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1 Introduction 1
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
From Arabic Style Toward Javanese Style: Comparison Between Accents of Javanese Recitation and Arabic Recitation
From Arabic Style toward Javanese Style: Comparison between Accents of Javanese Recitation and Arabic Recitation Nur Faizin1 Abstract Moslem scholars have acceptedmaqamat in reciting the Quran otherwise they have not accepted macapat as Javanese style in reciting the Quran such as recitationin the State Palace in commemoration of Isra` Miraj 2015. The paper uses a phonological approach to accents in Arabic and Javanese style in recitingthe first verse of Surah Al-Isra`. Themethod used here is analysis of suprasegmental sound (accent) by usingSpeech Analyzer programand the comparison of these accents is analyzed by descriptive method. By doing so, the author found that:first, there is not any ideological reason to reject Javanese style because both of Arabic and Javanese style have some aspects suitable and unsuitable with Ilm Tajweed; second, the suitability of Arabic style was muchthan Javanese style; third, it is not right to reject recitingthe Quran with Javanese style only based on assumption that it evokedmistakes and errors; fourth, the acceptance of Arabic style as the art in reciting the Quran should risedacceptanceof the Javanese stylealso. So, rejection of reciting the Quranwith Javanese style wasnot due to any reason and it couldnot be proofed by any logical argument. Keywords: Recitation, Arabic Style, Javanese Style, Quran. Introduction There was a controversial event in commemoration of Isra‘ Mi‘raj at the State Palacein Jakarta May 15, 2015 ago. The recitation of the Quran in the commemoration was recitedwithJavanese style (langgam).That was not common performance in relation to such as official event. Muhammad 58 Nur Faizin, From Arabic Style toward Javanese Style Yasser Arafat, a lecture of Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta has been reciting first verse of Al-Isra` by Javanese style in the front of state officials and delegationsof many countries. -
Ka И @И Ka M Л @Л Ga Н @Н Ga M М @М Nga О @О Ca П
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3319R L2/07-295R 2007-09-11 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS Source: Michael Everson, SEI (Universal Scripts Project) Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N3292 Date: 2007-09-11 1. Introduction. The Javanese script, or aksara Jawa, is used for writing the Javanese language, the native language of one of the peoples of Java, known locally as basa Jawa. It is a descendent of the ancient Brahmi script of India, and so has many similarities with modern scripts of South Asia and Southeast Asia which are also members of that family. The Javanese script is also used for writing Sanskrit, Jawa Kuna (a kind of Sanskritized Javanese), and Kawi, as well as the Sundanese language, also spoken on the island of Java, and the Sasak language, spoken on the island of Lombok. Javanese script was in current use in Java until about 1945; in 1928 Bahasa Indonesia was made the national language of Indonesia and its influence eclipsed that of other languages and their scripts. Traditional Javanese texts are written on palm leaves; books of these bound together are called lontar, a word which derives from ron ‘leaf’ and tal ‘palm’. 2.1. Consonant letters. Consonants have an inherent -a vowel sound. Consonants combine with following consonants in the usual Brahmic fashion: the inherent vowel is “killed” by the PANGKON, and the follow- ing consonant is subjoined or postfixed, often with a change in shape: §£ ndha = § NA + @¿ PANGKON + £ DA-MAHAPRANA; üù n. -
Pos. KE QA GE GA Initial ᠬ ᠭ Medial Final
Proposal to encode two Mongolian letters Badral Sanlig [email protected] Jamiyansuren Togoobat [email protected] Munkh-Uchral Enkhtur [email protected] Bolorsoft LLC, Mongolia 1 Introduction This is a proposal to encode two additional mongolian letters that are most actively used for writing texts in traditional Mongolian writing system. These letters are at the present partially implemented as variant forms of correspond- ingly QA, GA. The first letter is Mongolian KE, which is known as feminine form of QA and second letter is Mongolian GE, which is known as feminine form of GA. Pos. KE QA GE GA ᠬ ᠭ initial medial final - Table 1: Forms of KE(QA) and GE(GA). In current encoding scheme, only final and medial form of GE are encoded and all other forms of GE, KE (such as initial GE, KE, medial KE) can be illustrated only through open type font algorithms. On top of that, those cur- rently encoded forms of GE are only as variant of GA (medial form of GE is second variant by FVS1, whereas final form of GE is fourth variant by FVS3) implemented. QA, KE, GA, GE are most frequently used characters in Mongol script, as most of the heading words are started by these letters, all nominal forms of verb are built by these letters and all long vowels are illustrated by these letters. To back up our argument, we have done the frequency analysis of Mongol script letters in our lexical database, which contains 41808 non-inflected distinct words (lemma), result of our analysis are shown in Table 2. -
Proposal for a Gurmukhi Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
Proposal for a Gurmukhi Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2019-04-22 Document version: 2.7 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1. General Information/ Overview/ Abstract This document lays down the Label Generation Ruleset for Gurmukhi script. Three main components of the Gurmukhi Script LGR i.e. Code point repertoire, Variants and Whole Label Evaluation Rules have been described in detail here. All these components have been incorporated in a machine-readable format in the accompanying XML file named "proposal-gurmukhi-lgr-22apr19-en.xml". In addition, a document named “gurmukhi-test-labels-22apr19-en.txt” has been provided. It provides a list of labels which can produce variants as laid down in Section 6 of this document and it also provides valid and invalid labels as per the Whole Label Evaluation laid down in Section 7. 2. Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Guru ISO 15924 Key N°: 310 ISO 15924 English Name: Gurmukhi Latin transliteration of native script name: gurmukhī Native name of the script: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Maximal Starting Repertoire [MSR] version: 4 1 3. Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It 3.1. The Evolution of the Script Like most of the North Indian writing systems, the Gurmukhi script is a descendant of the Brahmi script. The Proto-Gurmukhi letters evolved through the Gupta script from 4th to 8th century, followed by the Sharda script from 8th century onwards and finally adapted their archaic form in the Devasesha stage of the later Sharda script, dated between the 10th and 14th centuries. -
The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing Writing Systems Using Orthography Profiles
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Moran, Steven ; Cysouw, Michael DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135400 Monograph The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Moran, Steven; Cysouw, Michael (2017). The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. CERN Data Centre: Zenodo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Steven Moran & Michael Cysouw Change dedication in localmetadata.tex Preface This text is meant as a practical guide for linguists, and programmers, whowork with data in multilingual computational environments. We introduce the basic concepts needed to understand how writing systems and character encodings function, and how they work together. The intersection of the Unicode Standard and the International Phonetic Al- phabet is often not met without frustration by users. Nevertheless, thetwo standards have provided language researchers with a consistent computational architecture needed to process, publish and analyze data from many different languages. We bring to light common, but not always transparent, pitfalls that researchers face when working with Unicode and IPA. Our research uses quantitative methods to compare languages and uncover and clarify their phylogenetic relations. However, the majority of lexical data available from the world’s languages is in author- or document-specific orthogra- phies. -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
M. Ricklefs an Inventory of the Javanese Manuscript Collection in the British Museum
M. Ricklefs An inventory of the Javanese manuscript collection in the British Museum In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 125 (1969), no: 2, Leiden, 241-262 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 11:29:04AM via free access AN INVENTORY OF THE JAVANESE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM* he collection of Javanese manuscripts in the British Museum, London, although small by comparison with collections in THolland and Indonesia, is nevertheless of considerable importance. The Crawfurd collection, forming the bulk of the manuscripts, provides a picture of the types of literature being written in Central Java in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a period which Dr. Pigeaud has described as a Literary Renaissance.1 Because they were acquired by John Crawfurd during his residence as an official of the British administration on Java, 1811-1815, these manuscripts have a convenient terminus ad quem with regard to composition. A large number of the items are dated, a further convenience to the research worker, and the dates are seen to cluster in the four decades between AD 1775 and AD 1815. A number of the texts were originally obtained from Pakualam I, who was installed as an independent Prince by the British admini- stration. Some of the manuscripts are specifically said to have come from him (e.g. Add. 12281 and 12337), and a statement in a Leiden University Bah ad from the Pakualaman suggests many other volumes in Crawfurd's collection also derive from this source: Tuwan Mister [Crawfurd] asked to be instructed in adat law, with examples of the Javanese usage. -
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Chinese Script Generation Panel Document
Chinese Script Generation Panel Document Proposal for the Generation Panel for the Chinese Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone 1. General Information Chinese script is the logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. They are called Hanzi in Chinese, Kanji in Japanese and Hanja in Korean. Since the Hanzi unification in the Qin dynasty (221-207 B.C.), the most important change in the Chinese Hanzi occurred in the middle of the 20th century when more than two thousand Simplified characters were introduced as official forms in Mainland China. As a result, the Chinese language has two writing systems: Simplified Chinese (SC) and Traditional Chinese (TC). Both systems are expressed using different subsets under the Unicode definition of the same Han script. The two writing systems use SC and TC respectively while sharing a large common “unchanged” Hanzi subset that occupies around 60% in contemporary use. The common “unchanged” Hanzi subset enables a simplified Chinese user to understand texts written in traditional Chinese with little difficulty and vice versa. The Hanzi in SC and TC have the same meaning and the same pronunciation and are typical variants. The Japanese kanji were adopted for recording the Japanese language from the 5th century AD. Chinese words borrowed into Japanese could be written with Chinese characters, while Japanese words could be written using the character for a Chinese word of similar meaning. Finally, in Japanese, all three scripts (kanji, and the hiragana and katakana syllabaries) are used as main scripts. The Chinese script spread to Korea together with Buddhism from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. -
2016 Semi Finalists Medals
2016 US Physics Olympiad Semi Finalists Medal Rankings StudentMedal School City State Abbott, Ryan WHopkinsBronze Medal SchoolNew Haven CT Alton, James SLakesideHonorable Mention High SchoolEvans GA ALUMOOTIL, VARKEY TCanyonHonorable Mention Crest AcademySan Diego CA An, Seung HwanGold Medal Taft SchoolWatertown CT Ashary, Rafay AWilliamHonorable Mention P Clements High SchoolSugar Land TX Balaji, ShreyasSilver Medal John Foster Dulles High SchoolSugar Land TX Bao, MikeGold Medal Cambridge Educational InstituteChino Hills CA Beasley, NicholasGold Medal Stuyvesant High SchoolNew York NY BENABOU, JOSHUA N Gold Medal Plandome NY Bhattacharyya, MoinakSilver Medal Lynbrook High SchoolSan Jose CA Bhattaram, Krishnakumar SLynbrookBronze Medal High SchoolSan Jose CA Bhimnathwala, Tarung SBronze Medal Manalapan High SchoolManalapan NJ Boopathy, AkhilanGold Medal Lakeside Upper SchoolSeattle WA Cao, AntonSilver Medal Evergreen Valley High SchoolSan Jose CA Cen, Edward DBellaireHonorable Mention High SchoolBellaire TX Chadraa, Dalai BRedmondHonorable Mention High SchoolRedmond WA Chakrabarti, DarshanBronze Medal Northside College Preparatory HSChicago IL Chan, Clive ALexingtonSilver Medal High SchoolLexington MA Chang, Kevin YBellarmineSilver Medal Coll PrepSan Jose CA Cheerla, NikhilBronze Medal Monta Vista High SchoolSan Jose CA Chen, AlexanderSilver Medal Princeton High SchoolPrinceton NJ Chen, Andrew LMissionSilver Medal San Jose High SchoolFremont CA Chen, Benjamin YArdentSilver Medal Academy for Gifted YouthIrvine CA Chen, Bryan XMontaHonorable -
The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding
The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding Rahutami Rahutami and Ari Wibowo Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang, Jl. S. Supriyadi 48 Malang 65148, Indonesia [email protected] Keywords: Popular forms, literary forms, panyandra. Abstract: This study aims to describe the form of speech in the Javanese wedding ceremony. For this purpose, a descriptive kualitatif methode with 'direct element' analysis of the word panyandra is used. The results show that there are popular forms of words and literary words. Vocabulary can be invented form and a basic form. The popular form is meant to explain to the listener, while the literary form serves to create the atmosphere the sacredness of Javanese culture. The sacredness was built with the use of the Old Javanese affixes. Panyandra in Malang shows differences with panyandra used in other areas, especially Surakarta and Jogjakarta style. 1 INTRODUCTION The panyadra are the words used in various Javanese cultural events. These words serve to describe events by using a form that has similarities Every nation has a unique culture. Each ethnic has a ritual in life, for example in a wedding ceremony or parallels (pepindhan). Panyandra can be distinguished by cultural events, such as birth, death, (Rohman & Ismail, 2013; Safarova, 2014). A or marriage. These terms adopt many of the ancient wedding ceremony is a sacred event that has an important function in the life of the community, and Javanese vocabulary and Sanskrit words. It is intended to give a formal, religious, and artistic each wedding procession shows a way of thinking impression.