Piracy and Political Economy in Malaya, 1824- 1874

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Piracy and Political Economy in Malaya, 1824- 1874 ABSTRACT A COVERT WAR AT SEA: PIRACY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN MALAYA, 1824- 1874 Scott C. Abel, PhD Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2016 Eric A. Jones, Director Piracy around the Malay Peninsula during the 19th century was extraordinarily prevalent and resulted in the death and loss of liberty for an untold number of people. This dissertation examines the connections between the piracy of this era and the political economies of the Straits Settlements and the Malay states in the region. Malays pirates often had the support of local rulers who required the goods and slaves brought back by pirates to reinforce their own political and socio-economic positions. The piratical system supported by the rulers was a component of the overall Malay economic system known as kerajaan economics, which helped maintain the status quo for Malay states. This system came under threat once Great Britain and the Netherlands worked to suppress piracy in the region and helped persuade the Malay elite to phase out state-sanctioned piracy. Some people living in Malaya took advantage of the characteristics of British and Malay political economies to engage in acts of piracy regardless of the policies of the British and Malay governments. This study of piracy enables us to understand better the experiences of people of various backgrounds living in 19th-century Malaya, along with how piracy influenced their worldviews. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DE KALB, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 A COVERT WAR AT SEA: PIRACY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN MALAYA, 1824-1874 BY SCOTT C. ABEL © 2016 Scott Abel A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctoral Director: Eric A. Jones iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Far too many people have helped me with this dissertation and obtaining my degree to mention them all by name but I feel obliged to mention a few people and institutions that have made this project possible. My dissertation committee, composed of Eric A. Jones, Trude Jacobsen, Anne Hanley, and Khairudin Aljunied, was immensely helpful in completing the work. A variety of institutions made this work possible through grants, fellowships, and scholarships, including the U.S. State Department, U.S. Department of Education, N.I.U. History Department, Clark and Arlene Neher Fellowship, Peabody Essex Museum, and N.I.U. Study Abroad Office. Learning Malaysian and Indonesian was a lengthy process that has not ceased. Led by James Collins and Rahmi Hartati, countless people have helped me in this process ranging from teaching assistants to Malay and Indonesian speakers whom I have met in the past few years. Translation assistance from Mansor bin Sulaiman, Yosephin “Apri” Apriastuti Rahayu, and Testriono Mohammad was particularly helpful in my understanding sources. I would also like to thank those who have revised my work such as the Dissertation Writing Group, Faizah Zakaria, and the N.I.U. Thesis and Dissertation Office. A multitude of libraries and archives has assisted me in this endeavor in the United States, Great Britain, Malaysia, and Singapore. N.I.U.’s Founders Library and Law Library, especially the Donn V. Hart Collection, were helpful in providing many iii sources. Cornell’s Kroch Library, the Cambridge University Library, the New York Public Library, and the Phillips Library of the Peabody Essex Museum all generously provided support in my project. The National Archives of Malaysia and the State Archives of Pahang were particularly helpful because of their collection of Malay- language documents and sources from the Colonial Era. The National Archives of Singapore and the National Library of Singapore were quite helpful in providing documents relevant to piracy. Gene Tan and Tony Leow gave their unconditional support in helping me obtain the necessary documents, for which I am grateful. I would also like to thank my research assistant, Danielle G.T. Sim of Singapore, who collected some sources I neglected to find that proved valuable in completing my statistical information. The National University of Singapore generously permitted me to obtain notes and copies from their collection. In Great Britain, the British Library, National Archives, and London Metropolitan Archives granted me great assistance in my research that helped form the bulk of my primary source material. Finally, I would like the express gratitude to my loving friends and family for providing assistance when I was in need. The wonderful people at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies have helped and supported me countless times throughout my years at Northern Illinois University, ranging from accepting nearly half of my possessions at the time in boxes, to a speedy trip to the train station, and plentiful conversation and food over the years. I would like to express gratitude to my parents, Charles and Catharine Abel, for their unwavering support and affection in my journey. iiii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………. v LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………… vi GLOSSARY ………………………………………………………………………............. vii Chapter INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER 1: PERCEPTIONS OF LEGITIMACY IN MALAYA IN RELATION TO MARITIME RAIDING AND LAW…………………………………………... 23 CHAPTER 2: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE MALAY KERAJAAN….. 57 CHAPTER 3: PIRACY AND KERAJAAN ECONOMICS IN MALAYA……….. 107 CHAPTER 4: CHINESE PIRACY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY IN MALAYA………………………………………………………………………….. 175 EPILOGUE………………………………………………………………………… 230 REFERENCES.………………………………………………………………….................. 242 APPENDIX: MALAYAN PIRATICAL CONTACTS WITH MERCHANT VESSELS, 1825-1850………………………………………………………………………………….. 253 ivi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Malayan Piracy Rates…………………………………………………….…….. 118 2. Commercial Vessels Arriving and Departing Singapore…………...................... 119 3. Reported Pirate Attacks……………………………………………………….. 121 4. Singapore Population Table……………………………………………............ 193 5. Estimates on the Number of Chinese Seafarers in Singapore Circa 1848..…… 196 6. Shipping of Singapore and East Coast of Malaya (Tonnage)……………. ……. 208 7. Shipping of Singapore and East Coast of Malaya (Vessels)…………………… 209 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Singapore Straits……………………………………………………… 22 2. A Malay Seafarer……………………………………………………..……….. 56 3. Letter of the Sultan of Pontianak to Thomas Stamford Raffles, February 1814…………………………………………………………..……… 86 4. Charts on Piracy Attacks and Shipping…………………………………......…. 121 5. Singapore Population Chart…………………………………………………..... 194 6. Chart on the Estimation Number of Chinese Seafarers in Singapore Circa 1848………………………………………………………………………. 197 7. Bustling Singapore Harbor……………………………………………………... 197 vi i GLOSSARY Agar-agar: type of seaweed commonly consumed in mainland China in the 19th century Autonomous history: An historical methodology that focuses on using and investigating the worldview of indigenous Southeast Asians; history from the Southeast Asia-centric perspective Bahar: a measurement of weight around 428 pounds avoirdupois Bendahara: high-ranking official in a Malay government; the treasurer, frequently the holder of the title was the highest ranking non-royal in the state; in 19th century, effectively meant a chief, specifically the ruler of Pahang Brig: a two-mast sailing vessel with the forward mast lower than the aft one Cochin-China: a land that includes modern Cambodia and southern Vietnam Gutta percha: a rubber-like substance found in Insular Southeast Asia that required the destruction of its tree for its harvest Iranun/Lanun/Illanoon: An ethnic group from the southern Philippines known for rampant acts of piracy; synonymous with “pirate” in the Malay language Jong/junk: vessel commonly used by Chinese Jurumudi: helmsman Jurubatu: navigator Kapal: ship; large vessel Kerajaan: kingdom; government; rule; empire Kerajaan economics: political economy of Malay states that involved the seizure of assets to prevent the rise of potential opponents Keris/kris: type of sword or dagger with curvy blade Kurnia: bounty, gift; code of conduct for Malay princes viii Laksmana: chief admiral Nakhoda: commander of vessel; master of vessel; captain Orang laut: “sea people” or sea gypsies; a group of nomadic people found in Southeast Asia Penjajap: war vessel common used by Malays Perahu/prahu: marine vessel; later evolved to mean vessel native to Southeast Asia. Perompak: pirate, sea robber Pikul: weight of 3 pounds avoirdupois according to J. Church Raja laut: high-ranking naval officer, admiral Raja muda: crown prince; heir apparent; chief minister Raja: prince; king Rakyat: the common people; sea people, orang laut Sampan: boat Sampan-pukat: trading vessel sailed usually by Chinese or Cochin-Chinese seafarers Syahbandar: harbormaster Temenggung/temenggong: high-ranking Malay state official; chief of police; later evolved into a chief of territory, namely Johor Tope: vessel commonly employed by people from southern Vietnam or Cambodia Vessel: floating object manned by a crew; example: boat; ship Wangkang: vessel commonly employed by Chinese seafarers Yang di-pertuan besar: sultan; “He Who Is Made Lord” is one translation Yang di-pertuan muda: (see Raja Muda) INTRODUCTION “All along the shore there were hundreds of human skulls rolling about on the sand; some old, some new, some with hair still sticking to them; some with the teeth filed and others without,” Abdullah Munsyi wrote of the shores of Singapore shortly after the arrival of
Recommended publications
  • The Printing of Munshi Abdullah's Edition of the Sejarah Me/Ayu in Singapore Ibrahim Bin Ismail*
    The Printing of Munshi Abdullah's Edition of the Sejarah Me/ayu in Singapore Ibrahim bin Ismail* Abstrak: Edisi bercetak pertama Sejarah Melayu diusahakan oleh Munsyi Abdullah di Singapura. Butir- butir bibliografi lain mengenai buku ini kurang diketahui umum kerana tidak disebutkan di dalam buku tersebut. Dari kajian salinan foto dan salinan mikrofilem buku ini yang ada di Perpustakaan Uni- versiti Malaya, disertakan dengan beberapa butir maklumat dan keterangan dari sumber-sumber lain, dapatlah kita mengolahkan suatu gambaran yang lebih jelas lagi lengkap mengenai latar belakang pe- nerbitannya. Kajian ini juga bertujuan menyatakan bahawa tarikh percetakan buku ini yang sebenar- nya bukanlah 1831 tetapi sepuluh tahun kemudian, laitu 1840 atau 1841. More than any other classic of the Malay world, that "the gentlemen who superintend the schools the Sejarah Melayu has captured the interest of established in the town of Singapore by Tuan scholars and laymen since the beginning of the nine- Raffles, for imparting instruction in the Malay teenth century. The number of manuscripts in which language and other subjects, are in search of Malay this text is preserved in libraries in Europe, Indonesia, books," etc. The editor of an edition of the Seja- Malaysia and other countries; the translations of it or rah Meloyu printed in Holland, which I shall have parts of it into English, French and German; the occasion to notice later on, has reproduced this various editions of it that have been published; the preface, but has carefully omitted those parts in numerous studies and publications on it both in the passages quoted above which refer to Singa- monographic form and in periodicals; its use as a text pore! The heading of the preface is made to read: in secondary school examinations; bear testimony to "These are the words of Abdullah bin Abdulkadir its Importance.' It is ironical that this classic has yet Munshi, who desires," etc., and the second of the to be made available in an authoritative version based two passages is similarly mutilated.
    [Show full text]
  • Konsep Jejaring Destinasi Pariwisata Metropolitan Kepulauan Di Batam, Bintan, Dan Karimun
    KONSEP JEJARING DESTINASI PARIWISATA METROPOLITAN KEPULAUAN DI BATAM, BINTAN, DAN KARIMUN Nurul Nadjmi, Wiendu Nuryanti, Budi Prayitno, Nindyo Soewarno Jurusan Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Grafika No. 2 Kampus UGM , Yogyakarta 55281 e-mail: [email protected] Kondisi makro perairan Indonesia yang merupakan Negara kepulauan (Archipelagic State) yang terbesar di dunia. Dengan jumlah pulau yang mencapai 17.508 buah, serta garis pantai terpanjang kedua yaitu sepanjang 81.000 km. Berdasarkan paradigma perancangan, tata ruang berbasis kepulauan "archipelascape", maka model arsitektur penataan ruang publik tepian air diarahkan pada pemograman spasial dan kegiatan yang mendukung sistem jejaring lintas pulau (trans-island network) serta dalam keterkaitan hulu hilir perkotaan setempat (urban ecoscape linkages). Sehingga apapun kegiatan yang melingkupi serta yang akan dikembangkan dalam ruang publik tepian air perkotaan harus ditempatkan pada posisi dan sistem tersebut secara tepat. Kawasan ini memiliki potensi wisata terutama wisata metropolitan kepulauan. Gugusan kepulauan dalam hal ini Pulau Batam, Pulau Bintan dan Pulau Karimun (BBK) memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda untuk dijadikan kawasan destinasi pariwisata, diantaranya wisata alam atau bahari, wisata religi, wisata belanja, wisata agro, wisata MICE, wisata kuliner, wisata olahraga,dan wisata sejarah. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada konsep jejaring yang tepat dalam pengembangan destinasi pariwisata metropolitan kepulauan dalam hal ini Batam, Bintan dan Karimun. Sebagai lokasi amatan adalah Kawasan BBK sebagai kawasan destinasi pariwisata metropolitan kepulauan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana konsep jejaring yang tepat dalam pengembangan destinasi pariwisata metropolitan kepulauan dalam hal ini Batam, Bintan dan Karimun sehingga bisa menjadi pariwisata metropolitan kepulauan yang dapat di jadikan percontohan dalam pengembangan daerah kepulauan di Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • World Super Power and Regional Conflicts
    121 Journal of The Siam Society WORLD SUPER POWER AND REGIONAL CONFLICTS The Triangular Game Of Great Britain With Bangkok And The Lao During The Embassies Of John Crawfurd (1821-1822) And Of Henry Burney (1825-1826) "Those men will only be seized and made grass-cutters to the king of Ava's Elephants", exclaimed the King of Siam, Rama III (1787. 1824-1851) in 1825 of the 10,000 men of the British Expeditionary Corps led by Sir Archibald Campbell when they landed in Rangoon 1• Was this the scepticism and hilarity of an assiduous reader of Napoleon's works with regard to everything British2? In fact, the image of England during this period was rather mixed, emotional and conflicting in the eyes of Asian leaders. On the one hand, "the colossal influence of the English in India has inspired terror throughout the Orient. This formidable and always growing influence has overwhelmed every Court in Asia. The King of Siam feared being thrown off his throne from the first day. When he saw a European he always took him for a British emissary. Neither could he distinguish a priest from a layman, nor a Christian from a British"3 wrote Lord Bruguieres when he arrived in Bangkok in 1829. On the other hand, with their repeated failure in other parts of Asia, they appeared to be like a "paper tiger" or a "hampered Gulliver". In 1808, 10 vessels of war, which were sent against Macao by Lord Minto, Governor General of India, disengaged themselves from the expe­ ditionary fleet and sailed towards Tonkin to intimidate the Hue.
    [Show full text]
  • Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
    Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] [Southeast Asia] Stock#: 64430 Map Maker: Fries Date: 1535 Place: Vienna Color: Hand Colored Condition: VG Size: 17 x 12 inches Price: $ 1,200.00 Description: One of Ptolemy's Greatest Errors An important early map of the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, drawn from Ptolemy's Geography. The map illustrates one of the greatest of the Ptolemy errors, the belief that a southern continent existed, which counter-balanced the weight of the land-masses in the northern hemisphere, to keep the earth stable on its axis. The present map illustrates a portion of the landlocked Indian Ocean, including much of the Indian Ocean (Indicum Mare), as it had been mapped by Ptolemy. As noted by Suarez: . .After crossing east of the Ganges (whose Delta is on the left), we enter Aurea region, a kingdom of gold, which is roughly located where Burma begins today. Above it lies Cirradia, from where, Ptolemy tells us, comes the finest cinnamon. Further down the coast one comes to Argentea Regio, a kingdom of silver, "in which there is said to be much well-guarded metal." Besyngiti, which is also said to have much gold, is situated close by. The region's inhabitants are reported to be "white, short, with flat noses." Here the Temala River, because of its position and because it empties through a southerly elbow of land, appears to be the Irrawaddy. If so, the Sinus Sabaricus would be the Gulf of Martaban, whose eastern shores begin the Malay Peninsula, and the Sinus Permimulicus would be the Gulf of Siam.
    [Show full text]
  • 17Th Annual Report of the Bank for International Settlements
    BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1st APRIL 1946—31st MARCH 1947 BASLE 16th June 1947 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introductory Remarks 5 II. Transition from War to Peace Economy 9 Budget situation (p. 9), resources for productive investments (p. 9), subsidies (p. 10), nationalisations (p. 11), financial accounts (p. 11), foreign credits and foreign aid (p. 13)., em- ployment policy (p. 14), shortage of consumption goods (p. 15), wage increases (p. 15), price control (p. 16), wheat situation (p. I"]), meat, fat etc. (p. 18), industrial production (p. 20 ), coal , situation (p. 22), over-employment (p. 25) . III. Price Movements 28 Types of movement (p. 28), prices in Greece (p. 28), Hungary (p. 28), Roumania (p. 29), China (p. 29), Poland (p. 30), Italy (p. 30), France (p. 31), Finland (p. 32), Bulgaria (p. 32), Belgium (p. 32), Czechoslovakia (p. 32), Holland (p. 32), Turkey (p. 32), United States (p. 33), Great Britain (p. 35), Germany (p. 36), Austria (p. 37), wartime shortages (p. 38), general observations (p. 39) IV. Recovery of Foreign Trade .................. 41 Volume of world trade (p. 41), foreign trade in the United States (p. 42), in Canada (p. 45), Great Britain (p. 46), Denmark (p. 49), Norway (p. 49), Sweden (p. 5°), Finland (p. 50), Belgium (p. 51), Holland (p. 51), Switzerland (p. 52), Portugal (p. 52), France (p. 52), Italy (p. 54), Germany (p. 55), Poland (p. 5&), Czechoslovakia (p. 57), Austria (p. 58), Hungary (p. 58), Roumania (p. 59), Yugoslavia (p. 59), Bulgaria (p. 59), Greecç (p. 59); Turkey (p. 60), U.S.S.R.
    [Show full text]
  • An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya by Sir Frank^,Swettenham,K.C.M.G
    pf^: X 1 jT^^Hi^^ ^^^^U^^^ m^^^l^0l^ j4 '**^4sCidfi^^^fc^^l / / UCSB LIBRAIX BRITISH MALAYA BRITISH MALAYA AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF BRITISH INFLUENCE IN MALAYA BY SIR FRANK^,SWETTENHAM,K.C.M.G. LATE GOVERNOR &c. OF THE STRAITS COLONY & HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES WITH A SPECIALLY COMPILED MAP NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS RE- PRODUCED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS 6f A FRONTISPIECE IN PHOTOGRAVURE 15>W( LONDON i JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MDCCCCVH Plymouth: william brendon and son, ltd., printers PREFACE is an article of popular belief that Englishmen are born sailors probably it would be more true to IT ; say that they are born administrators. The English- man makes a good sailor because we happen to have hit upon the right training to secure that end ; but, though the Empire is large and the duties of administra- tion important, we have no school where they are taught. Still it would be difficult to devise any responsibility, how- ever onerous and unattractive, which a midshipman would not at once undertake, though it had no concern with sea or ship. Moreover, he would make a very good attempt to solve the problem, because his training fits him to deal intelligently with the unexpected. One may, however, question whether any one but a midshipman would have willingly embarked upon a voyage to discover the means of introducing order into the Malay States, when that task was thrust upon the British Government in 1874. The object of this book is to explain the circumstances under which the experiment was made, the conditions which prevailed, the features of the country and the character of the people ; then to describe the gradual evolution of a system of administration which has no exact parallel, and to tell what this new departure has done for Malaya, what effect it has had on the neighbour- ing British possessions.
    [Show full text]
  • Abdullah Munsyi- a Modern Malay Intellectual of New Century
    Proceedings of The 3rd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University (AIC Unsyiah) 2013 In conjunction with The 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR) 2013 October 2-4, 2013, Banda Aceh, Indonesia ABDULLAH MUNSYI- A MODERN MALAY INTELLECTUAL OF NEW CENTURY 1ABDUL MUTALIB EMBONG, 2AHMAD MURAD MERICAN 1Department of Management and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Perak Malaysia; 2Department of Management and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Perak Malaysia. Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Munshi Abdullah, or Abdullah Bin Abdul Kadir, is considered by many scholars as an early figure of modern Malay laureate because of his against the traditional norms writings. His two works; Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ( The Voyage of Abdullah) ,1838 and Hikayat Abdullah ( Abdullah’s life story) , 1849, are among his important and meaningful chronicle memoirs in Malay literature. This paper laments Abdullah’s true, new and different ideas which serve as a dividing line between him and the writers before and during his time. Abdullah’s writings contain sharp criticism which addressed to the feudal and Malay community involving leadership, language and cultural practices. Such critics arose from his education background and his social interaction with the British. It gave him new thoughts and perspectives in his writings, based on his observations and experiences which were not rigid, comparing to most of the conventional writings at that time, that incorporated elements of myth, fairy tales and legends. Besides, Abdullah is also well-known for translating works into Malay, including Christian epistles for missionaries. Some condemn Abdullah’s work as a sign of his Anglophile persuasions, but at one level Abdullah’s criticism is inextricably related to his understanding of the weaknesses of his people.
    [Show full text]
  • Territorialising Colonial Environments: a Comparison of Colonial Sciences on Land Demarcation in Japanese Taiwan and British Malaya
    Durham E-Theses Territorialising Colonial Environments: A Comparison of Colonial Sciences on Land Demarcation in Japanese Taiwan and British Malaya YEH, ER-JIAN How to cite: YEH, ER-JIAN (2011) Territorialising Colonial Environments: A Comparison of Colonial Sciences on Land Demarcation in Japanese Taiwan and British Malaya, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3199/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Territorialising Colonial Environments: A Comparison of Colonial Sciences on Land Demarcation in Japanese Taiwan and British Malaya ER-JIAN YEH Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography Durham University United Kingdom September 2011 Supervised by Doctor Michael A. Crang, Divya Tolia-Kelly, and Cheryl McEwan i ABSTRACT The thesis seeks to establish how far, and in what ways, colonial science articulates a distinctive mode of environmental conceptions and governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya Author(S): Charles Hirschman Source: Comparative Education Review, Vol
    Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya Author(s): Charles Hirschman Source: Comparative Education Review, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Oct., 1972), pp. 486-502 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Comparative and International Education Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1186779 Accessed: 03-04-2016 19:55 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press, Comparative and International Education Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Comparative Education Review This content downloaded from 128.95.104.109 on Sun, 03 Apr 2016 19:55:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EDUCATIONAL PATTERNS IN COLONIAL MALAYA* CHARLES HIRSCHMAN BACKGROUND MOST "THIRD WORLD" NATIONS share a common past and a similar orientation to the future. Direct rule by the colonial powers of the West has given way to in- dependence only in the last decade or two. Independence has usually been ac- companied by a new emphasis on economic and social development to enhance the welfare of the people. However, the heritage of the past often constrains the future. The influence of the colonial experience upon a nation's economic, po- litical and social institutions continues long after formal independence, often to the detriment of the nation's professed social and economic objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither
    The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither Isabella L. Bird (Mrs. Bishop) The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither Table of Contents The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither......................................................................................................1 Isabella L. Bird (Mrs. Bishop).......................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.....................................................................................................................3 LETTER I....................................................................................................................................................13 LETTER II...................................................................................................................................................16 LETTER III..................................................................................................................................................18 LETTER IV..................................................................................................................................................22 LETTER IV (Continued).............................................................................................................................28 LETTER IV (Continued).............................................................................................................................33
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and Malaya: 1945-1953
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 12-1-1976 The United States and Malaya: 1945-1953 Joseph W. White II University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation White, Joseph W. II, "The United States and Malaya: 1945-1953" (1976). Student Work. 425. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/425 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNITED STATES AND MALAYA: 1945 - 1953 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska at Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Joseph W. White, II December 1976 UMI Number: EP73063 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP73063 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest' ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 THESIS ACCEPTANCE Accepted for the faculty of The Graduate College of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong By
    Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong by Cecilia Louise Chu A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair Professor C. Greig Crysler Professor Eugene F. Irschick Spring 2012 Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong Copyright 2012 by Cecilia Louise Chu 1 Abstract Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong Cecilia Louise Chu Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Berkeley Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair This dissertation traces the genealogy of property development and emergence of an urban milieu in Hong Kong between the 1870s and mid 1930s. This is a period that saw the transition of colonial rule from one that relied heavily on coercion to one that was increasingly “civil,” in the sense that a growing number of native Chinese came to willingly abide by, if not whole-heartedly accept, the rules and regulations of the colonial state whilst becoming more assertive in exercising their rights under the rule of law. Long hailed for its laissez-faire credentials and market freedom, Hong Kong offers a unique context to study what I call “speculative urbanism,” wherein the colonial government’s heavy reliance on generating revenue from private property supported a lucrative housing market that enriched a large number of native property owners. Although resenting the discrimination they encountered in the colonial territory, they were able to accumulate economic and social capital by working within and around the colonial regulatory system.
    [Show full text]