ISSN 0853–8980 INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

Volume 21 Number 2 December 2015 Acreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015 (Period: October 2015-October 2018)

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is the English version of fisheries research journal. The first edition was published in 1994 with once a year in 1994. Since 2005, this journal has been published twice a year on JUNE and DECEMBER.

Head of Editor Board: Prof. Dr. Ir. Ngurah Nyoman Wiadnyana, DEA (Fisheries Ecology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Members of Editor Board: Prof. Dr. Ir. Hari Eko Irianto (Fisheries Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development) Prof. Dr. Ir. Gadis Sri Haryani (Limnology-Limnology Reseach Center) Prof. Dr. Ir. Husnah, M. Phil (Toxicology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development) Prof. Dr. Ir. M.F. Rahardjo, DEA (Fisheries Ecology-Bogor Agricultural Institute) Dr. Mochammad Riyanto, M.Sc (Fishing Technology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

Referees for this Number: Prof. Dr. Ir. Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, M.Sc. (Institute for Fisheries Enhancement and Conservation) Ir. Duto Nugroho, M.Si (Center for Fisheries Research and Development) Dr. Ir. Rudhy Gustiano, M.Sc (Institute for Freshwater Research and Development)

Language Editor: Lilis Sadiyah, Ph.D (Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Managing Editors: Dra. Endang Sriyati Amalia Setiasari, A.Md

Graphic Design: Ofan Bosman, S.Pi

Published by: Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development

Manuscript send to the publisher: Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal Center for Fisheries Research and Development Gedung Balitbang KP II, Jl. Pasir Putih II Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 Phone: (021) 64700928, Fax: (021) 64700929 Website : http://p4ksi.litbang.kkp.go.id., Email: [email protected].

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is printed by Center for Fisheries Research and Development Budgeting F.Y. 2015. PREFACE

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal Volume 21 Number 2 December 2015 is the second publication of English journal of the Research Center for Fisheries Management and Conservation in 2015. The journal is expected to be a source of newest science and technology for all scientists and researchers in Indonesia and other countries. The financial for publication is provided by the Research Center for Fisheries Management and Conservation budget in the fiscal year of 2015.

This volume contains: Genetic Variation of Tor tambroides Bleeker, 1854 Along Batang Tarusan River, West Sumatera: Implications for Stock Identification; Determining Monofilament Gillnet Optimum Mesh Size To Mitigate Amphilophus citrinellus Population Outbreaks in Ir.H.Djuanda Reservoir; Effects of Dipole Mode and El-Nino Events on Catches of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Indian Ocean Off West Java; Some Biological Aspects of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks (Sphyrna lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834) Caught From Coastal Fisheries in the Eastern Indian Ocean; Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and Fishing Season of Small-Scale Tuna Fisheries in Labuhan , ; Population Structure and Bioreproduction of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) in Western Part of Sumatera and Southern Part of Java and Nusa Tenggara, Indian Ocean; Utility of Fishery High School Data in Examining Spatial and Temporal Catch and Effort Trends in the Indonesian Longline Tuna Fishery.

We hope that all the articles on this volume may contribute significantly to the development of fishery science and technology in Indonesia. We are grateful to the editorial board for their improvement and suggestion on reviews of the manuscripts.

Editor

i ISSN 0853–8980

INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume 21 Number 2 December 2015

CONTENS Page

PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………………...... i

CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii

ABSTRACT...... v-vii

Genetic Variation of Tor tambroides Bleeker, 1854 Along Batang Tarusan River, West Sumatera: Implications for Stock Identification By: Arif Wibowo and Siswanta Kaban………………………………………………………………………………... 61-66

Determining Monofilament Gillnet Optimum Mesh Size To Mitigate Amphilophus citrinellus Population Outbreaks in Ir.H.Djuanda Reservoir By: Prawira A.R.P. Tampubolon, Imanda Hikmat Pradana and Andri Warsa…………………………………... 67-74

Effects of Dipole Mode and El-Nino Events on Catches of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Indian Ocean Off West Java By: Khairul Amri, Ali Suman, Hari Eko Irianto and Wudianto……………………………………………………… 75-90

Some Biological Aspects of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks (Sphyrna lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834) Caught From Coastal Fisheries in the Eastern Indian Ocean By: Umi Chodrijah and Bram Setyadji……………………………………………………………………………… 91-97

Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and Fishing Season of Small-Scale Tuna Fisheries in Labuhan Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara By: Bram Setyadji and Budi Nugraha………………………………………………………………………………… 99-107

Population Structure and Bioreproduction of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) in Western Part of Sumatera and Southern Part of Java and Nusa Tenggara, Indian Ocean By: Ali Suman, Hari Eko Irianto, Khairul Amri, Budi Nugraha and Gatut Bintoro………………………………... 109-116

Utility of Fishery High School Data in Examining Spatial and Temporal Catch and Effort Trends in the Indonesian Longline Tuna Fishery By: Lilis Sadiyah, Natalie Dowling, Budi Iskandar Prisantoso, Retno Andamari and Craig Proctor………… 117-128

AUTHOR INDEX...... 129A

iii INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume 21 Number 2 December 2015

ABSTRACT

GENETIC VARIATION OF Tor tambroides Bleeker, midas cichlid caught were 628 fish which were mostly 1854 ALONG BATANG TARUSAN RIVER, WEST caught in 1.5 inches sized gillnet. Length first mature SUMATERA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STOCK fish is 13.31 cm. The optimum size of fish caught in the IDENTIFICATION mesh of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 inches are 9.7, 12.9, 16.2, 19.4, and 22.6 cm, respectively. Arif Wibowo IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 61-66 KEYWORDS: Selectivity, gillnet, midas cichlid, Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF DIPOLE MODE AND EL-NINO Mahseer (Tor tambroides, Bleeker, 1854) is an EVENTS ON CATCHES OF YELLOWFIN TUNA important consumption fish species in the Batang (Thunnus albacares) IN THE EASTERN INDIAN Tarusan River, located in the West Sumatera, Indonesia. OCEAN OFF WEST JAVA In this study the CO1 of mtDNA sequence data were used to investigate genetic variability within and between Khairul Amri populations of mahseer. Twenty four tissue samples IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 75-90 were collected for genetic analysis in the Batang Tarusan River. Genetic analysis revealed two different haplotypes ABSTRACT were existed. The overall nucleotide and haplotype variability were low in all sampling sites. Hierarchical The effects of Indian Ocean Dipole Mode and El AMOVA analysis showed that mahseer populations form Niño–Southern Oscillation events on catches of a single panmictic population with low FST= 0.02794; p YellowfinTuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Indian = 0.418 and high gene flow among population sampling. Ocean (EIO) off Java were evaluated through the use of Corroborated result by genetic analysis; there is a strong remotely sensed environmental data (sea surface argument suggesting that the populations could be temperature/SST and chlorophyll-a concentration/SSC) treated as a single stock unit. and Yellowfin Tuna catch data. Analyses were conducted for the period of 2003–2012, which included the strong KEYWORDS: Tor tambroides, mitochondrial DNA positive dipole mode event in association with weak El- CO1, stock, Batang Tarusan River Nino 2006. Yellowfin Tuna catch data were taken from Palabuhanratu landing place and remotely sensed DETERMINING MONOFILAMENT GILLNET environmental data were taken from MODIS-Aqua OPTIMUM MESH SIZE TO MITIGATE sensor. Results show that regional climate anomaly Indian Ocean Dipole Mode influenced Yellowfin Tuna Amphilophus citrinellus POPULATION catch and its composition. The catches per unit effort OUTBREAKS IN IR.H.DJUANDA RESERVOIR (CPUE) of Thunnus alabacares in the strong positive dipole mode event in 2006 and weak El-Nino events in Prawira A.R.P. Tampubolon 2011 and 2012 was higher. The increase patern of CPUE IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 67-74 followed the upwelling process, started from May-June achieved the peak between September and October. ABSTRACT Very high increase in CPUE when strong positive dipole mode event (2006) and a weak El-Nino events (2011 Gillnet is the most common fishing gear used by and 2012) had a relation with the increase in the fishers in Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir. Currently, gillnet distribution of chlorophyll-a indicating an increase in catches are dominated by midas cichlid (Amphilophus the abundance of phytoplankton (primary productivity) citrinellus) which is not the main target catch. To some due to upwelling. In contrast, yellowfin tuna CPUE is extent, their presence is even considered intrusive by very low at the La-Nina event (2005), though as the the fishers. The aim of this study is to reveal the optimum dominant catch when compared to others. gillnet mesh size in catching this alien species, which in turn can be useful to control the fish population in Ir. KEYWORDS: Indian Ocean Dipole Mode, H. Djuanda Reservoir. The study was conducted from YellowfinTuna, Eastern Indian Ocean August 2011 to January 2012. The mesh size of the off west Java gillnets were 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 inches. The total

v SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SCALLOPED fisheries operating based in Labuhan Lombok Coastal HAMMERHEAD SHARKS (Sphyrna lewini Griffith Fishing Port (PPP. Labuhan Lombok). Small-scale tuna & Smith, 1834) CAUGHT FROM COASTAL fishery in Labuhan Lombok are characterized by the FISHERIES IN THE EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN small boats less than 10 GT, operating both troll line and hand line simultaneously, targeting large tuna, Umi Chodrijah skipjack tuna and small tuna. Fishing season starts from IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 91-97 April to August and influence by southwest monsoon wind and the presence of middleman as the connector ABSTRACT between fishers and the market are the main character of the small-scale fisheries business in this area. Indonesia has the largest chondrichthyan fishery in the world, with a reported of 105,000 and 118,000 tonnes KEYWORDS: Small-scale tuna fisheries, fishing landed in 2002 and 2003 respectively. Scalloped gears, fishing season, Labuhan hammerhead shark was either targeted or by-catch from Lombok this fishery, mostly for its fins. Despite of the growing concern around the world, the availability of biological POPULATION STRUCTURE AND data of this species, especially in the Eastern Indian BIOREPRODUCTION OF BIGEYE TUNA (Thunnus Ocean is still lacking. The objectives of this paper are to obesus) IN WESTERN PART OF SUMATERA AND present some biological information (size composition SOUTHERN PART OF JAVA AND NUSA and sex ratio) of the scalloped hammerhead, from TENGGARA, INDIAN OCEAN coastal fisheries in Eastern Indian Ocean. The data used for the analysis comprised of two components, i.e. survey Ali Suman data in 2010 (February, March, June, August, October IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 109-116 and December) and data from daily monitoring shark landing in 2013 (January to December). Substantially ABSTRACT lower mean size, more immature sharks and more frequent of female caught over years showed that Bigeye tuna is an important fish resource in the Indian scalloped hammerhead shark in the Eastern Indian Ocean. This species like other tuna species needs to Ocean are facing intensive fishing pressure which could be managed properly in both national and international lead to overfishing. This could harm the sustainability of levels. Therefore some data and information on scalloped hammerhead shark resource in the long run. population structure and bioreproduction are required The relationship between clasper length and total length for management purpose.The current research was was positively correlated where every 5 cmTL increment conducted to identify the population structure and on clasper length adding 51 cmTL on total length. bioreproduction of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in west off Sumatera and south off Java and Nusa Tenggara of KEYWORDS: Scalloped hammerhead shark, sex Indian Ocean where tuna fishing spots are important. ratio, clasper length, eastern Indian This research was based on catch landed by fishermen Ocean from the Indian Ocean during 2010. Analysis of population structure was done using DNA genetic DYNAMICS OF GEARS, FLEETS, CATCH AND analyses and bioreproduction by using histology FISHING SEASON OF SMALL-SCALE TUNA technique. Results show that the population structure of FISHERIES IN LABUHAN LOMBOK, WEST NUSA the bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean consisted of two TENGGARA different sub populations namely sub population of west off Sumatra and sub population of south of Java and Nusa Tenggara waters. Most of catch (about 39%) was Bram Setyadji IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 99-107 categorized as immature fish (GI I). The immature fish was mostly found in west off Sumatera waters, meanwhile the catch in south off Java and Nusa ABSTRACT Tenggara waters was mostly categorized as mature fish. This result may indicate that south off Java and Nusa In Indonesia, about 80% of fishing activities are Tenggara waters is a spawning ground of the bigeye small-scale and play major role both economically and tuna. socially. Previous studies mostly concentrated in Java, while in eastern part of Indonesia the information still KEYWORDS: Histology, genetic, population scarce and limited. The study was conducted from structure, bigeye tuna, Indian Ocean January to December 2013, describes in detail the gears, fleets and catch dynamics of the small-scale tuna

vi UTILITY OF FISHERY HIGH SCHOOL DATA IN from the FHS data set was concentrated within the only EXAMINING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CATCH known SBT spawning ground. However, within this data AND EFFORT TRENDS IN THE INDONESIAN set, SBT were recorded in the lowest catch proportion LONGLINE TUNA FISHERY relative to BET, YFT and ALB. The catch composition data suggested that YFT and ALB were predominantly targeted by the fishery, with ALB and SBT most Lilis Sadiyah IFRJ, Vol. 21 No.2, Page: 117-128 predominantly recorded south of 20°S, whereas BET and YFT were mostly recorded north of 20°S. ABSTRACT Unfortunately, there was no strong information on targeting practices reported by this data set, limiting any One of the endeavours to address the shortage of attempts to understand the factors that influenced those catch per unit effort (CPUE) information from the results. As the sampling predominantly occurred in Indonesian Indian Ocean tuna fishery is the collation of between July and December, the data are not a large amount of catch and effort data collected by representative of fishing activities throughout the entire Indonesian Fisheries High School students (“FHS data”). year, and any seasonal patterns from the FHS data set This paper attempts to investigate spatial-temporal are biased. In addition, the FHS data set is prone to patterns of catch and effort of the FHS data for the main observation error and uncertainty in terms of fish tuna species caught by the fishery: bigeye tuna (Thunnus identification and fishing location. Therefore, the FHS obesus - BET), yellowfin tuna (T. albacares - YFT), data set needs to be interpreted with caution. albacore (T. alalunga - ALB) and southern bluefin tuna (T.maccoyii - SBT). Reported sets occurred in the Eastern KEYWORDS: Indonesian Fisheries High School Indian Ocean, north and south of 20°S. Recorded effort Students Data, longline, Indian Ocean

vii Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and ….in Labuhan Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (Setyadji, B & B. Nugraha)

DYNAMICS OF GEARS, FLEETS, CATCH AND FISHING SEASON OF SMALL- SCALE TUNA FISHERIES IN LABUHAN LOMBOK, WEST NUSA TENGGARA

Bram Setyadji and Budi Nugraha Institute for Tuna Fisheries, Benoa, Bali Received; Mei 07-2013 Received in revised from November 28-2015; Accepted December 02-2015 E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In Indonesia, about 80% of fishing activities are small-scale and play major role both economically and socially. Previous studies mostly concentrated in Java, while in eastern part of Indonesia the information still scarce and limited. The study was conducted from January to December 2013, describes in detail the gears, fleets and catch dynamics of the small-scale tuna fisheries operating based in Labuhan Lombok Coastal Fishing Port (PPP. Labuhan Lombok). Small-scale tuna fishery in Labuhan Lombok are characterized by the small boats less than 10 GT, operating both troll line and hand line simultaneously, targeting large tuna, skipjack tuna and small tuna. Fishing season starts from April to August and influence by southwest monsoon wind and the presence of middleman as the connector between fishers and the market are the main character of the small-scale fisheries business in this area.

KEYWORDS: Small-scale tuna fisheries, fishing gears, fishing season, Labuhan Lombok INTRODUCTION This number could not be ignored as it contributed a significant amount of earning to the society. A universal definition for small-scale fisheries is not available, largely because of their complexity Several studies of small scale tuna fisheries in (Chuenpagdee et al., 2006), but common criteria Indonesia have been conducted i.e. Nurdin & Nugraha (SEAFDEC, 2003) include: 1) operated and funded (2007) which focused on tuna hand line fisheries in by local fishermen, 2) a predominance of small vessels Prigi, East Java, Faizah & Aisyah (2011) in Sendang (often <10 GT), 3) a predominance of traditional fishing Biru, East Java, and Sulistyaningsih et al. (2011) in gears (but may include trawl, seine, gill-net, and Kedonganan Bali. Nurdin (2008) described small scale longline vessels), 4) fishing trips are generally short tuna fishery in Prigi, Trenggalek, East Java, while (1-14 days) and inshore (within the Indonesian Muhammad & Barata (2012) reported the size Exclusive Economic Zones) and 5) some of the structure of hand line catch around fish aggregating fisheries are subsistence fisheries, but most are device (FADs) in south of Bali and Lombok. However, commercial nowadays. most of the previous studies were concentrated in Java and Bali, while the in Nusa Tenggara has not Small-scale fisheries, especially in tropical coastal been fully described especially the structure and waters are characterized by great spatio-temporal characterization of small-scale tuna fisheries in variation, high diversity of gears and target species, Labuhan Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. The purpose wide dispersal of fishing activities along the coast, of this study are to provide the dynamics of gears, and uncertainty of landings (Oostenbrugge et al., fleets, catches and fishing season of small-scale tuna 2002). In Indonesia, about 80% of fishing activities fisheries operating based in Labuhan Lombok, Nusa are small-scale (Mous et al., 2005) with various type Tenggara Barat. Socio-economics perspective also of fishing gears (from traditional to modern technology) added to the discussion. are used to exploit the fish resources (Sumiono, 1997). Regarding of its importance both economically and MATERIALS AND METHODS socially (Nikijuluw, 2002 after Wiyono et al., 2006), Study area they are still poorly understood. PPP. Labuhan Lombok Coastal Fishing Port is Nusa Tenggara Barat is one of the examples for located at 08o 29’30" S dan 116o 38’35" E on the eastern small-scale tuna fisheries in Indonesia. Its fleet is coast of Lombok Island. The site was chosen because dominated by outboard motor (53.4%), non-powered it is one representative of the Eastern Indonesia small- boat (29.6%) and inboard motor < 5 GT (8.2%). Large scale tuna fisheries. Labuhan Lombok is one of the pelagic fishes contributed up to 139,890 t during 2003 biggest landing ports in East Lombok beside Tanjung – 2008 and the fisheries can lead to estimated Luar,and become one of the proposed locations forTuna production value up to IDR 1.5 trillion (DGCF, 2011). Revitalization Program in Nusa Tenggara Barat. ______Corresponding author: Tuna Fisheries Research Station-Benoa Jl. Merta sari, No. 140 Banjar Suwung Kangin-Denpasar, Bali 99 Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.21 No.2 December 2015 : 99-107

Small scale fisheries characteristics are multi-gear 120o E (Figure 1). Fishing vessels with gross tonnage and multi-species. In general, similar size fishing (GT) < 10 are dominant used in this area with two vessels operate various types of fishing gear on the major fishing gears used, i.e. troll line and hand line same fishing grounds i.e. south of Lombok Island and (with various modification on the design, hooks and Island, stretched from 9 – 12o S and 116 – baits).

Figure 1. Known FADs of the small scale tuna fisheries based in PPP. Labuhan Lombok (actual FADs presumably higher).

Sources of data and pre-processing Seasonal Fishing Index (SFI)

Daily records from the local fisheries auction center Information on seasonal catch was gained by of PPP. Labuhan Lombok from January to December finding the average monthly data (production & effort) 2013 provided a time series of small scale tuna altogether of tuna (yellowfin & bigeye tuna), skipjack commercial fishing data. Information on type and and kawakawa from 2002 to 2012. Highest value number of fishing gear (unit), number of fishing trip occurred was placed as a base for assumption for (trip year-1), and total weight (kg) of catches by seasonal catch (Merta et al., 2004), following this species. This paper does not separate catch between equation: troll line and hand line since both are used Average monthly production simultaneously during operation and the landing data SFI = were absent of information about catch per gear. Average monthly production in general Where: SFI was Seasonal Fishing Index; The statistical data provided by PPP. Labuhan Lombok covered Fisheries Management Area 573 (Indian Ocean) and 713 (North of Nusa Tenggara and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Banda Sea), prior to 2011. The data used for the Results analysis in this paper was restricted only from Indian Development of fleets and fishing gears Ocean (FMA 573) and limited to the fishes belong to the group of large tuna i.e. yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Based on the fish carrier license (SIKPI) issued albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and by transportation office (Dinas Perhubungan) there albacore (Thunnus alalunga); small tuna i.e. were only two type of vessels used in daily fishing kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) and longtail tuna operation, carrier vessel and the other is catcher/ troll (Thunnus tonggol); and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus line vessel (Figure 2). Both of them were under 10 pelamis). Statistical data from processing plant (UD) GT, mostly between 3 – 4 GT (Table 1). Based on Baura and local authorities also obtained (Dept. for statistical data provided by PPP. Labuhan Lombok in the Supervision of Fishing Vessels/WASKI, Labuhan 2011 there were 249 vessels registered, 16 enlisted Lombok Coastal Fishing Port, and Harbormaster) as as carrier vessel while the rest (233 units) were troll comparisons. line vessels. The number of recorded landing vessel

100 Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and ….in Labuhan Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (Setyadji, B & B. Nugraha) from 2008 – 2012 relatively stable, but in 2012 was around the island, while troll line vessel equipped with rapidly decline (Table 2). The number fishing gear used troll line and hand line (multigears). Troll line and or between 2010 to 2012 also tend to decline during that hand line operation vessels rely on shallow water FAD, period of the years. using 2 x 2 x 1 m Styrofoam as a buoy which attached to 20 – 30 pieces of concrete as sinkers and utilizing Carrier vessel does not equipped with fishing coconut leaves as attractor (Appendix 1). gears, it only collect fishes from local fishermen Table 1. Detail specification of troll line and hand line vessels (source: PPP. Labuhan Lombok) Details Specification Materials Wood Length (m) 12 – 13.5 Width (m) 2.5 Depth (m) 1 Tonnage (GT) 3 – 4 Capacity (ton) 5 Crew 4 – 6 Trip (days) 5 – 20

Table 2. The number of recorded landing vessel from 2008 – 2012 (source: PPP. Labuhan Lombok)

Year Gross Tonnage 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Up to 5 GT 1,317 776 983 827 414 >5–10GT 1,242 1,843 1,768 1,749 1,047 > 10 – 20 GT - - - - - > 20 – 30 GT 36 5 - - -

Figure 2. Carrier vessel (left) and catcher/ troll line vessel (right).

Figure 3. The development of fishing gears from 2010 – 2012 (source: PPP. Labuhan Lombok).

101 Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.21 No.2 December 2015 : 99-107

Catches development composition during January and December 2013 were dominated by yellowfin tuna (43.98%) and skipjack During the period of this study, about 11 fish (28.76%) (Figure 7). Skipjack reached its peak on species were landed in PPP. Labuhan Lombok from 2006 and declining afterward, adversely with yellowfin troll line operation (with troll line and hand line gears), tuna, which progressing over years, while kawakawa six of which are considered important: yellowfin tuna relativelystable (Figure 8). Production of yellowfin tuna, (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), skipjack and kawakawa are directly proportional with albacore (Thunnus alalunga), kawakawa (Euthynnus the number of the trip (Figure 9), it mean that almost affinis), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), and skipjack all of the fleets are targeting for these commodities, (Katsuwonus pelamis) while the others like blue marlin while the other fishes listed i.e. dolphinfish, narrow- (Makaira nigricans), black marlin (Istiompax indica), barred Spanish mackerel, billfishes etc. came as either dolphinfish (Corryphaea hippurus) narrow-barred by-catch or from carrier boat from local fishermen spanish mackerel (Scromberomorus commerson) and around the island using seine net. rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata). Catch

Figure 7. The average catches composition of troll line and or hand line from January to December 2013.

Figure 8. Annual production of yellowfin tuna, skipjack and kawakawa from PPP.Labuhan Lombok between 2002 and 2012.

102 Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and ….in Labuhan Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (Setyadji, B & B. Nugraha)

Figure 9. Comparisons of total catch per annum of yellowfin tuna, skipjack and kawakawa against fishing trip between 2008 and 2012 in PPP. Labuhan Lombok. Seasonal Fishing Index (SFI) fishing index (SFI) data from PPP. Labuhan Lombok with UD. Baura, the biggest processing plant in the Fishing season of tuna, skipjack, and other tuna region, from the plot it could be informed that both were varied throughout the year. It reached the lowest performed relatively similar pattern. Data from UD. in January (-0.87) and peaked in May (0.86) while Baura showed the catch landing reached its lowest October (0.57) was the second coming of the year. in February (-0.9), first peak in May (1.0), and second An interesting plot turned up when plotting seasonal in November (0.6) (Figure 10).

Gambar 10. SFI comparisons among tunas, skipjack and kawakawa from PPP. Labuhan Lombok and UD. Baura during 2008 to 2012.

Socio-economic perspective cost for each trip (14 days in average) was around 7.5 million/trip/boat. Based on interview conducted during study, most of the fishermen based on PPP.Labuhan Lombok were Most of the skippers “worked” for two biggest come from Sulawesi, while only few were locals. Since processing plants in Lombok Timur which is Baura small-scale fleets have many limitation (fuel, supplies and Versace, while others worked for smaller groups and ice), the fishing has to be effective. Fishing by or individuals. There were 469 vessels under the circling around FADs at dawn or dusk were the most management of Baura, while Versace around 40 – 50 common and effective way. One FAD belongs to one vessels. The average production of Baura around 5 skipper and can be utilized up to 4 boats. The price tons/day which could reach up to 200 tons/month for a single FAD around 30 – 50 million/unit, depends during fishing season on April – June. The products on the length of the rope sustain it. The operational were sent to bigger processing plant in Bali and

103 Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.21 No.2 December 2015 : 99-107 cannery in Pengambengan, Muncar, Surabaya, tuna which sharing the same ecosystem. While the Gresik and Jakarta. Neither processing plants, groups skipjack tuna stock recovering, more yellowfin tuna or individuals are direct buyer, instead they are act were caught and surpassed the production of skipjack like middlemen who are connecting between fishermen tuna on 2009 and afterward. and the market. Fishing season in Labuhan Lombok start onApril Discussion to August, resting for 2 months (due to some of the fishermen were back home celebrating Eid feast) and The catch of tuna in Labuhan Lombok is generated then start over until November. As in other parts of with non-motorized or outboard-powered vessels less Indonesia, the fishing season in Labuhan Lombok is than 10 GT, using troll line and hand line or similar mostly determined by rainfall linked to the monsoon non-industrial gears are what defined artisanal winds which affected to the SFI value. The wind blows fisheries, especially in Indonesia as it reported by from the southeast between March and September Proctor et al. (2003); Gillett (2011). Troll line rarely as temperature is declining and the level of used to catch large tuna, instead they use it to catch chlorophyll-a is increasing, causing upwelling. bait fishes or small fishes for consumption. It usually Conversely, from October to February, when the wind operated at dawn or day. Hand line on the other hand blows from the southwest to northwest, sea are more favorable to catch large tuna because it can temperature start to rise and chlorophyll-a start to reach certain depth where tuna lies. Both of vessels decline (DGCF, 2011; Surinati, 2009; Wiyono et al., operating and fishermen in Labuhan Lombok were from 2006). The same pattern is likely occurs in almost south of Sulawesi i.e. Polewali Mandar, Sinjai, Bone, small-scale tuna fisheries alongside Indian Ocean, & Majene, as they dominate almost all small scale as reported in Kedonganan, Bali (Sulistyaningsih et tuna fishery in South of Java, Bali, and West Nusa al., 2011); Sendang Biru, Malang (Nurdin et al., 2008) Tenggara. Small-scale tuna fisheries in Labuhan and Prigi, East Java (Nurdin et al., 2012). The west Lombok as well as in Indonesia, usually associated monsoon usually occurs from October to April and with Fish Aggregation Device (FAD) targeting tuna, causes bad weather, marked by high intensity of kawakawa, and skipjack (Monintja, 1993). The location rainfall and high tide. At this moment fishermen are of the FADs used by fishermen based in PPP.Labuhan reluctant to fishing, they prefer stay at home, fixing Lombok spread from 10 – 12o S to 109 – 112o E (Alas their gears and boats and using the leftover money to Strait and in between southern and northern part of survive during the bad weather. This will lead to Lombok Island). FADs have been used traditionally in scarcity of fishes in the market, resulting in uprising eastern Indonesia since 1980s (Nasution et al., 1986). price. Monintja & Mathews (1999) mentioned that tuna aggregation around FADs increased catchability by Small-scale tuna industry in the eastern part of more than 40% compared to free swimming tuna. Indonesia, especially in Labuhan Lombok is unique Despite of it advantages it is also responsible for low from one place to another, but they likely perform the recruitment, and may affect tuna distribution and same way of doing business. Since fishers are not abundance in neighboring areas (Monintja & Mathews, equipped with appropriate financial capability, they 1999). often rely on the owner of the boat. While both of them are looking for better fishing ground which mean The large portion of yellowfin tuna, kawakawa, and away from their neighborhood, injection of more skipjack caught (74.63% of total catch) mean that financial capital is a necessity in order to survive. In these species the main target for almost all fleets this case the role of middleman or processing plant based in PPP.Labuhan Lombok. This group of species company is needed. Sometimes the boat owners have are usually associated with FADs (Jaquemet et al., direct contact with the company, but in another case 2011; Dempster & Taquet, 2004; Yusfiandani et al., they need middleman before the company.This model 2010) and also become the main target of many small- creates an endless link of dependence and capital scale tuna fisheries alongside Indian Ocean. The total flow (Figure 11). Since the middleman/ company gives catch of skipjack was higher than tuna in 2009 before operational cost to the boat owners (FADs, boats, they shifted place. The declining production of skipjack food supply, & fuel), priority of the fishes obtained tuna since 2006 were allegedly due to localized must be sold back to the middleman/ company with overfishing. When the FADs were exploited “agreed price”. The biggest margin will always go to continuously, a large number of skipjack tuna were the middleman while the fishermen will always put in caught until reached its peak in 2006. As the number the difficult position since they do not have direct link of skipjack decreasing due to heavy exploitation, the to the market and financial resource. void around FADs will be filled by juvenile yellowfin

104 Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and ….in Labuhan Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (Setyadji, B & B. Nugraha)

Figure 11. Capital flow of small-scale tuna fisheries in Labuhan Lombok. The key solution to this matter is about how to cut Dempster, T & M. Taquet. 2004. Fish aggregation the link between the middleman to the fishers, and device (FAD) research: gaps in current knowledge given the fishers more direct access to market and future directions for ecological studies. Rev. (processing plant) and financial funding (ease of credit Fish Biol. Fish. 14, 21–42. from the bank). Forming the association among the fishermen as it happens in agricultural or manufacture DGCF (Directorate General of Capture Fisheries). industry, this will give them power to determine the 2011. (In Indonesian).Tuna Fishery Business in way they doing business. The role of the government Nusa. Capture Fisheries Division. Provincial is necessity in making all of the solutions possible Fisheries and MarineAffairs Office of Nusa Tenggara while the eagerness of the fishermen to change is Barat. . 76 pp. always become the highest priority. Faizah, R & Aisyah. 2011. (In Indonesian). Species CONCLUSION composition and size distribution of pelagic fish caught by handline landed at Sendang Biru, east Structure of small scale tuna fishery in Labuhan Java. BAWAL 3 (6): 377-385. Lombok are characterized by the small boats less than 10 GT, operating both troll line and hand line Jaquemet, S., M. Potier & F. Menard. 2011. Do drifting simultaneously, and targeting tuna and skipjack and and anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) also the presence of middleman as the connector similarly influence tuna feeding habits? A case between fishers and market. study from the western Indian Ocean. Fisheries Research. 107: 283-290 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Merta, I.G.S., Prisantoso, B.I & S. Bahar. 2004. Large This paper is authors’ contribution to research on pelagic fishing season after Fishing Season in assessment of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) fishing Indonesia. BRPL – BRKP. Jakarta. ground in the Indian Ocean south of Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara in 2012. The Authors would like to Monintja, D.R. 1993. Study on development of rumpon thank to UD. Baura, for their hospitality during the as Fish Aggregating Devices. Mar. Technol. Bull. research, WASKI, Labuhan Lombok Coastal Fishing ITK, 3 (3), 1-137. Port and Harbormaster for providing the data and also for the enumerator. Monintja, D.R & C.P. Mathews. 1999. The Skipjack Fishery in Eastern Indonesia: Distinguishing the REFERENCES Effects of Increasing Effort and Deploying Rumpon FADS on the stock. after Jean-Yves Le Gall, Chuenpagdee, R., L. Liguori, M.L.D. Palomares & D. Patrice Cayre, Marc Taquet (editor). Pêche Pauly. 2006. Bottom-up, global estimates of small- Thoniere et Dispositifs de Concentration de scale fisheries catches. Fish. Cent. Res. Rep. 14 Poissons. Colloque Caraibe-Martinique, Trois-Ilets, (8). 105 pp. 15-19 October 1999. p. 435 – 448.

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Mous, P.J., J.S. Pet, Z. Arifin, R. Djohani, M.V. operations. Southeast Asian Fisheries Erdmann, A. Halim, M. Knight, L. Pet-Sounde & Development Centre. 71 pp. G.Wiadnya. 2005. Policy needs to improve marine capture fisheries management and to define a role Sulistyaningsih, R.K., A. Barata & K. Siregar. 2011. for marine protected areas in Indonesia. Fisheries (In Indonesian). Hand line tuna fisheries in Management and Ecology. 12: 259-268. Kedonganan, Bali. J.Lit.Perikan.Ind. 17 (3). 185- 191. Muhammad, N & A. Barata. 2012. (In Indonesian). Size Structure of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Sumiono, B. 1997. Fishing activities in relation to albacares) caught by handline in around of fish commercial and small-scale fisheries in Indonesia. aggregation devices in the Indian Ocean of South In: Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Bali and Lombok. BAWAL 4(3): 161-167 Responsible Fishing: Bangkok, June 24-27, 1997. Samut Prakarn: Southeast Asian Fisheries Nasution C.H., G.S. Merta & R. Arifuddin. 1986. (In Development Center, p. 41-70. Indonesian). Study on rumpons and their aspects in Mamaju waters to develop tuna fishery in South Surinati, D. 2009. (In Indonesian). Upwelling and its Celebes. J. Mar. Fish. Res. 37: 31-58. effect on marine waters. Oseana, Vol. XXXIV,No.4: 35-42. Nurdin, E & B. Nugraha. 2008. (In Indonesian). Tuna and skipjack handline fishing based in Pondok Van Oostenbrugge, J.A.E., E.J. Bakker, W.L.T. van Dadap Fish Landing Centre, Sendang Biru, Malang. Densen, M.A.M. Machiels & P.A.M. van Zwieten. J.Lit.Perikan.Ind. 2 (1): 25-31. 2002. Characterizing catch variability in a multispecies fishery: implications for fishery Nurdin, E., A.A. Taurusman & R. Yufiandayani. 2012. management. Canadian Journal Fisheries and (In Indonesian). Optimisation of FADs number, Aquatic Science. 54: 1-12. fishing fleets and fishing season of tuna fishery in Prigi Waters, East Java. J.Lit.Perikan.Ind. 18 (1): Wiyono, E.S., S. Yamada, E. Tanaka, T. Arimoto & 53-60. T. Kitakado. 2006. Dynamics of fishing gear allocation by fishers in small-scale coastal fisheries Proctor, S.P., Merta, I.G.S., Sondita, M.F.A., Wahju, of Pelabuhanratu Bay, Indonesia. Fisheries R.I., Davis, T.L.O., Gunn, J.S & R. Andamari. 2003. Management and Ecology. 13, 185-195. A review of Indonesia’s Indian Ocean Tuna Fisheries. ACIAR Project FIS/2001/079. 106 p. Yusfiandayani, R., I. Jaya & M.S. Baskoro. 2010. (In. Indonesian). Application of H and M model on SEAFDEC (Southeast Asian Fisheries Development shallow water FAD in payang fisheries in Pasauran Center). 2003. Regional guidelines for reponsible Waters. Proceedings Department of Fisheries fisheries in Southeast Asia: Responsible fishing Resources Utilisation. Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries. IPB. p. 269-280.

106 Dynamics of Gears, Fleets, Catch and ….in Labuhan Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (Setyadji, B & B. Nugraha)

Appendix 1. Detail construction of a FAD used by troll line and hand line fishermen in Labuhan Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat.

2 meter

0,5 meter

Φ = 12 mm

Φ = 12 mm P = 3 meter

100 – 300 coconut leaves

Φ = 30 mm P = 100 – 500 m

Sinkers @ 10 kg 12 unit each

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