Field Report Part 2: Lombok

Field Report Fishing Grounds and Supply Lines in Indonesia Fishery Management Areas 573, 713, and 714 Part 2: Lombok

April 9, 2012 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International (www.chemonics.com) and People & Nature Consulting International (www.people-nature-consulting.com). Version 0.1

Authors: Dr. J.S. Pet1, Dr. Peter J. Mous2, Chairul Sasongko3, and M. Ziaulhaq4

1People & Nature Consulting International, Bali, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Chemonics International, IMACS office, Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 3Chemonics International, IMACS office, Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 4Chemonics International, IMACS office, Jakarta, [email protected]

TNC contributed to these surveys and reports in the context of its ﬁsheries program through ﬁnancial contributions from its Indonesia and California programs.

This document is optimized for double-sided printing Contents

1 Introduction 1 1.1Surveyperiod,spatialcoverage,andtargetﬁsheries...... 1 1.2 Objective of this survey ...... 2 1.3Studyarea...... 2

2 Materials and methods 5

3 Results 9 3.1 Description of fisheries by landing site ...... 9 3.1.1 Seriwe...... 9 3.1.2 AwangandEkasvillageatEkasBay...... 13 3.1.3 Gerupuk ...... 20 3.1.4 Kuta...... 22 3.1.5 SelongBelanakandPengatap...... 28 3.1.6 SepiandBlongas...... 28 3.1.7 Bangko Bangko and the Lombok Strait tongkol fishery withoutriggercanoes...... 34 3.1.8 The beach from Lembar and Cemara up to Endo, Ker- anjiandAmpenan...... 41 3.1.9 Ampenan...... 46 3.1.10NorthwestLombok...... 50 3.1.11Tampas...... 52 3.1.12TheNortheastcoastofLombok...... 57 3.1.13LabuanLombok...... 61 3.1.14LabuanHaji...... 78 3.1.15TanjungLuar...... 81 3.2 Maps of fishing grounds and supply lines ...... 89 3.3GoogleEarthsurveyofcoastalfisheries...... 100

4 Opportunities for development of sustainable supply lines 104 iv

Bibliography 106

A Local resource persons and data gathering events 109

B Contact details 113

C List of Indonesian, English, and scientiﬁc ﬁsh names 114

D Acronyms 116 List of Figures

1.1FisheryManagementAreas...... 3 1.2MapofLombok...... 4

2.1LombokinGoogleEarth...... 7 2.2TanjungLuarandAwanginGoogleEarth...... 8

3.1 Seriwe, village scenes ...... 10 3.2 Seriwe, fishing vessels ...... 11 3.3Seriwe,wahooandEasternlittletuna...... 12 3.4Awang,villageandharbour...... 14 3.5Awangvillage,traderandcanoes...... 15 3.6Ekasvillage...... 16 3.7Awangvillage,lobsterculture...... 17 3.8 Awang village, man carrying traps for juvenile lobster ..... 18 3.9 Awang, new fishing port ...... 21 3.10 Gerupuk village ...... 23 3.11 Gerupuk village ...... 24 3.12 Gerupuk village, trader pak Bukit ...... 25 3.13 Gerupuk village, grouper ...... 25 3.14Kutavillage...... 27 3.15 Kuta village, taking fish from a gillnet ...... 29 3.16Kutavillage,grouper...... 30 3.17Kutavillage,mahi-mahiandbaitfish...... 31 3.18SelongBelanak...... 32 3.19 Selong Belanak, canoe returning from fishing trip...... 33 3.20 South coast of Lombok: Returning fishers...... 34 3.21 Selong Belanak, longline catch...... 35 3.22Pengatap...... 36 3.23Pengatap:Seaweedcollector...... 36 3.24Sepi...... 37 3.25Sepi,demersalfishonice...... 38 vi

3.26Sepi,variousfishspeciesonice...... 39 3.27BangkoBangko...... 40 3.28 Bangko Bangko, fishing vessels ...... 42 3.29 Lombok Strait: Longlining canoes ...... 43 3.30Cemarabeach...... 44 3.31KeranjiandTanjungKarang...... 45 3.32Ampenanbeach...... 47 3.33 Ampenan, gillnet repair ...... 48 3.34 Ampenan, Pak Alun’s facility ...... 49 3.35 Ampenan, Pak Zunaidi’s cold storage ...... 50 3.36Ampenan,tuna...... 51 3.37 Tanjung, Pak Sahdi’s facility ...... 53 3.38 Tanjung, gillnet ...... 54 3.39MontongPol,beachseineoperation...... 55 3.40MontongPol,beachseinecatch...... 56 3.41LepekLoang...... 58 3.42Tekalok...... 59 3.43Meroak...... 60 3.44 PPP Labuhan Lombok ...... 62 3.45 Labuhan Lombok, landings ...... 63 3.46 Recorded catch at PPP Labuhan Lombok ...... 64 3.47 PPP Labuhan Lombok: Orange-spotted emperors ...... 65 3.48 Labuan Lombok, fishing vessels ...... 66 3.49 PPP Labuhan Lombok, main hall ...... 67 3.50 PPP Labuhan Lombok, fishing vessels and landings ...... 68 3.51 Labuhan Lombok, CV Versace ...... 69 3.52 Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Pak Apeng ...... 71 3.53 Labuhan Lombok, cuttlefish and coral trout ...... 72 3.54 Labuhan Lombok, Ibu Sumi’s facility ...... 74 3.55 Labuhan Lombok, Ibu Sumi’s facility: Spanish mackerel and skipjacktuna...... 75 3.56 Labuhan Lombok, Ibu Sumi’s facility: Various fish species . . 76 3.57 Labuhan Lombok, Pak Supardi’s facility ...... 77 3.58 Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru, Pak Haji Kadir’s facility . 79 3.59 Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru, Pak Haji Saidok’s facility . 80 3.60TanjungLuar...... 82 3.61 Tanjung Luar, fishing vessels and catch ...... 84 3.62TanjungLuar,largepelagicsandrays...... 85 3.63TanjungLuar,sharks...... 86 3.64 Tanjung Luar, processing ...... 87 3.65 Tanjung Luar, selling gurnards ...... 88 vii

3.66 Tanjung Luar, facility of CV Versace ...... 90 3.67 Tanjung Luar, facility of Pak Hayyi ...... 91 3.68 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of demersal fisheries aroundLombok...... 93 3.69 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of Spanish mackerel (tenggiri)andshallow-waterdemersalspecies...... 94 3.70 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of small pelagics caught by mini purse seines around Lombok...... 95 3.71 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of Lombok Strait tongkol fisheries...... 96 3.72 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of Lombok Strait tongkol fisheries...... 97 3.73 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of demersal fisheries operating on remote fishing grounds...... 98 3.74 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of demersal and pelagicsharkfisheries...... 99 3.75 Map: Concentrations of fishing vessels in Google Earth. ....101

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Survey period, spatial coverage, and target ﬁsheries

This report covers a 5-day field survey to Lombok, conducted on 27 February - 2 March 2012 and 11 March 2012 by consultants from IMACS and PNCI, together with Mr Anang Wahyudi and Mr Manawir Ramli, fisheries extension officers from the Fisheries Service (DKP) of Lombok Tenggah. This survey aims to map fishing grounds, fisheries resources, supply chains, and infrastructure in Fisheries Management Areas 573, 713, and 714 (Wilayah Pen- gelolaan Perikanan or WPP) in Central Indonesia (Fig. 1.1). This survey focuses on three groups of exported species. The first group is export size and quality demersal fish from fishing grounds between 30 and 200 meter depth, including snappers, groupers, emperors and sea breams of various species and size groups. Fish from this group are mainly caught with bottom hook-and- line and bottom longline. The second group that the survey team looked at comprises large pelagics, including mostly yellowfin tuna and in some places mahi-mahi, with a small part of bigeye tuna. The fishery targets fish around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) as well as free-swimming schools with small-scale hook-and-line vessels. The third category that the survey team looked at is the combination of skipjack tuna, juvenile yellowfin tuna (commonly referred to as baby tuna) and Eastern little tuna that is landed mostly with purse seines and pole-and-line boats. The purse seine boats that target these fish also land varying quantities of schooling jacks and trevallies, Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), scads and other small pelagics. This survey is the fourth in a series of surveys; the three earlier surveys focused on Sumbawa (December 2011), Kupang and Maumere (26-30 December 2011), and West Flores (6-10 January 2012). 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.2 Objective of this survey

The objectives of this survey are to provide information on fishing grounds and the supply chains starting from these fishing grounds. This information may be used by: • KKP, for planning of Fishery Management Areas and for development of fishery management plans;

• private sector partners, for development of sustainable supply chains;

• aid agencies and NGOs, for development and planning of fishery and marine conservation projects. Whereas this survey collected most information from interviews at landing sites and fishing harbors, this survey aims to describe complete supply chains, starting from fishing grounds, and leading to exporters through a network of traders and fish processing plants. In this respect, this survey differs from studies that describe fisheries in terms of landings at a certain landing site or stretch of coastline. The focus on fishing grounds and supply chains is an interpretation of the Ecosystem Approach of Fisheries Management (Garcia et al., 2003; Pikitch et al., 2004), as it takes a holistic perspective on the fishing sector, starting from the marine ecosystem instead of harbour or administrative unit (village or desa, municipality or kecamatan, district or kabupaten, province).

1.3 Study area

The south coast of Lombok (Fig. 1.2), including the Southeastern and South- western tips, has an undulating coastline, with many sheltered bays and sandy beaches. There are various small-scale fish landing sites along the south coast from Tanjung Ringgit in the East to Bangko-Banko in the West, and the fishers usually make day trips, rarely going further than 30 nautical miles from their landing sites. The west coast’s dominant fishery is for small pelagics using hook-and-line, mini purse seines, and gill nets, mostly using double-outrigger canoes operating in the waters between Bali and Lombok. The east coast features Lombok’s most important fisheries centers: Labuan Lombok and Tanjung Luar. The fisheries of Labuan Lombok target skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, and some demersal species, whereas Tanjung Luar has a longline shark fishery (both for deepwater and pelagic species), as well as fisheries for demersal fish species and small pelagics. Some of these fisheries work remote fishing grounds, including the Sumba Strait and the patch reefs 1.3. STUDY AREA 3

Figure 1.1: Fishery Management Areas or Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) 573, 713, and 714 . up to Taka Bone Rate. The North coast of Lombok lacks significant landing sites or fishing harbors. Other important uses of coastal areas in Lombok are artisanal gold mining in the Southwest (Sekotong area), and tourism around Kuta on the South coast and Senggigi on the West coast, as well as in the Gili Islands in the Northwestern part. The defining landscape feature of Lombok is the second- highest volcano of Indonesia, Mount Rinjani (peak at 3,726 m above sea level). Lombok has a population of 2.536 million people1, and it is one of the two large islands forming the province Nusa Tenggara Barat (the other large island is Sumbawa). The capital of Nusa Tenggara Barat is Mataram, which is near the West coast of Lombok.

1Wolfram Alpha Knowledgebase 2012 4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.2: Topographic map of Lombok, indicating major roads and the sites that the survey team visited. . Chapter 2

Materials and methods

The survey team selected Lombok as a survey area because it is situated within the area of interest for this series of surveys, nl. WPP 573, 713, and 714. The methodology that the survey applied during this survey is compa- rable to a Rapid Rural Appraisal or reconnaissance survey, facilitated by local experts who are often from the provincial fisheries service (DKP). The survey team asked the local experts for the locations of the most important fisheries centres, after which the survey team prepared an itinerary. For this survey, the team traveled by road from Awang in the southeast clockwise along the coast up to Tanjung Ringgit. The survey team obtained information from traders and landing sites along the coast of Lombok and from Lombok’s three important fishing centers: Ampenan on the West coast, and coastal fishing port (Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai) Labuhan Lombok and fish auction (Tempat Pelelangan Ikan) Tanjung Luar on the East coast. The survey team interviewed fishers, traders, and fish processors at each site, often asking for contact details of other local exports or resource persons. Where possible, the survey team inspected storage facilities of traders and catches of fishers to determine species composition. At each site, the survey team aimed to get a comprehensive overview of the local fisheries. The team first contacted people at the landing site asking general questions on the fishery to figure out which people were knowledgeable on local fisheries. Once a knowledgeable person was identified, the team ascertained the role of that person (fisherman, head of a fishermen’s group, aggragator, processor, trader, cold storage owner, fisheries service official, etc.). Questions focused on: • Scale of the fishing fleet (i.e. average size of the boats);

• Types of ﬁshing gears; 6 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Number of boats by ﬁshery type;

• Dominant species in the catch;

• Fishing grounds;

• Fishing seasons;

• Use of Fish Aggregation Devices;

• Prices of ﬁsh;

• Destination markets of ﬁsh.

Questions varied somewhat depending on the role and the expertise of the person being interviewed. For example, fishers usually have accurate knowledge on fishing grounds, but they do not always know in which markets their fish end up. Fish traders, on the other hand, do not always know where exactly the fishing grounds are. The survey team found that traders and aggregators who work with fishers (often by advancing operational expenses or by providing loans) have the most accurate knowledge of a large part of the supply chain. The survey team used nautical charts (DISHIDROS) at a scale of 1:200,000 or 1:1,000,000 to describe fishing grounds, using a template map at a scale of 1:500,000 with shoreline and 200m depth contours to sketch fishing grounds. The survey team used a GPS receiver (Garmin eTrex) to confirm position of landing sites. The survey team did not use forms—This turned out to be impractical because each interviewed person usually had knowledge on a small part of the supply chain only, and because miscommunications often resulted in inconsis- tencies in answers between respondents, which had to be resolved by asking questions again to other respondents. In essence, each visit to a landing site resulted in a single narrative based on various interviews covering different or overlapping parts of supply chains. This method of data gathering can only yield accurate results if the interviewers are experts on the technicalities of capture fisheries in Indonesia and if they speak Bahasa Indonesia. For this reason, the core survey team consisted of highly experienced personnel: Dr. J. S. Pet, Dr Peter J. Mous, and Mr Budi Sasongko each have between two and four decades of experience in tropical fisheries, mostly in Indonesia. In addition to the field survey, the survey team also used Google Earth to scan the coastline of Lombok for concentrations of fishing canoes and fishing vessels, which can be recognized easily for those areas where the quality of the imagery allows zooming in to a height of c. 500 m (Fig. 2.2). Most of 7

Figure 2.1: Output from Google Earth (center at 8◦36’38.32”S and 116◦15’21.71”E, “Eye altitude” at 173 km), with superimposed the area where resolution was too low to discern individual fishing vessels. . the imagery was of sufficient quality, only in the southwestern part imagery resolution was too low to discern individual fishing vessels (Fig. 2.1). 8 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 2.2: Output from Google Earth, showing Tanjung Luar (top) and Awang (bottom). The larger boats on the jetty in the lower left corner of the top image are shark longliners. The beach in front of the village has many double-outrigger canoes. In the bottom image, the ﬁsh cages in front of Awang are clearly recognizable. . Chapter 3

Results

Section 3.1 presents descriptions of ﬁsheries by landing site, starting from the Southeast corner of Lombok and moving clockwise around the island. Maps of ﬁshing grounds and supply lines are in section 3.2), where each map relates to various landing sites. The last section in this chapter (section 3.3) presents results of the Google Earth assessment.

3.1 Description of ﬁsheries by landing site

3.1.1 Seriwe

Seriwe (8◦53.343’ S 116◦30.406’ E) is a small fishing village at a sheltered bay near Tanjung Ringgit in the Southeastern corner of Lombok. Some 50 small boats are based here, including small vessels with inboard engines and canoes with outboard motors. All boats here fish fairly close to shore and out to the edge of the continental shelf. The largest boats were equipped with mini bottom longlines and were reported to catch small quantities of export quality demersals which are locally collected for transport to aggregators like Pak Alun in Ampenan. Local collector Ibu Aji Zainab also sends fish to traders in Tanjung Luar who supply the local market there. Several smaller boats were observed to be equipped with hookah compressors, which may indicate blast fishing or cyanide fishing. Gillnets are common in Seriwe and a few mini purse seiners were anchored in the bay. Villagers culture seaweed in this bay. Only low quantities of fish seem to be collected by local traders. Seriwe does not have an ice factory, and ice for cooling is produced with household refrigerators. 10 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.1: Seriwe, beachfront (top) and village square for drying seaweed (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 11

Figure 3.2: Seriwe ﬁshing vessel with ice box (top), and canoes with hookah compressor (bottom). 12 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.3: Contents of ice boxes at one of the traders in Seriwe: Wahoo and Eastern little tuna (top) and mixed reef ﬁsh with crabs (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 13

3.1.2 Awang and Ekas village at Ekas Bay

Awang (8◦52.900’ S 116◦23.700’ E; Fig. 3.4, 3.5) is a fishing village on the West coast of the Ekas Bay (Teluk Ekas), which is the largest bay on the South coast of Lombok. This bay is well protected in all seasons. There are about 300 small fishing boats based in Awang, mostly with outboard engines and several dozen with inboard engines. Awang fishers reported another 150 active fishing boats to be based in the North of the bay at Kelongkong, a place which was not visited during this survey. Awang fishers reported similar activities and supply lines to exist in and from Awang and Kelongkong. Fish for local consumption is moved from Awang to Kelongkong and the other way around, depending on supply and demand. On the East side of the Ekas bay, at the village of Ekas (8◦52.606 S 116◦27.182 E), there is cage culture of grouper and lobster, fed with small fish caught in gillnets and lift nets. There is little fishery at Ekas other than the feed supply for the lobster and grouper cages. At Awang there is also an important grouper and lobster grow-out industry, including many floating cages where lobsters are fed with locally caught small pelagic fish from lift nets and gillnets. Juvenile lobsters are caught from the wild as they settle in locally made traps (Fig. 3.7). These juveniles are then grown out in cages in the bay. Most local fishers at Awang combine capture fishery with activities on the lobster grow-out cages and catching feed-fish for their lobsters. About 50% of the fishing households in Awang are now involved, part-time or full-time, in lobster or grouper culture. Local fishers with small boats and outboard engines at Awang mainly target demersal species like groupers and snappers with bottom hook and line and mini bottom longlines, or switch to tongkol and Spanish Mackerel when these species are abundant. They also fish with nets for scads (layang, Decapterus spp.), sardines (lemuru, Sardinella longiceps), cutlassfishes (various members of Trichiuridae, locally known as “layur”), and for larger scads with hook-and-line (multiple small hooks). During the Southeasterly winds, from May through October, local fishers work close inshore and in Ekas Bay itself, targeting scads, squid, scabbards (layur) and mixed demersal catches with set bottom gillnets. Demersals for the local market fetch IDR 15,000/kg. December is the peak season for lemuru. Local fishers go out and fill up their small boats up to 6 times per day (24 hour period), and sell the sardines at IDR 50,000 per basket of 20kg. Each canoe can land up to a ton (1,000 kg) in a 24 hour period during the peak of the season. Out of the 300 local boats in Awang, about 100 were said to specialize in hook-and-line fishing (including mini bottom longline) while the remaining 200 specialize in fishing with nets. Around 100 local boats were said to go 14 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.4: Awang village, house (top) and village harbour with ﬁshing canoes (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 15

Figure 3.5: Awang village: ﬁsh trader Nurhadidja (the woman to the right) (top), and ﬁshing canoes (bottom). 16 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.6: Ekas village: Beach front with canoes (top) and ﬁsh cages (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 17

Figure 3.7: Awang village: Fish and lobster culture cages in from of the village (top) and ﬁsh nest with “artiﬁcial habitat” (the white material) for catching juvenile lobsters (bottom). 18 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.8: Awang village: man carrying nets with “artificial habitat” (the white material) for catching juvenile lobsters. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 19 out each day, weather allowing. For hook-and-line fishing, October through January is the season to troll for Spanish mackerel (tenggiri), at least during those days or weeks when these fish are found to be abundant. During this season, about 50% of the fleet would troll for tenggiri, catching 1 to 4 fish per day, weighing 7 to 12 kg per fish. The remaining boats set bottom long-lines or uses hand lines to fish for snappers and groupers, whenever they have bait and whenever they can go out. Many of them also switch gears depending on season and abundance of specific species. Larger outrigger canoes working from Awang have up to two engines, each 16.5 HP (“ketinting”). Smaller canoes typically measure 6 m length, 0.7 m width, and 0.6 m depth, using a single 5.5 HP engine. Fishers working from Awang are mostly from Lombok Timor and Ampenan. Snappers and groupers are caught on the shelf area outside the bay, in depths around 100-150 meters, mainly from October through April, when these waters are not affected by Southeasterly winds, and while they are protected from the Northwest. Up to 50 boats can go out from Ekas Bay on a single day, catching between 10 and 70 kg of deep water demersals per boat per trip, including snappers and groupers. Catches per trip now average around 50 kg—Before 2007, a single boat typically caught about 100 kg per trip. One trip would be close to 20 hours, including the crossing to and from the fishing grounds; sometimes up to two nights if the fishers go to Sumbawa. They take ice from local home freezer production and sell their export quality fish to one of the 5 local collectors in Awang. Local fishers sell snappers of 4-5 kg individual weight at IDR 30,000 to the local collectors (including Haji Yunus and Ibu Nurhadidja, who was interviewed by the survey team during this field visit). Every morning the fish is packed on ice by the collectors and send on mini vans either to the Tanjung Luar market (and collectors there) or to Pak Alun in Ampenan. Fish for local consumption goes to the markets of Kuta, Sengkol, Tanjung Luar, as well as other nearby population centers in Lombok. A small demersal longliner typically works from a canoe with a single engine, setting about 300 hooks, using lemuru or tongkol as bait. Operational costs amount to IDR 100,000-200,000 per trip, mostly depending on costs of bait. Species in the catch include red snapper, goldband snapper (locally known as kurisi), and various grouper species. A demersal longliner typically takes about 10 kg of ice per trip. According to local fishers, bottom longline catches have been decreasing since 2007, therefore some switched to trolling for tuna with Rapala lures. Fishers only revert to demersal longlining if bait is available and if current is strong. The Ampenan-based Chinese-Indonesian trader Pak Alun is the main aggregator of export quality demersals from Awang and from most other 20 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS locations in Lombok (except Labuan Lombok on the Northeast coast). Mini vans from Awang go either directly to Ampenan, when quantities allow, or go to to Tanjung Luar to be combined with fish from there, also destined for Pak Alun in Ampenan. Fish for local consumption is sold in Tanjung Luar when supply exceeds demand in Awang. When large tuna are abundant and within reach of Awang fishers, about 15 boats with their crews specialize in hand line fishing for large tuna at FADs and around surface feeding tuna schools (including aggregations with dolphins) up to 30 miles out from the village. Local fishers mention that the area south of their village holds up to 100 tuna FADs, placed there by larger tuna boats operating out of Benoa, Bali. The season for tuna fishing here was reported to peak from January through May. The tuna are transported and sold to Tanjung Luar from where they might go further to Labuhan Lombok and enter export supply lines there (via CV Versace or UD Baura), or get sold for local consumption. Tuna fishers catch yellowfin tuna of 50-80 kg each, bigeye tuna of 40-50 kg, cakalang of 1-4 kg each. They sometimes catch Spanish mackerel while trolling to or from their fishing grounds, each fish weighing c. 15 kg. The fishers once caught a big marlin of 400 kg. The fishers reported the following prices: Yellowfin tuna IDR 20,000/kg, Spanish mackerel > 7 kg IDR 40,000/kg, and skipjack tuna IDR 8,000-9,000/kg. Tuna boats from Awang go out for up to 2 or 3 nights, depending on how fast they catch fish. They take ice to pack their fish, sometimes from local home freezer production and sometimes purchased as blocks from Tanjung Luar (at IDR 10,000 per block of ice). From the fleet of 15 tuna boats, on a daily basis about 5 were reported to catch 2 to 3 fish each (size range 20 to 100 kg), when they all go out. This results in a landing of 10 to 15 large fish every so many days, during the season. During the tuna season, tuna are landed on average 3 or 4 times per week by different boats. Operational costs amount to IDR 300,000 per trip. Awang also features a new fishing port (Fig. 3.9), but this facility was not yet operational at the time of the visit, and there was no indication that it would become operational in the near future.

3.1.3 Gerupuk Gerupuk (8◦54.697’S 116◦20.748’E; Fig. 3.10) is a village at a small sheltered bay just west of Ekas Bay on the South coast of Lombok. This village used to have many fishermen but most have shifted activities to seaweed farming (Fig. 3.11), grow-out of lobsters, groupers, and pomfret (ikan bawal), guid- ing backpacking tourists, and taking out surfers to the waves at the mouth of the bay. One fisher specialized in taking visiting recreational fishers out to 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 21

Figure 3.9: Awang village: New, but not yet operational, harbour facility. 22 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS sea. About 90% of the households in Gerupuk are now involved in tourism or mariculture. Local fishers / lobster farmers use gillnets and seine nets to catch small pelagic like sardines and scads to feed the lobsters in the many grow-out cages in the bay. Remaining local fishers mostly land fish that are destined for local markets, with some export quality demersals going to 2 local collectors and some fish being collected by buyers from Tanjung Luar. There are still some 50 boats equipped for handline and longline fishing at Gerupuk, but it seems that not more than 10% to 20% of these are active on any given day. These boats fish with mini bottom longlines and bottom handlines for snapper and grouper and with trolling lines for Spanish mackerel. CPUE in the mackerel fishery is only about 1 to 2 fish per day. Common demersal species are groupers (mostly Epinephelus spp.), kakap putih (various emperors and snappers, including Robinson’s seabream, sweetlip emperor, spangled emperor), kurisi perak (small-toothed jobfish), guntur (green jobfish), and amberjack (mainly Seriola dumerili and S. rivoliana). The main fishing season is February - October. Longliners and handliners usually fish from 4am - 1pm, taking about 4 kg of ice for cooling. Operational costs fora single trip amounts to about IDR 100,000 per trip. Average size of boats operating from Gerupuk: length 7 m, width 0.7 m, depth 0.6 m, using a single 15 HP outboard engine. Local demersal fish collector Pak Bukit collects for his “boss” Pak Alun in Ampenan, at least whatever he can get that is good enough. Pak Bukit currently still collects small amounts of groupers and snappers (including gold band snapper) and Spanish mackerel from Gerupuk fishers. Pak Bukit buys up to 40 to 50 kg per day in total, with amounts fluctuating between 10 and 100 kg per day. Pak Bukit sells up to 300 kg per week to Pak Alun in Ampenan, averaging 100 kg per week. He used to collect up to 500 kg of export quality demersal fish from local fishers in Gerupuk, only about 10 years ago. There are now only about 5 to 10 boats going out on a daily basis from Gerupuk, specifically targeting export-quality fish. They normally land their fish mid-day, around 1 to 2pm. These boats each catch around 20 to 30 kg fish per trip (per day) of which about 10 kg goes to Pak Bukit (the export quality fish) while the rest goes to local market, usually via another local collector. Fishers receive IDR 45,000/kg for grouper (depending on species), IDR 15,000/kg for snapper, and IDR 35,0000/kg for tenggiri > 7kg.

3.1.4 Kuta Kuta (8◦53.584’ S 116◦16.642’ E; Fig. 3.14) is the main tourism destination on the South coast of Lombok. Kuta is mainly a destination for backpack- ers and surfers, but mid- and high-end hotels have also been developed in 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 23

Figure 3.10: Gerupuk village: Beach front (top) and main street (bottom). 24 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.11: Gerupuk village: Harvesting seaweed (top) and group of women and children processing seasweed (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 25

Figure 3.12: Gerupuk village: Local ﬁsh trader pak Bukit.

Figure 3.13: Gerupuk village: A low-value brown grouper species stored at the facility of fish trader pak Bukit. 26 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS the area. Kuta also still has an active fishing community, with some 100 small boats involved in hook-and-line fishing, and 50 non-motorized canoes involved in gillnet fishing. The gillnet fishery targets small herrings (lemuru) for home consumption or bait; lemuru sells for IDR 5,000/kg. Most fishers in Kuta do have family members working in or around the tourism industry, contributing to family income and reducing the need for fishers to go out frequently. Not more than 40 boats go out on any day. Mini bottom longlines and handlines are used for demersal fishing on the shelf, at depths of 100 to 150 meters, while trolling lines are used for Spanish mackerel inshore. The season for demersal fishing is from October through April, when the wind is coming from the Northwest. Snappers (including goldband snapper), groupers, amberjack and other jacks are the main species in the demersal catches. One-day trips start early morning and landings are in the afternoons. Common catches are only around 10 kg per boat per trip, typically with 3 fish of 2-4 kilos caught. Better catches range up to 50 kg per boat per trip. Handlines are used by Kuta fishers to catch skipjack tuna, yellowfin and mahi-mahi around FADs further offshore (to about 20 miles off shore). The outrigger canoes used for this purpose are fitted with twin 16.5 HP “ketinting” engines. About 10 FADs were reported to be within reach of Kuta fishers, supposedly placed there by purse seine boats from Pekalongan (central Java) who mainly target skipjack and baby yellowfin there. The tuna season, which is the season to fish around the FADs, was reported here to be April to September / October, with a break in August when the South- easterly winds are too strong. This tuna season is opposite from what was reported further East, for example at Awang. Local boats from Kuta go out on trips of about 24 hours (one day and one night) to the FADs which are 15 to 20 miles off shore (3 hours by local boat), where they catch yellowfin tuna (with common sizes around 15 kg), skipjack tuna, mahi-mahi and small marlin. The main season for mahi mahi is January-March. About 20 boats would go out to the FADs on a good day during the peak season, catching around 30 kg of pelagic fish per boat. Such days constitute peak landings in Kuta. Boats from Kuta take ice from local freezer production and the high- quality fish are collected by 2 local collectors in Kuta village, each collecting not more than about 100 kg of fish per day. Groupers, snappers, and Spanish mackerel (over 7kg) are sent by the local collectors to Pak Alun in Ampenan. Quantities are small. Mahi-mahi and smaller Spanish mackerel are mostly destined for local hotels in and around Kuta. Skipjack goes to the local market (e.g., Kuta, Sengkol, and Praya), often for processing as ikan pindang (salted and boiled fish). The tuna are sold to traders like Pak Hamzah in 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 27

Figure 3.14: Beach of Kuta village, South Lombok. 28 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Labuan Lombok and in Tanjung Luar. Local collectors buy snappers at IDR 30,000 per kg, tuna at IDR 12,000-15,000 per kg, mahi-mahi at IDR 10,000 per kg and skipjack at IDR 8,000 per kg.

3.1.5 Selong Belanak and Pengatap Selong Belanak (8◦52.439’S 116◦09.735’E; Fig. 3.18) is a village on a nice beach in a sheltered bay at the South coast of Lombok (Fig. 3.18). Tourists, both foreign and domestic, visit this beach. There are about 80 small fishing boats here using mini bottom longlines and handlines to catch various species of demersals. Of these 80 small boats, about 20 specialize in bottom longlining, usually at depths between 50 and 100 m, up to 150 m. Using about 150 hooks, these longliners catch about 10-15 fish per trip, and one trip is usually less than 24 hours. Some of the boats use gillnets to catch tongkol and mixed reef fish (including threadfins Nemipteridae, small groupers, and eel). Part of the catch is locally prepared to cater for tourists. One vendor, Ibu Hasanah, sells 5-10 kg fish per day, and up to 20 kg on Saturday and Sunday. Up to 80% of households are now involved in the tourism industry, either part-time or full-time. Fish for local consumption goes to Kuta, Songkol, and nearby villages. There are two collectors in Selong Belanak, who sell fish to Ampenan and Tanjung Luar, using a car or motor cycle. Pengatap (8◦52.182’S, 116◦06.046’E, Fig. 3.22) does not have major fisheries. At the time of the visit, some villagers were harvesting wild seaweed that was washing up ashore (Fig. 3.23).

3.1.6 Sepi and Blongas Sepi (8◦51.081S and 116◦03.346 E; Fig. 3.24) is a small town at the Western end of the South coast of Lombok, situated in a large and well protected bay. Sepi has a good road connection to Lembar and Ampenan to the North, on the West coast of Lombok. There are about 60 hook and line boats operating out of Sepi, with about 15-20 being somewhat larger and equipped for mul- tiday trips, some targeting deep water demersals and some targeting tuna. Many of the smaller local boats in Sepi (about 30% of them) are equipped with hookah compressors and were said to be used mainly for catching lobster. There were rumors about cyanide use in the lobster fishing. The lobster were said to be collected by a Lembar-based trader, while other collectors were also said to visit Sepi to buy lobster. The larger boats - both bottom fishing and tuna boats - seemed to be mostly owned by Ampenan bosses and the higher quality fish from these 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 29

Figure 3.15: Kuta village: Fishers remove small pelagic ﬁsh from a small-meshed gillnet. 30 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.16: A large brown grouper species, probably Epinephelus malabaricus stored at the facility of the fish trader at Kuta. boats is collected from Sepi and transported to Ampenan in mini vans on a daily basis. A number of collectors source fish from Sepi. Four of these collectors are from Sepi, but all the larger ones work with vans from Amp- enan. During the short visit, the survey team could not find out how many collectors in total source their fish in Sepi. Collector Pak Marwi from Ampenan, who picked up fish from his boats at the time of the survey team’s visit, works with 4 Ampenan boats that catch demersals with mini bottom longlines and handlines on the edge of the continental shelf outside Sepi. These boats commonly do 3-day trips, as far West as Nusa Penida and as far to the East as Teluk Ekas. They produce at least 75 kg of export quality demersals (ruby snapper, Malabar snapper, deep water groupers) per trip, often more, plus a considerable amount of small bottom sharks as by-catch. All fish from these boats are taken to Ampenan by Pak Marwi, and he grades and sorts there for export and local markets. Another fairly large collector—Pak Zunaidi—sources tuna and other pelagics from Sepi-based boats, which are originally from Ampenan, and that now fish in Southern waters. The survey team visited Pak Zunaidi at his mini plant in Ampenan where he stores tuna and skipjack for local markets (see section 3.1.9). Pak Zunaidi does not trade in export quality tuna. Local collector Ibu Muhassan and her husband Ahmad have been buying 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 31

Figure 3.17: Kuta village: A catch of mahi-mahi destined for local restaurants and hotels (top) and icebox with baitﬁsh (bottom) for mahi- mahi, tuna, and other large pelagic species. 32 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.18: Selong Belanak: local ﬁshing canoe with twin engines (“ketinting”) (top), and women barbecuing ﬁsh for visitors (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 33

Figure 3.19: Selong Belanak: Local ﬁshing canoe returning from aﬁshingtrip. 34 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.20: South coast of Lombok, at sea: “Ketinting”-style canoes returning from a ﬁshing trip. Picture taken on 23 Novem- ber 2011

fish in Sepi since 1984. She collects fish from 10 canoes (“ketinting”), and she advances operational expenses to her fishers. Her fishers make trips of up to three nights, and each trip takes about 10 L of fuel; total expenses per trip are about IDR 250,000. Per day, she collects c. 50 kg. Occasionally, she buys fish caught by the crews of large purse seiners from Banywangi, who handline in their spare time. According Ibu Muhassan, fishing effort decreases during the months July - September because of the Southeasterly monsoon winds. Ibu Muhassan sells to Pak Alun in Ampenan, or she sells locally. Fish for local consumption, often processed as ikan pindang,goesto Pelangan, Sekotong, and Lembar. No significant fisheries were found in Blongas.

3.1.7 Bangko Bangko and the Lombok Strait tongkol fishery with outrigger canoes Bangko Bangko is a fishing village of mostly huts with thatched roofs (Fig. 3.27) on the beach at the most Western tip of the peninsula of South West Lombok. There are some 50 outrigger canoes with “ketinting” engines per- manently based here with varying (and large) numbers of canoes arriving and migrating with fish schools throughout the Lombok Straight. It is not uncommon for more than 500 outrigger canoes from Lombok, Nusa Penida, 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 35

Figure 3.21: Selong Belanak: Longline catch, including a shovelnose ray (probably Rhinobatos typus (brown fish in the left picture) and a pennantfish Alectis ciliaris (silver fish on in the picture on the right). The other large fish in the catch was a long-nosed emperor, Lethrinus olivaceus, see picture on the front page of this report. 36 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.22: Beach front of Pengatap village. The people on the shore are collecting seaweed.

Figure 3.23: Pengatap: Seaweed collector. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 37

Figure 3.24: Sepi: Village harbour (top), and pick-up truck collecting various demersal ﬁsh (bottom). 38 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.25: Sepi: deepsea scorpion ﬁsh Setarches guentheri (top) and a deepwater jobﬁsh (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 39

Figure 3.26: Sepi: Fish in the storage of Ibu Muhassan (man- grove jack Lutjanus argentimaculatus at the top, oriental bonito Sarda orientalis (bottom left), and a midnight snapper Macolor macularis (brown ﬁsh at the bottom, right).

and Bali to use Bangko Bangko as a temporary base. Thousands of these outrigger canoes can be found along most if not all of the beaches of East Bali, Nusa Penida and West Lombok, from Bangko Bangko in the South to Tanjung in the North of Lombok. The Lombok Strait outrigger canoes mostly target “tongkol” (Eastern little tuna Euthynnus affinis, frigate and bullet tunas Auxis spp.)invari- ous sizes, and Indian mackerel (local name kembung) Rastrelliger kanagurta, simultaneously using gillnets (2” mesh size) and trolling lines with small feathered hooks. Each canoe has a few sets of drift gillnets with flags. After setting the nets, the canoes will troll for a few hours around their marker flags (see Fig. 3.28), then they lift the nets and land the fish. They sometimes make 2 short trips a day when possible, one early morning (5 am - 10 am) one more in the afternoon (3 pm - 8 pm). The early morning trips are the most common ones. Catches of tongkol are highly variable, but a common catch is between 200 fish or about 60 kg. A large catch may amount to 500 fishofc.30cmlongpertriporupto2,000fishofc.20cmlong.Fishers migrate with their canoes when fish densities change and often land their fish at distant locations when they are far from home. Tongkol is sold locally, usually for processing into ikan pindang (salted and boiled) or smoked fish for local markets. There are about 30 pindang processors working in 40 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.27: Bangko Bangko 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 41

Bangko Bangko. Ibu Sarti, one of the pindang processors, sells between 5 and 200 baskets (each containing 3 kg) to a buyer in Ampenan each day. When there is no tongkol around, local fishers target demersals with bottom hook-and-line and vertical drop lines, typically catching between 1 and 5 kg per trip. Most of these demersals are for local markets only, and fishers get between IDR 15,000/kg and 25,000/kg for these fish. Some export-quality fish goes to local collectors, who bring the fish to aggregation centers in Am- penan. Quantities of export-quality demersals from these outrigger canoe fleets seem to be relatively small. Off Bangko Bangko, at the seamount between Lombok and Nusa Penida, a fleet of about 12 larger (up to c. 100 GT) Benoa-based dropliners fishes in deep water for export quality demersals like deep water snappers and groupers. These vessels often anchor and rest in front of Bangko Bangko, where local collectors visit them to buy the non-export fish for local markets in Lombok. These larger drop-lining vessels land their quality fish exclusively in Benoa, Bali. Sometimes, local fishers work as crew (“njawi”) on the larger fishing vessels. The same fishing grounds are also used by small-scale fishers, mostly from nearby Nusa Penida, using hand winches to ease hauling of droplines from deep water (Fig. 3.29).

3.1.8 The beach from Lembar and Cemara up to Endo, Keranji and Ampenan

At Cemara beach (8◦43.273’S 116◦03.522’E), just North of Lembar, outrigger canoes are used for tongkol fishing just like in Bangko Bangko, but a demersal fishery dominates here. This demersal fishery uses the same outrigger canoes to fish with handlines and set gillnets in waters up to 75 meters deep. Various species of jacks are important in this demersal fishery, especially in the gillnet fishery, with lobsters, marketed as live product to Bali, forming an important by catch. Fishers sell lobster at IDR 350,000 per kg to a local collector. Fishers bring their fish to a local collector, or they sell their fish themselves on the Lembar market. Other local fish markets of importance are Bertais in Mataram, and Kebon Roe in Ampenan. During weekends, fishers sell their catch to food stalls on the beach who cater for visitors from Lembar. Local fishers also target small spotted Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus) when these are abundant. Some of the fishers at Cemara are organized in fishermen groups or “kelompok nelayan”. There are four fisher’s groups in Cemara, with a membership of 19, 15, 15, and 10 fishers. Cemara beach has about 300 outrigger canoes, of which at least 40 were donated to local fishers by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in 42 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.28: Bangko Bangko: large dropliners (top) and small-scale ﬁsher returning home (bottom). Note the marker buoys in the bow of the canoe. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 43

Figure 3.29: Lombok Strait: Double-outrigger canoe using a hand winch to haul a dropline. Picture taken at sea in the Lombok Strait on 22 November 2011. 44 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.30: Cemara: Outrigger canoes donated by the government to small-scale ﬁshers of district Lombok Tenggah.

collaboration with the local fisheries service (government support to fisheries development) in the framework of Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan (PUMP) program (Fig. 3.30). The survey team found these PUMP canoes along the entire West coast, and most of them appeared to be operational. There are four fisher’s groups in Cemara, with a membership of 19, 15, 15, and 10 fishers.

From the beaches between Lembar and Ampenan, thousands of small outrigger canoes are operating, in a fishery similar to the fishery operating from Bangko Bangko. Interviews and observations in Keranji (8◦37.945’S 116◦04.336’E, Fig. 3.31), Tanjung Karang (8◦35.522’S 116◦04.454’E), and Endo showed the same pattern all along this coast line, and according to local fishers the small-scale fishery for tongkol with drift gillnets and trolling lines takes place throughout the Lombok Strait with thousands of outriggers canoes on the Western beaches of Lombok and the Eastern beaches of Bali. At Keranji, the survey team found seine nets on many of the canoes, used to catch small pelagics according to local fishers, who also use set gillnets on reef areas which are situated around 3 miles off the coast of Keranji. Most fish landed here is bought by small local collectors who sell their fish at local markets. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 45

Figure 3.31: Keranji (top) and Tanjung Karang (bottom) on the West coast of Lombok, between Lembar and Ampenan. 46 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

3.1.9 Ampenan

The beach of Ampenan is fully occupied by double-outrigger canoes of the same type as found over the rest of the West coast of Lombok. There are also some purse seiners. A number of larger collectors and aggregators are based in Ampenan, even though this town does not have a proper harbour (just a beach) and even though there is no ferry from here to Bali. Fish for export markets, aggregated in Ampenan, after grading and re-packing, is sent by truck over the road to Lembar from where it goes on the ferry to Bali. The largest aggregator of demersal fish here is Pak Alun, who receives fish here from all over Lombok. Pak Alun works together with fish collectors all over Lombok, except the East coast, buying groupers (coral trout, rock cods, and brown groupers, mostly of the genus Epinephelus) and some snappers (Fig. 3.34). He reports that grouper is available along the coast of Lombok, except on the North coast. According to Alun, grouper stocks are small in coastal waters of North Lombok because there is not much suitable habitat. Furthermore, fishers there are not as professional as fishers from other parts in Lombok, and they cannot advance operational expenses themselves. The total catch depends on weather (which determines how far and in which direction fishers can go out), current (if current is weak, fish do not take the bait), and availability of bait. According to Pak Alun, availability of bait is the most important factor determining fishing operations. Before 2007, Alun collected 1.5 - 7 t per two days; since 2007 this has been less than 1 t. Alun sells to three exporters in Bali, who export to Singapore and Taiwan. Pak Alun also notes that red coral trout species (sunu) from shallow waters are darker in color than sunu from deep waters. Lighter, redder sunu fetch a better price. Pak Marwi (see also section 3.1.6), who has been buying fish since 1999, works together with 18 fishing units in Teluk Awang, Sepi, and Labuhan Lombok (6 units in each place). His fishing vessels troll for Spanish mackerel and other species, and they use bottom longlines for demersal fish, including black jewfish (Protonibea diacanthus, goldband snapper (“anggoli”), grouper, and threadfin bream (mostly notched threadfin bream, Nemipterus peronii). Pak Marwi’s fishers use small outrigger canoes (“ketinting”) with a 6.5 HP engine, operating in waters up to 7 nm away from their home base. The maximum depth for longlining is 250 m. Peak season for Spanish mackerel is March - May, and peak season for bottom longlining is February-March. Like Pak Alun, Pak Marwi also noted a strong decline in catches of demersal fish in 2007. Pak Marwi pays fishers IDR 35,000/kg for Spanish mackerel < 7 kg body weight, and IDR 48,000/kg for Spanish mackerel > 7kgbody 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 47

Figure 3.32: Ampenan beach, fully occupied by double-outrigger canoes (top) and a couple of mini purse-seiners in front of the beach (bottom). 48 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.33: Ampenan: Fisher repairing a gillnet. weight. Pak Zunaidi (son of Haji Saleh) has a cold storage in Ampenan (Fig. 3.35) where he processes tuna (large and juvenile), as well as skipjack tuna and tongkol, for local markets. Pak Zunaidi does not work with export-quality tuna but receives rejects from various areas, including from Labuan Lombok. Pak Zunaidi cooperates with 40 tuna and skipjack handline boats, which land at CV Versace’s facility in Labuan Lombok, and he owns 8 rumpons. Furthermore, he collaborates with fishers in Sape and Bima. His handlining boats each have a crew of 3-5 persons. The fishing grounds of the boats he works with are off South Lombok and South Sumbawa. The fishing season is March-July and September-December. Handlining takes place near Fish Aggregating Devices, but also on open sea for free-swimming tuna. Besides yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, and skipjack tuna, Zunaidi also receives Spanish mackerel and some giant trevally. Zunaidi notes there was a strong decrease in catches over 2010-2011. The catch of Zunaidi’s vessels is graded at CV Versace, and export-grade tuna (fish of > 20 kg) is marketed by CV Versace, whereas the remainder goes to Zunaidi’s facility in Ampenan. Besides the 40 handline units, Zunaidi owns four purse seiners, which are each powered by a 4-cylinder, 120 HP, marinized truck engine. Each of the purse seiners has a crew of 8-12 people. The purse seiners are equipped with a winch for hauling the purse line. The purse seine has a length of 600 m, a depth 50-60 m. The purse seiners fish between Lombok and Bali and off the North coast 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 49

Figure 3.34: Ampenan, Pak Alun’s storage facility (top), and icebox containing snappers and groupers (bottom). 50 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.35: Ampenan, cold storage of Pak Zunaidi. of Lombok. Transit to the fishing grounds takes max. 6 hours. The fishing season for purse seining is March - July and September - December. Zunaidi’s cold storage has been operational since 2008. It has 2 air blast freezers (ABF), and it can freeze 6-8 t of fish in 20 hours down -40◦C (the standard for premium quality is to achieve -40◦C in 6 hours). Each ABF has one single machine. Zunaidi’s cold storage comprises two units, with a total capacity of 200-300 t, refrigerated at -25◦C.

3.1.10 Northwest Lombok From the beaches of Ampenan towards the North, via Senggigi, Nipa, Peme- nang, and Medana (8◦21.909’S 116◦07.779’E), the density of outrigger canoes on the beaches decreases towards Tanjung on the North coast—Around Sen- ggigi, ﬁshing activity is relatively low due to the tourism industry. Fishing also shifts from tongkol and small pelagic to more demersal species between Medana and Tanjung. Here, local ﬁshers in small boats target demersals on the shelf area and around the reefs and islands in front of the coast. There was not much activity in the area in early March, although the weather 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 51

Figure 3.36: Ampenan, bigeye tuna (left) and “baby tuna” (right) at Zunaidi’s cold storage. In good quality, bigeye tuna is an important export commodity. The pictured bigeye tuna, however, is of low quality, and therefore only suitable for the local market. 52 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS was calm. Reasons were offered ranging from the Northwest Monsoon to the wrong moon phase. At Medana (Teluk Dalem Bay), local collector Pak Amid (not present during the time of the survey team’s visit) collects groupers and snappers, also from Pemenang, for Pak Alun (Ampenan aggregator). Small boats are scattered on the beaches and production is unclear but Pak Amid reportedlydeliverssome30kgto50kgtoPakAlunperday.Manyfishers here fish only part-time. Pak Sahdi, based in Tanjung (8◦20.644’S 116◦09.482’E, Fig. 3.37), is another collector who buys fish for Pak Alun. The main target species here are demersals from the shelf area in front of the North East coast of Lombok here. Pak Sahdi works with around 20 boats, which all use drift gillnets to catch bait (small pelagics) for their mini bottom longlines and bottom handlines. They also use large bottom-set gillnets (Fig. 3.38) to target demersal fish and lobster. The fishing season here is from April through November, during the dry season. Local fishers hardly ever go out during the Northwest monsoon from December through March, except on short trips to catch some reef fish for their own consumption. During the season, Pak Sahdi buys around 60 kg of fish per day from local fishers, 50% of which is of export quality and goes to Pak Alun. Pak Sahdi sells the remainder to local markets. The boats fishing for Pak Sahdi in Tanjung set about 1.2 km of bottom gillnets on a fishing trip that starts at 4 pm and ends around 6 am the next morning. Each of them also uses bottom longlines and handlines, often simultaneously. Bottom longlines are set depths of around 80 to 100 meters. When bait for the bottom long lines is scarce, they are supplied with small tongkol or layang by Pak Alun from Ampenan. Target species here are various snappers, groupers, jacks, emperors, barracuda, and lobsters. Local fishers also target Spanish mackerel with trolling lines when these fish are abundant.

3.1.11 Tampas The area around Tampas has a narrow continental shelf, with deep water close to the shore. On the volcanic black sand beaches several beach seines were observed operating near Montong Pol (8◦17.752’S 116◦12.546’E), with main target to collect bait fish for local hook-and-line fishers (Fig. 3.39, 3.40). Each beach seine has 10-15 fishers to haul the net; at the time of the survey’s team visit, a single catch (one haul) comprised about 10 kg of fish. By-catch of these beach seines is used for direct consumption or local market. Beach seine catches included various octopi, cuttlefish, squid and various species of pelagic as well as demersal fish. Local fishers use the baitfish in a small-scale 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 53

Figure 3.37: Tanjung, Pak Sahdi’s facility. 54 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.38: Tanjung, gillnet for bottom fishing. hook-and-line fishery targeting Spanish mackerel, jacks and sometimes tuna. Very long drift gillnets were also observed here, about a quarter mile off the beaches, parallel to the coast. It was not clear what the main target species were for these gillnets. Fish collector Pak Masri is based at Tampas (8◦14.100’S 116◦17.865’E) on the North coast of Lombok. Pak Masri works together with a single small purse seiner vessel (5 GT) and about 30 small boats (ketinting), which fish with hook and line for baby tuna and skipjack. The fishery takes place at FADs of which Pak Masri and his fishers set about 10 or 11 each year at distances of 10 to 20 miles offshore from Tampas, at depths between 1,600 and 2,000 m. The FADs don’t last very long (usually one year only), but there are always a minimum of 5 present in the fishing area for the local fleet. The 30 small boats target baby tuna and skipjack tuna specifically, according to Pak Masri, because they do not have the skills or gear to target larger tuna. Pak Masri buys baby tuna at about IDR 10,000-12,000/kg, and skipjack tuna at IDR 7,000/kg. The small boats catch between 10 to 25 kg baby tuna per 1-day trip to the FADs. The fishing season is from April through November, and fishers are not going out during the Northwest monsoon, from December through March. The purse seine vessel (with a total of 13 crew members) catches mostly scads, attracting them with lamps at night near the FADs. One purse seining trip includes a single night of fishing and the purse seiner makes about 15 trips per month in the fishing season. The production of this vessel averages around 20 to 30 tons of scads 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 55

Figure 3.39: Montong Pol (near Tampas): Hauling a beach seine (top) and boat used for setting a beach seine (bottom). 56 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.40: Montong Pol (near Tampas): Final stage of hauling a beach seine (top); catch of a single haul (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 57 per month which Pak Masri buys at about IDR 8,000-10,000/kg.

3.1.12 The Northeast coast of Lombok Whereas most of the North coast of Lombok has few landing sites of importance, there are a couple of landing sites for small-scale fisheries on the coast of the Northeastern corner of Lombok. These sites are Lepek Loang, Tekalok, and Maroak. Lepek Loang (Fig. 3.41) has 15 small boats with 5.5 HP engines, using gillnets (mesh size 1.5 inch) and handlines. Fishing grounds start from Desa Obel-Obel till Desa Lapek Loang. The fishers fish all year round during night time, leaving in the afternoon and returning the following morning. During dark moon, the fishers use lamps to attract small pelagics (including Amblygaster sirm, locally known as sembulak), which they catch by gillnets. During full moon, they use handlines to catch groupers and other demersal fish. Gillnet catches of small pelagics are between 10 and 200 kg per trip, whereas catches of demersals are between 0 and 6 kg per trip. According to the fishers, catches have dwindled during the past years, which they blame on an increase in the number of liftnet fishers (bagan). Tekalok (Fig. 3.42) has over 100 small fishing boats, each powered by a 6.5 HP engine. The main gears are handline, and gillnets for baitfish. Fishing grounds are 18 nm to north of Tekalok, around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), targeting skipjack tuna, baby tuna, Spanish mackerel, and large (50-60 kg) yellowfin tuna. Tekalok fishers have 8 FADs, of which 3 they deployed themselves and 5 were donated by DKP Lombok Timur. Peak fishing season is June-November (July for large yellowfin tuna), and usually the fishers from Tekalok stop fishing during December-April because of bad weather. The fishers make one-day or two-day fishing trips, using gillnets for catching baitfish (tongkol, lemuru,andlayang). The catch per trip is between 15 and 250 kg, and fishers sell most of their catch in Labuhan Lombok to CV Versace or UD Baura. Meroak (Fig. 3.43) has 20 small boats with 5.5 HP engines. Main fishing gear is bottom longline for grouper, and gillnets (mesh size 1.5 inch) to catch bait. Fishing grounds extend from Tekalok till Labuhan Pandan waters. Fishing takes place during the entire year. Fishers usually make one-day trips, leaving in the afternoon and returning in the following morning. The catch of grouper per trip amounts to 1-3 kg, but before 2003 this was about 20 kg/trip. Most of the catch is sold in Labuhan Lombok. Baitfish comprises squid and sembulak (a small pelagic, Amblygaster sirm). Fishers blame the recent decline in fish stocks on blast fishing and on the increase in numbers of lift nets (bagan). 58 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.41: Beach of Lepek Loang. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 59

Figure 3.42: Beach of Tekalok. 60 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.43: Beach of Merkoak. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 61

The survey team also visited Labuhan Pandang and Tanjung Layur, but no ﬁshery was encountered there.

3.1.13 Labuan Lombok Labuan Lombok, on the East coast of Lombok is one of the 2 most important fish landing and trading places in Lombok, next to Tanjung Luar, further to the South on the East coast. Labuhan Lombok has a coastal fisheries harbour (Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai or PPP, Fig. 3.44), which is managed by the provincial fisheries service in collaboration with the district government. The most important species landed in PPP Labuhan Lombok are yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna and baby tuna (usually traded and recorded as one category, see Fig. 3.45), and tongkol abu-abu or frigate tuna Auxis rochei; these three species together account for 91% of the fish landed at the fishery harbour (Fig. 3.46). According to the harbour statistics, the total volume traded at PPP Labuhan Lombok amounted to 2,436 t in 2011 (this was 2,920 t in 2007, 2,335 t in 2008, 2,955 t in 2009, and 2,670 t in 2010). Note, however, that this only represents the volume over which tax “retribusi” was levied, landed during office hours at PPP Labuhan Lombok. The total volume of taxed and non-taxed fish may be up to two times higher. The number of recorded boat arrivals amounted to 2,632, which means that the average catch is about 1 t per arrival. PPP Labuhan Lombok has an operational ice factory, which produces about 1000 t of ice per year, and it also operates a workshop. There is also a cold storage, but this facility is no longer operational. There a two styles of boats for catching yellowfin tuna and skipjack tuna: Kapal penongkol, mostly targeting skipjack tuna and baby tuna, and kapal mandar, mostly targeting large tuna. Kapal pengongkol are of more robust and more seaworthy construction than kapal mandar, and therefore kapal penongkol tend to go a bit further. Generally speaking, though, the fishing grounds are the same: The deep waters to the North and South of Lombok and Sumbawa (Fig. 3.72). Kapal penongkol are about 12 m length, width 2.25 m, depth 1.8 m, powered by two engines of each 60 HP. These vessels are often constructed in Balikpapan. Fishing trips last up to 12 days. During the Southeasterlies (March-August), they fish off South Lombok and South Sumbawa, up to Sumba, targeting large (> 20 kg) yellowfin tuna, catching about 300-400 kg per trip or skipjack tuna and juvenile tuna (“baby tuna”) catching up to 1.5 t per trip. During the end of the Southeasterlies up to the onset of the Northeasterlies (September-December), they operate North of Lombok and Sumbawa. During this period, catch per trip of large tuna are a bit higher (up to 500 kg), but catch of juvenile tuna and skipjack tuna are lower bit lower (up to 1 t). Traders estimate that the mixed small 62 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.44: PPP Labuhan Lombok, main building as seen from the jetty (top), and ﬁshing boat taking in ice at the jetty (bottom). Both pictures were taken during an earlier ﬁeld visit, on September 19 2011. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 63

Figure 3.45: Two landings at PPP Labuhan Lombok: Catch of skipjack and juvenile yellowfin tuna (top) and catch of reef fish (bottom). Both pictures were taken during an earlier field visit, on September 19 2011. 64 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.46: Catch statistics of fish traded at PPP Labuhan Lombok in 2011. The peak in yellowfin tuna catches in May coincides with the onset of the Southeasterly monsoon. Source: Official publication board at PPP Labuhan Lombok. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 65

Figure 3.47: Two orange-spotted emperors Lethrinus erythra- canthus at PPP Labuhan Lombok. tuna category consists for 60% of juvenile yellowfin tuna and for 40% of juvenile and adult skipjack tuna. Large tuna species are mostly yellowfin tuna, though bigeye tuna is also occasionally caught. Kapal mandar are a bit lighter than kapal penongkol, and they target large tuna (> 20 kg) rather than skipjack tuna and baby tuna. Kapal mandar usually have three engines (30 HP, 24 HP, and 24 HP), and they make trips of up to 8 days. Each Kapal mandar has 9-10 sampan (canoes for a single fisher who paddles). The sampan are deployed from the mother vessel near a Fish Aggregating Device, where fishers handline for large tuna. The catch per trip is 400-500 kg tuna. The two largest traders / processors are Pak Hamzah with his company CV Versace and Pak Hajir with his company UD Baura. UD Baura uses the facilities of PPP Labuhan Lombok for offloading and grading (Fig. 3.49), whereas CV Versace (Fig. 3.51) has its own facility for offloading and grading right next to the harbour. Both operate mini plants with ice factories and cold storage facilities in Labuan Lombok, work with large numbers of boats fishing both Northern and Southern waters, and move significant quantities of fish, mostly baby tuna (smaller than 15 kg) and skipjack, but also large tuna (> 15 kg) for export. CV Versace sells export-grade tuna to Eka Mandiri (a company based in Jakarta), and UD Baura sell to Kelola Mina Laut; both Eka Mandiri and Kelola Mina Laut sell to exporter Anova Seafood in Bali. It has been difficult though to get export size fish over 15 kg so far due to 66 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.48: Labuhan Lombok. The top picture shows a mandar ﬁshing vessel (far left) and two penongkol ﬁshing vessels (right, with writing “Eka Jaya”). The bottom picture shows a landing of skipjack tuna and baby tuna. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 67

Figure 3.49: Main hall of PPP Labuhan Lombok: Landings on 29 February 2012, 14:00 (left; small catch only, most of the fishing activity would have been in the morning, and there was little fishing because of the bad weather), and personnel of UD Baura weighing and grading fish (right; picture taken on 19 September 2011). seasonality in catch. CV Versace currently operates 140 Fish Aggregating Devices, and they deploy about new 200 FADs each year to replace lost ones, working together with hundreds of boats (the number varies, at the time of the visit about 130 boats were operational, but this might increase to perhaps 500 during peak season). UD Baura handles about the same volume of fish as CV Versace, perhaps a bit less. Large quantities of demersal fish are also landed in Labuan Lombok, from inshore shelf and reef areas as well as from remote island groups, reef systems and atolls to the North and Northeast, starting in Selat Alas, including Pulau Sedapur, Pulau Medang, Balabakan, Pulau Kapoposang Bali, etc. Transit to fishing grounds may be up to three days, using a 5-10 GT decked vessel, usually powered by a 30 HP inboard engine. The survey team was also told that demersal fish collectors from as far as Selayar and Taka Bone Rate (300 nm from East Lombok, or about 60 hours by local fishing boat) once a week bring boat loads of fish on ice to traders in Sumbawa Besar and to Labuan 68 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.50: Fishing vessels (kapal penongkol)mooredatthemain jetty of PPP Labuhan Lombok (top; 29 February 2012), and main hall with graded skipjack and baby tuna (bottom; 20 September 2011) . 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 69

Figure 3.51: Cold storage facility of CV Versace in Labuhan Lombok. Both pictures were taken during an earlier ﬁeld visit, on 19 and 20 September 2011. 70 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Lombok. These fish do not all pass through the official landing place (PPP) in Labuan Lombok, but like most demersal fish, go directly to the traders facilities. Collectors and traders of demersal fish in Labuan Lombok include Pak Apeng, Ibu Hajah Sumiadi (Bu Sumi), Pak Supardi, Pak Nengah, Pak Haji Kadir, and Pak Haji Saidok. There may be other, smaller collectors too. These local traders of demersal fish all seem to be fairly independent and development of new sustainable supply lines with them might be possible. Mini plant facilities are available locally at the larger tuna traders (see above). Hundreds of fishing boats are based right at the various fish landing sites of Labuan Lombok and its fishing kampongs, thousands of boats are based in the wider area. Collector boats are coming in from all directions. Large quantities of fish also pass through Labuan Lombok on trucks, arriving with the ferry from Sumbawa and carrying fish destined for Bali and export markets, originating from Sumbawa and Flores Islands, as well as from islands even further to the East. Local collectors and buyers obtain demersal fish both directly from fishers as well as from collecting boats and by mini van from various areas in Lombok and to the East. Demersal fish collector Pak Apeng may be one of the largest collectors of high-quality export fish in Labuan Lombok. Pak Apeng obtains fish from Labuan Lombok, Labuan Haji, Tanjung Luar, and from Sape and Labuan Bajo (East Sumbawa and West Flores). He works together with about 60 small (< 5 GT) fishing boats, and he turns over about 150-1000 kg per 3-4 days. Before 2007, this was up to 1000 kg per day. If there is 1 t of fish, Apeng brings the fish to Bali by himself, if there is only a little bit of fish he sends the fish with any truck that happens to head for Bali. Sending fish in a styrofoam box (120 cm length) to Bali costs IDR 30,000. Peak fishing season for demersal fish is April - June; low season is August (due to strong wind), but this usually picks up again in September - December. Pak Apeng’s selling prices are: Large coral trout (sunu super) IDR 100,000/kg, Variola spp IDR 70,000/kg, leopard coral trout Plectropums leopardus (locally known as sunu halus or “fine” sunu) of > 1 kg IDR 100,000/kg, squaretail coral trout Plectropomus areolatus and bar-cheeked coral trout Plectropomus maculatus (both locally known as sunu kasar or “rough” sunu) > 1 kg IDR 70,000/kg. Emperors and snappers (hamadai) for export to Japan IDR 50,000/kg, and ruby snapper IDR 25,000/kg. Export destination from Bali is mostly Taiwan and Singapore. During July-September, Apeng also trades in Spanish mackerel, mostly small ones (< 5kg) for the local market, during other months Apeng sells large Spanish mackerel (> 5 kg) for export at IDR 45,000/kg. Ibu Sumiadi collects demersal fish at Kampung Padak in Labuhan Lom- bok (8◦30.194’S 116◦40.237’E) from a small fleet of local fishing boats of various sizes. Ibu Sumi started business in 1996, and she now works together 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 71

Figure 3.52: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Pak Apeng: Pak Apeng (top, left), Pak Apeng’s back yard (top, right), Pak Apeng’s garage (note the styrofoam ﬁsh boxes) (middle, left), coral trout (sunu) (middle, right), various rock cods (Cephalopholis spp) (bottom, left) and emperors (bottom, right). 72 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.53: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility Pak Apeng: Cuttlefish (top) and coral trout sunu halus (upper fish in the bottom picture) and sunu kasar (lower fish in the bottom picture). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 73 with 30 ketinting, 4 decked bottom longlines, and 6 tuna boats. Fishing gear used by ketinting are bottom longlines, and these small boats usually make 1-day fishing trips (leaving in the morning, back in the afternoon). Ibu Sumi sells “local” fish (mostly emperors and other small reef species), in Tanjung Luar and Labuhan Lombok. Export-grade fish (coral trout, Variola spp,and red snapper) she sells to Apeng. Depending on the species, Ibu Sumi sells grouper to Pak Apeng at IDR 35,000-70,000/kg; she buys these fish from her fishers at selling price minus IDR 2,000. Ibu Sumi’s fishers pay for all operational expenses, and Ibu Sumi only contributes 50% of the costs for ice. Like other local traders, Ibu Sumi also noticed a decline in catch since 2007. The fishing season of Ibu Sumi’s fleet is March-August. The 4 decked longliners Ibu Sumi works together with are from Pangkep, South Sulawesi. In each month, the vessels land two times in Labuhan Lombok. Each time they bring 1.5 t, of which 30% for export, 70% for local market. Sumi makes loans of IDR 20-30 million per boat for the large vessels, and IDR 5 million for the ketinting. Ibu Sumi also works with 6 tuna fishing vessels (7-9 m length, width 1.2 m, depth 0.8 m, engine 24 HP), which make fishing trips of 3 days, operating on fishing grounds south Lombok around Fish Aggregating Devices. Ibu Sumi owns three Fish Aggregating Devices herself. Operational expenses for the tuna boats are 500,000-700,000 per trip. Tuna fishing season is April-August, and peak season is April-May. Ibu Sumi sells all tuna to UD Baura. Pak Supardi (Fig. 3.57) operates a small facility right next door to Ibu Sumi, working with about 25 hook-and-line fishing boats, mainly during the dry season (April-October), when he sends about 300 kg of demersal fish to Bali on a daily basis. When Spanish mackerel is abundant in the area, Pak Supardi’s fishers switch to trolling for this species of which he collects around 200 kg per day in season. Pak Supardi buys red coral trout at IDR 60,000 per kg and he buys Spanish mackerel at IDR 40,000 per kg. At Kampung Baru in Labuhan Lombok, collectors Pak Haji Kadir and Pak Haji Saidok receive demersal and pelagic fish from numerous collector boats and fishing boats. Many are long-range boats, and collector boats bring fish from as far as Selayar and Taka Bone Rate. At Haji Kadir’s facility (8◦30.082’S 116◦40.077’E) we observed shipments of mixed small and low quality reef fish which resembled blast fishing catches that we observed elsewhere (Fig. 3.58). No high-quality fish were observed here at the time of our visit. Nearby in Kampung Baru, Haji Saidok has his fish landing place and facilities (Fig. 3.59). He currently works with around 25 collecting and fishing boats that deliver fish to him, and some of these boats he owns himself. Haji Saidok works with about 10 tuna boats which do trips of 4 days to 1 week to 74 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.54: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Ibu Sumi: Back yard (top), and various ﬁshing vessels in the cove just behind Ibu Sumi’s house (bottom). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 75

Figure 3.55: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Ibu Sumi: Spanish mackerel (left) and baby tuna (right). 76 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.56: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Ibu Sumi: Various demersal and pelagic ﬁsh species. 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 77

Figure 3.57: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Pak Supardi: Pak Supardi and crew (top, left), and one of Pak Supardi’s crew holding up a rock cod Variola spp (top right). “Receiving” area of Pak Supardi’s facility (bottom left), and styrofoam box with collected fish (the red fish are high-value rock cods and Variola spp, and the silverly fish on the right is a mix of mostly pelagic species) (bottom right) 78 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

FADs at Northern fishing grounds. These boats together deliver him around 20 tons of fish per month, mostly baby tuna, larger yellowfin and mahi- mahi. Around 8 tons per month go to Bali on ice as export quality tuna and mahi. The rest is for local markets. Haji Saidok also has 15 boats delivering demersal fish, mostly shallow water coral reef species from reef systems to the North and East. These boats make trips up to 1 week in length to collect and fish for reef fish. On average they deliver over 10 tons of reef fish per month to Haji Saidok, with about 10% or about 1 ton per month going to Bali for export (mostly red grouper species, Cephalopholis spp, Plectropomus spp,and Variola spp). Haji Saidok trades large quantities of fish from various sources to major buyers, including (according to him) up to 30 tons per month which he supplies to PT Newmont, a mining company operating in West Sumbawa, as consumption fish for its 7,3001 staff, contractors, and workers. He seems to be able to independently develop his partnerships. Even though Labuhan Lombok is a major fish landing place, there still is local demand for low-cost fish that cannot be supplied by local fisheries. To fulfill this demand, Ibu Abe and Pak Safrudin, a couple who runs a fish trading business together, import low-cost fish from Madura. These fish are from the Java Sea, and common species are flying fish, layang (scads, Decapterus spp), kembung (long-jawed mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta)and small emperors (Lethrinidae), which they sell at IDR 7,000-9,000/kg. In Tanjung Luar (see section 3.1.15), the survey team found that local trader CV Versace stored low-cost ponyfish (Leiognathidae) imported from the Java Sea for the same purpose.

3.1.14 Labuan Haji In Labuhan Haji, trader Pak Thamrin works together with 20 ketinting (length 5 m, width 1.5 m, depth 1.5 m, 2 engines of each 6.5 HP). They use bottom longlines with 100 hooks (two buoys), or bottom longlines with 50 hooks (one buoy), fitted with hooks nr. 3 (fairly large, for large demersal fish). The small ketinting make one-day trips (morning to afternoon), operating on fishing grounds around Labuan Haji up to Labuan Lombok, especially near Pringgabaya. The fishers catch various species of brown grouper (kerapu tutul), squaretail coraltrout and bar-cheeked coraltrout (sunu kasar), and large bigeyes (> 300 g). The main fishing season is November - March. During April-September, when the East coast of Lombok is exposed to the South- easterly monsoon, Pak Thamrin’s fishers move to the Gilis in the Northwest

1http://www.infomine.com/minesite/minesite.asp?site=batuhijau, accessed on 2 April 2012 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 79

Figure 3.58: Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru. Street scenes (top row), vessels taking in ice and storage area of Pak Haji Kadir (middle row), and low-value reef fish (bottom, left) and flying fish (bottom, right). 80 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.59: Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru. Pak Haji Saidok’s receiving and storage facility (top row), styrofoam box with mahi-mahi (bottom, left) and with rabbitfish (bottom, right). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 81 of Lombok. Pak Thamrin sells to Pak Alun and Pak Apeng. Trader Pak Maezadin works with 40 ketinting of the same design as desribed above. Like Pak Thamrin, Pak Maezadin also sells to Alun. Labuan Haji has about 100 ketinting in total (of which 60 working together with Thamrin and Maezadin). Main constraint in fishing operations is availability of bait fish. Labuan Haji has many visiting fishers from Sumbawa, Labuhan Lombok, etc. The fishing community of Labuan Haji applies a traditional governance system for near-shore waters, locally known as awig-awig.Intheawig-awig area, gillnetting is not allowed in zones dedicated to handlining areas, and hookah compressors, which are commonly used in blast fishing and cyanide fishing, are not allowed at all. The local awig-awig group confiscates any compressors found operating in their area.

3.1.15 Tanjung Luar A large fleet of small to medium sized fishing boats operates out of Tanjung Luar (Fig. 3.60). Supposedly no less than 4,700 boats are based in the general area in and around Tanjung Luar. The largest vessels observed here were probably up to 100 GT (bottom long line vessels) but most are smaller (below 30 GT), and many are sized in the range of 8 to 15 GT. This includes various kinds of long-line operations as well as mini purse seine and other type of operations. Thousands of small boats with “ketinting” engines are lined up on the beaches of the large bay that is sheltered by the peninsula of Tanjung Ringgit to the Southeast. Small boats carry mini bottom longlines, handlines and various kinds of nets and operate on the continental shelf area surrounding South East Lombok. Larger vessels operate at much more remote fishing grounds. A large fleet of bottom longliners operates out of Tanjung Luar, targeting snappers and other demersals on the continental shelf off Northwest Aus- tralia, some 500 miles away. Fishers report that they often get sent off when crossing the boundary with Australia. By-catch, including small sharks, rays, jacks and other fish, are also landed at Tanjung Luar. The longliners take 3 days and nights to get to their fishing grounds and they operate there during the dry season, from April through November. On their long trips (around 2 weeks), they take ice with them but usually they do not take bait. Instead of buying bait, they take a mini purse seine net, which they use to catch their own bait once they get to their fishing grounds. These vessels normally travel in groups to and from their fishing grounds for safety reasons. Catch per trip is around 1-2 tons of demersals. During the Northwest Monsoon (December- March) these boats operate in the sheltered waters between Lombok and 82 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.60: Tanjung Luar. Woman ﬁsh vendors (top row), area for drying ﬁsh (middle, left), and area for cutting up rays (middle, right). Beach front of Tanjung Luar (bottom, left), and longliners moored at the main jetty (bottom, right). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 83

Sumbawa (often with their seine nets), or they do not fish at all and rest instead. Some, but not all, of the snapper longliners boats switch during the Northwest Monsoon to purse seining, targeting small pelagic inshore fish to supply local markets. Large amounts of small pelagics are landed at Tanjung Luar from mini purse seines and other gears. Fish are sold for local markets fresh as well as processed into ikan pindang (salted and boiled fish). Small pelagic seine catches include Sardinella spp, scads (layang), tongkol, skipjack and baby tuna. The same boats also switch between targeting snapper and grouper on shelf areas to targeting small deepwater sharks with their bottom longlines. There is a major shark fishery based at Tanjung Luar. This includes a drift longline fishery for sharks over deep water in the Indian Ocean, targeting larger sharks for their fins. The sharks are landed hole, and fins are cut on the beach. Pak Hamzah of CV Versace cooperates here with 72 longlining vessels, mostly targeting pelagic sharks at the moment. Besides the pelagic shark fishery, there is also a fishery for small bottom sharks (hiu botol) in deep waters, outside the continental shelf in waters of 300-600 meters deep. The commodity is the shark liver oil, and livers are taken out after the sharks are landed for further processing. After removing fins and livers, the remaining shark bodies have little value but are also marketed, supposedly both for human consumption and for processing in fish meal and animal feeds. There is an exotic array of by-catch species coming with the bottom long line shark fishery, including members of the Chimaeridae family, conger eels, gurnards (Peristedion spp and Satyrichthys spp), and various other deep sea species. Tanjung Luar is also the largest fish trading center and open fish market of Lombok, with fish from all directions being traded here, including fish for local markets from Labuan Lombok. Several traders and shipments of fish (e.g. from Ibu Ida of CV Versace, Ibu Sumi and Haji Saidok) that we had come across in Labuan Lombok, were present on the market of Tanjung Luar the next morning. Every major player in the fish business in Lombok seems to have some stake in the fish trade in Tanjung Luar. The only modern facilities in Tanjung Luar (Fig. 3.51) include the new mini plant with blast freezer and ice factory of Pak Hamzah from CV Versace. Pak Hamzah is still expanding this facility and said that he will next add a tuna loining section. The ice factory at Pak Hamzah’s facility produces 30 tons of block ice per day. There are several other ice plants in the Tanjung Luar area (the one at Tanjung Luar itself produces 450 blocks of 30 kg, or nearly 15 t, per day), but no other modern cold storage facilities that we could find. Pak Alun, for example, does not seem to have established any facilities here, although he is certainly sourcing lots of fish from Tanjung Luar. Ice is often in short supply in Tanjung Luar and is routinely trucked 84 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.61: Tanjung Luar. Various smaller longliners moored at the main jetty (top, left), small ﬁshing boats pulled up at the beach (top, right), various “ketinting” canoes landing (middle, left), and pick-up truck with ice boxes for transporting ﬁsh (middle, right). Groupers (Variola albimarginata and Epinephelus coioides) in one of the receiving facilities at Tanjung Luar (lower, left), and bucket with gurnards (lower, right). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 85

Figure 3.62: Tanjung Luar. Woman selling a billﬁsh (top, left) and large mahi-mahi (top, right). Large yellowﬁn tuna (bottom, left) and large stingrays (bottom, right). 86 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.63: Tanjung Luar. Man ﬁnning a thresher shark (top, left) and a pile of small deepwater sharks with their livers removed (top, right). Ghost shark (family Chimaeridae) (bottom, right) and a man cutting up a large shark (bottom, left; picture taken on 20 September 2011). 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 87

Figure 3.64: Tanjung Luar. Area for production of ikan pindang (salted and boiled ﬁsh) and area for cutting up large eel (bottom). 88 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.65: Tanjung Luar. Woman selling gurnards. 3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 89 in from Mataram and elsewhere. There are several independent fish collectors and traders based in Tan- jung Luar and one of the larger ones is Pak Hayyi who buys export-quality demersals for his patron (locally often referred to as “boss”), Mr. Yanlyung, who is based in Bali on Jalan Gurita. Mr. Yanlyung buys from various collectors in East Indonesia and exports goldband and ruby snappers to Australia, groupers to Taiwan and China, and Malabar snappers to various export markets (Fig. 3.67). Pak Hayyi buys mostly from the smaller local fishing boats and trades demersals for the local market at around IDR 16,000-18,000, but he also sends some 200 to 400 kg of export-quality demersals per day to his boss in Bali. He reported that the best prices for export snappers are for the smaller fish, in the size range of 300 grams to 1.6 kg. He buys snappers locally from local fishers at around IDR 35,000/kg, depending on the size. For groupers, the better prices are for the larger fish, the reverse pattern from what he reported for snappers. Pak Hayyi pays IDR 25,000/kg for the smaller groupers, IDR 43,000/kg for groupers between 2 and 4 kg, IDR 50,000/kg for groupers 5 to 6.9 kg and IDR 60,000/kg for groupers of 7 kg and larger. He pays IDR 145,000/kg for good-quality red leopard coral trout (P. leopardus) in sizes of 1.5 to 1.2 kg and for P. maculatus he pays IDR 95,000/kg, the same price as what he pays for barramundi cod Cromileptes altivelis.

3.2 Maps of ﬁshing grounds and supply lines

Summarizing ﬁndings from landing sites described above, we categorized the main ﬁsheries that land in Lombok as follows:

• Demersal ﬁsheries operating on the deeper parts of the Lombok shelf (> c. 40 m deep), using handlines, droplines, and longlines (Fig. 3.68). This includes many motorized canoes and some larger vessels (especially to the West of Bangko Bango, near Nusa Penida).

• Fisheries on shallow-water (< c. 40 m deep) demersal species (including coral reef species and Spanish mackerel, a reef-associated pelagic species), using handlines, small longlines, and trolling (Fig. 3.69). These ﬁsheries mostly take place from motorized canoes and small (< 5 GT) boats.

• Fisheries on small pelagic species, including scads, sardines, tongkol (various small tuna-like species, such as Eastern little tuna Euthynnus aﬃnis, Auxis spp., and bonito Sarda orientalis), using mini purse seines 90 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.66: Tanjung Luar, new mini-plant and cold storage of CV Versace. Yard (top), cold storage with skipjack tuna and baby tuna (middle), and ice factory (bottom). 3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 91

Figure 3.67: Tanjung Luar, ﬁsh at the facility of collector Pak Hayyi. Grouper (probably Epinephelus malabaricus, top, left), goldband snapper Pristopomoides multidens (top, right), red snappers (Lutjanus erythropterus and L. bohar) (bottom, left), and ﬁsh transported out by cart (bottom, right). 92 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

(Fig. 3.70). Mini purse-seiners operate from small boats (mostly between 5 and 10 GT), and they can be found almost anywhere along the Lombok coast, but they are far less numerous than motorized outrigger canoes.

• Fisheries on tongkol in the Lombok Strait, trolling with multiple hooks and using small drift gillnets, with thousands of motorized double- outrigger canoes (Fig. 3.71). In Cemara, the same boats also target other species like Indo-Paciﬁc king mackerel Scomberomorus guttatus and lobster.

• Fisheries on large yellowfin tuna, juvenile yellowfin tuna (baby tuna), and skipjack tuna, using handlines (Fig. 3.72). Small quantities of other large tuna species, such as bigeye tuna, are also caught. This fishery targets fish around Fish Aggregating Devices as well as free- swimming schools. The main hub for this fishery is Labuhan Lom- bok, and a large part of this fishery is controlled by two large traders (CV Versace and UD Baura). This fishery operates on distant fishing grounds (up to Sumba), making trips of up to two weeks.

• Fisheries on remote demersal ﬁshing grounds, including the shallow reef systems near Selayar and in the Flores Sea between Sumbawa and Sulawesi, and as far away as the shelf bordering to Australian waters (Fig. 3.73). This ﬁshery uses longlines, handlines, and droplines from decked vessels, making trips of up to two weeks.

• Shark ﬁsheries in near-by deep waters, operating exclusively from Tan- jung Luar, targeting pelagic sharks with pelagic longlines as well as small demersal sharks with bottom longlines deployed at depths up to 300 m (Fig. 3.74). Whereas most of the value is obtained from ﬁns and liver oil, the rest of the carcass is also retained for local consumption. 3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 93 Figure 3.68 94 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS Figure 3.69 3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 95 Figure 3.70 96 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS Figure 3.71 3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 97 & Figure 3.72 ! " #$% !& ' ' " '( ' #$% 98 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS ) ! + Figure 3 73

#$% ! & #$% "" * $ 3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 99 . ' /00 1 ! , " Figure 3.74 , & $ % " ,- " 100 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

3.3 Google Earth survey of coastal ﬁsheries

A visual inspection of the coastline of Lombok using Google Earth reflected the same major patterns as observed during the field visit (Fig. 3.75): Scat- tered landing sites along the South coast and the North coast of the South- western peninsula, many landing sites along the West coast, only few landing sites along the North coast, and three major fishery hubs on the East coast (Labuan Lombok, Labuan Haji, and Tanjung Luar). 3.3. GOOGLE EARTH SURVEY OF COASTAL FISHERIES 101 Concentrations of fishing vessels near the coast or on the beaches of Lombok, as observed in Google Earth. See Figure 3.75: Table 3.1 for details on the numbered points. 102 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Table 3.1: Results of Google Earth survey of concentrations of ﬁshing boats along the coast of Lombok. See Figure 3.75 for a map with the numbered points listed below. Details on the locations in Sumbawa (labeled with blue anchors in Fig. 3.75) are not included here. Nmbr Location Date Boats Latitude Longitude 1 Tanjung Luar 06/25/2011 50 - 100 8◦46’22.32”S 116◦31’23.12”T 2 Tanjung Luar 06/25/2011 50 - 100 8◦46’42.73”S 116◦31’6.02”T 3 Kedome 06/25/2011 30 - 50 8◦46’37.38”S 116◦30’48.31”T 4 Lungkak 06/25/2011 80-100 8◦47’15.81”S 116◦30’22.02”T 5 Pelebe 06/25/2011 20 8◦47’45.43”S 116◦30’19.14”T 6 Tolone 06/25/2011 17 8◦49’38.57”S 116◦31’23.06”T 7 Tolone 06/25/2011 8 8◦49’45.38”S 116◦31’42.68”T 8 Temeak Teluk 06/25/2011 15-20 8◦51’15.43”S 116◦32’57.76”T Sunut 9 Seriwe 06/25/2011 13 8◦53’25.15”S 116◦30’25.72”T 10 Bagik Cendo 06/25/2011 40-60 8◦52’32.28”S 116◦27’13.29”T 11 Bagik Cendo 06/25/2011 30-50 8◦52’18.00”S 116◦27’19.87”T 12 Pemokong 06/25/2011 9 8◦50’5.66”S 116◦28’12.52”T 13 Saung 06/25/2011 10 8◦50’6.61”S 116◦26’5.27”T 14 Open 06/25/2011 30-40 8◦51’0.98”S 116◦24’31.17”T 15 Open 06/25/2011 20-30 8◦51’14.64”S 116◦24’24.73”T 16 Awang 07/27/2009 60-70 8◦52’52.23”S 116◦23’43.36”T 17 Awang 07/27/2009 20 8◦53’3.44”S 116◦23’42.90”T 18 Bumbang 07/27/2009 14 8◦54’14.31”S 116◦22’32.81”T 19 Grupuk 07/27/2009 60-80 8◦54’33.88”S 116◦20’39.74”T 20 Kuta 07/27/2009 16 8◦53’36.69”S 116◦16’46.58”T 21 Selong Belanak 10/15/2006 100 8◦52’29.28”S 116◦9’42.21”T 22 Sepi 06/22/2008 18 8◦51’9.42”S 116◦3’41.29”T 23 Bangko-Bangko 10/15/2009 16 8◦43’34.26”S 115◦51’29.13”T 24 Berambang 10/15/2009 8 8◦46’28.64”S 115◦54’45.88”T 25 Pandanan 10/15/2009 22 8◦44’0.34”S 115◦58’18.25”T 26 Tawun 10/15/2009 16 8◦45’5.26”S 116◦0’32.76”T 27 Batu Kijuk 10/20/2003 30-40 8◦44’36.91”S 116◦1’15.34”T 28 Lendang Jahe 11/03/2009 15 8◦43’8.71”S 116◦3’31.04”T 29 Lendang Jahe 11/03/2009 10 8◦42’52.34”S 116◦3’35.21”T 30 Buncit 11/03/2009 10 8◦42’35.89”S 116◦3’39.13”T 31 Taman 11/03/2009 15 8◦40’13.54”S 116◦4’18.15”T 32 Jeranjang 11/03/2009 12 8◦38’52.71”S 116◦4’11.10”T 33 Kuranji 11/03/2009 24 8◦37’16.56”S 116◦4’28.06”T 34 Kebon Belik 11/03/2009 16 8◦36’51.33”S 116◦4’28.03”T 35 Tanjung Karang 12/03/2009 200-250 8◦36’8.32”S 116◦4’25.06”T 36 Tanjung Karang 12/03/2009 40-60 8◦35’53.51”S 116◦4’24.26”T 37 Ampenan 01/27/2010 100-120 8◦34’48.09”S 116◦4’16.99”T 38 Ampenan 01/27/2010 10 8◦34’30.66”S 116◦4’16.76”T 39 Ampenan 01/27/2010 80-100 8◦33’59.60”S 116◦4’20.23”T 40 Ampenan 01/27/2010 300-350 8◦33’50.90”S 116◦4’20.31”T continued on next page 3.3. GOOGLE EARTH SURVEY OF COASTAL FISHERIES 103

Nmbr Location Date Boats Latitude Longitude 41 Ampenan 01/27/2010 200-250 8◦33’34.12”S 116◦4’17.40”T 42 Peresak Kongok 01/27/2010 100-150 8◦32’50.35”S 116◦4’8.94”T 43 Peresak Kongok 01/27/2010 150-200 8◦32’27.55”S 116◦4’7.38”T 44 Meninting 01/27/2010 50-60 8◦32’10.49”S 116◦4’4.51”T 45 Meninting 01/27/2010 80-100 8◦31’51.77”S 116◦4’2.43”T 46 Batu Layar 01/27/2010 30 8◦31’32.07”S 116◦3’56.41”T 47 Batu Layar 01/27/2010 22 8◦31’11.24”S 116◦3’48.01”T 48 Batu Bolong 01/27/2010 28 8◦30’0.29”S 116◦2’41.17”T 49 Batu Bolong 01/27/2010 150-200 8◦29’53.10”S 116◦2’42.73”T 50 Nipah 08/29/2009 200-300 8◦26’0.31”S 116◦2’43.65”T 51 Pandanan 08/29/2009 10 8◦25’8.97”S 116◦3’3.15”T 52 Pandanan 08/29/2009 150-200 8◦24’57.09”S 116◦3’11.60”T 53 Tanjung Serung- 08/29/2009 80-100 8◦24’20.41”S 116◦3’40.66”T gai 54 Teluk Nara 08/29/2009 40-60 8◦24’23.56”S 116◦4’22.33”T 55 Bangsal 08/29/2009 15 8◦24’3.30”S 116◦5’0.07”T 56 Lendang Berura 08/29/2009 18 8◦23’37.27”S 116◦5’56.13”T 57 Prawira 08/29/2009 30-40 8◦21’46.42”S 116◦8’5.28”T 58 Sorong Jukung 08/29/2009 20-30 8◦20’52.93”S 116◦8’52.87”T 59 Lekok 08/29/2009 30-40 8◦20’32.40”S 116◦10’33.78”T 60 Karang Anyar 08/29/2009 30-40 8◦19’46.87”S 116◦11’7.29”T 61 Papak 11/25/2006 6 8◦18’29.61”S 116◦11’30.03”T 62 Beraringan 07/17/2006 8 8◦15’42.61”S 116◦14’43.53”T 63 Kayangan 07/17/2006 6 8◦15’9.50”S 116◦15’24.92”T 64 Air Bari 07/17/2006 5 8◦15’0.70”S 116◦15’41.09”T 65 Akarakar 12/18/2002 8 8◦13’34.64”S 116◦18’45.44”T 66 Lendang Batu 06/25/2011 8 8◦19’23.27”S 116◦41’4.35”T 67a Ujung 06/25/2011 12 8◦20’9.20”S 116◦41’56.32”T 67b Rarem 06/25/2011 12 8◦20’9.20”S 116◦41’56.32”T 68 Menanga Baris 06/25/2011 20-30 8◦28’45.67”S 116◦40’10.09”T 69 Pasugulan 06/25/2011 60-80 8◦29’14.95”S 116◦39’43.63”T 70 Seruni 06/25/2011 100-150 8◦29’45.65”S 116◦39’48.77”T 71 Bajo 06/25/2011 100-150 8◦30’3.91”S 116◦40’8.09”T 72 Ketapang 06/25/2011 15 8◦33’3.35”S 116◦39’44.28”T 73 Labuhan Haji 06/25/2011 60-80 8◦42’4.00”S 116◦34’16.20”T Chapter 4

Opportunities for development of sustainable supply lines

Many of the local supply lines of demersal fish from Lombok fisheries, especially for export-quality fish like snappers and groupers, seem to be firmly in the hands of Chinese-Indonesian aggregator Pak Alun, who has his main aggregation center based in Ampenan, on the West coast of Lombok. Pak Alun works with a large network of many small collectors all around Lom- bok, each supplying him with small amounts of fish. In addition he also has larger suppliers from major landing places in the East and South. Pak Alun sends his fish on trucks to Bali, via the ferry that departs from Lembar, after grading and re-packing in Ampenan, for further export to Taiwan and Hong Kong. Besides Pak Alun’s supply lines of export-quality demersals from Lombok, there are supply lines from Labuan Lombok, such as those from collectors like Pak Apeng, Ibu Sumi, Pak Supardi and Pak Haji Saidok. Also in Tanjung Luar there are collectors with direct lines to Bali for high quality export demersals, such as for example Pak Hayyi who collects significant quantities of good quality snappers and groupers there which he sends and sells directly to a trader in Bali. Other independent collectors include Pak Marwi who collects his fish from Sepi at the Western end of the South coast of Lombok. Opportunities may exist to develop partnerships with any of these independent traders, as part of new supply lines. For these traders the price on offer will be one of the most important factors. Tanjung Luar is dominated by Bugis fishers and it may not be easy to penetrate in the fish business for any newcomers or outsiders. Possibilities may exist for cooperation with open-minded insiders. Development of new supply lines for demersal fish would be possible with strong upcoming local traders like Pak Hamzah, who owns modern mini plants in Labuan Lombok 105 and in Tanjung Luar, and who expressed willingness and ability to partner with European and American buyers for trade in both tuna and demersals from the East coast of Lombok. Hamzah can collect tuna and demersal fish from both Northern and Southern fishing grounds at his strategically located mini plants. Pak Hamzah said he could deliver high quality snappers at a price of IDR 40,000 per kg but he had to check that price with his wife, fish trader Ibu Ida. Ibu Ida trades large quantities of fish for local markets, both in Labuan Lombok and Tanjung Luar. Pak Hamzah is an East Lombok local, originally from Tanjung Luar. He grew a large business, and he invested in both infrastructure and relation- ships with the local fleets. Pak Hamzah would seem to be in an ideal position to take on the competition with other existing traders. Pak Hamzah seemed very confident that he can deliver larger quantities of export qualities demersals and pelagic to European and American buyers, as long as the price would be right. Without elaborating on it, he specifically said that he would work with European and American buyers rather than with Chinese buyers. He said he would be able to do this using his own facilities and sending the fish to his partners in Bali. Like almost anywhere else in Indonesia, hygienic conditions at landing sites in Lombok, especially in Tanjung Luar, are poor. Fish ends up in dirty harbour water or on the ground, where free-roaming chickens may cause infection with Salmonella. As small-scale fisheries supply export markets, which impose strict food safety standards, this is a matter of economic con- cern. Contaminated fish from small-scale operations may get mixed with high-quality fish, and therefore finding ways to improve hygienic conditions in small-scale fisheries is important for the export sector as a whole. It is only a matter of time before also domestic markets will demand better com- pliance with food safety standards. Some ways to improve hygenic conditions include creating more efficient or fewer linkages in small-scale supply chains, removing chickens and other livestock from landing sites, ensuring access to ice made from clean water, and conducting awareness campaings for fishers and small-scale traders on fish handling practices. Bibliography

Garcia, S. M., A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, and G. Lasserre (2003). The ecosystem approach to ﬁsheries. issues, terminology, principles, insti- tutional foundations, implementation and outlook. Technical report, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome, FAO. 71 p.

Pikitch, E. K., C. Santora, E. A. Babcock, A. Bakun, R. Bonﬁl, D. O. Conover, P. Dayton, P. Doukakis, D. Fluharty, B. Heneman, E. D. Houde, J. Link, P. A. Livingston, M. Mangel, M. K. McAllister, J. Pope, and K. J. Sainsbury (2004). Ecosystem-based ﬁshery management. Science 305, 346–347.

Spalding, M., H. Fox, N. Davidson, Z. Ferdana, M. Finlayson, B. Halpern, M. Jorge, A. Lombana, S. Lourie, K. Martin, E. McManus, J. Molnar, K. Newman, C. Recchia, and J. Robertson (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57, 573–583. Appendices

Appendix A

Local resource persons and data gathering events

The survey team conducted following interviews and observations (in chrono- logical order; unless indicated otherwise interviews were conducted by the complete team):

1. Awang village, 27 February 2012: Interview with trader Nurhadidja and with two ﬁshers.

2. Awang village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Tahher, boat owner (ketinting, two engines each 16.5 PK, 6 pcs) and ﬁsherman, using gillnets.

3. Awang village, 27 February 2012: Interview with handline ﬁsher, (bottom longline, trolling).

4. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview Pak Bendong, head of Fisher Group, head of Karamba Group, also a ﬁsher, since two months has two units of karamba supported by government for culture of pomfret (bawal).

5. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Cinta, ﬁsher- man, now specializing in taking out foreign recreational ﬁshers.

6. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Bukit (also known as Bapak Rifa’a), ﬁsh collector, working with Pak Alun from Ampenan.

7. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Ibu Inak Giwi, ﬁsh collector for local (village) consumption 110 APPENDIX A. LOCAL RESOURCE PERSONS AND DATA GATHERING EVENTS

8. Kuta village, 27 Februay 2012: Interview with a group of ﬁshers.

9. Kuta village, 27 February 2012: Interview with a gillnet ﬁsher.

10. Kuta village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Ahmad, son of tuna collector.

11. Selong Belanak, 27 February 2012: Interview with Ibu Hasanah, who sells barbequed ﬁsh to visitors.

12. Selong Belanak, 27 February 2012: Interview with a group of ﬁshers, including the ﬁsher who landed at the time of the visit.

13. Pengatap, 27 February 2012: Visit only, no interviews.

14. Sepi, 27 Februaryn 2012: Interview with ﬁsh collector Ibu Muhassan and her husband Pak Ahmad.

15. Sepi, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Marwi, a ﬁsh collector from Ampenan, and his team.

16. Bangko Bangko, 28 February 2012: Interview with a group of ﬁshers.

17. Bangko Bangko, 28 February 2012: Interview with Pak Salam, ﬁsher- man.

18. Bangko Bangko, 28 February 2012: Interview with Ibu Sarti, pindang processor.

19. Ampenan, 28 February 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Munawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Alun. Pak Alun trades in demersal ﬁsh for export, and he operates an extensive network of small collectors on the South, East, and Northwestern coasts of Lombok.

20. Ampenan, 28 February 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Munawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Marwi, ﬁsh trader, and head of the local Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia (HNSI).

21. Cemara, 28 February 2012 (Jos Pet, Peter Mous, and Anang Wahyudi): Interview with two ﬁshers and heads of two Kelompok Nelayan (Fisher Groups), Mr Mus Ab of Pemuda Pesisir Mandiri and Mr Parman of Oboe Kehidupan.

22. Keranji, 28 February 2012: Interview with a ﬁsher.

23. Tanjung Karang, 28 February 2012: Visit (no interview). 111

24. Ampenan, 28 February 2012: Interview with Pak Zunaidi, cold storage owner.

25. Medana, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Visit to Medana to meet collector Pak Amid, who was not present at the time of the visit.

26. Tanjung, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Visit to Tanjung, interview with collector Pak Sahdi.

27. Montong Pol, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Witness hauling of a beach seine.

28. Tampas, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Interview with Pak Masri, ﬁsh collector in Tampas.

29. Labuan Lombok, 29 February 2012: Visits to PPP Labuhan Lombok.

30. Labuhan Lombok, 29 February 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu- nawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Aﬀandi (also known as Pak Apeng), collector.

31. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu- nawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Suaib, ﬁsh trader (ex-staﬀ from Versace), independent since two years.

32. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu- nawir Ramli): Interview with Hj Sumiadi, ﬁsh trader.

33. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu- nawir Ramli): Interview with Ibu Abe and Pak Safrudin, ﬁsh trader.

34. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Interview with Pak Supardi, ﬁsh collector.

35. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Visit to the facility of Pak Haji Kadir (no interview).

36. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Interview with Pak Haji Saidok, ﬁsh trader.

37. Labuhan Haji, 1 March 2012 (Badi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Munawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Thamrin, trader, collaborating with Alun. 112 APPENDIX A. LOCAL RESOURCE PERSONS AND DATA GATHERING EVENTS

38. Labuhan Haji, 2 March 2012 (Badi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Munawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Maezadin, village head (kepala dusun), collector and awig-awig coordinator (awig-awig is a traditional marine governance system).

39. Tanjung Luar, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Visit and various interviews with ﬁshers, vendors, ice transporters, etc.

40. Tanjung Luar, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Interview with collector Pak Hayyi at his facility.

41. Tanjung Luar, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Interview with Pak Haji Hamzah of CV Versace, and visit to his new mini plant.

42. Ekas village, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Short visit to Ekas village (no interviews).

43. Seriwe village, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi): Visit to Seriwe village, interview with Ibu Aji Zainab, local ﬁsh trader.

44. Lepek Loang, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Interview with two ﬁshers (Amak Syahmin and Oji).

45. Tekalok, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Interview with two ﬁshers (Kamiluddin and Iwan).

46. Maroak, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Interview with ﬁsher Rusydi.

47. Labuhan Pandang, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Visited, but no ﬁsh- ery encountered.

48. Tanjung Layur, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Visited, but no ﬁshery encountered. Appendix B

Contact details

• Pak Anang Dania Wahyudi, Penyulu (Fisheries Extension Worker), DKP Lombok Tengga, mobile 0818773319, [email protected]

• Pak Munawir Ramli, Penyulu (Fisheries Extension Worker), DKP Lom- bok Tenggah, mobile 087870058532, [email protected]

• Pak Bendong, head of Fisher Group and of Karamba Group in Gerupuk, mobile 081805761438

• Pak Alun, trader in demersal ﬁsh for export, mobile 081917314141.

• Pak Zunaidi, cold storage owner based in Ampanan, mobile 08123619220 and 081339792841.

• Pak Sahdi, collector in Tanjung, mobile 087864727063.

• Pak Amak Syahmin, ﬁsher in Lapek Loang, mobile 081997920020.

• Pak Iwan, ﬁsher in Tekalok, mobile 081997766216.

• Pak Rusydi, ﬁsher in Maroak, mobile 08199767410.

• Ibu Ida, CV Versace, mobile 081918320002.

• Pak Hamzah, CV Versace, mobile 081339668000. Appendix C

List of Indonesian, English, and scientiﬁc ﬁsh names

The following list is indicative only, since Indonesian names for ﬁsh species vary widely between islands and ﬁshing communities.

Indonesian English and scientific names anggoli goldband snapper Pristipomoides multidens bagong ruby snapper Etelis carbunculus bawal tongkat long-spined snapper Argyrops spinifer cakalang skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis cumi squid and cuttlefish (Loligo, Sepia) cunding paddletail Lutjanus gibbus guntur green jobfish Aprion virescens hamadai Japanese name for various snappers, sometimes also used by Indonesian traders who export to Japan. jarang gigi red bass Lutjanus bohar (L. bohar is also referred to as “kakap merah”) kaci-kaci sweetlip emperor Plectorhynchus pictus, grass emperor Lethrinus laticaudis kakap emperors and snappers kakap merah red snappers (various species) kakap putih barramundi Lates calcarifer, but also various snappers and emperors of any colour but red kampo Maori seaperch Lutjanus rivulatus kampo merah emperor red snapper Lutjanus sebae kembung Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta ketambak spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus continued on next page 115

Indonesian English and scientific names kerapu bulan yellow-edged lyretail Variola louti and white-edged lyretail V. albimarginata kerapu otang potato cod Epinephelus tukula kerapu sunuk squaretail coralgrouper Plectropomus areolatus,and various other Plectropomus species, including P. leopardus, P. maculatus,andP. laevis kerapu tutul estuary cod Epinephelus coioides and various other brown grouper species including E. maculatus E. merra,andE. quoyanus kurisi threadfin Nemipterus spp kurisi bali, kurisi perak various Pristipomoides species, (including P. typus and P. filamentosus) and toothed jobfish Aphareus furca layang scads Decapterus spp. layaran sailfish Istiophorus platypterus layur cutlass fishes Trichiuridae (mostly hairtails Trichiurus spp, but also Lepidopus caudatus and Lepturacanthus savala) lemadang dolphin fish, mahi-mahi Coryphaena hippurus lemuru various herring species, including Sardinella lemuru and Sardinella longiceps, but not Sardinella fimbriata nunuk crimson seaperch Lutjanus erythropterus sunu various grouper species of the genus Plectropomus sunu halus leopard coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardus sunu kasar spotted coralgrouper Plectropomus maculatus tembang fringescale sardinella Sardinella fimbriata or gold- stripe sardinella Sardinella gibbosa tenggiri usually narrow-banded Spanish mackerel Scombero- morus commersoni, but also various other Scombero- morus species as well as wahoo Acanthocybium solan- dri teri anchovy Stolephorus spp tongkol Eastern little tuna Euthynnus affinis, bonito Sarda orientalis, frigate tuna Auxis thazard, and bullet tuna Auxis rochei tuna mata besar bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus tuna sirip kuning, madidi- yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares hang Appendix D

Acronyms

Acronym Description ABF Air Blast Freezer AOI Area Of Interest, technical term that is often used in spatial planning to indicate the entire area that the planner is interested in ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BPS Badan Pusat Statistik CBM Community-based management CI Conservation International, an international environmental NGO CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna CEDRS Catch Effort Data Recording System COREMAP Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, a World Bank and ADB-supported initiative CPUE Catch-Per-Unit-Effort CT6 Acronym for the six Coral Triangle countries: Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands (Coral Triangle Initiative) CTI-CFF Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security CTSP Coral Triangle Support Program [Coral Triangle Initiative], the name of the ADB- and USAID-funded project that sup- ports the Coral Triangle Initiative. Starting October 2011, the Indonesian part of CTSP has been known as MPAG. CV Commanditaire Venootschap, an Indonesian company structure continued on next page 117

Acronym Description DISHIDROS Dinas Hidro-Oseanografi, the agency within the Indonesian Navy responsible for publication of nautical charts DKP Dinah Kelautan dan Perikanan, district- or province-level fisheries service (Indonesia) EAFM Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (FAO) EBFM Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management EC European Community EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EU European Union FAD Fish Aggregation Device FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations GEF Global Environmental Facility GIS Geographic Information System GOI Government of Indonesia GPS Global Positioning System, a satellite-based system for finding coordinates of a position anywhere on Earth. GT Gross Tonnage, a measure of size for boats HP Horse Power, an outdated but still commonly used measure of engine power (in Indonesia sometimes “PK”) IDR Indonesian Rupiah, 1 US$ is about IDR 9,000 (2011) ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management, an approach towards multi-sectoral management of coasts ILMMA Indonesia - Locally-Managed Marine Area network, an NGO IMACS Indonesia Marine and Climate Support project, a technical assistance project supported by USAID/Indonesia IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor Agricultural University IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, a regional fisheries management organization KKP Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Ministry of Marine Af- fairs and Fisheries (Indonesia). KP3K Direktorat-Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir, dan Pulau-Pulau Ke- cil, the Directorate-General of Marine, Coasts, and Small Is- lands. LIT Line-intersect transect (a monitoring technique for reef health) LMMA Locally-Managed Marine Area, an MPA that is managed by a local entity, often a village-based organization LSSFI Lesser Sundas Sustainable Fisheries Initiative, a fisheries program run by Bali Seafood International continued on next page 118 APPENDIX D. ACRONYMS

Acronym Description MAC Marine Aquarium Coucil, an international NGO that focuses on certification and eco-labeling in the aquarium fish sector MB Mitra Bahari, Sea Partership, a collaboration among Indone- sia universities working on fisheries, coastal zone management planning, etc. MCS Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance MEOW Marine Ecoregions of the World, a bio-geographic regionaliza- tion by Spalding et al. (2007) MMAF Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia) MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine Protected Area MPAG Marine Protected Area Governance project, supported by US- AID/Indonesia and implemented by various NGOs MRP Marine Resource Program (USAID) MSC Marine Stewardship Council MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield, the maximum total catch that can be sustained indefinitively. Typically, MSY models as- sume that each level of fishing effort results in an equilibrium catch. Stocks are under-exploited if effort is lower than the effort at MSY, and stocks are over-exploited if effort is higher than the effort at MSY. NCC National Coordinating Committee (Coral Triangle Initiative) NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration [USA] NPoA National Plan of Action (Coral Triangle Initiative) PERDA Peraturan Daerah, province- or district-level law or regulation PK see HP PNCI People and Nature Consulting International, a Bali-based consulting company PNG Papua New Guinea PPP Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai or Coastal Fishing Harbour (In- donesia) PPP Public-Private Partnership PRA Participatory Resource Assessment PSM Port State Measures (FAO) PT Perseroan Terbatas (limited liability company, similar to Ltd.), an Indonesian company structure PUMP Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan, an Indonosian development program (Village Fishery Enterprise Development program) continued on next page 119

Acronym Description RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization, such as IOTC and WCPFC RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RRI Rapid Resource Inventory (a survey method) SI Solomon Islands SOM Senior Oﬃcials Meeting [Coral Triangle Initiative], often fol- lowed by a number (SOM1, SOM2, SOM3) SSME Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Marine Ecoregion TAC Total Allowable Catch TPI Tempat Pelelengan Ikan, Fish Landing Site (Indonesia) TURF Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries RPoA Regional Plan of Action [Coral Triangle Initiative] UD Usaha Dagang, and Indonesian company structure (sole pro- prietorship) WCPFC Western and Central Paciﬁc Fisheries Commission, an RFMO WPP Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan or Fishery Management Area (Indonesia). WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature, an international environmental network with local representations