M. Ricklefs an Inventory of the Javanese Manuscript Collection in the British Museum
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Types of Polar Questions in Javanese Jozina VANDER KLOK 1
Types of polar questions in Javanese Jozina VANDER KLOK University of Oslo This paper describes the different grammatical strategies to form polar questions (broadly including yes-no questions and alternative questions) in Javanese, an area that has not been fully documented before. Focusing on the dialect of Javanese spoken in Paciran, Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia, yes-no questions can be formed with intonation, the particles opo, toh and iyo, or by fronting an auxiliary. Yes-no questions with narrow focus in this dialect are achieved via various syntactic positions of the particle toh in contrast to broad focus sentence- finally. Alternative questions are also formed with toh, either conjoining two constituents or with negation as a tag question. Based on these new findings in Paciran Javanese compared with Standard Javanese, the reflex of the alternative question particle is shown to co-vary with the disjunctive marker of that dialect. Additional dialectal variation concerning syntactic restrictions on auxiliary fronting is also discussed. Finally, combinations of these strategies— unexplored in any dialect—are shown to be possible (e.g., auxiliary fronting plus the particle opo) while other combinations are shown to be impossible (e.g., with the particle opo and particle toh in sentence final position). This paper serves as a benchmark for further investigation into dialectal variation across Javanese as well as into the syntax-semantics and syntax-prosody interfaces in deriving different types of yes-no questions. 1. Introduction1 Polar questions in Javanese—in any dialect—are currently not well-documented. Putting together descriptions from various sources on Standard Javanese, as spoken in the courtly centers of Yogyakarta and Surakarta/Solo, yes-no questions are noted to be formed via (i) intonation, (ii) the particle iya/yha/ya ‘yes’, (iii) the particle apa, and (iv) the particle ta (Horne 1961; Arps et al. -
World Super Power and Regional Conflicts
121 Journal of The Siam Society WORLD SUPER POWER AND REGIONAL CONFLICTS The Triangular Game Of Great Britain With Bangkok And The Lao During The Embassies Of John Crawfurd (1821-1822) And Of Henry Burney (1825-1826) "Those men will only be seized and made grass-cutters to the king of Ava's Elephants", exclaimed the King of Siam, Rama III (1787. 1824-1851) in 1825 of the 10,000 men of the British Expeditionary Corps led by Sir Archibald Campbell when they landed in Rangoon 1• Was this the scepticism and hilarity of an assiduous reader of Napoleon's works with regard to everything British2? In fact, the image of England during this period was rather mixed, emotional and conflicting in the eyes of Asian leaders. On the one hand, "the colossal influence of the English in India has inspired terror throughout the Orient. This formidable and always growing influence has overwhelmed every Court in Asia. The King of Siam feared being thrown off his throne from the first day. When he saw a European he always took him for a British emissary. Neither could he distinguish a priest from a layman, nor a Christian from a British"3 wrote Lord Bruguieres when he arrived in Bangkok in 1829. On the other hand, with their repeated failure in other parts of Asia, they appeared to be like a "paper tiger" or a "hampered Gulliver". In 1808, 10 vessels of war, which were sent against Macao by Lord Minto, Governor General of India, disengaged themselves from the expe ditionary fleet and sailed towards Tonkin to intimidate the Hue. -
From Arabic Style Toward Javanese Style: Comparison Between Accents of Javanese Recitation and Arabic Recitation
From Arabic Style toward Javanese Style: Comparison between Accents of Javanese Recitation and Arabic Recitation Nur Faizin1 Abstract Moslem scholars have acceptedmaqamat in reciting the Quran otherwise they have not accepted macapat as Javanese style in reciting the Quran such as recitationin the State Palace in commemoration of Isra` Miraj 2015. The paper uses a phonological approach to accents in Arabic and Javanese style in recitingthe first verse of Surah Al-Isra`. Themethod used here is analysis of suprasegmental sound (accent) by usingSpeech Analyzer programand the comparison of these accents is analyzed by descriptive method. By doing so, the author found that:first, there is not any ideological reason to reject Javanese style because both of Arabic and Javanese style have some aspects suitable and unsuitable with Ilm Tajweed; second, the suitability of Arabic style was muchthan Javanese style; third, it is not right to reject recitingthe Quran with Javanese style only based on assumption that it evokedmistakes and errors; fourth, the acceptance of Arabic style as the art in reciting the Quran should risedacceptanceof the Javanese stylealso. So, rejection of reciting the Quranwith Javanese style wasnot due to any reason and it couldnot be proofed by any logical argument. Keywords: Recitation, Arabic Style, Javanese Style, Quran. Introduction There was a controversial event in commemoration of Isra‘ Mi‘raj at the State Palacein Jakarta May 15, 2015 ago. The recitation of the Quran in the commemoration was recitedwithJavanese style (langgam).That was not common performance in relation to such as official event. Muhammad 58 Nur Faizin, From Arabic Style toward Javanese Style Yasser Arafat, a lecture of Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta has been reciting first verse of Al-Isra` by Javanese style in the front of state officials and delegationsof many countries. -
Ka И @И Ka M Л @Л Ga Н @Н Ga M М @М Nga О @О Ca П
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3319R L2/07-295R 2007-09-11 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS Source: Michael Everson, SEI (Universal Scripts Project) Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N3292 Date: 2007-09-11 1. Introduction. The Javanese script, or aksara Jawa, is used for writing the Javanese language, the native language of one of the peoples of Java, known locally as basa Jawa. It is a descendent of the ancient Brahmi script of India, and so has many similarities with modern scripts of South Asia and Southeast Asia which are also members of that family. The Javanese script is also used for writing Sanskrit, Jawa Kuna (a kind of Sanskritized Javanese), and Kawi, as well as the Sundanese language, also spoken on the island of Java, and the Sasak language, spoken on the island of Lombok. Javanese script was in current use in Java until about 1945; in 1928 Bahasa Indonesia was made the national language of Indonesia and its influence eclipsed that of other languages and their scripts. Traditional Javanese texts are written on palm leaves; books of these bound together are called lontar, a word which derives from ron ‘leaf’ and tal ‘palm’. 2.1. Consonant letters. Consonants have an inherent -a vowel sound. Consonants combine with following consonants in the usual Brahmic fashion: the inherent vowel is “killed” by the PANGKON, and the follow- ing consonant is subjoined or postfixed, often with a change in shape: §£ ndha = § NA + @¿ PANGKON + £ DA-MAHAPRANA; üù n. -
An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya by Sir Frank^,Swettenham,K.C.M.G
pf^: X 1 jT^^Hi^^ ^^^^U^^^ m^^^l^0l^ j4 '**^4sCidfi^^^fc^^l / / UCSB LIBRAIX BRITISH MALAYA BRITISH MALAYA AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF BRITISH INFLUENCE IN MALAYA BY SIR FRANK^,SWETTENHAM,K.C.M.G. LATE GOVERNOR &c. OF THE STRAITS COLONY & HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES WITH A SPECIALLY COMPILED MAP NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS RE- PRODUCED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS 6f A FRONTISPIECE IN PHOTOGRAVURE 15>W( LONDON i JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MDCCCCVH Plymouth: william brendon and son, ltd., printers PREFACE is an article of popular belief that Englishmen are born sailors probably it would be more true to IT ; say that they are born administrators. The English- man makes a good sailor because we happen to have hit upon the right training to secure that end ; but, though the Empire is large and the duties of administra- tion important, we have no school where they are taught. Still it would be difficult to devise any responsibility, how- ever onerous and unattractive, which a midshipman would not at once undertake, though it had no concern with sea or ship. Moreover, he would make a very good attempt to solve the problem, because his training fits him to deal intelligently with the unexpected. One may, however, question whether any one but a midshipman would have willingly embarked upon a voyage to discover the means of introducing order into the Malay States, when that task was thrust upon the British Government in 1874. The object of this book is to explain the circumstances under which the experiment was made, the conditions which prevailed, the features of the country and the character of the people ; then to describe the gradual evolution of a system of administration which has no exact parallel, and to tell what this new departure has done for Malaya, what effect it has had on the neighbour- ing British possessions. -
"9-41516)9? "9787:)4 ;7 -6+7,- )=1 16 ;0- & $
L2/20-256 "9-41516)9?"9787:)4;7-6+7,-)=116;0-&$ ᭛᭜᭛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‘6JI=:CI>8’#6L>8DGEJHHJ8=6HI=:BD9:GC"6K6C:H:A6C<J6<:DG I=: !C9DC:H>6C A6C<J6<: H#6L>=6H CDI 7::C :C8D9:9>C I=: -C>8D9: N:I I=: -
Design of Javanese Text to Speech Application
Design of Javanese Text to Speech Application Yulia, Liliana, Rudy Adipranata, Gregorius Satia Budhi Informatics Department, Industrial Technology Faculty, Petra Christian University Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract—Javanese is one of the many regional languages used in Indonesia. Javanese language is used by most of the population in Java. But now along with the development of the era, the use of regional languages including Javanese language is to be re- duced especially among the younger generation. One way to help conserve the use of Javanese language is to utilize information technologies, one of them is by developing a text to speech appli- cation that can be used to find out how the pronunciation of Ja- vanese language. In this paper, we discussed the design for Java- nese text to speech applications uses finite state automata. The design result will be used as rules to separate syllables when im- plementing text to speech application. Index Terms—Javanese language; Finite state automata; Text to speech. Figure 1: Basic Javanese characters I. INTRODUCTION In addition to the basic characters, the Javanese character Javanese language is a language widely spoken by the peo- has supplementary characters, consist of symbols for express- ple of Java. It is one of the regional languages of many region- ing vowels as well as a combination of two specific conso- al languages spoken in Indonesia. As one of the assets of na- nants. This supplementary characters is called sandhangan tional culture, Javanese language needs to be preserved. The and can be seen in Figure 2 [5]. younger generation is now more interested in learning a for- Symbol Example Read eign language, rather than the native Indonesian local lan- guage. -
Dissertation Information Service
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap pears to indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or m black and white paper format.* 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available in black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. Dissertation Information Service University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 t 8618844 Saleh, Abdul Aziz DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA The Ohio State University Ph.D. -
Ahom Range: 11700–1174F
Ahom Range: 11700–1174F This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
2016 Semi Finalists Medals
2016 US Physics Olympiad Semi Finalists Medal Rankings StudentMedal School City State Abbott, Ryan WHopkinsBronze Medal SchoolNew Haven CT Alton, James SLakesideHonorable Mention High SchoolEvans GA ALUMOOTIL, VARKEY TCanyonHonorable Mention Crest AcademySan Diego CA An, Seung HwanGold Medal Taft SchoolWatertown CT Ashary, Rafay AWilliamHonorable Mention P Clements High SchoolSugar Land TX Balaji, ShreyasSilver Medal John Foster Dulles High SchoolSugar Land TX Bao, MikeGold Medal Cambridge Educational InstituteChino Hills CA Beasley, NicholasGold Medal Stuyvesant High SchoolNew York NY BENABOU, JOSHUA N Gold Medal Plandome NY Bhattacharyya, MoinakSilver Medal Lynbrook High SchoolSan Jose CA Bhattaram, Krishnakumar SLynbrookBronze Medal High SchoolSan Jose CA Bhimnathwala, Tarung SBronze Medal Manalapan High SchoolManalapan NJ Boopathy, AkhilanGold Medal Lakeside Upper SchoolSeattle WA Cao, AntonSilver Medal Evergreen Valley High SchoolSan Jose CA Cen, Edward DBellaireHonorable Mention High SchoolBellaire TX Chadraa, Dalai BRedmondHonorable Mention High SchoolRedmond WA Chakrabarti, DarshanBronze Medal Northside College Preparatory HSChicago IL Chan, Clive ALexingtonSilver Medal High SchoolLexington MA Chang, Kevin YBellarmineSilver Medal Coll PrepSan Jose CA Cheerla, NikhilBronze Medal Monta Vista High SchoolSan Jose CA Chen, AlexanderSilver Medal Princeton High SchoolPrinceton NJ Chen, Andrew LMissionSilver Medal San Jose High SchoolFremont CA Chen, Benjamin YArdentSilver Medal Academy for Gifted YouthIrvine CA Chen, Bryan XMontaHonorable -
I:\Zakiyuddin B\Jurnal\Ijims\12
Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies Vol. 6, no.2 (2016), pp. 161-184, doi : 10.18326/ijims.v6i2.161-184 Common identity framework of cultural knowledge and practices of Javanese Islam Sulistiyono Susilo Diponegoro University Semarang e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.18326/ijims.v6i2.161-184 Ibnu Syato State University of Islamic Studies of Walisongo, Semarang e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Previous literatures apparently argued that Javanese Islam is characterized by orthodox thought and practice which is still mixed with pre-Islamic traditions. By using approach of the sociology of religion, this article tries to explain contextualization of Islamic universal values in local space. The results showed that synthesis of orthodox thought and practice with pre-Islamic traditions is doubtless as a result of interaction between Islam and pre-Islamic traditions during the Islamization of Java. In addition, this study found the intersection of Islam and Javanese culture in the terms of genealogy of culture, Islamic mysti- cism, orientation of traditional Islamic teachings, and the conception of the power in Javanese kingdom. Since kejawen practices accordance with Islamic mysticism can be justified by the practice of the Muslims. Thus the typology of the relationship between Islam and Javanese culture are not contradictory but dialectical. Finally, a number of implications and suggestions are discussed. 161 IJIMS, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, Volume 6, Number 2, December 2016: 161-184 Berbagai literatur sebelumnya mengenai studi Islam di Jawa umumnya berpendapat bahwa Islam Jawa ditandai dengan pemikiran dan praktek yang masih tercampur dengan tradisi pra-Islam. -
Niti Passages of the Old. Javanese Ramayaia Kakawin
( 10 ) Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies Vol. 44, No.2, March 1996 Niti Passages of the Old . Javanese Ramayaia Kakawin Mitsuru ANDO 1 The Ramayana kakawin (RYK hereafter), an Old Javaneses poem of the well-known Rama story, is the oldest literary work extant in the Old Javanese language. Since H. Kern published its romanized edition and Dutch translation as early as 1900, scholars seem to have paid their academic attention mainly to the Sanskrit sources of the text. It is Hooykaas who came to the conclusion that the poet of the RYK based his kakawin not on Valmiki's Ramayana but on Bhatti's Rava.nava- dha or Bhattikaya. According to Hooykaas's comprehensive and intensive examination of the story and poetical elements of the RYK (Hooykaas 1955; 1958), the poet related the famous Rama story in his kakawin while at the same time weaving a variety of poetical embellishments, the technique typical of the Bhattikavya. Hooykaas also pointed out that the poet of the RYK left his model from Canto 17 onward, its reason being unrevealed yet. Although there seems almost nothing to be added to Hooykaas's argu- ments with regard to the main source of the RYK, it should be-worth noting that he once invited the collaboration of Sanskrit scholars to trace the source of didactic passages found in the RYK. In the , RYK, two sets of so-called raja-niti passages are interpolated in the main framework of the Rama story. One appears in the scene where Rama in- structs his younger brother Bharata how to conduct himself as a king (RYK 3.53-84).