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EXPLORATION AND IN NATIONAL PARKS AND CONSERVATiON RESERVES IN WESTERN ! by William M. B. Carr2 and Frank E. Batini3 ------

Abstract. Mining is of critical impon:ance to the Western Australian economy, earning almost $A 10 billion in 1991. production is based on the principle of Crown ownership oi and either the concurrence of or consultation with the manager. Through the 1970's and early 1980's public concern developed regarding the activities of mineral explorers within the State's national parks and other conservation reserves. A series of enquiries were held and policies developed between 1986 and 1992 resulting in a system that allows for both the protection of reserves and regulated mining access.

Key Words:environment.conservation reserves.mining, mineral exploration, multiple use, national parks, Western Australia.

Introduction environmental implications of such activities increased , particular! y in national parks and Mining has been of major importance to the other conservation reserves. This paper Western Australian economy throughout this discusses the evolution of the current approach century. Accordingly the search for and to the provision of access to the State's national exploitation of minerals has been encouraged by parks and other conservation reserves. successive Governments. However during the 1970's and 1980's public concerns abo,ut the ------Exploration and Mining in Western Australia 1Paper presented at the 1993 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining Mining is of critical importance to the Wes tern and Reclamation. Spokane. Washington. May Australian economy, earning $A 9.5 billion in 1993. 1991/92 predominantly from iron ore, gold and alumina together with substantial contributions 2wmiam M. B. Can:. Department of Minerals from heavy mineral sands, diamonds and and , 100 Plain St, Perth, Western nickel. Australia,6001. Telephone: 09 2223261, Fax: 09 2223326 Until the mid 1960's, gold dominated mineral production. However from 1966 there was a 3Frank E. Batini. Department of Conservation major increase in overall production with the and , Hayman Road, Como, commencement of iron ore export from the Western Australia, 6152. Telephone: Pilbara region in the north west of the State, 09 3760368, Fax: 09 3679913 and the discovery of nickel near Kalgoorlie and bauxite in the south west. The early 1970s saw Acknowledgements: This paper summarises sustained growth. in the production of nickel, the efforts of a wide range of officers of the alumina and heavy mineral sands. Further WA Government, in particular Mr A. encouragement to exploration was provided by Smurthwaite and Mr M. Freeman of the discoveries of uranium at Y eelirrie in 1973 and Department of Minerals and Energy. diamonds at Ellendale and Argyle in the late

505 1970s. Gold production dramatically rose from . production on reserves. · 10.8 tonne in 1980 to 148.4 tonne in 1989/90 This perception remains despite radicill due to improvements in the price and extraction improvements in the requirements for technology. Active exploration lead to the environmental management and the discovery of further ore bodies. performance of explorers and producers. The public also believes that every exploration Western Australia has now one of the most program will lead to an operating mine. diversified mining industries of any country in However the Western Australian Chamber of the world. It is a major world source of iron Minerals and Energy has indicated that in ore, alumina, nickel, titanium minerals, approximate terms, out of 1000 broad scale diamonds, gold and salt. exploration programs commenced only one ore deposit is defined. The expansion in mineral production has been driven by the increasing world demand for minerals assisted by improvements in mining Conservation Reserves in Western Australia and transpon technology. These improvements . have allowed isolated deposits to be brought at Of the State's 2.5 million km2 area, or about a competitive costs to world markets. third of Australia's total land area, some 174 thousand km2 or 7% is reserved as Although the improvements in demand and national park or one of a range of conservation technology have paved the way for exploiting reserves. mineral deposits, it has been vital to foster the exploration industry to ensure that further ore The process of reservation is ongoing as areas bodies were identified to satisfy the demand. of panicular ecological imponance are The experience in Western Australia is that progressively identified. exploration in panicular areas of land may be repeated a number of times with improved The main conservation reserve types include techniques and knowledge and changing National Parks Nature Reserves and State mineral prices resulting in discoveries in areas . Other forms of tenure include Timber previously explored sometimes quite intensively Reserves, Conservation Parks and Marine Parks only perhaps a decade before. and Marine Nature Reserves. National Parks range in size from 56ha to 15 thousand km2. Exploration.is based on concepts of geology They are widely distributed but tend to be and ore forming processes. It requires smaller in the south west. A similar situation superficia) access to extensive areas of land for applies to Nature Reserves with the largest broad scale and geophysical and geochemical number being in the South West. State Forest survey. More intensive activity, which is is restricted to the south west corner of the usually only temporarily intrusive, is confined State. The purposes of the various reserves are to relatively small areas identified from the. summarised in Table 1. Figure 1 summarises broad scale surveys. Drill pads and survey the land tenure in the State. lines are now rehabilitated to ensure that there is virtual! y no permanent damage to the The type of reserve sets limits on the activities environment. Historically, mining centres and which may be permitted within that area. cleared mineral exploration survey lines were These are defined by legislation and in left in a derelict, unrehabilitated condition. management plan and zoning processes. The general public's experience of these areas has resulted in major concerns about similar The class of reserve is also important for impacts from mineral exploration and management. A class reserves can only be

506 cancelled with the approvai of both houses of . progressively being implemented as cont1icting Parliament, B class by a proclamation from the issues are resolved. It was soon Governor with reasons reported to Parliament realised that a proportion of the and C class by the Governor on advice from· recommendations had mining implications. Of relevant ministers without reference to the 454 localities under review. 123 had mining Parliament. or petroleum interests. TI1e majority of these could be resolved by changes to proposed State Forest and Timber Reserves are vested in reserve boundaries. or the purpose or class of the and Forest Commission (LFC). The the proposal. Only eight are still outstanding. others are vested in the Nationai Parks and Because these recommendations were Native Conservation Authoritv (NPNCA). The formulated some years ago the information on Department of Conservation and Land which they were based has in many cases been Management (CALM) is the management upgraded. CALM has been recommending agency for the NPNCA and LFC. under the Conservation and Land Management · Act, increases to the conservation estate via individual reserve management plans or Additions to the Conservation Estate regional management plans. Again in particular cases potential mining cont1icts Some 45 % of the rare and threatened of occur. tlora in Austraiia are from Western Austraiia and there is an exceptionaily high degree of endemism in the State's wild (eg 62 % of Legislation the flora species in the South West of the State are endemic). Accordingly there is The principal Acts which affect exploration and considerable pressure for active management mining in conservation areas are the Mining and maintenance of these special values. Act, the Wild Iife Conservation Act, the Conservation and Land Management Act and This preoccupation is reinforced by the the Environmental Protection Act. aesthetic values of the areas and the threat caused by introduced predators. feral animals. weeds and diseases. Mining Act

Soon after the Environmental Protection The Mining Act 1978 covers both exploration Authority (EPA) was established in 1971, it and productive mining of minerals on all land instituted a process of identifying areas of the in Western Australia, with the exception of the State which should be reserved to secure the few areas of pre-1889 freehold land. The State conservation of representative biological and was established in 1829 with minerals to owner geomorphic types occurring in Western title. The title system was changed in 1889 Australia. In addition features of special with the State retaining . The scientific interest were identified. ·Further areas Act is based on Crown ownership of minerals for national parks were specified to cater for and seeks to encourage the discovery and growth in the State's population growth, and development of mineral by granting changes in mobility and population centres. the rights to exploration and mine minerals to This action culminated in a series of individuals and companies. In return for the recommendations to Government between 1975 right to mine, developers pay a royalty to the and 1983. These recommendations were State. contained in four reports that became known as the Red Books. The recommendations are

507 The Act includes a number of provisions. providing compensation for any damage to relating to environmental matters which vary improvements. depending on the type of land tenure over which the tenement is granted. Rehabilitation On reserve land varying degrees of access conditions may be adjusted throughout the control may be encountered. In general the tenure of a mining lease to meet changing Mining Act provides that before a tenement is circumstances. Performance bonds are required granted either the concurrence or · for all productive mines and selected recommendation of the Minister responsible for exploration programs. The liability of a the reserve is required. Concurrence of the tenement holder to meet conditions continues Minister for the Environment is required in the even after the surrender of a tenement. Also case of Class A Nature Reserves, National where an individual or company takes over a Parks, Conservation Parks, State and lease it becomes responsible for the lease and Timber Reserves. all environmentally unacceptable or unsafe aspects of that lease. Parliamentary approval is required before mining leases and general purposes leases can The Act has specific provisions for particular be granted in National Parks and class A classes of land. reserves. For conservation reserves other than National Parks and Class A reserves the 1. Crown Land, which is unvested land owned recommendation of the Minister for the by the Crown. It includes vacant Crown Environment is required before the Minister for Land as well as pastoral (grazing) leases Mines can grant mining approval .. and land reserved for mining, or public utility. The referral procedures also enable the authority with management responsibilities for 2. Public reserves, which are a vested subclass the reserved land to oppose exploration and of Crown Land carrying special restrictions mining or have specific conditions applied to upon access for exploration and mining. any mining tenements granted on the reserved land. Such conditions can include restrictions 3. Private land, alienated from the Crown and on the type and manner of exploration or other held under freehold title. mining activity as well as detailed environmental and rehabilitation requirements. 4. Pre 1899 private land with minerals to owner rights In addition to the specific conditions that may be recommended the Mining Act also provides This paper concentrates upon Public Reserves for conditions to be imposed with respect to for conservation purposes. mining tenements in reserved land to ensure that "injury to the surface of the land" is made The Crown Land provisions of the Act cover good if necessary, for the costs of such work to mining in vacant crown land and on crown land be recovered from the tenement holder and for leased for pastoral, Aboriginal or timber the lodging of performance bonds with respect purposes .. A specific range of requirements are to mining. Fines or forfeiture for non applied to tenements on pastoral leases to compliance or breaches of the Act or conditions protect leaseholders' interests as well as are provided for.

508 TABLE 1. Land Managed By The Department of Conservation and Land Management

LAND TENURE AREA (ha) I PURPOSE

National Park 4 891 000 J and conservation, scientific study,

1 preservation of features of arcbaeological, historic or scientific interest, together with recreational enjoyment by the public.

Marine Park I 012 000 and recreation. Areas may be zoned for commercial fishing, alternatively sanctuary zones can be created.

Nature Reserve 10 566 000 \Vildlife and landscape conservation, scientific study and (land and marine) preservation of features of archaeological, historic or scientific interest.

Conservation Park 26 000 Wildlife and landscape conservation, scientific study, preservation of features of archaeological, historic or scientific interest, together with recreational enjoyment by the public. Mineral exploration is acceptable with conditions.

State Forest, Timber 2 150 000 For indigenous State Forest or Timber Reserve, multiple use Reserve for one or more of the following: conservation; recreation; timber production on a sustained basis; catchment protection; or any other purpose prescribed by regulation. Timber Reserves are a transitional classification to other I reserve tvoes.. . . Section 5g 190 000 These reserves have a wide variety of purposes. but normally Miscellaneous are reiated to recreation. wildlife conservation and historical Reserves features. This classification is often transitional. is often 1 It used when biological values are to be managed in areas of high I mineral potential.

509 Wildlife Conservation Act . environmental Iy sensitive area are referred to the EPA. Under this Act all the State's native flora and fauna are protected with some endangered· species given special protection. Premeditated Development of Government Policies for damage to may only occur Mining on Conservation Reserves under special circumstances with the written permission of the Minister for the Geologically much of Western Australia is still Environment. not well known. Broad scale mapping of the State at a scale of I :250 000 was only completed a few years ago and more detailed Conservation and Land Management Act geological mapping as the basis for further mineral exploration within the State is now in This Act cannot derogate from the operations of progress. Over large areas geological features the Mining Act. However it establishes the are concealed under deeply weathered terrain or management required for conservation reserves sedimentary cover. Ongoing exploration is and State Forest and that conditions for access therefore required to adequately examine by miners may be set. The agencies involved prospective areas using the results of are the NPNCA. the LFC and CALM. improvements in technology and reflecting the economic value of particular mineral resources.

The Environmental Protection Act The Mining Act 1978 provides that mining tenements may be granted on national parks and This Act requires that a proposal which is nature reserves under certain conditions. This Iikel y to have a significant effect on the has essentially been the policy in the State for environment shall be referred to the EPA by a over 90 years until 1988. Mining has been a decision making authority (eg the Minister for major employment generator since the 1890's, Mines). Proposals may also be referred by resulting in successive increases in the State's third parties at any time. Following referral. population. the proposal cannot be approved until the EPA determines that the proposal does not require The EPA short! y after its inception in 1971 assessment or after the proposal has been considered the issue of mining access to assessed. its recommendations are made to the reserved land. In the first place the Authority Minister for the Environment and he has set established the Conservation through Reserves conditions. Committee to review the adequacy of the existing national parks and nature reserves. The Act also forms the basis for pollution This review was based on a 1962 study of control in the State. requiring Works Approvals conservation reserve requirements by the and Pollution Control Licences for designated Australian Academy of Science. Subsequently projects including mining operations. Recently in 1972 the EPA advised Government during the Department of Minerals and Energy was the review of the Mining Act 1904 that subject delegated the responsibility for to consultation with the Minister for the control associated with gold operations. Environment regarding the setting of conditions, exploration could take place in A Environmental Protection Policies are also class nature reserves and national parks. provided for under the Act. These may require that all projects within a particular In 1971 the EPA recommended that the State undertake the detailed exploration needed to 510 explore for montan wax in the then C .class . (b) the mineral is rare and of high Fitzgerald River Reserve on the South Coast. value. and its exploration would be of In addition it was recommended that the reserve significant material benefit to the State, became a National Park. The Government or the nation." agreed to both recommendations. The exploration drilling program was conducted by As a result of this finding, the mining proposal the Geological Survey but the deposit was did not go ahead. found to be uneconomic.

Similarly following EPA advice, boundary Balancing the Scales Policy adjustments were made to Karijini National Park in 1972. The changes included bringing In October I 985 the Government established a scenic attractions into the reserve, and the committee to receive submissions and make relinquishment of unviable iron ore tenements recommendations on exploration and mining within the park. activities in National Parks and Nature Reserves. The review arose out of the dilemma Shortly after the Ruda!! River National Park as to whether to continue to approve mineral was established in 1977 the Government exploration and mining in the State's National decided to grant exploration tenements within Parks and nature reserves. the reserve. The EPA recommended a set of conditions on exploration to the then National The Committee's major finding was that Parks Authority and Western Australian "exploration licences should not be granted Wildlife Authority and Mines Department. over a National Park or Class A Nature These conditions were jointly agreed. These Reserve unless that park or reserve has conditions formed the basis for subsequent individually either been declared open for tenements within National Parks and Nature granting of exploration licences or reclassified Reserves throughom the State. in such a way as to accommodate exploration". In reviewing the Committee's report the EPA In I 98 I a committee of the upper house of the recommended that any exploration and mining Western Australian State Parliament published in National Parks and Nature Reserves should a report concerning mining in national parks. be phased out by the year 2001. This called for a ranking of national parks and other reserves based on their ecological In December 1988 the Government used the importance. Committee findings as a basis for its policy "Mining and Environment. Balancing the In 1983 some gold mining leases were pegged Scales". The major feature of this policy was and worked in a remote area of Karijini Range that National Parks and Class A Nature National Park. In 1984 the EPA released its Reserves were closed to exploration and mining report on a proposed alluvial gold mining tenements. Under a complicated system of venture on these leases. It found that "as a interdepartmental research, EPA assessment matter of principle mining on leases granted and Government and Parliamentary approval following the declaration of a national park .detailed in the policy it might have been should only be allowed if the following criteria possible to open a reserve for mining tenement are met: applications.

(a) there is a strategic need for the mineral In addition each Class B or C was' to be reviewed and either be reclassified as or Class A National Park or Nature Reserves or

511 I

have its NPNCA vesting status removed .. The private conservation interests. Finally in conservation status of any Class B or C reserve November 1990 after two years experience with would have to be reviewed before any the "Balancing the Scales" policy, the exploration licence application could be · Government announced a different approach. granted. The "Resolution of Contlict. A Clear Policy for National Parks" policy was developed to The only way of gaining access for exploration maintain the philosophy of restricted access to was essentially by way of a geoscientific survey important conservation reserves but without permit which allowed non ground disturbing preventing new mineral exploration. exploration but gave no automatic right to proceed to an exploration tenement. The policy for the first time stated that there would be no mining in National Parks. As a result of this policy exploration on Nature However in the recognition of high resource Reserves and National Parks was seriously values in five of the 62 National Parks, special curtailed apart from work on existing tenements provisions would allow for continued and minor use of geoscientific survey permits. exploration and excision of mining leases from As a result during 1990 only 72 tenements were these five. With the excision of small areas approved on reserved land. from two national parks (W atheroo and Neerabup), only three national parks are now A useful outcome of the pol icy was the major subject to exploration and mining review of existing Class B and C reserves (D'Entrecasteaux, Ruda!! River and Karijini). which is still continuing. Out of 936 reserves. 672 were found to have only low or negligible In addition the Government announced that all mineral resource potential. These were EPA Red Book recommendations held up approved by the Department of Minerals and because of mining interests would be Energy for upgrading to A Class status. implemented as C Class conservation reserves. Between June 1989 and June 1990 some 794 Upgrading of these reserves to A Class and the 000 ha were added to the conservation reserve review of B and C Class Nature Reserves system. would be considered by a Ministerial Council consisting of the Minister for Minerals and The policy resulted in a much more rigorous Energy, Minister for Industrial Development mineral resource assessment being required for and Minister for the Environment. The Policy any proposed National Park or Nature Reserve. did not require that all B or C class reserves be However throughout this period the mining upgraded. As a result major opportunities have industry and the Department of Minerals and been created for declaring conservation reserves Energy were concerned at the major restriction on which mineral exploration could be carried on exploration activity resulting from the out. A further 65 Class C conservation policy. reserves have been created in recent years.

An integral component of the policy was the Resolution of Conflict Policv establishment of a Mining and Environment Liaison Comminee to enable the community to The restrictions on mineral exploration and provide advice to the Minister for Mines subsequent resistance to the creation of new concerning environmental implications of the conservation reserves due to the "Balancing the operation of the Mining Act. Scales" policy lead to an active process of discussion between a range of Government No mineral exploration tenements occur in agencies as well as lobbying by industry and marine reserve areas at this stage, due to the 512 small number of such reserves and tenements in Between June 1990 and June i991 over I 140 marine areas along the .12 500 km Western 000 ha were added to the conservation reserve Australian coastline. However marine aspects system. In addition where 82 tenements on of the Policy were clarified in May 1992. '.n conservation reserves were granted in 1990, Marine Parks and Marine Nature Reserves 193 were approved in 1992. exploration drilling and mineral production are · banned except from land areas. However. directional drilling beneath these reserves or Current Policv sub sea floor mining from land areas or from outside the reserve would be permitted if found In February 1993 there was a change in environmentally acceptable by the EPA. government at the State election. As a Seismic surveys and various infrastructure consequence, a series of policy changes were facilities would be permitted if found introduced. The government is now of the environmentally acceptable by the EPA. Any opinion that exploration may be conducted new proposals for Marine Parks and Marine within all national parks with the agreement of Nature Reserves would be subject to sound the Minister for the Environment and the assessment to ensure that areas of high mineral Minister for Mines. If an important mineral potential are not included. Of more .concern to deposit is discovered then mining would be industry is access off the Western Australian permitted if both Houses of Parliament agree coast for petroleum exploration and following environmental assessment by the development. The policy has parallel Environmental Protection Authority. This is in provisions for petroleum exploration and keeping with the provisions of the Mining Act. production. It is recognised that some parts of National Parks are unique and will never be open to The Department of Minerals and Energy, in mining. consultation with CALM, NPNCA. LFC and EPA has produced schedules which detail conditions for mineral exploration and What has heen achieved"! development on reserved land. These schedules include existing and proposed CALM managed As a result of the cooperative approach conservation reserves and forests and other engendered by the Resolution oi Conflict environmentally sensitive. areas including both Policy, a deadlock invoiving minimal access for exploration and mining permits. The mining and few new conservation reserves was conditions are detailed in Department of overcome. Minerals and Energy Western Australia, Geological Survey of Wes tern The way was cleared for the development of the Australia,Information Series No 11, 1992. following mining operations:

The conditions require approval of a clear! y • A 50 Mt pa iron ore mine in Karijini defined exploration program prior to any National Park: significant exploration or ground disturbing • A bentonite mine in Watheroo National activity, with approval by the EPA for A Class Park; reserves. No developmental or productive • A small limestone mine in Neerabup mining is allowed on mining leases without National Park: approval of a mining proposal that describes • Exploration within highly prospective measures to safeguard the environment. sections of Rudall River National Park;

513 • Identification of major mineral sand ore Resource assessments are in preparation for mineralisation within D'Entrecasteaux proposed extensions to Cape Range National National Park: Park and a new National Park for islands of the • The agreement by CALM to the grant of Dampier Archipelago off the north west coast. some 800 exploration and mining tenements Assessment for Cape Range has involved on reserved land. Currently out of over detailed sampling of the Range's limestone to 15500 granted Mining Act tenements. some define a metallurgical limestone resource. The 600 are on reserved land. assessment for Dampier Archipelago has involved the compilation of detailed studies of In addition the following gains have been made limesand resources completed some years to the conservation reserve system: previously as well as using the results of seafloor studies for channel dredging and • Agreement to the upgrade of 670 reserves pipeline route selection. As further National to A class; Parks and A Class reserves are proposed, there • Creation of a further 65 C class reserves; will be a need to develop more sophisticated • Agreement by Government on the addition means of assessing mineral resources. of 15 000 ha to Rudall River National Park to compensate for an excision of a uranium orebody and adjacent highly prospective Conclusions areas: • Development of a strategy to rationalise Mineral exploration and mining development is tenements in Karijini National Park and add of major importance to the Western Australian land to the park greater than that excised economy. In addition conservation reserves are for the iron ore mine; important in order to provide active and • Creation of the 225 000 ha Kennedy Range comprehensive management of the State's National Park with provision for ongoing important native flora and fauna. petroleum exploration; • Purchase of land with declared rare flora to A series of mining proposals in National Parks compensate for that excised from Watheroo during the 1970's and early 1980's lead to the National Park; development of first the "Balancing the Scales" • Additions to D 'Entrecasteaux National policy and subsequently the "Resolution of Park; Conlflict" policy. As a result of the • The application of sound environmental cooperative approach engendered by the latter conditions on exploration tenements on policy the way was cleared for mineral reserves including performance bonds. exploration and mining in conservation reserves and for major additions to the conservation Some 264 B and C class conservation reserves reserve system. With a recent change in State are still being reviewed by the Department of Government the process of policy evolution Minerals and Energy because of high mineral will continue. or petroleum potential. In addition only 8 reserve recommendations by the EPA in its Red Books, about 2 % of the total nrmber of proposals, are still under review because of mineral or petroleum interests. A number of other proposals are not resolved because of Aboriginal, local authority or research funding constaints.

514 Literature Cited Government of Western Australia, 1988. Mining and the Environment Balancing the Australian Academy of Science. Western Scales. A Western Australian Government Australian Sub Committee, Committee on Policy Repon. National Parks and Nature Reserves, 1962. National Parks Repon. Government of Western Australia, 1990. Resolution of Conflict.· A Clear Policy for Australian Academy of Science. Western National Parks. Australian Sub Committee, Committee on National Parks and Nature Reserves, 1965. Government of Western Australia, 1992. National Parks and Nature Reserves in Marine Park Policy for Wes tern Australia. Western Australia. Legislative Council, Western Australia, 1981. Committee on Exploration and Mining in Repon of Select Committee on Mining in National Parks and Nature Reserves. Repon National Parks. to the Hon Minister for Conservation and Land Management, and the Environment and Western Australia, Mining Act 1978. Minerals and Energy, December 1986. Western Australia, Conservation and Land Conservation Through Reserves Committee. Management Act 1984. 1974. Conservation Reserves in Western Australia. Repon of the Conservation Western Australia, Wildlife Conservation Act through Reserves Committee to the 1950. Environmental Protection Authority. Western Australia. Environmental Protection Departmant of Minerals and Energy Western Act 1986. Australia (Geological Survey of Western Australia), 1992. Mining Act 1978 Commonwealth Minerals (Submerged Lands) Act 1981, Guidelines for the Application of Environmental Conditions for Exploration and Mining. Information Series No. 11.

Department of Conservation and Environment, 1984. Armway Mining Pty. Ltd. Gold Project Harnersley Range National Park. Department of Conservation and Environment, Penh Western Australia, Bulletin 143.

Environmental Protection Auth0.rity, 1987. Committee on Explanation and Mining in National Parks and Nature Reserves December 1986. Environmental Protection Authority, Penh Western Australia, Bulletin 287.

515 Rgure 1. Land tenure and purpose in Western Australia

124° 128°

14'

National Parks and Class A Nature Reserves ~ Agricultural land Class Band C •D Nature Reserves Aboriginal Reserves State Forest Vacant Crown •Em Land Pastoral Leases/ •~ Calm owneo 18'

0 200 400 km

22° 22'

\ 26 °

- 30° 30°

Naerabup National Park

34°

116 ° 120' 124 ° 128°.

516