, and economic wealth usually associated with the status of mingal. A peace pact (pudon) is practiced. Religion is based on a dichotomy of the earth world and an afterworld, although the former is the major concern. Ritual practitioners are both male and female. Individual prestige feasts is practiced by males at least once in a lifetime. For this, they accumulate wealth to finance the required seven elaborate rituals. Ga’dang dress, especially that of the upland groups, is very colorful, notable for the use of numerous types of beads of semiprecious stones.

18. Ibanag The Ibanag (Ibannag) are concentrated about the towns of Tuguegarao (43004), Solano (18,172), Cabagan (30,883), and Iligan (27,170) in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. The total population is in the range of 311,187(NSO 1990). The dialect groups are: (1) north Ibanag and (2) south Ibanag. They are related to the neighboring but less dominant Itawit and Malaweg. The Ibanag originally inhabited the areas aout the mouth of 24 PERALTA

the Cagayan River. In historic times (1850-1900) they moved up river and gradually influenced the cultures of older ethnic elements in the south like the Itawit, Isinay, and Ga’dang. The language became the lingua franca for commerce. Later, Ilocano cultural influences (185-01897) were incorporated as tobacco growers also affected the cultures of these groups. The culture is basically lowland technology with the cultivation of rice and corn with tobacco and cotton as cash crops. Some upland farming of rice is practiced. The culture is heavily influenced by the migration of Ilocano into the Cagayan Valley.

19. Itawit Otherwise referred to as Itauit, Tawit, Ibannag-Itawit, the group is concentrated in the municipalities of Tuguegarao (23,916), Enrile (20,378), Peñablanca (17,087), Amulong (4,336), and Tuao (19,066) in the southern half of the province of Cagayan in the area drained by the Chico and Matalag rivers. The national population is about 119,522 (NSO 1990). The culture is intimately interlinked with that of the Ibanag which is more dominant. During historic periods, Itawit populations gradually moved east of the Cagayan River near the foothills of the Sierra Madre where the people practice that slash-and- burn- type of cultivation, and further south to the middle of the Cagayan Valley on the western side. The settlements while nucleated are smaller than those of the Ibanag usually removed from urban centers. Ion the flood plains of the Pinacanauan river, agriculture is principally wet rice in paddy fields, corn, and cotton. Tobacco, the principal cash crop, is planted during the dry months in between rice and corn crops.

20. Malaweg This group (Malaueg, Malweg, and Malagueg) is concentrated about the municipality of Rizal, the general area formely known as Malaueg before the twentieth century in the province of Cagayan, and west about Conner is Kalinga-Apayao. The total population is some 14,591 (NSO 1990). Except for the dialectal variation which is close to Itawit, the group is hardly distinguishable from the Ibanag/Itawit groups that live in nearby Cagayan Valley. The Malaweg are located on a foothill west of Piat on the Matalag river near the southeast border of Kalinga-Apayao province. Tobacco was raised here on a commercial scale by the people which drew Ibanags to the area from the east. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 25

21. Yogad Concentrated in the town of Echague (12,920) in Isabela , the Yogad speak one of the five recognized dialects of Ga’dang(Gaddang proper, Yogad Maddukayang, Katalanggan, and Iraya), the people are almost entirely merged with the Christian Ilocano-Ibanag groups in the Cagayan Valley lowlands. The people practice intensive rice cultivation supplemented by corn and tobacco as cash crops, except of the language, they are indistinguishable from the surrounding Cagayano. The national population is estimated to be about 16,718 (NSO 1990).

22. Ilongot Traditionally located at the junction of the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo mountains in the headwaters of the Cagayan, Tabayon, and Conwap rivers in Luzon are three groups of people: (1) Italon, found in the headwaters of the Cagayan River, (2) Engotngot (Ipagi), found in northwest of the coast of Baler, and (3) Abaka (Ibilao), living in southwestern Nueva Vizcaya. All three are known collectively as the Ilongot. The other names by which the decimated groups are known in literature are Ilonggot, Ibilao, Ibilaw, Ilungot, Ligones< bugkalot, Quirungut, Iyonout, Egonut, Ipagi, Engongot, Italon, Abaka, and Ibilao. They are densest in the municipality of A. Castaneda (695) and Dupax Sur (685). In the whole of Nueva VIzcaya, they number some 2,085, and in Quirino some 2,173 (NSO1980). There is a total national population of 50,017 (NSO 1990). The whole population is subdivided into some thirteen localized dialect groups: Abaka, Ayumuyu, Belansi, Beqnad, Benabe, Dekran, Kebinanan, Payupay, Pugu, Rumyad, Sinebran, Taan, and tamsi. Of all the ethnic groups of the country, the Ilongot appears to have been the only one devastated by its own harsh culture dispersing the population from the traditional areas of habitation to toher province: Bulacan (4,969), Cavite(4,781), Zamboanga del Sur (3,735), Palawan (2,745), and others where the Ilongot populations are larger tahtn in the original homeland. The people tend to live near tributaries and practice slash-and-burn cultivation. The pattern of housing is dispersed and fortified, for the Ilongot are externally aggressive, traditionally conservative, and resistant to external cultural pressures. Socially, the families in a locality are loosely grouped into bands called alipan. Like all other Philippine groups, kinship is bilateral and there are no descent groups. Formerly, the group subsisted on slash-and-burn cultivation, even in the watersheds of the Pampanga river, but have been pushed slowly to the north and east. Planting is mutlicropped although there is now a trend towards 26 PERALTA

rice as the dominant cultigens. Cultivation is based primarily on roots crops, and subsistence is supplemented by hunting, fishing, and food gathering. The society is traditionally egalitarian with no leadership structure. Leadership resides in sets of skilled male siblings with powers of persuasion, especially in the art of oratory or puron.

23. Kapampangan The Kapampangan (Pampanggo, Pampango, Capampangan, Pampangueño, and Pampangan) are one of the largest ethnic groups of the country, genrally occupying the land about the flood plains and marshes of the Pampanga River of Central Luzon. Hemmed in by the Zambal to the to the east, the pangasinan to the north, and the tagalong to the south and northeast in land that is not segmented language that has some affinity with Sambal. It may be noted that Sambal, on the other hand, is generally related with the Sinaunang tagalong of Tanay, Rizal. The populations are dense in the urbanized centers of Angeles City(174,962), San Fernando (139,342), Lubao (92,123), Mabalacat(92,778), and many other areas, with an estimated aggregate of some 2,864,949(NSO 1990). Their agriculture is based on intensive wet rice cultivation; their land being situated in the rice bowl of Central Luzon, with extensive flood plains watered by the Pampanga is noted for its fishing industry. The vast flatlands are planted to rice and sugar cane. Woodcraft is highly developed especially in Betis where the most skillful of wood carvers could be found; other areas are known for mat-making, pastries, and various preserved meats. The people are known for their culinary talents.deeply mainstream, the kapampangan are foremost entrepreneurs and national leaders.

24. Palanan Also called the Paranan, the group is largely concentrated on the Pacific side of the province of Isabela about Palanan Bay. The population areas are in Palanan (9,933) with a total population of some 10,925(NSO 1980). This is probably the northeastern most extension of the Tagalog language. There is, however, a considerable mixture with the culture of the Negrito. The coastal area is narrow with the Sierra Madre looming precipitously and hemming the land in on the west with the Pacific Ocean on the east. The subsistence technology is oriented to the ocean close by with patchwork swidden cultivation of rice on the slopes. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 27

25. Tagalog Considered to be the largest of the Philippine Ethnic groups, the Tagalog are concentrated about the metropolitan area of Manila and spread out as the major population of provinces like Rizal (812,713), Laguna (1,290,278), Cavite (1,026,657), Batangas (1,445,509), Bulacan (1,384,270), and Nueva Ecija (986,248). The population now stands at some 16,054,430 (NSO 1990). The national language is actually being built around tagalong which is now practically understood and spoken in other parts of the country. The people are identified with all kinds of agricultural production, silviculture, animal husbandry, and industrial production. They are also engaged in international marketing, politics, and foreign relations. The kinship structure is essentially bilateral with offspring related equally to both parents, with inheritance following the same pattern although in practice, it is more cognatic in nature. In the urban areas and where large properties are concerned there is a tendency for the lineal distribution of wealth in all sectors of government practice and in private institutions that are national and international in scope. Being in the midst of the government structure, the people are the most immediate beneficiaries of the benefits of service. Such an advantage is mirrored in the development of the Tagalog in contrast to the experience of other ethnic groups.

26. Bicol The Bicol peninsula comprises the southeastern most extension of the island of Luzon. Generically, the people are referred to as Bicolano although in terms of language the population is highly differentiated not so much because of physical circumscription but socially. Total population is 4,469,082(NSO 1990). The Bicol speakers include those in the provinces of Albay, Sorsogon, Catanduanes, Camarines Norte, and Camarines Sur. The Bicolano also inhabit principally the islands of Catanduanes, Masbate, Ticao, and Buras. Bicol Naga is the lingua franca in the general area. The most densely populated is the Bicol plains specially the Legaspi- Albay agricultural areas which support nearly half of the population. Naga and Legaspi are the primary urban centers. The economy is basically susbsitstence and commercial agriculture. Rice is the dominant crop with small surplus production due to irrigation. Upland rice is also produced. Corn is second only to rice. Coconut and abaca are the leading cash crops. The mining of gold, copper, iron, chromites, manganese, and others is a developed industry Fishing and forest industries are flourishing. 28 PERALTA

27.Negrito Like the Manobo, the Negrito groups of the Philippines constitute one of the most complex populations in terms of dispersal. There are two major branches which made their appearance in the Philippine archiepelago between 30,000 to 20,000 years ago; one moving on the moving on the eastern flank of the Philippines going up to the north to the Pacific side of Sierra Madre Mountains constituting the Alta, Arta, and Agta groups; the second branch moved along the western side, similarity going up northern Luzon which now include the Pinatubo, Negrito, other corresponding major sub groupings are the Dumagat, Ata, Ati, Atta, Sinauna, and Batak. The people are characterized by shortness of stature, darkness of pigmentation, and kinky hair. All of the NEgrito groups speak languages that are dialects of the major adjacent peoples. They are now widely distributed and found in highland areas or places that are difficult to access: the Pacific side of northern Luzon tothe Bicol peninsula, the northern tip of the Cordillera Mountains, the Zambales ranges and the Bataan peninsula, Bondoc peninsula, and the island of Negros, Panay and Palawan. There are at least 25 groupings, with a highly tentative national population count of 766 (NM 1994). Although basically hunters and gatherers, being the most proficient in the use of the bow and arrow, they also practice minimal horticulture in small patches. They are known to have developed patron-client relationships with adjacent groups for trade and food procurement. The social groupings are small bands that have fluid membership based on bilateral kinship.

28. Sambal The Sambal occupies the northwestern flank of the Zambales Mountain ranges and the western tip of Pangasinan. The recognized dialect groups are: (1) Botolan, (2) Tina, and (3) Bolinao. The Sambal population in Pangasinan numbers some 29,795 while in Zambales there are some 89,010 (NSO 1980). Nationally, there are 118,805 (NSO 1980). From linguistic studies, it appears that the Sambal language is closest to a variety of Tagalog known as “Sinaunang Tagalog” which is spoken in Tanay, Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that the Sambal-speaking peoples were originally living about the Tanay, Rizal area and started moving northward as the Austronesian Tagalog from Masbate and Mindoro started moving about 6,000 B.C pushing earlier groups to the Zambales area. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 29 Visayas

1. Masbateño The island of Masbate lies just west of the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol Peninsula. The population centers are in the municipalities of Masbate (55,996), Aroroy (45,306), San Jacinto (34,185, NSO 1980), and Uson (24,817), with the national population placed at 602,257 (NSO 1990). The island is marked by relatively low-lying and discontinuous highland ranges with narrow strips of coastal lowlands. This had led to the dispersal of population all over the country especially in Palawan. The subsistence is based on agriculture and fishing with mining in the south of Aroroy in the Conical Peak area.

2. Abaknon The Abaknon (Capul Samal, Capuleno) live on the island of Capul on the northern tip of Samar in the San Bernardino Straits, south of the province of Sorsogon. Although set across Central Philippines from the Sulu and Tawi- Tawi archipelagoes where the Sama groups live, the Abaknon speak a language that is related to the Sama, and not to the languages of the peoples about them like the Bicol and Waray. The largest concentrations of this population are in northern Samar (8,840) and in Capul (8,735) with a total population of some 9,870 (NSO 1980). The orientation of the people is marine with the basic industry focused on fishing, with set rice farming toward the interior. The communities are highly acculturated and practically indistinguishable from the surrounding communities of mainstream ethnic groups.

3. Rombloanon The population is distributed in the island group of Romblon just south of Luzon with concentrations in Romblon (20,510), San Agustin (19,660), Cajiodioangan (13,800), and Look (13,420). The total population ranges to about 147,000 (NSO 1980). The island is well-known for mountainous topography; most of the populations are concentrated along the peripheries of the island, with the mountainous interiors practically devoid of inhabitants. There is a general absence of large productive agriculture, and urban centers, Romblon is the port of call and collection point of copra which is the only significant production of the people. There is a modest production of marble which is the richest mineral resource of the island. There are some livestock which are supplied to Manila. Domestic fishing is prevalent. 30 PERALTA

4. Bantoanon The Bantoanon occupy the Banton island group which is part of the Romblom group of islands south of Marinduque. The areas of greatest concentration are in Odiongan (24,870), Corcuera (8,470), Banton (6,850), and Concepcion (4,455). The national population is placed at 52,745 (NSO 1980).

5. Aklanon Aklanon refer to the majority population of the province of Aklan in the island of Panay in central Philippines. The areas of highest densities are in the municipalities of Kalibo(46,598), Ibalay (33,929), and Banga (27,342) (NSO 1990). The estimated national population is 411,123 (NSO 1980).

6. Kiniray-a/Hamtikanon Known also as Antiqueño, Hantik, and Hantikanon, they are concentrated in the municipalities of San Jose (36,902). T.Fornier (24,254), Culasi (27,915), and Bugasong (23,767). In the province of Antique, they number some 369,872. The total national population is about 529,285 (NSO 1990).

7. Hiligaynon The Hiligaynon (Ilongo, Illongo, Ilonggo, Panayano) occupy the province of Iloilo principally with a total population of some, 1,608,083. The largest concentrations are in Ajuy (37,763), Calinog (40,578), Buenavista (40,862), and Barotac Nuevo (39,157). The national population is some 5,648,595 (NSO 1990).

8. Sulod The sulod in the island of Panay (Bukid, Bukidnon, Mundo, Putian, Monteses, Buki) can be found in the province of Capiz, Antique and Iloilo in the municipalities of Tapaz, Valderrama, and Lambunano, respectively. The language belongs to the central Philippine group. Kthe population is within the range of 14,000. The dialects are related to Hiniraya, the lowland Kiniray-a the adaptation is highland culture and Visayan in features with the subsistence based founded on slash-and burn cultivation. The principal crops are upland, rice, corn, rootcrops, supplemented by trapping and food-foraging. The cultivators are highly mobile; fields are shifted every two years and allowed to lie fallow for the next five years or so before being utilized again. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 31

Clusters of few houses compose a settlement. It is usually headed by the oldest man called parakuton, assisted by a younger man called timbang in community activities and conflicts. The roles are not hereditary. Traditional religious rites are numerous including 16 major ones celebrated by a baylan. The group is known for their epics, like the epic of Labaw Dunggon, which are among the most extensive in the country. And like those of the Ifugao, these are committed only to memory.

9. Bukidnon The Bukidnon (Magahat, Karolano, Mangahat, and Buquitnon) of negros Oriental are different from the group of a similar name found in Mindanao which is of Manobo affinity. There are two apparent subgroupings of the NegrosBukidnon: the(1) Magahat who live along the tributaries of upper Tayaban, in the municipalities of Tanjay, Santa Catalina, Bayawan (Tolong), and Siatoni; and the 92) Karol-ano in the municipality, principally in Kamansi, Oringao, Kabagayan, Manapla, Lumbangan, Mabuhay, and Tayasan. The Bukidnon are shifting cultivators of the uplands in the interior of the island. Their subsistence is mixed with food gathering. There is little substantial ethnography on this group. They are not sedentary but they maintain trade relationships with the lowland communities. The group was first mentioned in 1894 in a report pointing out the existence of some 8,000 infields in the interior; and then again later in an account of the massacre of an upland community in the implementation of the policy of reduccion. The Bukidnon since then they have undergone acculturation while maintaining an upland adaptation. The culture is generalized Visayan adapted to dry agricultural regimes up to elevations of 3,000 feet, planted to a wide range of cultigens with emphasis on rice. There is similarity in culture with the Sulod of Panay. The language is related to both Sugbuhanon and Hiligaynon.

10 Boholano One of the major mainstream groups, the Boholano speaks a variation of Cebuano with very minor changes in pronunciation. The areas of densest concentration are in the municipalities of Talibon (40,770 NSO 1980), Tagbilaran (54,734 NSO 1990), Ubauy (48,134 NSO 1990), and Loon (30,034 NSO 1990). The population in the island of Bohol alone is some 845,751 (NSO 1980). Whatever remains of their traditional culture has long been gone. The general culture is lowland and coastal Visayan with intensive wet rice agriculture instead of the propensity for the production of corn as in 32 PERALTA

central Visayas. The other crops are camote, cassava, taro, beans, bananas, and mango; with the latter two in substantial quantities. Copra is ubiquitous but abaca is not as much. Fishing is common in the coastal areas. Southern Bohol is known for the unique hunting specializations for whales, dolphins, sharks and mantas which have influenced other areas in northern Mindanao.

11. Cebuano These people, formerly the largest ethnic group in the country, are now next only to the Tagalog, with a national population of 15,151,489 (NSO 1990). In the island of Cebu alone, they number about 15,008,593 (NSO 1990). Centrally located in the heart of the archipelago, they control commerce south of Manila; they constitute the major ethnic population and cultural influence in southern Philippines even among the peoples of Mindanao such that Cebuano is the Lingua franca in the south.

12. Waray The island of Samar and northern Leyte are inhabited by the Waray (Waray-Waray), a hardy people who have attuned their lives to the fact that their homes lie in the paths of Pacific typhoons. The core areas are Leyte (700,634) and Samar (829,249 NSO 1990), with a total national population of about 2,423,761 (NSO 1990). The land is rugged with narrow coastal areas and a mature karst spine. Wet rice intensive cultivation, production of copra, and domestic fishing economy sustain the basic population. Fishing industry is particularly intensive in the southern part of the island. The culture is basically Visayan. The Waray weave beautiful mats from palm fronds in the vicinities of Basey in the southern tip of Samar.

Mindoro

1. Mangyan The Mangyan (Iraya, Alangan, Batangan, Tadyawan, Buhid, tao Buid, Hanunoo, Ratagnon; alson known in literature as Mangaianes, Manghianes, Manguianes, Tiron, Lactan, Buquit, Barangan, tagaydan, Pula, nauhan, and BUid) is a generic term that refer to the indigenous peoples of the island of Mindoro. Several groupings have been noted by different authorities. These include: (1) hHanunoo, southern part of Oriental Mindoro, (2) Buhid, just north of the Hanunoo, (3) Batangan, in the interior forests north of the Buhid, GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 33

(4)Ratagnon, in the southern tip of the island, (5)Iraya, on the northern tip of Mindoro, (6) tadyawan, on the east and northeastern side, and (7) Alangan, on the vicinity Mount Halcon. The range of the other names by which they are known is also very wide, especially with reference to exonym. The estimated population is 30,000 (NSO 1980) with core areas located in the towns of Sablayan (4,140 NSO 1980), BUlalacao (5,316 NSO 1990), and Mansalay (4,090 NSO 1980). Settlements are usually composed of five to twelve houses with single families, on slopes near mountain streams. Each settlement is usually identified by the name of the oldest member. An aggregation of settlements may be geographically identified. The basic subsistence is shifting cultivation with corn and rice as crops, intercropped with beans and sugar cane, later planted to sweet potato, yam, and taro. The single most impressive distinction of the Mangyan is their continued use of a native Indic-based script or syllabary for writing their ambahan or urukay, a form of poetry and songs. There are written by stylus or knives on slivers of bamboo. These are sang or chanted accompanied by guitars, fiddles, flutes or jew’s harps. Only the hanunoo of southeastern Mindoro and the Buhid on the south of Bongabon Ruver actually use the script, although there is a second type of script unknown to these two groups. This scripts is used by the Buhid along the Tangon River.

Palawan

1. Palawan The Tagbanwa (Tagbanuwa, Apurhuano, Tagbanua, Kalamian, Calamiano, Kalamianon, Kalamianen, Tangula’nen, Silanga’nen, tagbanoua) are the more dominant of the ethnic groups of Palwan. Mainly associated with dry regimes of cultivation, they are found in central Palawan and northward of the island. The area of concentrations are in Coron (4,366 NSO 1990), Aborlan (3,115 NSO 1980), and Puerto Princesa (1,415 NSo 1980). The known sub groups in the mainland are (1) Apurahuan, (2) Inagauan, (3) Tandala’nen, and (4) Silanga’nen, while (5) the Kalamianen of the Calamian island group constitute more variable groups that are marine-oriented. The estimated total population is 13,643 (NSO 1990). The group is known for their highly involved ritual, the pagdidiwata, which is held in celebration of different occasions: a bountiful harvest, weddings, and others. The ritual includes the drinking of rice wine using bamboo straws from stoneware jars traded in from China. The group too is 34 PERALTA

one of the few remaining ethnic groups that still utilize their own syllabic writing. Slash-and-burn cultivation is the primary subsistence source. The main crop is swiddens is rice, although cassava is a preferred staple. Rice is a ritual food and considered a divine gift from which ritual wine is fermented. Corn is intercropped with rice and others like taro, cassava, and sweet potato. Fishing is an important subsistence source, together with hunting. Income is also partially obtained from forest resources. Like copal, rattan, and wax. Metal craft is done with the double-bellows forge. The Tagbanwa are one of the few peoples who still use the blowgun. While kinship is reckoned bilaterally, there is a bias towards the matrilineal side in terms of residence after marriage. Relationships with affines are tenuous such that “in-law avoidance” is practiced.

2. Agutayanen The Agutayanen (Agutayanen, Agutayano) are found originally in the island of Agutaya in the Cuyo group of islands in northern Palawan. The core area of the culture is in Agutaya which has a population of about 5,269 (NSO 1980), although there is a larger group in mainland Palawan estimated at some 7,225 with a total national population of about 25,475 (1980). The language is closely related to the Calamian Tagbanua. The culture is basically lowland island culture with a marine orientation and some agriculture.

3. Kuyonen These ethnic groups (Cuyonon, Cuyuno, Cuyo, Kuyunon, and Kuyunin) are found principally in the island of Cuyo (12,470) in northern Palawan, Puerto Princesa (20,940), Roxas (13,405) in the Palawan mainland, and the island of Dumaran (6,690). The total population is about 97,000, with about 89,000 (NSO 1980) of this found in Palawan. The Kuyonen comprise the ethnic elite in Palawab, the place having been historically the Spanish capital of Palawan prior to Puerto Princesa. It has been contended that the Ratagnon, a sub group of the Mangyan of Mindoro, are probably Kuyonen that migrated to Mindoro. The basic subsistence activities are central Philippine in character combining both marine and terrestrial strategies, with the latter employing both intensive wet cultivation and dry regimes. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 35

4. Pala’wan The Pal’wan belongs to the large Manobo-based language of southern Philippine, with two generalized sub groupings. The population number approximately 40,630 and is found in the southern half of the island of Palawan. The Tau’t Batu of Singnapan Valley of Ransang is one of the subgroups occupying a specialized environmental niche. The areas of highest concentrations are in Brooke’s Point (17,875) and Quezon (11,610 NSO 1980). The people, depending on the annual seasonal cycle, move their residences from caves to the open field. One of the unique protein captures are from birds and bats that live in the habitation caves, a subsistence strategy which appears to have been present in the prehistoric Tabon Cave of Quezon. The Pala’wan are swidden cultivators. The emphasis is on rice, although this is intercropped with many other cultigens including corn, yams, and sweet potato. Cassava is a preferred staple. The architecture is distinctive, composed of multi levels that correspond to specific functions. Very characteristic of the Palawan swidden cultivator is the use of bamboo, saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids over the field to aid in the control of the distribution of crops.

5. Molbog The Molbog (also called Melebuganon) are found in the Balabac island groups in southern Palawan where they are estimated to number 5,292 (1990). The national population is 6,795 (1980). The Molbog are Islamic in religion. The agricultural base of the people is rather poor and the population density is very low. Cropping is combined with fishing for subsistence. Coconut is the only commercial crop. Thefish resource base is rich but exploited by large-scale commercial ventures that supply Manila.

6. Batak The Batak (Batac, Tinitianes) are one of the sub groups of the Philippine Negrito who are genetically associated with the NEgrito of west central Luzon, i.e., the Pinatubo Ayta. Like the classic Negrito, the Batak are food gatherers, hunters, and quasi-swidden cultivators. They are distributed in the northeastern mountains of Palawan from the Babuyan River in the south, to Malcampo in the north. Thuey speak both Tagbanwa and Pala’wan. Originally dispered, they have been in recent times (1880) congregated in the area about tanabag, their first nucleated settlement. This was made possible 36 PERALTA

with the introduction of dry rice cultivation and civil government structure in the area. The estimated population is 1,780(NSO 1990). The Batak were formerly proficient in the use of the bow and arrow as well as the blowgun. They now practice minimal shifting cultivation of dry rice with occasional gardens planted to cassava, tubers, and vegetables. There is food gathering to supplement their needs. The social organization is based on bilateral kinship, the discrete band, and rather loosely, the community. The civil structure at present follows the barangay with a kapitan over an aggregate of bands. Loosely, too, like the Tagbanwa, there is the masikampo who heads the surigiden or council of elders. The belief system parallels that of the surrounding tagbanwa. It includes belief in five souls: one in the head, and four each in the arms and legs. Whatever happens to the souls determines the health, or life and death of the individual.

7. Tau’t Batu The western flank of Mount Mantalinganjan in southern Palawan is marked with a karst formation with one of the largest sinkholes in the world, forming a basin-like valley drained by the Sumurum River. In this relatively isolated valley live the Tau’t Batu, a small sub group (87 NM 1983) of the Pala’wan that speak a dialect of this language. Following a seasonal fluctuation in the weather, the people follow a transhuman way of life- a patterned movement within the valley following the annual cycles of seasons to which they adapt their way of subsistence and adaptation. During the beginning of the dry season, starting about the beginning of the year to the end of the dry season in June, they in live in field rainy weather they move into the caves that pockmark the limestone cliffs after the rice harvest, sheltered from brunt of the rain and flooding river. in the caves are sources of protein from bats and birds. These are caught with the use of huge shatters woven from palm leaves and long poles with strands of rattan thorns that can entangle bat wings readily. Even in caves, the Tau’Batu construct habitation structures that are based on a modular sleeping platform (datag) incorporated with a fireplace. The houses in the open hillsides are more elaborate. The granaries are better constructed and utilize ratguards on the posts. The Tau’t Batu, like all Pala’wan use the blowgun for hunting small prey Principal among their musical instruments is the huge two-stringed guitar- the kudlong. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 37

Sulu/Tawi-Tawi

1. Yakan The island of Basilan just off the southern tip of the Zamboanga peninsula of western Mindanao, and the islands of Sakol, Malanipa, and Tumalutab east of Zamboanga are inhabited by the Yakan. There is an estimated population of about 86,926 in the island of Basilan alone; largely concentrated in the municipalities of tipo-Tipo (25,368), Lamitan (14,003), Sumisip (18,777), and Tuburan (19,349 NSO 1990). The dispersal in other parts of the country brings an estimated total population of 119,865 (NM 1990). The language is closely related to the Sama, but the culture of the people is adapted to land orientation rather than the sea for those living inland. Agriculture is largely upland rice, although copra is also widespread. The religion is Islamic with syncretic elements from traditional and indigenous beliefs. The Yaken are well known for their elaborate dress, items of which are almost similar for both male and female. Noteworthy of these articles of dress is the 15-meter long red sash0 the kandit. Textile weaving done on the back strap loom is much sought after, especially because of the intricate and beautiful motifs.

2. Sama The Sama (AA Sama, Jama Mapun, Samal, Balangini, Balangingi, Bangingi, Pangutaran) are a highly variable group with the population concentrated in Sulu and Tawi-Tawi (118,572) provinces. The core areas are in Siasi (15,248). Tandubas (16,706), and Sitangkai (30,328), and Pangutaran (14,382) (NSO 1990). The national population is about 319,809 (NM 1994). There are three generalized linguistic groupings: western,eastern (Pangutaran), and central. The people group themselves consistent with the dialects they speak and are identified by their home islands. With these as bases, they distinguish at least 20 sub groupings among themselves, including one Sagaa, whose language is spoken in north Borneo, the group is Islamic in religion. Some are nominally Muslim. Still others are referred to as totally non- Islamic. In terms of adaptation they group themselves into two: Sama Dilaut (mistakenly called Badjao) and the Sama Diliya. The former is commonly associated with marine orientation and still retain much of the indigenous religion: the latter is usually landed and highly influenced by Islam. 38 PERALTA

The culture is basically lowland Southeast Asian with features both of marine orientation and rice and cassava cultivation. Cassava is the preferred staple. Copra is also produced. There are affinities with the coastal groups of north Borneo. Trade is an important feature of the culture and in certain areas ship buildings is a well-developed industry especially in the island of Sibutu. Houses are usually built on high stilts over shallow waters in sheltered areas, with the ubiquitous boats of many kinds usually moored alongside. The dead are interred in cemeteries on land identified by ornately carved wooden markers. (Abstract representing the dead on top of vehicles like the duyong or sea cow).

3. Sama Dialut The Sama Dilaut are a small ethnic Sama groups (Bajao, Bajaw, Samal Laut, Pal’au, Orang Laut Badjau, Lutao, Sama Dilaut, Sama Jengngeng) commonly known as “sea gypsies” among the Westerm peoples, but as Sama Dilaut in the localities. The places of population concentrations are in Sitangkai, Tawi-tawi (1,075), and places of population concentrations are in Sitangkai, Tawi-tawi (1,075), and Bongao (660). In the province they number about 1,735 (NSO 1980) and the national count is about 29,754 (NM 1994). It is difficult to get an accurate census since the groups are highly mobile and spread out in a wide area that extends even to the northern tip of Luzon. There is question in the use of the name “Badjao”, for the true Badjao are found in northern Borneo. The Sama Dilaut claim that whent they were in Sabah they were called Badjao due to the similarity of their culture with the boat peoples of Borneo. There is a considerable difference between the languages of the Sama Dilaut from the eastern or western badjao of north Borneo. The centers of population are in Sitangkai, Tando-owak, and Tungihat in the province of Tawi-tawi. The people live in house boats called lepa and their culture is closely linked with the sea. Their houses are usually on stilts over shallow seas, linked by bridges. House interiors are not partitioned and often feature a hanayan, an ornate shelving. Culture traits are very similar to the mainstream of Southeast Asia especially with similar groups with marine orientations. Subsistence is largely associated with marine resources. Cassava is the staple. Traditionally a non-aggressive people, they claim to have no weaponry. When confronted with aggression, the reaction of the Sama is generally to take flight. The Sama houseboat, lepa, is one of the most beautiful of traditional boats, possessing an ancient type of boat architecture with a uniquely designed sail featuring a “mouth” which enables the boat to go almost directly into the GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 39 eye of the wind.

4. Tausug The Tausug (Taw Sug, Tau Suug, Sulu, Suluk, Moro, Joloano, Taw Suluk) number about 701,367 (NM 1994) in the Philippines, spreading out to Malaysia where there are more than an estimated 110,000. The core areas in the Philippines are in Jolo (50,265), Indanan (40,791), Siasi (30,064), and Patikul (29,326). In the province of Sulu, there are over 413,700 (NSO 1990). The society appears to be very homogenous. The name is supposed to mean “people of the current” although some say this interpretation came from the terms “tau”, person, and Suug which is the old name of the island of Jolo. The religion is Islam and the society is structured around a sultanate. The Tausug appear to have moved in the eleventh century A.D, into the southwestern Philippines, where they have now rooted, from northeastern Mindanao in the area of Butuan City. The language of both the Butuanon and Tausug are closely related. The Kamayo of Bislig in coastal eastern Mindanao is likewise linguistically related to the Tausug. The Tausug are a dominant ethnic group in the Sulu archipelago not only due to their numbers but also because of their political and religious institutions. Subsistence is based on agriculture, fishing, and the production of coconuts and hemp. Corn, cassava, yams, millet, and sorghum are planted apart from rice. Metalcraft and weaving are well-developed. Trade is one of the more popular occupations. Their language in fact is the language of trade in the southern archipelago. Bilateral ties are important, with the kindred extending to the second cousin, with a bias towards the patrilateral side. The traditional political structure is the sultanate. The sultan is the head of all ranks within the sultanate; succession is by election by his staff although patrilineal succession is the ideal. The datus who in theory are descendants of the original sultan occupy ascribed status.

5. Jama Mapun The Jama Mapun (Bajau, Cagayano, Orang Cagayan, Sama Cagayan, Tao Cagayan, Sama) are a Sama-speaking people widely distributed in the area about north Borneo and southwestern Philippines. The largest concentration is in the island of Cagayan de Sulu in southern Palawan. Including the dispersed segment of the population, the national count is estimated at 22,320(NSO 1990). Traditionally, the Jama Mapun subsistence technology is based on agriculture and maritime trading, with the cultivation of coconuts for the production of copra as a cash crop. Corn and cassava are alternative staples. 40 PERALTA

Unlike most other Sama groups, the Jama Mapun, are more oriented toward land. Settlements are nucleated along the coast but patterns tend to scatter towards the interior. Much of the consumer goods are obtained through barter of forest products and their own produce with the population centers in north Borneo. Unlike in most Philippine groups, the kinship structure displays both bilateral and unilineal features with patilineal bias with respect to the inheritance of titles and an ancestors-focused relationship called a lungan. The religion is basically islam with some syncretism, and the political structure is related to the institution of the sultanate with its religious overtones. The music and dance of the people are elaborate and are Southeast Asian in context.

Mindanao

1. Manobo The Manobo are probably the most numerous of the ethnic groups of the Philippines in terms of the relationships and names of the various groups that belongs the comprise the Manobo group. The total national population including the sub groups is 749,042 (NM 1994); occupying core areas from Sarangani island into the Mindanao mainland in the provinces of Agusan de Sur, Davao provinces, Bukidnon, and North and South Cotabato. The groups occupy such a wide area of distribution that localized groups have assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping such as the Bagobo or the Higaonon, and the Atta. Depending on specific linguistic points of view the membership of a dialect with a super group shifts. A tentative but more specific classification that needs attention divides the Manobo into a number of major groups, some of which are: (1) Ata Subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaungod, and tagauanum; (2) Bagobo subgroup: Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan (Kaylawan, Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug), Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (30 Higaonon Subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa;(6) Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulanggiyen; (7) Agusan del Sur; (8) Banwaon; (9) Bukidnon; and others. The various subgroups are not sufficiency defined at present. The Manobo occupy and have adapted to various ecological niches ranging from the coastal tot eh rugged mountain highlands of the interiors GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 41 of Mindanao. The different subgroups are highly dispersed transecting the entire island of Mindanao, there adapting to various environmental niches to developed self-contained variations of a generalized culture. The orientation of all the sub groups, however, is upland. Commonly, cultivation is multi cropped and inter cropped, including rice, corn, legume, yams, and sweet potato,. Agriculture production is supplemented by hunting and food gathering. Settlements are generally kin—oriented nuclear groups near the swidden fields located on the ridges. The communities are widely dispersed and placed on high ridges above mountain drainage systems. In some areas, there are long houses that accommodate a number of families, usually of an extended kind. Leadership is placed on a highly skilled and socially powerful individual who builds up his following through various modes of alliances including marriage. In a grouping, usually of kindred traditional community, they would recognize one datu as head. A number of datus would be united under a more sovereign datu up through a political pyramid with a sultan and a rajah muda holding sway in a larger territory. Although the kin relationship is bilateral. There is a bias toward the male in terms of decision-making and leadership. The woman holds a subordinated position in the society. Nowadays, the structure of leadership is gradually changing with an overlay of the contemporary civil structures radiating from the governor of the province down to the level of the sitio councilman often assumed by the better educated younger generation of the community. The groups are largely Christianized and there are survivors of some belief systems the national education system has also largely penetrated the more nucleated areas and minimally the more inaccessible rural areas. The distinctive character of ethnic dress has mostly given way to commercial clothing, with ethnic materials findings their way to the antique trade.

2. Sangil/Sangir

The Sangil (Sangir, Sangihe, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, Talaoerezen) are the people who live in the Sangihe and Talaud island group, and in the southern coast of Mindanao about Sarangani Bay. The population is concentrated in Balut and Sarangani islands (2,085) off Mindanao, and Jose Abad Santos (685) in the province of Davao del Sur where there are a total of 4,322 (NSO 1980). The national population is some 10,344 (NM 1994). They speak a language with Indonesian affinities. Islamic in influence, much of the indigenous culture Kalagan group. The culture is associated with lowland and coastal adaptations with a mixture of intensive cultivation and horticulture. 42 PERALTA

The traditional crops include rice in upland fields, sweet potato, corn, and banana. The people also engage in boat-making and cash-cropping with coconut. Prior to 1900 the local village group was called a soa, composed of kin groups organized as out-marrying matrilineages. Much later, bilateral relationships developed. Although Christianity and Islam have affected the belief system, much of the aspects of the indigenous religion remain, Ritual specialists serve as intermediaries with the supernatural, particularly with ancestral spirits. Grown in upland farms are sweet potatoes, corn, bananas, and rice. Coconut is an important cash crop. The making of boats, especially large vessels, is well developed.

3. Maranao The “People of the Lake” (Maranaw, Ranao, Lanon, Hiloona) are one of the larger groups in the country professing Islam. They are settled about Lake Lanao- the largest deep lake in the country. The land is some 2,200 feet above sea level in the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau. The national population is about 863,659 (NM 1994) of which some 553,054 situated in Lanao del Sur. The core areas are Marawi City (86,038), Lumba-a-bayabao (18,603), and Bayang (18,639) (NSO 1990). In Lanao del Norte they constitute the minority population. The genealogies of the families still trace their Islamic origins to Sharifs Kabunsuan who introduced Islam among the Magindanao. The people are basically inland agriculture, with some dry rice cultivations in the hilly areas and intensive wet rice in the flood plains. Communities usually cluster about a mosque and a torogan, a royal house belonging to the leading household in the area, which also serves a political function. The Maranao are widely distributed all over the country and economically are associated with market trade. Wet rice cultivation is the basic mode of food, production, with some corn, sweet potato, coffee, cassava, and peanuts. Dry rice is also cultivated. Fishing in the lake is also important although this has declined. The Maranao, however, are best known for the sophistication of their weaving and wood and metal craft. They have produced probably the most spectacular of Philippine vernacular architecture with their impressive torogan. The design motifs which form the basis for their okil is one of the most systematized in the country. Among the more noted of the most systematized GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 43 in the country. Among the more noted of the design motifs of their okil is the sarimanok and naga, which are abstract animate forms of a cock and the dragon or snake, respectively. The awang, the dugout boat they use in Lake Lanao, is probably the most unique of dugouts in the country, if not the most ornate. Maranao textiles are also famous for their very ornate designs and colors which reflect the status of the wearer. The tube skirt, malong, is a very versatile article of clothing which serves many purposes.

4. Ilanun The Ilanun (Iranun, Ilianon, Llanum, Hilanoones, Illanos) are a group related to the Maranao and the Magindanao. They are found in the province of Magindanao in the municipalities of Nulingi (15,175), Parang (8,045), Matanog (5,595), and Barira (5,650) (NSO 1980)- the area about Polloc harbor and Illana Bay east of Zamboanga and traditionally to the foothills of the Tiruray highlands; with a population of over 149,683 (NM 1994). The major concentration of the people is now along the coastline. There is a remnant group called Illanum of over 4,000 people on the western coastal plain of North Borneo. The Ilanun differentiated from the Maranao and Magindanao populations prior to the introduction of Islam into the area, remaining distributed along the waterways and coasts with a major development in the area between Balabagan and Malabang. The people, who are marine-oriented, are historically known for their sea exploits. Spanish pressures forced the Ilanun inland and forced them to the sanctuary of the Lake Lanao area from which they shifted their operations. The area became so important that the Spaniards tended to think that the Illanun are from Lanao Del Sur. The withdrawal of the Spaniards led to the lessening of contact between the Maranao and the Ilanun. At present, the culture is generally similar to the Maranao of Lanao del Sur province with a subsistence pattern based on intensive wet cultivation of rice, long distance marine trade, and fishing.

5. Magindanao The Magindanao (Magindanaw, Maguindanaw, Maguindanaon, Magindanaoan, Mindanao) are one of the larger ethnic groups of the country with a total population of over 1,649,882 (NM 1994), with about 469,216 of this number found in the province of Maguindanao. The concentrations are in the municipalities of Dinaig (35,851), Datu Piang (51,970), Maganoy (46,006), and Buluan (52,242) (NSO 1990). 44 PERALTA

Constant contact by the Spaniards with this group led to the naming of the entire island after the Magindanao during historical times. The Magindanao practice Islam; their culture, social structure and organization are influenced by this religion, without which the group would not have been able to resist the incursion of the Spanish conquistadores. One of the three Philippine sultanates is among the Magindanao. The Magindanao sultanate at one period sociopolitical system and the hierarchical structure of social positions are complex and similar to that of the Sulu sultanate. There are three royal houses: Maguindanaon in Sultan Kudarat, Buayan in Datu Piang, and Kabuntalan in earliest to, embodied in oral traditions and in accordance with the Paluwaran code which contains provisions on every aspect of life. The culture is characteristically lowland with a special adaptation to marshland. Wet rice, the staple, is produced. Arts and crafts are well- developed, exhibiting sophistication in weaving and metalworking, with very characteristic design motifs that show affinity with the rest if Southeast Asia, yet retaining a distinctive ethnic character.

6. Tiruray The southwestern Mindanao highlands range to about 4, 000 feet and face the Celebes Sea. The Tiruray, one of the ethnic groups that live in this area, have retained much of their own religion in spite of their proximity to the Magindanao of the Cotabato Valley. They live in the territory bounded by the Tamontaca River to the north, and the Tran River to the south, the coast to the west and the Cotabato Valley on the east. There are three subgroups depending on their orientation-riverine, coastal, and mountain-each with variations in dialect. The people also use ceremonial and ritual languages. The houses are generally situated near the upland field, grouped more or less in the vicinity of the house of the group leader, forming a grouping called an inged. The traditional economy is based on dry cultivation supplemented by food gathering, hunting and fishing. The principal food is glutinous rice and corn. Other crops cultivated include corn, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, cassava, taro, and tobacco. A lunar calendar and another based on stars are used in determining agricultural seasons. There are also institutionalized trading pacts with the Maguindanao. Their traditional baskets with black trimmings are exceptionally beautiful. This southern ethnic group (Tiruray, Teduray, Teguray, Tidulay) may be found in the province of Magindanao, with concentrations in the munipalities of Upi (13,535), South Upi(10,240), Dinaig (3,255), and Ampatuan (1,300) (NSO 1980). The population ranges nationally to 76,883 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 45

(NM 1994), with about 30,000 in Magindanao alone. There are about 12,000 in Sultan Kudarat and 695 in North Cotabato. The Tiruray are in constant interaction with the neighboring Magindanao. As a people, the Tiruray are distinctive in terms of ethnic art and craft. Their basketry are among the most intricately woven in the country, often profusely covered with characteristic design motifs. Their horse-hair ornaments-earings, pendants, neck pieces-are clearly representative of the material culture.

7. Tasaday This very small ethnic community is one of the many Manobo subgroups, speaking a dialect closely related to the South Cotabato Manobo or Manobo Blit. When first reported in 1971, the group was comprised of some 26 individuals. The population in 1986 was 61 (NM) and concentrated in the vicinity of the Tasaday mountain due west of Lake Sebu in South Cotabato. The group is a food foraging group recently being introduced to swidden cultivation by their Manobo Blit wives, 17 of which have married into the group. They previously had been frequenting caves as habitation, and when initially found, were using stone tools minimally. When reported first, the subsistence mode was food procurement, with minimal hunting. The clothing used for both men and women were leaves of the genus Coruligo or ground orchid. Later, Dafal, a Manobo Blit Introduced to the Manobo Tasaday the metal blade and other food procurement technologies.

8. T,boli The T’boli (Tagabili, Tiboli) together with the B’laan to the east and Tiruray to the north are in a single language group distinct from the remaining language groups of Mindanao. The T’boli traditionally live in scattered settlements in the highlands of southwestern Mindanao, in the province of South Cotabato. The cultural hearted is around the complex of highland lakes- Lake Sebu, Lake Selutan, and Lake Lahit. The settlements are usually scattered but are composed of family clusters of fifteen households or more. Clusters, however are within shouting distance at elevations averaging 3000 feet above sea level. More recently these settlements have become relatively larger, comprising thirty or more household. Each settlement would have a ceremonial house called a gono bong (big house). Members of such communities are usually related by kindship. The head of each groupings is a datu. Extended families are common in households that operate as the 46 PERALTA

economic and social unit. The T’boli practice swidden farming, cultivating highlands rice(teneba) which is the staple food. Other crops include sugar cane, taro, sweet, and potato. Corn and coffee are considered cash crops. Of domestic animals, the horse is an index of economic status. While forest products are important food sources, lake fish is an important protein source, too. During recent time, the T’boli have been noted for their backloom textile tinalak woven from tie-dyed abaca fiber. Nationally popular, too, are their personal ornaments made of multicolored beads, their embroidered blouses, and hats. Small household industries using the lost wax process have grown. The manufacture cast brass bolo handles, figurines and betelnut containers, and other ornaments. While the kinship system is bilateral there is a male bias, with the father as the dominant figure in the household. In joint and extended families the oldest male dominates. The oldest male child takes over this dominance upon the death of the father. If there is no such son, lomolo is practiced whereby the father’s eldest brother assumes wealth of the deceased, and claims the latter’s wife as his own. While the organized principle in the society is kinship, communities are also linked through a recognized leader- the datu who does not really command whose word is respected because of his status, economic means, courage, skill in settling disputes, and wisdom in the interpretation of custom laws. The position is achieved through community validation. He traditionally acquires rights over a person whom he has paid as unsettled debt. The major social ceremony and ritual of the T’boli is the moninum usually associated with marriage but including a multilateral exchange of articles of wealth (kimu). The ritual is the climax to a marriage which is composed of six ceremonial and reciprocal feasts, with the families taking turns in being hosts (moken) and guests (mulu). The cycle of ceremonies may take many years to complete which sometimes results in the construction of gono minimum- a huge house that can accommodate more than 200 persons.

9. B’laan The B’laan (Bilaan, Balud, Baraan, Biraan, Bilanes, Blan, Buluan, Buluanes, Koronadal, Sarangaani, Taglagad, Tagalagad, Tacogon, Tumanao, Vilanes, Bubluan, Buluanes) are principally located in the province of Davao del Sur where they number about 94,885. The core areas of the group are in the municipalities of San Marcelino (10,953), Malita(7,776), J.A. Santos (7,568), and Sarangai (5,563) (NSO 1990). They are now widespread in the GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 47

South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat areas with an estimated total population of 450,000. Traditionally, the B’laan inhabits the hills behind the west coast of Davao gulf abutting the Bagobo territory to the north and the watershed of Davao and Cotabato. In very recent times they have moved toward the coastal areas. There are several subgroups: (1) Tagalagad, (2) Tagcogon,(3) Buluan, (4) Biraan, (5) Vilanes, and (6) Balud. The basic culture is dry cultivation of a board range food plants including rice, supplemented by food gathering and hunting. Culture change is in an advanced stage. The B’laan language is classified in a group that includes the Tiruray and T’boli, which are distinct from the central Philippine group. The same pattern of scattered settlements exists among the group although the houses generally remain within sight of each other near swidden fields. Rice, corn, and millet are planted. Corn is gradually supplanting rice as the staple. Gardens are planted to sugar cane, bananas, and rootcrops. Each neighborhood is organized under a local datu who has autonomous authority over an area depending on his personal influence. The position is supposedly hereditary and follows a rule of the firstborn assuming the position. The lebe is the B’laan equivalent of the Bagobo magani.

10. Subanun The Subanun or people of the upstream (Subanen, Subanon) may be found on the western flank of Mindanao, in the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte (204,056 NM 1994) and Zamboanga de Sur (193,305 NM 1994). The population is estimated at 407,495 (NM 1994) with core areas in Katipunan (10,255) and Lapuyan (10,510) municipalities (NSO 1980). The known subgroups are due to linguistic variations: (1) Misamis, (2) Lapuyan, (3) Sindangan, (4) Tuboy, and (5) Salug. The cultural adaptation is upland and swidden cultivation. The traditional settlement pattern is highly dispersed with a few residential structures on top of ridges near potable water sources, which are placed adjacent to cultivated fields. Locations near springs rather than streams are preferred. Rice is the preferred food but fields are also planted to corn, sweet potato, and cassava. Land problems and degraded environment have forced some of the people to wet rice agriculture. Metal craft and weaving are practiced. They have maintained trade with coastal peoples through centuries. Present-day Subanon are non aggressive, although ther are indications that in the past the people were required to provide a “soul companion” for an important deceased relative. 48 PERALTA

Unique among the ethnic groups of the country is the Subanon set of rituals, buklog, that utilizes a huge dancing platform to which a log is attached that hits a hollowed sounding board on the ground. A subgroup, the Subanen, is related to the Subanon but concentrated in Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte with a total population of 52,600(NSO 1980).

11. Kamiguin The oldest town of the island of Camiguin-Guinsiliban-just off the northern coast of Mindanao was originally inhabited by the Kamiguin speakers of a language (Quinamiguin, Camiguinon) that is derived from Manobo with an admixture of Boholano. Sagay is the only other municipality where this is spoken. The total population is 531(NSO 1990). Boholano predominates in the rest of the island. The culture of the Kamiguin has been subsumed within the context of Boholano or Visayan culture. The people were Christianized as early as 1596. The major agricultural products are abaca, cacao, coffee, banana, rice, corn, and coconut. The production of hemp is the major industry of the people since abaca thrives very well in the volcanic soil of the island. The plant was introduced in Bagacay, a northern town of Mindaano, but it is no longer planted there. Small-scale trade carried out with adjoining islands like Cebu, Bohol, and Mindanao.

12. Mamanwa The Mamanwa (variously called Caonking, Mamaw, Amamanusa, Manmanua, Mamaua, Mamanwa) are one fot he three groups that occupy a very distinct position in Philippine populations. Heretofore, the Mamanwa has been classified as a Negrito subgroup, but physical anthropological data indicate otherwise. The Mamanwa form a distinct branch from the rest of the Philippine populations which include the various groups of the Negrito, and the Austronesian-speaking peoples which now comprise the modern populations. The Mamanwa appear to be an older branch of population appearances in the Philippines affecting to some extent the Negrito of northeastern Luzon. Like all the NEgrito groups in the country, the Mamanwa speak a language that is basically that of the dominant group about them. The national population is about 1,922 (NSO 1990) with concentration in Agusan del Norte (725) principally in Kitcharao (300) and Santiago (430) (NSO 1980). The people, however, a re very mobile, continually was relocating themselves in search of subsistence. Lately, they have moved into Southern Leyte. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 49

The life way of the Mamanwa is founded on slash-and-burn cultivation on small patches minimal wet rice agriculture. Food gathering is heavily relied upon. The bow and arrow which was once important in hunting is no longer in use. Patron-client relationships with members of the surrounding group operate to some extent to provide them with subsistence needs. Settlements are generally small, numbering from three to twenty households in high ridges are generally small, numbering from three to twenty households in high ridges or valleys. The houses are usually arranged in a circle. Traditionally, dwellings are without walls. A community is usually composed of kindred. Leadership resides in the oldest and most respected male. The role is not inherited but must be earned.

13. Butuanon The flat marshland composing the estuary of the Agusan River in northeastern Mindanao is inhabited by a group of people now known as the Butuan. The native Butuan, however, would refer to himself rather as a “Lapaknon” or a person on the other hand; believe that they are an offshoot of Manobo populations of the Agusan Valley. The language of the Butuanon is more closely related to Cebuano than any of the Manobo tongues. In fact, the languages of Butuanon, Tausug of Jolo, and Kamayo of Bislig have a very close affinity. Linguistic data suggest that the Tausug moved into the Sulu archipelago from the general area of Butuan during the eleventh century, at a period of intense trade between Agudan and the Chinese,as shown by the very rich archaeological materials in the area. The Kamayo might have developed from the very early connection of Butuan with Caraga on the eastern coast of Mindanao. The population (24,566 NSO 1990) is at present highly urbanized with a defined Visayan culture highly influenced by the Cebuano. Much of the production of the area is in area is in rice, coconuts, logging, fishing, and fish culture.

14. Kamayo Kamayo are related linguistically to the Tausug and Butuanon, and belong to the Meso and central Philippine family of languages. The group are concentrated in the provinces of Agusan de Norte (6,500) and Surigao del Sur (115,850). The population estimate at present is placed at 122,350(NM 1994). Like most of the groups in the eastern coast of Mindanao, the Kamayo 50 PERALTA

cultivate wet rice in the flat land along the coast and nearby valleys while upland fields are planted to a variety of crops including cash crops of abaca.

15. Bagobo The upland Bagobo traditionally live in the east and south of Mount Apo and the eastern side of Cotabato,. Most Bagobo populations are now scattered in the interior ranges beyond Davao City, while those on the coastal plains have adapted a lowland way of life. The national population is placed at 58,601 (NM 1994). The Bagobo are heterogeneous, including subgroups like the Tahurug west of the middle of the Davao River; the Timananon in the headwaters of the Tinaman River; the Puangion in the southeastern Bukidnon; the Kuamanon living near the Kuaman River, and others, with differences in dialects and cultures traits. Bagobo in the linguistic sense belongs to the Manobo family of languages. The term is of little help in fixing ethnic identity because for all intents and purposes the group described in 1910 is virtually nonexistent now due to the spread of Christianity, plantation economy, and the market system. Traditionally, the Bagobo society is dominated by a warrior class called magani that includes the community leader, usually a datu who wields no real power except hi influence as senior arbiter and judge, and qualities which derive from his being a magani. He exerts influence over a community composed of households organized through kinship principles, whether by blood or by marriage. The houses are scattered near swidden fields. The scattered neighborhood is organized into a district or political domain under the datu who functions as a temporal head of a group. It is said that several domains indentified as Bagobo with its datu or chiefs, recognize the political authority of the datu of Sibulan as a higher level of hierarchy. The house of the datu has been said to be able to accommodate several hundreds of people, and it is he ceremonial and defense center for the community. Specific domains are controlled by a magani the magani is identified by his bloodied clothing, which he earns from successful combats. Abaca used to grow wild in the Davao provinces. These are usually stripped for the fiber which has been used for commercial purposes especially during the early 1900s when the demand for hemp was great. Domestically, the fiber is used for weaving tie-dyed cloth. Both men and women usethe abaca for clothing which is usually heavily decorated with multicolored beads and embroidery over the woven designs on the cloth. The Bagobo is also GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 51 known for the production of cast brass ornaments like bells, using the lostwax process. They subsist largely on upland rice cultivated in a dry regime in swiddens. This crop is supplemented by corn, sweet potato, banana, sago, and coconut. The Bagobo are food gatherers and hunters; they fish, too. The bagobo pantheon is composed of a number of spirit beings that interfere in the affairs of men. The principal being is the creator called Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama. There are a large number of lesser nature spirits who have to be shown respect and others who take pleasure in being irritants. The mabalian who are usually women, perform the rituals, which include healing. It is not rare that mabalians are also skilled weavers.

16. Mandaya The Mandaya are a complex group (Mangwanga, Mangrangan, Managosan, Magosan, Pagsupan, Divavaonon, Dibabaon, Mansaka) and can be found in Davao Oriental province where there is a population of some 22,000 (NSO 1980). The national population is about 172,506 (NM 1994). They are concentrated in the municipalities of Caraga(6,860), Manay (2,770), Cateel (2,665), Lupon (3,055), and Tarragona (2,935). The known sub groupings are: (1) Mansaka, (2) Pagsupan, (3) Mangwanga (Mangrangan, Compostela), (4) Managosan (Magosan), and (5) Divavaon (Dibabaon, Mixed Manobo Mandaya), (6) karaga, (7) Mansaka (NSO 1980). They occupy the upstream areas, practicing slash-and-burn cultivation in highly dispersed settlements. Apart from the wide range od cropping that they do for domestic consumption. Abaca is cultivated as a cash crop. Rice, various tubers, and bananas form the bulk of the diet. Communities are dispersed usually near swiddens. Houses are usually occupied by two or three family units, and these are usually within sight even if dispersed. Proximity of these houses constitutes a neighborhood which is loosely organized into a larger discrete domain with all the households related through several crosscutting kin relationships. Families are either nuclear or polygynous. Traditionally, each domain has a headman, bagani, whose word is considered law and who wears distinctive clothing. His rule is tempered by an advisory council, angtutukay, usually composed of elders in the community. With the disappearance of the bagani structure at present the civil structures of the barangay prevails. The Mandaya/Mansaka are famous for their distinctive dress and ornamentation. The tie-dye weaving and embroidery by the women is linked up with a sophisticated symbolic art system that evolved design motifs that are 52 PERALTA

provided with names. The beadwork and silver craft on body ornaments marks this group as one of the most noteworthy of Philippine indigenous peoples in terms of art.

17. Kalagan The Kalagan (Tagakaolom Dagan, Laoc, Saka, Carargan, Calagan, Kagan, Laoc,Saka, Caragan, Calagan, Saka, Mandaya, Mansaka) belong to the Mandaya/Mansaka group, and have three subgroups: (1) Tagakaolo proper, (2) Kagan, and (3) Lao. The latter is an acculaturated group in the Haguimitan Mountains of the San Agustin peninsula on the east side of Davao gulf, now largely occupied by the Mandaya. The core areas are in the places between the coast and the B’laan country in the province of Davao. They are in the tributaries of Malita and Lais, and Talagauton rivers in the interior. The population is estimated at 87,270 (NM 1994). Historically these were composed of small, warring groups. Much of subsistence is through dry cultivation of a wide range of crops that include rice and tubers. It is supplemented by food gathering. Rice is being supplanted by corn in importance as the basic staple of the people. Corn is cropped two or three times a year. Traditionally culture is similar to the neighboring Kulaman and B’laan, where specific territories are ruled over by a strong man with special status. The culture however has undergone many changes with its linkages with the national market systems.

18. Kolibugan The Kolibugn resulted from the intermingling of the indigenous Subanon populations with the Muslim populations in the coastal areas of Zamboanga. The population is concentrated along the western side of the provinces of both northern (6,495) and southern Zamboanga (3,270), and a national count of over 11,000. The concentrations are in Siocon (2,040), Sirawai (1,960), and Sibuco (1,520) (NSO 1980). The total population count is estimated at 32,227 (NM 1994).

The generalized culture is lowland central Philippines focuses on wet rice cultivation, and some localized swidden cultivation. Adaptation to the arine environment is made, but mostly in terms of domestic fishing. GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 53

Ethno –Linguistic Groups Listing

1. Abaknon (Sama related) Capul Is. 2. Aburlin Zambales 3. Apayao Aklan 3.1 Cabugao-Mandaya 3.2 Karawagan 3.3 Talifugo 4. Bagobo(see Manobo) Davao 5. Badjao (see Sama) Sitangkai, Tungihat, Tando-owak 5.1 Sama Dilaut 5.2 Sama Jengeng 6. Balangao Natonin, Mt. Province 7. Bantoanan Tablas, Simara, Banton 8. Bikol Bikol Peninsula 8.1 Naga 8.2 Buhi, Bato, etc. 8.3 Albay/Sorsogon 8.4 Catanduanes 9. B’laan Davao, S. Cotabato, S. Kudarat 9.1 Koronadal 9.2 Sarangani 9.3 Duluanon 9.4 Tau M’loy 10. Boholano Bohol 11. Bontok Mountain Province 11.1 Central 11.2 Talubin 11.3 Barlig 11.4 Lias 11.5 Kadaklan 12. Bukidnon Negros 12.1 Magahat Oriental 12.2 Karolano Occidental, kabangkalan 54 PERALTA

13. Butuanon Butuan City 13.1 Butuanon 13.2 Lapaknon 14. Caviteño Cavite 15. Cebuano (Sugbuhanon, Sebuan) Cebu 16. Cotabateno Cotabato City 17. Davao-Chabacano Davao City 18. Ermiteno Ermita, Manila 19. Gaddang Isabela, Ifugao, Aurora 19.1 Ga’dang proper 19.2 Yogad 19.3 Addukayang 19.4 Katalangan 19.5 Iraya 20. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) Iloilo 21. Hamtikanon Antique 22. Ibaloi Benguet 22.1 Ibaloi proper Kabayan 22.2 Karao Bokod 23. Ibanag Cagayan 23.1 Northern 23.2 Southern 24. Ifugao Ifugao 24.1 Tuwali 24.2 Ayangan 24.3 Hanglulu 24.4 Yattuka 24.5 Kalannguya 24.6 Keley-i 25. Ikalahan (see Kalanguya, Keley-i) Nueva Vizacaya 26. Illanun Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao 26.1 Idalanen 26.2 Maragat 26.3 Subpangen 27. Ilocano Ilocos 27.1 Northern 27.2 Southern 28. Ilongot Nueva Vizcaya,Quirino 28.1 Abaka 28.2 Aymuyu 28.3 Belansi 28.4 Beqnad 28.5 Benabe GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 55

28.6 Bekran 28.7 Kebinanan 28.8 Payupay 28.9 Pugu 28.10 Rumyad 28.11 Sinebran 28.12 Taan 28.13 Tamsi 29. Isamal (Kanlaw) Samal Is. (Kalagan subgroup) 30. Isinai N.Vizcaya 31. Itawis Cagayan 32. Ivatan/Itbayat Batanes/Babuyan 33. I’wak Nueva Vizcaya/benguet 33.1 Lalang ni I’wak(Montang I’wak) 33.2 Alagot 33.3 Ibomangi 33.4 Itali’ti 33.5 Itangdalan 33.6 I-Alsans 33.7 Ileaban 33.8 Ayahas 33.9 Idangatan 33.10 Imanggi 34. Jama Mapunp(see Sama) Cagayan de Sulu 35. Kaagan (Kalgan related) Digos,Davao del Sur 36. Kagayanen (Manobo related) Cagayan Is. 37. Kalagan (Tagakaolo, Mansaka rel) Davao 37.1 Tagakaolo proper 37.2 Laoc 38. Kalamianen Calamian Group, Palawan 38.1 Kuyanen 38.2 Kalamianen 38.3 Agutaya 39. Kalinga Kalinga-Apayao 39.1 Tinglayan-Balbalasang (ref. to Itneg) 39.2 Sumadel (rel. to Bontoc) 39.3 Lubuagan (rel. to Tinglayan, Bontoc) 39.4 Nabayugan (rel. to Talifugu, Apayao) 56 PERALTA

39.5 Ablig 39.6 Saligsig 39.7 Kalagua (rel. Ibanag-Itawis) 39.8 Mangali 39.9 Lubo (rel. to Maducayang) 40. Kamayo (Butuan/Tausug related) Agusan del N/Surigao S. 41. Kankanai 41.1 Kankanai (Lepanto) Mountain Province 41.1.1 Kankanai Sagada 41.1.2 Bago La Union, Ilocos S., Pang. 41.2 Kankana-ey Benguet 42. Kapampangan Pampanga 43. Kasiguranin (Agta influenced Austro.) Quezon 44. Kamigin (Manobo-related)Camiguin 41.1 Karaga Davao Oriental 45. Kiniray-a (Hinaray-a, Antique Sulod, Putian,Bukidnon, Mundo, Montes,Hamtikanon) 46. Kolibugan (Subanon related) Zamboanga del Norte 47. Magindanao Maguindanao/Sultan Kudarat 48. Malaueg Cagayan, Kalinga-Apayao 49. Mamanwa Surigao del Norte 50. Mandaya Davao Oriental 50.1 Mandaya (Divavaon) S & W of Compostela 50.2 Pagsupan Tagum & Hijo River areas 50.3 Mangwanga Mangrangan, Compostela 50.4 Managosan (Magosan) Agusan River headwaters 50.5 Karaga Davao Oriental 50.6 Mansaka N&E of Davao Gulf 51. Mangyan Mindoro 51.1 Alangan Occidental 51.2 Batangan Occidental 51.3 Buhid Occidental 51.4 Hanunoo Oriental 51.5 Iraya Oriental 51.6 Tadyawan Occidental 51.7 Ratagnon(?) Oriental 52. Manobo Central Mindanao 52.1 Ata (Atag) Cabacan Valley, N. of Mt. Apo 52.1.1 Dugbatang 52.1.2 Tagauanum 52.1.3 Talainkod (Talaingod) Davao GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 57

52.2 Bagobo 52.2.1 Attaw (Giangan[Jangan]) 52.2.2 Eto 52.2.3 Kailawan (Kaylawan) 52.2.4 Klata (Kalata) 52.2.5 Langilan (Talaingod) 52.2.6 Manuvu/Obo 52.2.6.1 Tahawug W. Davao River 52.2.6.2 Tinainon Tinantan River 52.2.6.3 Pu’angian Pulangi River 52.2.6.4 Ku’amanon Kulaman River 52.2.7 Matigsalug (Matig Salug) Bukidnon-Davao 52.2.8 Tagabawa 52.2.9 Tagaluro 52.2.10 Tigdapaya 52.3 Higaonon (/Talaandig) 52.3.1 Agusan 52.3.2 Lanao del Norte 52.3.3 Misamis 52.3.4 Camiguin 52.4 North Cotabato 52.4.1 Illianen 52.4.1.1 Ilianen Agusan S., N. Cotabato 52.4.1.2 Livunganen Davao 52.5 Western Bukidnon/North Cotabato 52.5.1 Kiriyeteka 52.5.2 Ilentungen 52.5.3 Pulangiyen 52.6 Agusan del Sur 52.6.1 Adgawanon (in 1919- present day Higaonon or Banuaanon) 52.6.2 Talacogon Agusan 52.7 Banwaon San Luis, Agusan del Sur 52.8 South Cotabato 52.8.1 Cotabato(Interior and Coastal) 52.8.2 Tasaday 52.8.3 Blit 52.8.4 Lambangian Maguindanao 52.8.5 Aromanon 52.8.6 Kirintik 52.8.7 Kalamansig 58 PERALTA

52.9 Dibabawon (Dibabawnon, Dibabaon) (Mixed mandaya) Davao 52.9.1 Manguangan (Tagabaas subgroup of Dibabaon in Asuncion?) Davao Del Norte 52.10 Rajah Kabungusan 52.11 Sarangani Davao del Sur/Sarangani S. Kudarat, Davao oriental 52.11.1 Sarangani Sarangani, Davao del Sur & Co. (Kulaman, Tudag, Gulangan) Sultan Kudarat 52.12 Surigao 52.13 Talaandig (Bukidnon, see Higaonon) 52.14 Bukidnon (buquitnon) 52.14.1 Pangantokan Bukidnon 52.14.2 Tigwa (Tigwahanon, Tigwa) 52.14.3 Salug

52.15 Umayamnon Bukidnon, S&W Agusan del Sur 52.16 Tubalay S. Cotabato nr. Tirurai 52.17 Tagbanas Davao, Hijo Salu, Agusan rivers 53. Maranao Lanao del Sur 53.1 Bayabao 53.2 Masiu 53.3 Unayan 53.4 Baloi 54. Masbateño Masbate 55. Molbog (Palawan Gorup, Melebuganon)Balabag, Palawan 56. Negrito 56.1 Agta 56.1.1 Angat Quezon 56.1.2 Casiguran Dumagat Aurora 56.1.3 Central Cagayan Cagayan 56.1.4 Ebukid Aurora 56.1.5 Iriga Camarines Sur 56.1.6 Katabaga Bondoc, penn., Quezon 56.1.7 Isarog Camarines Sur 56.1.8 Manide, Abiyan Camarines Norte 56.1.9 Northeast Cagayan Cagayan 56.1.10 Palanan Isabela 56.1.11 Roso Cagayan 56.1.12 Sta. Margarita Cagayan GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 59

56.1.13 Villavicious Abra 56.1.14 Yaga Cagayan 56.1.15 Umiray Polillo 56.2 Alta Baler, Quezon 56.2.1 Edimale Alta Aurora 56.2.2 Kabuluwan Alta Baler, Quezon 56.3 Arta Maddela, Quirino 56.4 Arta Negros (south) 56.5 Ati Negros(north) 56.6 Atta Pamplona, Cagayan 56.7 Ayta Bataan 56.7.1 Ambala 56.7.2 Magbaken 56.8 Ayta Quezon 56.9 Ayta Zambales 56.9.1 Abelen 56.9.2 Aberlen 56.9.3 Magganchi 56.9.4 Maggindi 56.10 Batak Palawan 56.11 Sinauna Tanay, Rizal 57. Palawan Palawan 57.1 Palawan South Palawan (interior coastal) 57.2 Tau’t Batu Ransang, Palawan 58. Pangasinan Pangasinan 59. Paranan (mixed Negrito) Palanan 60. Rombloanon Romblon 61. Sama Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Basilan, Zamboanga del norte. 61.1 Siasi 61.2 Balangingi 61.3 Simunul 61.4 Sibutu 61.5 Pangutaran (Sama Saut) 61.6 Ubihan 61.7 Bitali(Sibuku) Zamboanga del Norte 61.8 Lutangan 61.9 Batuan 61.10 Mantabuan 61.11 Tandubas 61.12 Tabawan 61.13 Talun 60 PERALTA

61.14 Sanga-Sanga 61.15 Sapa-Sapa 61.16 Manubar (Siasi) 61.17 Buli Kullul 61.18 Laminosa 61.19 Bannaran 61.20 Sisangat 61.21 Jama Mapun Cag. De Sulu 61.22 Sitangkai 61.23 Saga-a Sampulna, Sabah 62. Sambal Zambales 62.1 Tina 62.2 Iba 62.3 Bolinao Pangasinan 63. Sangil/Sangir (Marore) Sangil 64. Subanon Siocon 65. Subanun Zamboanga del Norte & Sur 65.1 Lapuyan 65.2 Sindangan 65.3 Tuboy 65.4 Salug 66. Sulod Panay 67. Tagbanwa Palawan 67.1 Kalamian Calamian Group 67.2 Apurahuan Central Palawan 67.3 Tandulanen 67.4 Silanganen 67.5 Inagauan 68. Tagalog Luzon 68.1 Southern (Batangas/Laguna) 68.2 Nortthern (Bulacan/Rizal) 68.3 Paete/Tanay 69. Tausug 69.1 Tauhigad 69.2 Tauguimba (Buranun, Guimbahanun) 70. T’Boli (Tagabili, Ubo) South Cotabato 70.1 T’Boli 70.2 Sanduka 71. Ternateno Ternate, Cavite 72. Tinggian Abra 72.1 Adassen 72.2 Binongan 72.3 Inlaod GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 61

72.4 Masadiit 72.5 Aplai 72.6 Banao 72.7 Gubang 72.8 Maeng 72.9 Luba 72.10 Balatok 73. Tiruray Cotabato, Maguindanao 74. Ubo(T’Boli related) S. Cotabato 75. Waray Samar-Leyte 76. Yakan Basilan 77. Yogad(see Gaddang) Echague, Isabela 78. Zamboangeño Zamboanga City 62 PERALTA GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 63

Distribution of ethnic groups by Provinces*

(Arrangement: Population count0

TAGALOG Total national Population 16054430

Abra 1,172 Ifugao 899 Agusan del N. 2,535 Ilocos n. 5,771 Agusan del S 1,553 Ilocos S. 5,466 Aklan 6,634 Iloilo 9,563 Albay 12,917 Isabela 91,358 Antique 5,906 Kailinga-Apayao 1,766 Aurora 69,152 La Union 16,786 Basilan 2,755 Laguna 1,290,278 Bataan 351,365 Lanao del N. 3,188 Batanes 432 Lanao del S. 2,584 Batangas 445,509 Leyte 9,896 Benguet 42,780 Maguindanao 38,823 Bohol 2,678 Marinduque 183,235 Bukidnon 4,918 Masbate 2,355 Bulacan 1,384,270 Misamis Occ. 675 Cagayan 22,341 Misamis Or. 6,009 Camarines N. 232,664 Mt. Province 241 Camarines S. 65,710 Negros Occ. 5,595 Camiguin 206 Negros Or. 2,522 Capiz 1,851 N. Cotabato 10,287 Catanduanes 2,378 N.Samar 1,454 Cavite 1,026,657 N.Ecija 98, 6449 Cebu 13,351 N.Vizacaya 2,1576 Davao 7,299 Occ. Mindoro 196,594 Davao del S. 40,332 Or. Mindoro 466,808 Davao Or. 1,827 Palawan 138,067 E.Samar 1,867 Pampanga 134,870

* unless otherwise specified, the population count used in the tabulation is absed on a 1994 census 64 PERALTA

Pangasinan 61,951 Zambales 259,834 Quezon 1,278,252 Zamboanga N. 1,659 Quirino 5,617 Zamboanga S. 23,108 Rizal 812,713 Kalookan 565,573 Romblon 3,475 Las Pinas 225,979 Samar 3,806 Mandaluyong 191,048 Siquijor 128 Manila 1,236,270 Sorsogon 5,538 Marikina 238,731 S. Cotabato 29,082 Muntinlupa 217,430 S.Leyte 1,858 Navotas 158,638 S.Kudarat 9,791 Parañaque 236,329 Sulu 455 Pasay 270,780 Surigao N. 2,088 Pateros 43,069 Surigao S. 1,523 Quezon City 1,157,599 Tarlac 7, 7200 San Juan 95,183 Tawi-Tawi 2,080 Taguig 190,337 Valenzuela 263,332

CEBUANO

Total National Population 150,129,231 (Binukid count) 138,558 15, 1514989

Abra 211 Camarines S. 2,097 Agusan del N. 411,124 Camiguin 62,860 Agusan del S. 305,655 Capiz 1,518 Aklan 1,711 Catanduanes 259 Albay 1,194 Cavite 22,528 Antique 2,683 Cebu 2,572,399 Aurora 25,993 Davao 845,629 Basilan 5,097 Davao del S. 1,158,817 Bataan 5,097 Davao Or. 217,108 Batanes 81 E. Samar 1,688 Batangas 4,543 Ifugao 93 Benguet 1,344 Ilocos N. 843 Bohol 84,5751 Ilocos S. 568 Bukidnon 631,056 Iloilo 9,292 Bulacan 19,915 Isabela 2,292 Cagayan 1,430 Kalinga-Apayao 154 Camarines N. 956 La Union 1,186 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 65

Laguna 1,290,278 Sorsogon 1,028 Lanao del N. 46,956 S. Cotabato 383,142 Lanao del S. 17,577 S.Leyte 315,525 Leyte 760,796 S. Kudarat 39,782 Maguindanao 58,600 Sulu 1,735 Marinduque 183,235 Surigao del N. 134,829 Masbate 214,940 Surigap del S. 333,897 Misamis Occ. 412,940 Tarlac 2,776 Misamis Or. 832,101 Tawi-tawi 2,015 Mt. Province 86 Zambales 10,718 Negros Occ. 409,593 Zamboanga N. 562,135 Negros Or. 2,522 Zambanga S. 922,002 N. Cotabato 226,964 Kalookan 29,348 N.Samar 19,624 Las Piñas 14,920 N.Ecija 2,932 Mandaluyong 8,786 N. Vizcaya 880 Manila 47,275 Occ. Mindoro 3,316 Marikina 8,786 Or. Mindoro 2,089 Malabon 9,791 Palawan 39,611 Makati 23,426 Pampanga 134,870 Muntinlupa 9,064 Pangasinan 2,990 Navotas 7,380 Quezon 40,574 Parañaque 13,480 Quirino 136 Pasay 18,359 Rizal 22,701 Pateros 1,208 Romblon 1,128 Quezon City 77,051 W.Samar 46,180 San Juan 4,749 Siquijor 71,625 Taguig 14,626 Valenzuela 11,271

BISAYA (BINISAYA)

Total National Population 138,558

Abra 8 Benguet 288 Agusan del No. 442 Bohol 78,363 Agusan del S. 1,484 Bukidnon 856 Albay 18 Bulacan 398 Basilan 1,615 Cagayan 29 Bataan 319 Camarines N. 81 Batangas 238 Camarines S. 141 66 PERALTA

Camiguin 10 Rizal 1,516 Catanduanes 9 Siquijor 21 Cavite 1,003 Sorsogon 629 Cebu 346 S.Cotabato 1,533 Davao 16,319 S.Leyte 69 Davao Or. 643 Sulu 214 Davao del S. 200 Surigao del N. 211 Ilocos S. 12 Surigao del S. 5,957 Isabela 187 Tarlac 9 Laguna 222 Tawi-Tawi 418 Lanao del N. 31 Zambales 68 Lanao del S. 21 Zamboanga N. 398 Leyte 155 Zamnoanga S. 2,856 Maguindanao 19 Kalookan 641 Misamis Occ. 19 Las Piñas 20 Misamis Or. 483 Mandaluyong 473 Negros Occ. 21 Manila 1,044 N.Cotabato 2,269 Marikina 1,538 N.Samar 29 Malabon 323 Neuva Ecija 97 Makati 516 Nueva VIzcaya 32 Muntinlupa 122 Occ. Mindoro 344 Pasay 119 Or.Mindoro 7,048 Pateros 21 Palawan 1,196 Quezon City 3,349 Pampanga 179 San Juan 200 Pangasinan 70 Taguig 593 Quezon 242 Valenzuela 214

ILOCANO 1990 Total National Population 5,915,575 Total in Ilocos Region 1,528,208

Ilocos N. 460,684 Albay 932 Ilocos S. 519,273 Antique 492 La Union 548,251 Basilan 307 Abra 136,326 Bataan 9, 681 Agusan N. 2,872 Batanes 159 Agusan S. 5,985 Batangas 2,569 Aurora 49,283 Benguet 170,936 Aklan 466 Bohol 200 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 67

N.Samar 148 Surigao N. 537 N.Ecija 294,787 Surigao S. 1,631 N.Vizcaya 189,132 Tarlac 375,582 Occ. Mindoro 29,964 Tawi-tawi 221 Or. Mindoro 12,055 Zambales 136,515 Palawan 17,368 Zamboanga N. 1,621 Pampanga 15,561 Zamboanga S. 15,102 Pangasinan 909,970 Mandaluyong 7,112 Quezon 2,486 Marikina 11,862 Quirino 87,158 S.Juan 4,977 Rizal 23,273 Kalookan 28,981 Romblon 256 Malabon 4,977 Samar 449 Navotas 1,266 Siquijor 73 Valenzuela 11,620 Sorsogon 438 Las Piñas 7,102 S.Cotabato 53,801 Makati 22,686 S.Leyte 120 Parañaque 6,585 S.Kudarat 69,492 Pasay 10,245 Sulu 147 Pateros 795 Taguig 10,750

HILIGAYNON

Total National Population 5,648,717

Abra 96 Cagayan 261 Agusan del N. 3,309 Camarines N. 137 Agusan del S. 26,960 Camarines S. 909 Aklan 7,869 Camiguin 20 Albay 242 Capiz 575,369 Antique 9,132 Catanduanes 59 Aurora 188 Cavite 9,604 Basilan 1,748 Cebu 6,669 Bataan 2,959 Davao 53,012 Batanes 2 Davao del S. 30,059 Batangas 2,144 Davao Or. 3,410 Benguet 460 E.Samar 148 Bohol 107 Ifugao 10 Bukidnon 73,656 Ilocos N. 159 Bulacan 4,635 Ilocos S. 146 68 PERALTA

Iloilo 1,608,083 Siquijor 76 Isabela 552 Sorsogon 295 Kalinga-Apayao 10 S.Cotabato 374,755 La-Union 193 S.Leyte 179 Laguna 3,809 S.Kudarat 200,660 Lanao del N. 4,214 Sulu 11 Lanao del S. 11,057 Surigao del N. 1,064 Leyte 2,951 Surigao del S. 4,424 Maguindanao 41,988 Tarlac 614 Marinduque 53 Tawi-Tawi 51 Masbate 35,480 Zambales 3,276 Misamis Occ. 397 Zamboanga N. 3,501 Misamis Or. 3,611 Zamboanga S. 74,094 Negros Occ. 1,821,206 Kalookan 18,435 Negros Or. 43,249 Las Piñas 10,445 N.Cotabato 283,948 Mandaluyong 6,410 N.Samar 347 Manila 31,831 Nueva Ecija 373 Marikina 5,889 Nueva Vizcaya 312 Malabon 4,446 Occ.Mindoro 18,248 Makati 20,488 Or.Mindoro 10,373 Muntinlupa 6,570 Palawan 60,829 Navotas 2,393 Pampanga 2,826 Parañaque 9,463 Pangasinan 839 Pasay 12,620 Quezon 1,262 Pateros 440 Quirino 101 Quezon City 49,412 Rizal 14,870 San Juan 2,969 Romblon 1,474 Taguig 9,911 W.Samar 293 Valwnzuela 7,568

BICOL

Total National Population 4,469,985

Abra 219 Aurora 5,468 Agusan del N. 333 Basilan 50 Agusan del S. 399 Bataan 5,949 Aklan 552 Batanes 12 Albay 882,297 Batangas 7,250 Antique 401 Benguet 1,447 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 69

Bohol 242 Or. Mindoro 2,198 Bukidnon 234 Palawan 7,949 Bulacan 26,278 Pampanga 9,212 Cagayan 760 Pangasinan 971,342 Camarines N. 153,081 Quezon 34,315 Camarines S. 1,226,456 Quirino 617 Catanduanes 182,253 Rizal 45,080 Cavite 24,472 Romblon 394 Cebu 769 W.Samar 402 Davao 741 Sorsogon 510,292 Davao del S. 1,335 S.,Cotabato 4,605 Davao Or. 486 S.Leyte 114 E.Samar 214 S.Kudarat 690 Ifugao 22 Sulu 199 Ilocos N. 666 Surigao del N. 440 Ilocos Sur 549 Surigao del S. 267 Iloilo 667 Tarlac 2,187 Isabela 2,490 Tawi-tawi 8 Kalinga-Apayao 110 Zambales 6,833 La Union 1,081 Zamboanga N. 423 Laguna 28,795 Zamboanga S. 810 Lanao del N. 161 Kalookan 33,253 Lanao del S. 30 Las Piñas 11,940 Leyte 1,124 Mandaluyong 9,559 Maguindanao 190 Manila 41,042 Marinduque 92 Marikina 16,094 Masabate 14,576 Malabon 7,439 Misamis Occ. 20 Makati 20,744 Misamis Or. 300 Muntinlupa 11,520 Mt. Province 25 Navotas 2,740 Negros Occ. 344 Parañaque 11,019 Negros Or. 101 Pasaay 1,603 N.Cotabato 286 Pateros 1,920 N.Samar 630 Quezon City 75,727 N.Ecija 3,151 San Juan 4,567 N.Vizcaya 1,227 Taguig 14,420 Occ.Mindoro 1,176 Valenzuela 13,179 70 PERALTA

KAPAMPANGAN

Total National Population 2,864,949

Abra 324 Misamis Occ. 39 Agusan del N. 101 Misamis Or. 210 Agusan del S. 142 Negros Occ. 237 Aklan 112 Negros Or. 50 Albay 223 N.Cotabato 315 Antique 91 N.Ecija 9,287 Aurora 152 N.Vizcaya 419 Bataan 32,905 Occ. Mindoro 438 Batanes 3 Or. Mindoro 274 Batangas 747 Palawan 821 Benguet 2,239 Pampanga 1,326,395 Bohol 28 Pangasinan 97, 1342 Bukidnon 743 Quezon 449 Bulacan 7,401 Quirino 70 Cagayan 973 Rizal 5,712 Camarines N. 180 Romblon 31 Camarines S. 773 W.Samar 93 Capiz 61 Sorsogon 213 Catanduanes 60 S.Cotabato 4,498 Cavite 3,340 S.Leyte 10 Cebu 226 S.Kudarat 1,256 Davao 197 Surigao N. 123 Davao S. 1,060 Surigao S. 39 Davao Or. 13 Tarlac 376,307 E.Samar 36 Zambales 8,929 Ifugao 42 Zamboanga N. 19 Ilocos N. 381 Zamboanga S. 589 Ilocos S. 478 Kalookan 10,977 Iloilo 271 Las Piñas 2,387 Isabela 2,531 Mandaluyong 2,650 Kalinga-Apayao 228 Manila 29,188 La Union 593 Marikina 3,458 Laguna 2,461 Malabon 1,851 Lanao del N. 174 Makati 5,069 Leyte 174 Muntinlupa 1,961 Maguindanao 59 Navotas 711 Marinduque 30 Parañaque 1,944 Masbate 60 Pasay 1,986 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 71

Pateros 347 San Juan 863 Quezon City 23,332 Taguig 2,023 Valenzuela 5,085

WARAY

Total National Population 2,423,761

Abra 255 Lanao del N. 1,638 Agusan del N. 3,640 Lanao del S. 862 Agusan del S. 4,841 Leyte 700,639 Aklan 996 Maguindanao 1,654 Albay 2,743 Marinduque 513 Antique 917 Masbate 1,830 Aurora 1,397 Misamis Occ. 749 Basilan 542 Misamis Or. 2,428 Bataan 8,741 Mt. Province 109 Batanes 59 Negros Occ. 2,932 Batangas 6,532 Negros Or. 1,307 Benguet 1,874 N.Cotabato 2,726 Bohol 1,936 N.Samar 349,819 Bukidnon 4,331 Nueva Ecija 4,563 Bulacan 22,398 Nueva Vizcaya 827 Cagayan 1,756 Occ. Mindoro 2,751 Camarines N. 976 Or. Mindoro 3,020 Camarines S. 2,950 Palawan 7,495 Camiguin 305 Pampanga 12,835 Catanduanes 1,088 Pangasinan 201 Cavite 31,600 Quezon 6,488 Cebu 7,593 Quirino 371 Davao 9,025 Rizal 23,362 Davao del S. 7,708 Romblon 566 Davao Or. 2,029 W.Samar 479,430 E.Samar 321,546 Siquijor 67 Ifugao 36 Sorsogon 2,617 Ilocos N. 1,250 S.Cotabato 5,880 Ilocos S. 1,618 S.Leyte 1,846 Iloilo 3,371 S.Kudarat 877 Isabela 3,474 Sulu 483 Kalinga-Apayao 338 Surigao del N. 5,720 La U nion 2,132 Surigao del S. 3,384 Laguna 11,756 Tarlac 4,877 72 PERALTA

Tawi-tawi 299 Makati 12,417 Zambales 10,819 Muntinlupa 7,387 Zamboanga N. 730 Navotas 8,601 Zamboanga S. 7,050 Parañaque 12,448 Kalookan 34,877 Pasay 18,330 Las Piñas 11,898 Pateros 2,011 Mandaluyong 8,830 Quezon City 68,266 Manila 56,476 San Juan 3,065 Marikina 9,423 Taguig 12,025 Malabon 10,771 Valenzuela 11,419

MAGUINDANAO

Total National Population 1,649,882

Abra 33 Ilocos S. 61 Agusan del S. 70 Iloilo 152 Agusan del S. 147 Isabela 31 (NM 1989: 130) La Union 28 Aklan 49 Laguna 495 Albay 41 Lanao N. 579 Antique 9 Lanao S. 3,495 Aurora 21 Leyte 191 Basilan 124 Maguindanao 469,216 Bataan 100 Masbate 19 Batanes 6 Misamis Or. 62 Batangas 167 Negros Occ. 53 Benguet 74 Negros Or. 137 Bohol 19 N.Cotabato 122,683 Bukidnon 123 N.Ecija 223 (NM 1991:100) Occ. Mindoro 21 Bulacan 689 Or. Mindoro 94 Cagayan 12 Palawan 1,076 Camarines S. 185 Pangasinan 102 Capiz 32 Quezon 123 Cavite 630 Quirino 10 Cebu 100 Rizal 619 Davao 2,450 Romblon 10 Davao Or. 459 W.Samar 22 Davao S. 2,731 Sorsogon 21 E.Samar 19 S.Cotabato 38,238 Ilocos N. 47 S.Leyte 10 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 73

S. Kudarat 78,435 Muntinlupa 216 Surigao del N. 88 Navotas 81 Surigao del S. 176 Parañaque 123 Tarlac 124 Pasay 599 Tawi-tawi 10 Quezon City 1,892 Zambales 495 San Juan 65 Zamboanga N. 3,976 Valenzuela 366 Zamboanga S. 28,962 Davao del N. (NM 1991:223) Kalookan 435 Davao Or. (NM 1991:150) Las Piñas 319 Maguindanao (NM 1991:497,480) Manila 6,361 N.Cotabato (NM 1991:171,946) Marikina 121 S.Cotabato (NM 1991:58-895) Malabon 212 S.Kudarat (NM 1993:114,549) Makati 549 Zamboanga del S. (NM 1992:33,826)

PANGASINAN

Total National Population 1,159,176

Abra 137 Davao S. 999 Albay 218 Davao Or. 136 Antique 18 E.Samar 70 Basilan 19 Ifugao 59 Aklan 201 Ilocos N. 381 Aurora 300 Ilocos S. 1,012 Bataan 3,804 Iloilo 250 Batanes 4 Isabela 4,931 Batangas 630 Kalinga-Apayao 228 Benguet 16,998 La Union 12,414 Bukidnon 172 Laguna 3,204 Bulacan 4,411 Lanao N. 72 Cagayan 545 Lanao S. 4 Camarines N. 359 Leyte 159 Camarines S. 651 Maguindanao 187 Camiguin 17 Manila 15,197 Capiz 48 Marinduque 100 Catanduanes 64 Masbate 75 Cavite 3,029 Misamis Occ. 18 Cebu 264 Misamis Or. 244 Davao 1,221 N.Cotabato 351 74 PERALTA

N. Samar 55 Tarlac 11,307 N.Ecija 2,147 Tawi-Tawi 8 N.Vizcaya 1,562 Zambales 6,125 Occ. Mindoro 865 Zamboanga N. 49 Or. Mindoro 479 Zamboanga S. 401 Palawan 1,114 Mandaluyong 3,195 Pampanga 6,209 Marikina 4,612 Pangasinan 971,342 Quezon City 27,417 Quezon 605 San Juan 966 Quirino 838 Kalookan 9,205 Rizal 9,991 Malabon 2,592 Romblon 94 Navotas 511 Samar W. 62 Valenzuela 4,884 Sorsogon 71 Las Piñas 1,446 S.Cotabato 522 Makati 5,086 S.Leyte 19 Muntinlupa 2,252 S.Kudarat 635 Parañaque 2,661 Surigao N. 123 Pasay 3,459 Surigao S. 41 Pateros 388 Taguig 2,637

MARANAO

Total National Population 785,728 +77,931 863,659 Agusan del N. 2,619 (NM 1991:235) (NM 1992:60) Bulacan 663 Agusan del S. 485 Bulacan 269 Aklan 58 Camarines N. 78 Albay 54 Camarines S. 61 Antique 112 Capiz 10 Aurora 9 Catanduanes 18 Basilan 522 Cavite 992 Bataan 19 Cebu 1,707 Batanes 5 Davao 4,118 Batangas 576 (NM 1991:7,700) Benguet 406 Davao del S. 5,108 Bohol 176 (NM 1991:13,880) Bukidnon 2,658 Davao Or. 1,833 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 75

(NM 1991:3,012) Romblon 35 E.Samar 25 W.Samar 23 Ifugao 42 Sorsogon 20 Ilocos N. 290 S.Cotabato 4,959 Ilocos S. 125 S.Leyte 66 Iloilo 284 S.Kudarat 837 Isabela 1,090 (NM 1993:4,500) Kalinga-Apayao 93 Sulu 347 La Union 102 Surigao del N. 348 Laguna 409 (NM 1990: 7,165) Lanao del N. 134,156 Surigao del S. 1,076 (NM 1991: 172,342) (NM 1990:7,165) Lanao del S. 553,054 Tarlac 718 Leyte 251 Tawi-Tawi 251 Maguindanao 13,855 Zambales 726 (NM 1993:15,605) Zamboanga N. 2,210 Marinduque 85 (NM 1994:1,008) Masbate 60 Zambaonga S. 7,726 Misamis Occ. 279 (NM 1992:2,150) Misamis Or. 3,289 Kalookan 853 (NM 1993:6700) Las Piñas 267 Negros Occ. 444 Mandaluyong 167 Negros Or. 126 Manila 6,361 N.Cotabato 6,127 Marikina 252 (NM 1991:3,555) (1991:10,570) Malabon 183 N.Samar 200 Makati 535 Nueva Ecija 91 Muntinlupa 310 Nueva Vizcaya 71 Navotas 101 Occ. Mindoro 58 Parañaque 600 Or. Mindoro 125 Pasay 522 Palawan 3,567 Pateros 11 Pampanga 1,050 Quezon City 1,892 Pangasinan 360 San Juan 143 Quezon 177 Taguig 456 Rizal 619 Valenzuela 101

TAUSUG

Total National Population 612,253 +89,114 701,367 76 PERALTA

Abra 15 N.Cotabato 384 Agusan del N. 41 (RC 1991:38) Agusan del S. 74 Nueva Ecija 12 Aklan 30 Nueva Vizcaya 20 Antique 9 Palawan 4,441 Basilan 50,402 Pampanga 32 (NM 1992:51,960) Pangasinan 54 Bataan 41 Quezon 47 Bohol 181 Rizal 223 Bukidnon 458 Romblon 1,471 Bulacan 50 W.Samar 10 Camarines S. 61 Siquijor 9 Camiguin 8 S.Cotabato 1,853 Catanduanes 9 (NM 1991: 5,820) Cavite 61 S.Leyte 54 Cebu 196 S.Kudarat 1,291 Davao 2,420 (NM 1993:4000) (NM 1991:5150) Sulu 413,700 Davao del S. 7,255 Surigao del N, 230 Davao Or. 1,420 (NM 1989:120) (NM 1991:1458) Surigao del S 19 E.Samar 9 (NM 1990:1,200) Ilocos N. 42 Tarlac 13 Ilocos S. 34 Tawi-tawi 35,510 Iloilo 48 Zambales 107 Isabela 37 Zamboanga N. 7,410 Kalinga-Apayao 9 (NM 1994:23,400) La Union 9 Zamboanga S. 78,366 Laguna 32 (NM 1992:136,664) Lanao del N. 192 Kalookan 93 (NM 1991:30) Las Piñas 9 Lanao del S. 361 Manila 857 Leyte 30 Malabon 10 Maguindanao 985 Makati 380 (NM 1991:3,200) Muntinlupa 30 Misamis Occ. 164 Navotas 30 Misamis Or. 72 Pasay 19 (NM 1993:500) Quezon City 626 Negros Occ. 10 San Juan 9 Negros Or. 118 Taguig 51 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 77

MASBATENO

Total National Population 19,959 (NSO 1980: 274,355) Total 327,902 Grand total 602,257

Abra 1 Palawan 2,602 Agusan del N. 1,100 Pampanga 62 Agusan del S. 10 Pangasinan 61 Aklan 277 Quezon 722 Albay 116 Rizal 1,831 Antique 71 Romblon 567 Aurora 39 W.Samar 243 Bataan 323 S.Cotabato 178 Batangas 71 S.Leyte 19 Benguet 30 Surigao del N. 80 Bohol 40 Surigao del S. 39 Bukidnon 125 Tarlac 21 Bulacan 509 Tawi-tawi 9 Camarines S. 100 Zambales 31 Capiz 87 Kalookan 1,012 Cavite 711 Las Piñas 142 Cebu 411 Mandaluyong 80 Davao del S. 41 Manila 1,368 Davao Or. 174 Marikina 729 Iloilo 39 Malabon 504 Isabela 91 Makati 291 La Union 10 Muntinlupa 208 Maguindanao 10 Navotas 182 Negros Occ. 193 Parañaque 389 Negros Or. 8 Pasay 338 N.Cotabato 10 Pateros 10 N.Samar 114 Quezon City 1,762 Nueva Ecija 10 San Juan 11 Occ.Mindoro 753 Taguig 440 Or.Mindoro 132 Valenzuela 422 78 PERALTA

KINIRAY-A (HAMTIKANON)

Total National Population 529,285

Agusan del S. 688 Occ. Mindoro 16,450 Aklan 1,128 Or. Mindoro 742 Antique 369,872 Pampanga 9 Bataan 84 Pangasinan 21 Batangas 23 Quezon 79 Bukidnon 498 Rizal 180 Bulacan 131 W.Samar 11 Camarines N. 30 S.Cotabato 2,520 Camarines S. 30 Zambales 119 Capiz 1,766 Zamboanga S. 38 Cavite 83 Kalookan 873 Cebu 18 Las Piñas 215 Davao 1,704 Mandaluyong 209 Davao del S. 382 Manila 712 Iloilo 121,785 Marikina 200 Isabela 10 Malabon 174 Laguna 142 Makati 536 Lanao del N. 10 Muntinlupa 106 Leyte 72 Navotas 92 Misamis Occ. 9 Parañaque 53 Misamis Or. 31 Pasay 60 Negros Occ. 767 Quezon City 1,485 Negros Or. 187 San Juan 11 N.Cotabato 4,418 Taguig 283 N.Samar 14 Valenzuela 225

MANOBO GROUP ( Manobo, Bagobo,Banuanon, Kulaman.)

Total National Population 213,209 +220,973 434,182 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 79

Surigaonon (144,123), Higaonon (125,490), Matigsalug (26700), Dibabaon (177996), Kamiguin (Higaonon)

Total +434,182 749,042

MANOBO Aklan 61 Agusan del N. 1,251 Aurora 9 Agusan del S. 49,445 Bataan 235 (NM 1992: 159,700) Batangas 689 Bukidnon 14,499 Benguet 149 (NM 1991: 56,450) Bukidnon 151 Camarines S. 20 (NM 1991:800) Davao del S. 41,058 Bulacan 961 (NM 1991:24,145) Camarines N. 24 Davao Or. 5,850 Cavite 464 (NM 1991:40,00) Cebu 83 Iloilo 50 Davao 415 Maguindanao 2,256 Davao del S. 35,792 (RC 1991:1,000) (NM 1991:5 ,350) Negros Occ. 9 Davao Or. 19 N.Cotabato 23,696 Ilocos S. 2,922 (RC 1991:55,758) Kalinga-Apayao 752 Pangasinan 11 La Union 20 Rizal 50 Laguna 704 S.Cotabato 1,872 Lanao del N. 83 S.Kudarat 9,558 Lanao del S. 387 (NM 1993:14,300) Maguindanao 154 Surigao del S. 7,152 Marinduque 141 (NM 1990:26,510) Misamis Or. 10 Zamboanga N. 11 N. Cotabato 3,742 Zamboanga S. 31 (NM 1991: 7,508) Kalookan 11 Nueva Ecija 398 Mandaluyong 11 Nueva Vizcaya 10 Marikina 10 Occ.Mindoro 114 (156851) Or. Mindoro 275 Palawan 54 BAGOBO Pampanga 31 Abra 121 Pangasinan 32 Agusan del N. 31 Quezon 590 Agusan del S. 19 Quirino 38 80 PERALTA

Rizal 1,227 Pangasinan 52 S.Cotabato 172 Rizal 10 S.Kudarat 150 Zambales 11 Sulu 29 Zamboanga S. 134 Surigao del N. 9 Las Piñas 10 Surigao del S. 10 Mandaluyong 134 Tarlac 42 Manila 50 Tawi-Tawi 9 Marikina 10 Zambales 204 Quezon City 10 Zamboanga S. 29 Valenzuela 10 Kalookan 102 Las Piñas 52 SUB-TOTAL (1,394) Mandaluyong 41 Manila 1,372 KULAMAN Marikina 110 Malabon 42 Aklan 10 Makati 135 Basilan 10 Muntinlupa 64 Mt. Province 10 Navotas 20 Nueva Ecija 10 Parañaque 74 Pangasinan 10 Pasay 72 Tarlac 9 Pateros 9 Quezon City 4 Quezon City 1,053 San Juan 11 SUB-TOTAL (63) Taguig 131 Valenzuela 52 TALAINGOD Davao del S (NM 1991: 1,991) SUB-TOTAL (53,379) BANUANON ILIANEN

Agusan del N. 49 S.Cotabato (NM 1992:12) Agusan del S. 10 (NM 1992:8,200) GUIANGAN Aurora 11 Benguet 149 Bukidnon (NM 1991:450) Bohol 70 Davao del S. (NM 1991:15,000) Bulacan 9 Capiz 11 KLATA Ilocos N. 10 Davao del S. (NM 1991:3,000) La Union 10 Negros Or. 11 UBO Or. Mindoro 594 Davao del S. (NM 1991:8000) Palawan 28 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 81

AKLANON Palawan 4,756 Pampanga 95 Total National Population 393,922Pangasinan 59 (NSO 1980:411,123) Quezon 52 Quirino 232 Rizal 3,059 Agusan del N. 10 Romblon 131 Agusan del S. 141 S.Cotabato 6,085 Aklan 357,740 S.Leyte 10 Antique 2,367 S.Kudarat 20 Aurora 32 Sulu 12 Basilan 10 Surigao del N. 119 Bataan 287 Tarlac 19 Batanes 1 Zambales 148 Batangas 102 Zamboanga S. 77 Benguet 48 Kalookan 1,567 Bukidnon 69 Las Piñas 225 Bulacan 701 Mandaluyong 182 Cagayan 40 Manila 5,590 Capiz 54 Marikina 443 Cavite 854 Malabon 283 Cebu 10 Makati 848 Davao 239 Muntinlupa 116 Davao del S. 411 Navotas 111 E.Samar 8 Parañaque 113 Ilocos N. 12 Pasay 302 Ilocos S. 11 Pateros 10 Iloilo 237 Quezon City 2,482 Isabela 161 San Juan 176 Kalinga-Apayao 10 Taguig 231 La Union 81 Valenzuela 571 Laguna 257 Lanao del N. 10 SUBANON Lanao del S. 5 Leyte 10 Total National Population Marinduque 21 141,985 Masbate 11 +265,510 Negros Occ. 112 407,495 N.Cotabato 482 Nueva Ecija 20 Agusan del S. 19 Nueva Vizcaya 18 Basilan 90 Occ. Mindoro 628 Benguet 40 Or. Mindoro 583 Bukidnon 19 82 PERALTA

(NM 1991:4,000) Davao 5,415 Cavite 28 (NM 1991:11,780) Davao 116 Davao del S. 30 (NM 1991:300) (NM 1991:1,600) Davao del S. 12 Ilocos S. 25 Lanao del N. 273 Laguna 9 (NM 1991:70) Maguindanao 150 Lanao del S. 64 (NM 1993:2,900) Misamis Occ. 4,897 Or. Mindoro 20,897 Mt. Province 10 Palawan 6,237 Negros Or. 10 Pangasinan 39 Nueva Vizcaya 19 Rizal 70 Pangasinan 85 S.Cotabato 1,145 S.Cotabato 22 S.Kudarat 75 S.Kudarat 10 (NM 1993:2,300) Surigao del N. 132 Sulu 44,369 Zambales 10 Surigao del N. 18 Zamboanga N. 58,711 (NM 1989:200) (NM 1994:204,056) Tawi-tawi 118,572 Zamboanga S. 77,305 Zamboanga N. 8,059 (NM 1992:193,305) (NM 1994:2,570) Manila 40 (Balanghai: 1,300) Makati 62 Zamboanga s. 38,803 Quezon City 11 (NM 1992:19,205) Kalookan 20 Las Piñas 21 SAMA Mandaluyong 10 Manila 468 Total National Population Malabon 10 278,642 Muntinlupa 11 +41,167 Parañaque 10 319,809 Pasay 30 Quezon City 10

SAMA (SAMA DILIYA) BADJAO (SAMA DILAUT) Basilan 27,724 Aurora 5 (NM 1992:21,580) Basilan 703 Batangas 307 (NM 1992:12,000) Benguet 11 Benguet 10 Bulacan 22 Bulacan 59 Camarines N. 10 Camarines S. 80 Cavite 37 Cavite 52 Cebu 20 Cebu 11 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 83

Davao del S. 110 Pampanga 512 Ilocos S. 9 S.Kudarat 12 Iloilo 10 Surigao del S. 30 La Union 9 Tarlac 141 Laguna 49 Kalookan 10 Misamis Occ. 9 Manila 87 Nueva Ecija 10 Quezon City 10 Or. Mindoro 19 Palawan 78 IBANAG Pampanga 10 Pangasinan 51 Quezon 35 Total National Population 311,187 Rizal 62 S.Cotabato 95 Agusan N. 46 (NM 1991:500) Agusan S. 10 S.Kudarat 2 Aklan 58 (NM 1993:900) Albay 127 Sulu 818 Antique 112 Surigao del N. 114 Aurora 133 Tawi-tawi 10 Basilan 28 Zamboanga N. 10 Bataan 247 (NM 1994:2,500) Batanes 17 Zamboanga S. 155 Batangas 208 (NM 1992:10,100) Benguet 533 Kalookan 10 Bohol 204 Las Piñas 11 Bukidnon 296 Mandaluyong 10 Bulacan 987 Manila 41 Cagayan 111,481 Malabon 20 Camarines N. 77 Makati 83 Camarines S. 106 Parañaque 10 Cavite 622 Pasay 10 Cebu 114 Quezon City 116 Davao 269 Taguig 13 Davao S. 184 Valenzuela 10 Davao Or. 10 Maguindanao (NM 1993:1,500) E.Samar 1 Lanao del Sur (NM 1991:20) Ifugao 68 Surigao del S. (NM 1990:290) Ilocos N. 158 Ilocos S. 101 OBIAN Iloilo 84 Masbate 179 Isabela 162,280 Nueva Ecija 41 Kalinga-Apayao 2,367 Palawan 187 La Union 89 84 PERALTA

Laguna 426 Sorsogon 41 Lanao N. 24 S.Cotabato 206 Lanao S. 239 S.Leyte 75 Leyte 407 S.Kudarat 103 Magindanao 50 Surigao N. 30 Marinduque 9 Surigao S. 31 Masbate 90 Tarlac 444 Misamis Occ. 30 Zambales 152 Misamis Or. 157 Zamboanga N. 147 Mt. Province 41 Zamboanga S. 372 Negros Occ. 211 Kalookan 2,333 Negros Or. 120 Las Piñas 585 N.Cotabato 124 Mandaluyong 499 N.Samar 9 Manila 4,318 N.Ecija 381 Marikina 657 N.Vizcaya 467 Malabon 444 Occ. Mindoro 101 Makati 1,806 Or. Mindoro 10 Muntinlupa 324 Palawan 523 Navotas 30 Pampanga 497 Parañaque 634 Pangasinan 533 Pasay 568 Quezon 130 Pateros 199 Quirino 292 Quezon City 7,880 Rizal 1,333 San Juan 213 Romblon 99 Taguig 740 Samar 52 Valenzuela 1,034

CHABAKANO (The various Chabakano groups are not delineated e.g. Zamboangeño/ Ternateno,etc)

Total National Population 91,882

Agusan del N. 221 Aurora 40 Agusan del S. 182 Basilan 32,556 Aklan 66 (NM 1992:28,860) Albay 18 Bataan 340 Antique 40 Batanes 3 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 85

Batangas 122 Palawan 455 Benguet 191 Pampanga 163 Bukidnon 60 Pangasinan 30 Bulacan 134 Quezon 41 Cagayan 11 Rizal 582 Camarines N. 20 W.Samar 102 Camarines S. 110 Sorsogon 38 Capiz 75 S.Cotabato 714 Catanduanes 10 Sulu 10 Cavite 6,841 Surigao del N. 165 Cebu 689 Surigao del S. 551 Davao 633 Tarlac 20 Davao Or. 59 Tawi-tawi 153 Davao del S. 1,416 Zambales 449 Iloilo 425 Zamboanga N. 4,027 Isabela 64 (NM 1994:230) La Union 102 Zamboanga S. 228,255 Laguna 339 (NM 1992:42,380) Lanao del N. 172 Kalookan 485 Leyte 63 Las Piñas 421 Maguindanao 3,161 Mandaluyong 164 (NM 1993:3,000) Manila 1,040 Masbate 20 Marikina 290 Misamis Occ. 19 Malabon 92 Misamis Or. 221 Makati 839 Negros Occ. 143 Muntinlupa 82 Negros Or. 313 Navotas 10 N.Cotabato 941 Parañaque 183 N.Samar 9 Pasay 377 N.Ecija 172 Pateros 10 N.Vizcaya 40 Quezon City 1,975 Occ. Mindoro 42 San Juan 97 Or. Mindoro 34 Taguig 89 Valenzuela 162

KANKANAY/KANKANA-EY Census 1990 (The NSO census does not distinguish between the two groups. Here the Kankanai is taken to be only the population in Mt. Province. The rest are counted as Kankan-ey arbituary for lack of more definitive data.) 86 PERALTA

Kankanai Total National Population 59,987 Kankana-ey Total National Pop. 158,313 218,300

Abra 9 Manila 42 Aurora 349 N.Cotabato 22 Benguet 118,908 N.Ecija 516 Bohol 19 N.Vizcaya 4,276 Bulacan 10 Occ. Mindoro 9 Davao S. 10 Or. Mindoro 29 Ifugao 201 Palawan 20 Ilocos S. 10,795 Pangasinan 288 Iloilo 10 Quirino 770 Isabela 1,583 Rizal 10 Kalinga-Apayao 8,389 Tarlac 11 La Union 11,837 Zambales 69 Laguna 8 Zamboanga S. 22 Leyte 10 Pateros 21 Taguig 40

B’LAAN

Total National Population 11,3829 +99,606 213,435

Agusan del N. 10 N.Cotabato 2,650 Basilan 9 (NM 1991:3,576) Bohol 20 Palawan 10 Bukidnon 30 Pangasinan 19 Bulacan 10 Rizal 41 Cebu 60 Siquijor 20 Davao 125 S.Cotabato 64,002 Davao del S. 42,699 (NM 1991:100,901) (NM 1991:94,885) S.Kudarat 3,925 Davao Or. 21 (NM 1991:13,520) Iloilo 11 Surigao del N. 10 Lanao del S. 5 Zamboanga N. 92 Mugindanao 9 Mandaluyong 10 Misamis Or. 30 Quezon City 11 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 87

MANDAYA

Total National Population 33,847 +138,659 172,506 Agusan del S. 58 Davao del S. 603 Cebu 41 (NM 1991:1,500) Davao 15,496 Maguindanao 10 (NM 1991:54,065) N.Cotabato 49 Davao Or. 17,457 Rizal 10 (NM 1991:116,650) S.Cotabato 104 Surigao del S. 19

IFUGAO

Total National Population 167,369

Abra 16 Mt. Province 385 Agusan N. 10 Negros Occ. 82 Agusan S 21 N.Cotabato 21 Aurora 180 N.Ecija 358 Akalan 20 N.Vizcaya 17,417 Benguet 7,030 Or. Mindoro 31 Bukidnon 81 Palawan 29 Cagayan 587 Pampanga 20 Camarines N. 19 Pangasinan 261 Cebu 11 Quirino 12,149 Davao 32 Rizal 10 Ifugao 122,260 S.Cotabato 41 Ilocos S. 13 Surigao N. 22 Iloilo 19 Zamboanga S. 31 Isabela 5,858 Marikina 30 Kalinga-Apayao 28 S.Juan 22 La Union 103 Kalookan 21 Manila 89 Makati 42 Pasay 20 88 PERALTA

TAGAKAOLO

Total National Population 99,545 +97,031 156,576

Agusan del N. 20 Misamis Or. 10 Bataan 10 Mt. Province 10 Batangas 11 Negros Or. 66 Bohol 11 Palawan 11 Bukidnon 10 Pampanga 10 Bulacan 10 Pangasinan 10 Camiguin 9 S.Cotabato 7,908 Cebu 29 Surigao del N. 60 Davao 11 Surigao del S. 9 Davao del S 51,250 Zamboanga S. 11 Iloilo 10 Manila 11 Kalinga-Apayao 30 Parañaque 10 Misamis Occ. 8 Davao del S. (NM 1991:89,111) S. Cotabato (NM 1991:7,920)

ILANUN

Total National Population 1,167 +148,516 149,683

Agusan del S. 33 Negros Occ. 43 Basilan 314 N.Cotabato 407 Bukidnon 19 (NM 1991:69,80) Cagayan 10 S.Cotabato 20 Iloilo 21 S.Kudarat 10 Lanao del N. 10 (NM 1993:6,700) (NM 1991:6,129) Zambales 9 Lanao del S. 93 Zamboanga S. 80 Maguindanao 77 (NM 1992: 1,300) (NM 1993:127,990) Manila 21 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 89

DAVAWENO

Total Population 147,380

Agusan del N. 71 N.Cotabato 163 Agusan del S. 71 N.Vizcaya 9 Batangas 21 Or. Mindoro 10 Benguet 49 Palawan 10 Bohol 8 Pampanga 11 Bukidnon 9 Pangasinan 10 Bulacan 10 Rizal 401 Camarines S. 9 S.Cotabato 312 Cavite 10 S.Leyte 10 Cebu 96 Surigao del N. 382 Davao 6,811 Surigao del S. 354 Davao Or. 125,540 Zambales 19 (NM 1991:54,825) Zamboanga S. 139 Davao del Sur 11,819 Kalookan 51 (NM 1991:8,000) Mandaluyomg 71 Ilocos S. 27 Manila 103 Iloilo 20 Marikina 10 Isabela 10 Malabon 10 Kalinga-Apayao 9 Makati 104 Leyte 10 Muntinlupa 30 Maguindanao 10 Pasay 70 Masbate 10 Quezon City 351 Mt. Province 32 San Juan 42 Negros Occ. 22 Taguig 13

Valenzuela 21 SURIGAONON

Total National Population 108,937 +35,186 144,123

Agusan del N. 11,939 Bataan 104 Agusan del S. 7,102 Benguet 20 Antique 10 Bohol 34 Baislan 20 Bukidnon 420 90 PERALTA

Bulacan 131 Romblon 11 Camarines S. 30 S.Cotabato 276 Catanduanes 11 S.Leyte 57 Cavite 50 Surigao del S. 78,934 Cebu 798 (NM 1990:114,120) Davao 2,169 Tawi-tawi 80 Davao Or. 414 Zambales 41 Davao del S. 1,459 Zamboanga N. 78 Isabela 19 Zamboanga S. 221 Laguna 10 Kalookan 192 Leyte 98 Las Pñas 256 Maguindanao 11 Mandaluyong 90 Misamis Occ. 19 Manila 441 Misamis Or. 69 Marikina 122 Negros Or. 11 Makati 10 N.Cotabato 51 Navotas 81 Occ. Mindoro 61 Parañaque 64 Palawan 284 Pasay 180 Pampanga 60 Quezon City 704 Pangasinan 897 San Juan 76 Quezon 72 Taguig 77 Rizal 462 Valenzuela 111

ROMBLOANON Total National Population 126,698 (NSO 1980: 147,000)

Agusan del S. 20 Davao Or. 12 Aklan 511 Laguna 31 Antique 99 Lanao del N. 57 Basilan 20 Marinduque 19 Bataan 9 Masbate 144 Batangas 117 Misamis Occ. 10 Bohol 10 Occ. Mindoro 226 Bulacan 83 Or. Mindoro 20,897 Camarines N. 9 Palawan 442 Camarines S. 20 Rizal 316 Catanduanes 29 Romblon 101,231 Cavite 19 S.Kudarat 22 Davao 20 Tarlac 10 Davao del S. 30 Tawi-tawi 20 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 91

Zambales 10 Malabon 42 Zamboanga N. 10 Makati 94 Zamboanga S. 179 Muntinlupa 10 Kalookan 253 Parañaque 189 Las Piñas 84 Pasay 149 Mandaluyong 50 Quezon City 565 Manila 435 Taguig 25 Marikina 120 Valenzuela 50

HIGAONON

Total National Population 125,490

Agusan del S. 180,000 (1992) Bukidnon 22,718 (1991) Bukidnon. 1,060 (1991) Lanao del N. 3,000 Misamis Or. 49,400 (1993)

HIGAONON/TALAANDIG

Agusan del S. 5,000 (1992) Bukidnon 26,312 (1992)

KAMAYO

Total National Population 122,350

Agusan del N. (NM 1991:6,500) Surigao del S. (NM 1990: 115,850)

YAKAN

Total National Population 104,591 +15,274 119,865 92 PERALTA

Surigao del S. 101 Pampanga 9 Aklan 53 Pangasinan 85 Antique 11 Quezon 10 Basilan 86,926 Rizal 245 (NM 1992:102,200) Romblon 4 Bataan 10 S.Cotabato 960 Aurora 64 Sulu 74 Benguet 42 Surigao del N. 10 Bukidnon 295 Surigao del S. 606 Bulacan 113 Tawi-tawi 297 Camarines S. 9 Zambales 19 Cebu 10 Zamboanga N. 811 Davao 423 Zamboanga S. 11,193 Davao del S. 71 Kalookan 10 Davao Or. 1,378 Las Piñas 21 Iloilo 37 Manila 10 Kalinga-Apayao 10 Marikina 61 La Union 10 Malabon 31 Laguna 29 Makati 188 Negros Occ. 19 Navotas 21 Nueva Vizcaya 22 Parañaque 20 Or. Mindoro 78 Quezon Cirty 11 Palawan 160 San Juan 11 Taguig 13

ITAWIT

Total National Population 119,522

Abra 26 Kalinga-Apayao 752 Bataan 20 La Union 32 Batanes 2 Laguna 20 Benquet 22 Misamis Or. 10 Bulacan 61 Mt. Province 12 Cagayan 110,803 N.Vizcaya 80 Cavite 61 Palawan 9 Davao 9 Pampanga 42 Davao S. 11 Pangasinan 47 Ifugao 11 Quirino 81 Ilocos N. 12 Rizal 94 Isabela 5,238 Surigao N. 10 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 93

Tarlac 19 Makati 708 Kalookan 111 Muntinlupa 21 Las Piñas. 113 Navotas 10 Mandaluyong 31 Pasay 69 Manila 290 Pateros 29 Marikina 50 Quezon City 491 Taguig 115

SAMBAL

Total National Population 113,032 (NSO 1980:118,805)

Agusan del S. 11 Occ. Mindoro 93 Antique 8 Or. Mindoro 8 Aurora 20 Palawan 460 Bataan 485 Pangasinan 1,325 Batangas 83 Rizal 295 Benguet 32 S.Kudarat 9 Bulacan 71 Surigao N. 10 Cagayan 83 Tarlac 2,397 Camarines N. 20 Zambales 104,840 Camarined S. 63 Zamboanga 74 Capiz 21 Kalookan 419 Cavite 60 Las Pinas 53 Cebu 10 Mandaluyong 39 Davao del S. 30 Manila 801 Ifugao 10 Marikina 182 Ilocos N. 28 Malabon 10 Isabela 30 Makati 30 La Union 10 Muntinlupa 30 Laguna 41 Parañaque 61 Leyte 10 Pasay 68 N.Cotabato 11 Taguig 65 Nueva Ecija 133 Valenzuela 101

BOTOLAN Negros Or. 30 Camiguin 10 Palawan 13 Cebu 20 Rizal 20 Davao del S. 13 Siquijor 81 La Union 8 S.Cotabato 31 94 PERALTA

S. Leyte 34 Marikina 10 Sulu 21 Makati 42 Surigao del N. 29 Navotas 10 Zamboanga 10 Quezon City 10

IBALOY

Total National Population 112,447

Abra 5 Lanao S. 127 Agusan N. 10 Maguindanao 29 Agusan S. 240 Mt. Province 12 Aurora 29 Negros Occ. 1,832 Basilan 18 Negros Of. 1,314 Batangas 13 N.Cotabato 100 Benguet 86,052 N.Ecija 216 Bukidnon 303 N.Vizcaya 13,406 Bulacan 20 Or.Mindoro 11 Cagayan 198 Palawan 29 Capiz 126 Pangasinan 748 Cavite 10 Quirino 1,104 Davao 10 Romblon 160 Davao S. 91 S.Cotabato 377 Davao Or. 38 S.Kudarat 185 Ifugao 85 Surigao S. 55 Iloilo 1,113 Zambales 29 Isabela 2,205 Zamboanga S. 51 Kalinga-Apayao 435 Valenzuela 10 La Union 1,276 Parañaque 11

KALINGA

Total National Population 91,128

Kalinga-Apayao 83.963 Cavite 52 Agusan N. 10 Davao S. 11 Aklan 10 Isabela 1,599 Batangas 10 La Union 33 Benguet 2,527 Laguna 10 Bukidnon 11 Manila 20 Cagayan 593 Misamis Or. 52 Camiguin 8 Mt. Province 1,746 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 95

Negros Occ 10 Pangasinan 49 N.Ecija 159 Quirino 10 N.Vizcaya 47 S.Cotabato 9 Palawan 10 Zambales 193 Pampanga 21 Makati 10

KALAGAN

Total National Population 21,381 65,889 87,270

Benguet 10 Kalinga-Apayao 9 Bohol 10 Maguindanao 9 Cavite 10 N.Cotabato 52 Davao 4,705 Nueva Vizcaya 194 (NM 1991:21,624) Pangasinan 95 Davao Or. 8,794 S.Cotabato 2,925 (NM 1991:48,052) (NM 1991:4,860) Davao del S. 4,453 S.Kudarat 8 (NM 1991:12,230) Surigao del N. 10 Ilocos S. 16 Zambales 20 Isabela 29 Zamboanga S. 32

TIRURAY

Total National Population 76,883

Bukidnon 730 N.Cotabato 894 (NM 1991) (NM 1991) Maguindanao 58,759 S.Kudarat 6,500 (NM 1993) (NM 1993) 96 PERALTA

BUKIDNON/BINUKID (The NSO census does not distinguish between Bukidnon of Negros Magahat/ Carol-an) and Bukidnon (Manobo) of Mindanao.)

Total National Population 74,228

BUKIDNON Batangas 9 Benguet 30 Agusan del N. 20 Bohol 244 Agusan del S. 11 Bukidnon 47,019 Bohol 41 Bulacan 10 Bukidnon 22,053 Camiguin 10 Bulacan 11 Cavite 65 Cavite 19 Cebu 517 Cebu 30 Davao 100 Davao 8 Davao del S. 267 Davao del S. 11 Laguna 16 Davao Or. 11 Lanao del N. 16 Lanao del S. 13 Lanao del S. 10 Misamis Occ. 41 Leyte 10 Misamis Or. 2,237 Masbate 9 Mt. Province 34 Misamis Occ. 18 Negros Or. 10 Misamis Or. 101 Pangasian 41 Negros Occ. 10 Quirino 83 Negros Or. 47 Rizal 10 N.Cotabato 10 Siquijor 37 Rizal 21 S.Cotabato 21 Siquijor 21 Surigao N. 27 S.Cotabato 73 Tawi-tawi 9 S.Kudarat 10 Zamboanga N. 192 Surigao N. 71 Kalookan 11 Surigao S. 57 Makati 10 Zambales 10 Parañaque 22 Zamboanga S. 124 Quezon City 10 Manila 29 Makati 11 BINKID Navotas 10 Agusan del N. 144 Parañaque 10 Agusan del S. 53 Pasay 10 Basilan 10 Taguig 13 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 97

T’BOLI

Total National Population 50,724 +18,823 695, 47

Agusan del N. 20 Rizal 10 Agusan del S. 20 S.Cotabato 50,253 Bukidnon 11 (NM 1991:68,282) Cavite 10 S.Kudarat 206 Davao del S/ 11 (NM 1993:1,000) Maguindanao 22 Zamboanga N. 9 Pampanga 19 Las Piñas 21 Quezon 92 Makati 20

ILONGOT

Total National Population 50,017

Abra 31 Davao 807 Agusan del N. 391 Davao S. 21 Aklan 174 E.Samar 199 Albay 23 Ifugao 11 Antique 264 Ilocos N. 182 Aurora 11 Ilocos S. 109 Basilan 486 Iloilo 12 Bataan 61 Isabela 281 Batanes 17 Kalinga-Apayao 9 Batangas 1,291 La Union 318 Benguet 384 Laguna 1,695 Bohol 68 Lanao del N. 11 Bukidnon 37 Lanao del S. 48 Bulacan 4,969 Leyte 113 Cagayan 342 Marinduque 52 Camarines N. 169 Masbate 51 Camarines S. 458 Misamis Occ. 80 Catanduanes 93 Misamis Or. 394 Cavite 4,781 Negros Occ. 23 Cebu 1,164 Negros Or. 1,314 98 PERALTA

N.Cotabato 10 Surigao del S. 476 M.Samar 7 Tarlac 382 N.Ecija 316 Zambales 619 N.Vizcaya 2,011 Zamboanga N. 21 Occ. Mindoro 1,269 Zamboanga S. 3,735 Or. Mindoro 1,352 Kalookan 943 Palawan 2,745 Las Piñas 402 Pampanga 1,329 Mandaluyong 448 Pangasinan 808 Manila 553 Quezon 585 Marikina 334 Quirino 2,173 Malabon 833 Rizal 1,448 Makati 92 Romblon 50 Muntinlupa 11 Samar 222 Navotas 454 Siquijor 10 Parañaque 465 Sorsogon 122 Pasay 99 S. Cotabato 1,296 Pateros 139 S.Kudarat 10 Quezon City 1,091 Sulu 137 San Juan 550 Surigao del N. 360 Taguig 347 Valenzuela 300 TINGGIAN

Total National Population 47,447

Abra 39,016 Manila 31 Benguet 343 Mt. Prov 53 Bulacan 11 Negros Occ. 9 Cagayan 228 N.Cotabato 11 Cavite 10 N.Vizcaya 20 Ifugao 73 Pangasinan 9 Ilocos N. 369 Quirino 10 Ilocos S. 4,920 Rizal 11 Iloilo 1,113 S.Kudarat 33 Isabela 397 Sulu 32 Kalinga-Apayao 622 Zamboanga S. 10 La Union 31 Caloocan 20 Lanao del N. 5 Valenzuela 10 Makati 50 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 99

PALAWAN

Total National Population 40,630

Abra 9 Rizal 153 Agusan del S. 10 Romblon 15 Aklan 50 Sulu 9 Basilan 9 Surigao del N. 55 Batangas 11 Tawi-tawi 50 Bulacan 81 Zamboanga S. 32 Cavite 10 Kalookan 40 Cebu 10 Las Piñas 11 Davao del S. 11 Manila 273 Ifugao 10 Marikina 10 Laguna 21 Malabon 41 MIsamis Or. 10 Makati 10 Negros Occ. 10 Muntinlupa 10 Negros Or. 19 Navotas 39 Occ. Mindoro 20 Parañaque 10 Or. Mindoro 10 Pasay 10 Palawan 39,421 Quezon City 114 Pampanga 11 Quezon City 10 Pangasinan 20 Taguig 13

BUTUANON

Total National Population 34,566

Agusan del N. 10,705 Ifugao 10 Agusan del S. 3,310 Ilocos N. 10 Aurora 20 Ilocos S. 66 Benguet 285 La Union 12 Bohol 3,576 Lanao des N. 438 Bukidnon 1,087 Lanao del S. 35 Camiguin 248 Leyte 30 Cavite 10 Maguindanao 32 Cebu 1,744 Masbate 22 Davao 360 Misamis Occ. 1,375 Davao del S. 1,075 Misamis Or. 1,399 Davao Or. 259 Mt. Province 273 100 PERALTA

Negros Occ. 703 S.Kudarat 44 Negros Or. 2,183 Sulu 406 N.Cotabato 81 Surigao del N. 177 N.Samar 10 Surigao del S. 179 Or. Mindoro 552 Tawi-tawi 139 Palawan 50 Zambales 20 Pampanga 10 Zamboanga N. 852 Pangasinan 9 Zamboanga S. 781 Quirino 6 Manila 94 Siquijor 1,360 Malabon 40 S.Cotabato 208 Muntinlupa 11 S.Leyte 210 Pasay 29 Quezon City 31

KOLIBUGAN

Total National Population 17,287 +14,940 32,227

Aurora 62 Quezon 10 Bataan 10 Quirino 9 Benguet 22 Zambales 10 Bukidnon 9 Zamboanga N. 10 Cebu 156 (NM 1994:14,950) Isabela 9 Zamboanga S. 16,948 Kalinga-Apayao 47 (NM 1992:9,800) Laguna 11 Manila 10 N.Ecija 79 Makati 10 Pangasinan 11 Quezon City 10

APAYAO

Total National Population 27,627

Kalinga-Apayao 24,844 Cagayan 142 Agusan N 9 Davao 10 Aklan 10 Ilocos N. 2,134 Benguet 281 Ilocos S. 37 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 101

Laguna 20 Pangasinan 50 Manila 9 Surigao N. 10 Misamis Occ. 5 Tarlac 11 Mt. Prov. 10 Tawi-tawi 11 N.Vizcaya 10 Zamboanga N. 12 Zamboanga S. 12

MATIGSALUG

Total National Population 26,700

Bukidnon 23,700 Davao del S. 3,000 (NM 1991) (NM 1991)

BONTOC

Total National Population 23,552 (NSO 1980:65,000)

Abra 5 Ifugao 83 Aurora 177 Isabela 11 Antique 10 Kalinga-Apayao 457 Basilan 10 Misamis Or. 10 Benguet 6,618 Mt. Province 15,723 Bohol 21 Occ. Mindoro 18 Bukidnon 113 Or. Mindoro 11 Bulacan 30 Palawan 12 Cagayan 94 Pangasinan 22 Davao 10 Quirino 25 Davao S. 11 Rizal 22 Davao Or. 49 Zambales 10

MANSAKA

Total National Population 19,246 +3,523 22,769 102 PERALTA

Agusan del N. 10 Ifugao 8 Bohol 19 Ilocos N. 1 Cagayan 21 Lanao del N. 10 Cebu 20 Leyte 10 Davao 18,852 N.Cotabato 11 (NM 1991:21,711) Nueva Vizcaya 10 Davao Or. 186 Quirino 10 (NM 1991:850) Rizal 10 Davao del S. 40 S.Cotabato 10 S.Leye 18

JAMA MAPUN

Total National Population 22,320

Agusan del S. 10 Romblon 61 Basilan 89 Surigao del N. 8 Cavite 40 Surigao del S. 90 Davao del S. 11 Tawi-tawi 14,423 Palawan 7,494 Zamboanga N. 72 Zamboanga S. 22

MANGYAN

Total National Population 21,862 (NSO 1980:30,000)

Aklan 127 Occ. Mindoro 5,172 Agusan del N. 10(Ir.) Or. Mindoro 15,639 Benguet 20(Ir.) Occ. Mindoro 380 (Ir.) Cavite 19 Or. Mindoro 75(Ir.) Cagayan 9(Ir.) Palawan 9 Cavite 22(Ir.) Pampanga 11 Davao Or. 10(Ir.) Pangasinan 10(Ir.) Ilocos N. 12(Ir.) Rizal 50 Ilocos S. 10(Ir.) S.Kudarat 9(Ir.) Lanao del N. 53(Ir.) Sulu 20(Ir.) Misamis Occ. 20(Ir.) Surigao del S. 10(Ir.) Misamis Occ. 9 Zamboanga S. 23(Ir.) GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 103

Mandaluyong 10 Parañaque 10 Manila 52(Ir.) Pasay 10 Makati 11 Pasay 10(Ir.) Makati 10(Ir.) Quezon City 10 N.Cotabato 10(Ir.)

Note: In NSO 1990 Census, Mangyan is distinguished from Iraya

IVATAN/ITVAYAT Total National Population 17,151 +3,199 20,350

Batanes Kalinga-Apayao 51 Basco 5,223 Laguna 61 Itbayat 3,351 Lanao del S. 16 Ivana 1,094 Manila 358 Mahatao 1,611 Negros Occ. 22 Sabtang 1,625 N.Cotabato 49 Aklan 9 N.Vizcaya 80 Bataan 20 Palawan 330 Batangas 9 Pampanga 10 Benguet 11 Pangasinan 32 Bukidnon 1,601 Quezon 10 (NM 1991:4,800) Rizal 123 Bulacan 73 S.Cotabato 40 Cagayan 1,044 S.Kudarat 11 Camarines S. 20 Zambales 10 Cebu 20 Zamboanga N. 10 Davao 10 Zamboangan S. 33 Davao del S. 10 Makati 60 Ilocos N. 10 Muntinlupa 50 Ilocos S. 4 Parañaque 11 Iloilo 9 Pasay 30

GA’DANG

Total National Population 19.220

(NSO 1980:20,850) 104 PERALTA

Antique 10 Lanao S. 10 Benguet 40 Mt.Province 1,557 Bukidnon 11 N.Ecija 10 Cagayan 91 N.Vizcaya 5,859 Cavite 10 Palawan 11 Ifugao 702 Quirino 65 Iloilo 10 S.Kudarat 10 Isabela 9,878 Zamboanga S. 10 Kalinga-Apayao 677 Manila 32 Lanao N. 88 Makati 118 Quezon City 21

DIBABAON

Total National Population 8,628 +9,368 17,996

Benguet 30 Palawan 9 Bukidnon 31 Pampanga 11 Cavite 30 Pangasinan 10 Davao 7,717 Rizal 20 (NM 1991:16,735) S.Cotabato 51 Davao Or. 11 S.Kudarat 30 Davao del S. 11 Surigao del N. 10 Iloilo 113 Surigao del S. 233 Kalinga-Apayao 20 Zambales 10 La Union 18 Zamboanga S. 32 Laguna 10 Manila 10 Maguindanao 10 Makati 10 Negros Occ. 132 Quezon City 40 N.Cotabato 19 Agusan del S. (NM 1992:350)

YOGA

Total National Population 16,718

Agusan N. 11 Benguet 12 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 105

Capiz 17 Quirino 36 Ifugao 22 S.Cotabato 29 Iloilo 52 Surigao N. 10 Isabela 15,445 Tarlac 10 Lanao N. 9 Zamboanga S. 20 Negros Occ. 81 Kalookan 10 N.Vizcaya 31 Manila 48 Palawan 11 Makati 83 Pangasinan 10 Quezon City 41

CAGAYANO/KAGAYANEN

Total National Population 15,782

Agusan del S. 29 Nueva Vizcaya 51 Aklan 11 Or. Mindoro 10 Benguet 53 Palawan 14,639 Bohol 17 Pangasinan 60 Bukidnon 8 Rizal 465 Camarines S. 10 Surigao del N. 22 Davao 40 Kalookan 41 Davao del S. 10 Mandaluyong 11 Ilocoa S. 21 Manila 61 Isabela 99 Pateros 10 Kalinga-Apayao 10 Quezon City 51 Misamis Or. 10 Taguig 13 Valenzuela 30

(Note: Cagayan of Cagayan Valley of Northern Luzon and the Cagayano of Cagayancillo in the Sulu Sea and the Cagayano of Cagayan de Oro have not neem distinguished here by the NSO 1990 census.)

MALAWEG

Total National Population 14,591

Aurora 11 Ifugao 10 Benguet 31 Iloilo 214 Cagayan 11,285 Kalinga-Apayao 2,515 Davao 11 La Union 11 106 PERALTA

Negros Occ. 32 Zamboanga N. 30 Occ. Mindoro 76 Mandaluyong 20 Palawan 69 Manila 217 Quirino 5 Muntinlupa 10 S.Cotabato 21 Parañaque 10 Taguig 13

TAGBANWA

Total National Population 13.643

Agusan Del N. 9 N.Ecija 144 Agusan del S. 88 Palawan 1,1472 Aklan 9 Pangasinan 8 Benguet 21 Rizal 20 Bohol 17 S.Cotabato 10 Bukidnon 29 S.Kudarat 12 Cavite 11 Sulu 11 Davao 10 Surigao del N. 21 Davao Del S. 20 Zambales 93 Ilocos S. 75 Las Pñas 10 Lanao del N. 30 Manila 31 Leyte 10 Makati 52 Misamis Occ. 9 42 Misamis Or. 24 Pasay 10 Negros Occ 11 Quezon City 10 N.Cotabato 1,313 San Juan 11

PALANAN

Total National Population 10,925

Bulacan 10 Pangasinan 21 Davao 10 Rizal 9 Davao del S. 9 Tarlac 20 Isabela 10,706 Zambales 9 Negros Or. 19 Kalookan 20 N.Cotabato 10 Manila 10 Nueva Ecija 10 Quezon City 41 Pampanga 21 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 107

SANGKIL (SANGIR/MARORE)

Total National Population 7,514 +2,830 10,344

Basilan 9 (NM 1991:2,570) Bulacan 10 S.Kudarat 21 Cavite 177 (NM 1993:2,000) Cebu 20 Surigao del N. 10 Davao del S. 4,322 Kalookan 10 (NM 1991:5,000) Las Piñas 72 Isabela 26 Manila 10 Negros Occ. 11 Marikina 51 Or. Mindoro 32 Makati 51 Palawan 41 Muntinlupa 10 Rizal 30 Parañaque 60 Romblon 30 Pasay 39 S.Cotabato 2,397 Pateros 11 Taguig 64

NEGRITO GROUPS

(Negrito/Agta/Batak/Dumagat) (There are at least 25 Negrito sub-grops. The dichotomy between the difference Negrito groups is not delineated; also the difference between the ATTA of northern Cordillera; and the non-Negrito ATTA of Mindanao is not clarified in the NSO 1991 census. Some sub-groups in the NSO tabulation said to be some provinces may have been mis-identified.)

Total National Population 7,466

(Less Non-Negrito)

NEGRITO Cagayan 18 Agusan del N. 57 Davao 10 Aurora 76 Davao del S. 19 Bataan 10 Isabela 8 Benguet 11 Kalinga-Apayao 175 108 PERALTA

(Negrito Atta) S.Kudarat 72 La Union 10 Sulu 33 Negros Occ. 10(Ati) Tawi-tawi 10 Pangasinan 10 Zambales 21 Rizal 31 Kalookan 10 Surigao del N. 152 Las Piñas 10 (Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Manila 11 Mandaluyong 10 Muntinlupa 10 Manila 63 Quezon City 84 Makati 10 Taguig 13 Muntinlupa 42 Parañaque 11 ATTA Taguig 13 Aklan 10 Aurora 11 AGTA Bataan 11 Aklan 43 Batangas 40 (Ati?) Bukidnon 10 Batanes 1 Cagayan 175 Bukidnon 105 Camarines S. 9 (Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Cavite 30 Bulacan 50 Davao 7,307 Cagayan 269 (Non-Negrito) Catanduanes 18 Davao del Sur 6,448 Davao del S. 88 (Non-Negrito) (Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Ilocos N. 10 Ilocos N. 10 Ilocos S. 22 (Atta) Iloilo 20 Ilocos S. 9 Kalinga-Apayao 47 (Atta) Lanao del S. 8 Iloilo 10 Occ. Mindoro 11 (Ati) Pampanga 21 Isabela 11 Pangasinan 10 Laguna 29 Quezon 29 Lanao del N. 68 Rizal 43 Lanao del S. 13 Sulu 10 Maguindanao 60 Tarlac 11 Misamis Or. 10 Tawi-Tawi 10 Negros Occ. 11 Zambales 10 Occ. Mindoro 30 Zamboanga N. 12 Palawan 30 Manila 11 Pangasinan 54 Quezon City 22 Rizal 94 Taguig 12 S.Cotabato 11 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 109

BATAK Manila 31 Antique 10 Makati 21 Basilan 10 Muntinlupa 11 Bataan 31 Quezon City 21 Bohol 90 Taguig 12 Bukidnon 143 Camarines N. 11 DUMAGAT Camiguin 10 Agusan S. 10 Capiz 9 Albay 9 Cavite 52 Antique 11 Cebu 244 Aurora 384 Davao 22 Benguet 21 Davao del S. 73 Bukidnon 21 Ilocos N. 9 Bulacan 10 Ilocos S. 4 Cavite 31 Iloilo 20 Davao 41 Kalinga-Apayao 7 Cebu 10 Lanao del N. 11 Iloilo 66 Maguindanao 9 Isabela 127 Misamis Occ. 57 Laguna 67 Misamis Or. 110 Negros Occ. 510 Negros Occ. 21 Negros Or. 60 N.Cotabato 32 N.Cotabato 11 N.Samar 10 Nueva Ecija 87 Nueva Ecija 20 Palawan 41 Palawan 259 Pampanga 12 Pampanga 9 Pangasinan 20 Pangasinan 10 Quezon 656 Quezon 16 Quirino 71 Rizal 10 S.Cotabato 20 S.Leyte 19 S.Kudarat 20 Surigao N. 22 Zamboanga S. 442 Tawi-tawi 10 Kalookan 10 Zambales 10 Manila 10 Zamboanga S. 220 Marikina 11 Kalookan 21 Muntinlupa 20 Las Piñas 21 Parañaque 10 Mandaluyong 10 Quezon City 30 110 PERALTA

KALAMIANON

Total National Population 6,476

Abra 539 Nueva Ecija 21 Agusan del N. 30 Palawan 2,928 Agusan del S. 11 Quirino 10 Benguet 575 Rizal 11 Cagayan 86 S.Cotabato 70 Davao 52 S.Kudarat 40 Davao del S. 21 Sulu 244 Ifugao 18 Surigao del N. 19 Ilocos N. 574 Tarlac 57 Ilocos S. 431 Tawi-tawi 117 Isabela 127 Zambales 169 Kalinga-Apayao 273 Zamboanga N. 20 La Union 494 Zamboanga S. 130 Lanao del S. 13 Kalookan 10 Mt. Province 63 Manila 30 N.Cotabato 11 Makati 10 N.Samar 11 Quezon City 41

MOLBOG

Total national Population 6,701

Cavite 9 Tarlac 80 Davao del S. 9 Zamboanga N. 32 Palawan 6,493 Zamboanga S. 11 Pampanga 47 Manila 10 Malabon 10

ISINAY

Total National Population 5,624

Agusan N. 10 Bukidnon 93 Agusan S. 22 Bulacan 41 Batanes 1 Cagayan 20 Benguet 80 Davao 21 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 111

Ifugao 21 N.Vizcaya 5,003 Ilocos N. 10 Pangasinan 12 Isabela 75 Quezon 10 Kalinga-Apayao 10 Rizal 9 La Union 10 Romblon 9 Laguna 11 Surigao N. 36 Lanao N. 19 Zambales 9 Lanao S. 11 Zamboanga N. 10 Misamis Or. 30 Zamboanga S. 10 N.Ecija 10 Quezon City 10 Valenzuela 11

IKALAHAN/KALANGUYA

Total National Population 2,915 N.Viz, Benguet, Ifugao (DR 1974:34,000)

Antique 10 Mt. Prov. 9 Aklan 38 N.Vizcaya 2,120 Benguet 51 Occ. Mindoro 9 Bohol 10 Palawan 11 Iloilo 10 Pangasinan 583 Lanao S. 32 Parañaque 10 Maguindanao 11 Pasay 11

CUYONEN (CUYUNIN)

Total National Population 2,367 (NSO 1980:97,000)

Agusan del S. 20 Cagayan 19 Aklan 380 Cavite 19 Antique 196 Davao 31 Basilan 79 Davao Or. 10 Bataan 18 Ifugao 121 Batangas 9 Iloilo 10 Bohol 11 Isabela 39 Bukidnon 10 Laguna 20 Bulacan 40 Masbate 68 112 PERALTA

Mt. Province. 112 Zamboanga S. 54 Negros Occ. 13 Kalookan 21 Nueva Vizcaya 11 Las Piñas 30 Occ. Mindoro 20 Manila 183 Palawan 419 Marikina 10 Pampanga 11 Malabon 82 Quezon 21 Makati 20 Rizal 31 Parañaque 19 Tawi-tawi 11 Quezon City 91 Zambales 10 San Juan 77 Valenzuela 21

MAMANWA

Total National Population 1,922

Agusan del N. 961 Negros Or. 11 Basilan 21 Pampanga 49 Bataan 10 Pangasinan 10 Bohol 20 Quezon 19 Camiguin 10 Rizal 20 Cebu 11 Sorsogon 11 Davao Or. 10 S.Cotabato 10 Davao S. 10 Surigao del N. 489 Ilocos N. 31 Surigao del S. 71 Iloilo 10 (NM 1990:50) La Union 31 Zamboanga S. 10 Laguna 22 Kalookan 10 Negros Occ. 22 Manila 11 Quezon City 32

KAMIGUIN

Total National Population 551

Agusan del S. 41 Cebu 11 Antique 10 Ifugao 11 Benguet 71 Iloilo 20 Bukidnon 58 Misamis Occ. 9 Cagayan 10 MIsamis Or. 10 GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 113

Mt. Province 51 Tawi-tawi 10 Or. Mindoro 9 Zambales 18 Palawan 10 Las Piñas 11 Pampanga 10 Marikina 10 Pangasinan 98 Makati 11 S.Kudarat 10 Muntinlupa 22 Quezon City 30

ABAKNON (CAPULENO)

Total National Population 430 (NSO 1980:9,870)

Batangas 28 N.Samar 191 Benguet 31 Occ. Mindoro 10 Bulacan 10 Palawan 57 Davao del S. 11 W.Samar 11 Iloilo 50 Manila 31

KENE (Unknown group Listed in NSO Census 1990)

Total National Population 279

Antique (Culasi) 10 Pampanga 62 Aklan (Kalibo) 10 (Apalit 21 Cavite (Dasmarinas) 10 Mabalacat 21 Davao (Panabo) 10 Porac 11 Ifugao (Lagawe) 35 Macabebe 9 Ilocos S.(San Emilio) 25 Tarlac 31 Iloilo (Jordon) 10 (Bamban 11 N.Ecija (San Jose) 10 San Jose 10) Occ. Mindoro 10 Tawi-tawi 17 Oalawan (San Vicente) 10 Kalookan 19 Muntinlupa 10 114 PERALTA GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 115

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