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Tekirdağ'in Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae

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Tekirdağ'in Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae TEKİRDAĞ’IN TETTİGONİİNAE (ORTHOPTERA: TETTİGONİDAE) FAUNASININ MORFOLOJİK VE DAVRANIŞSAL YÖNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Eyüp DEMİR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN 2015 1 T.C. NAMIK KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TEKİRDAĞ’IN TETTİGONİİNAE (ORTHOPTERA: TETTİGONİDAE) FAUNASININ MORFOLOJİK VE DAVRANIŞSAL YÖNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ EYÜP DEMİR BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI DANIŞMAN: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN TEKİRDAĞ-2015 Her hakkı saklıdır i Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN danışmanlığında, Eyüp DEMİR tarafından hazırlanan “Tekirdağ’ın Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae) Faunasının Morfolojik ve Davranışsal Yönden Değerlendirilmesi” isimli bu çalışma aşağıdaki jüri tarafından Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı’nda Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak oy birliği ile kabul edilmiştir. Jüri Başkanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nadim YILMAZER İmza: Üye: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Abbas MOL İmza: Üye: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN İmza: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu adına Prof. Dr. Fatih KONUKCU Enstitü Müdürü i ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi TEKİRDAĞ’IN TETTİGONİİNAE (ORTHOPTERA: TETTİGONİDAE) FAUNASININ MORFOLOJİK VE DAVRANIŞSAL YÖNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Eyüp DEMİR Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN Bu çalışmada Tekirdağ Orthoptera takımı Tettigoniinae alt familyasına ait türler araştırılmıştır. 19.05.2013 - 23.08.2014 tarihleri arasında toplanan örnekler hem morfolojik, hem de çağrı sesi karakterleri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Morfolojik karakterlere göre Platycleis affinis affinis, Platycleis escalerai escalerai, Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus, Decticus albifrons, Pholidoptera brevipes, Eupholidoptera smyrnensis, Bucephaloptera bucephala, Roeseliana bispina ve Sepiana sepium türleri saptanmıştır. Profesyonel ses kayıt cihazları ile kaydedilen seslerin ilgili programlar ile analizleri sonucunda Decticus, Pholidoptera, Eupholidoptera, Bucephaloptera, Roeseliana ve Sepiana cinsine ait türlerin basit ses tipine, Platycleis cinsinde yer alan türlerin ise karmaşık ses tipine sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Orthoptera, Tettigoniinae, ses analizi, Tekirdağ 2015 , 76 sayfa i ABSTRACT MSc. Thesis ASSESSMENT OF TETTIGONIINAE (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIDAE) FAUNA IN TEKİRDAG BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS Eyüp DEMİR Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN Species which belong to the order Orthoptera, the subfamily Tettigoniinae in Tekirdag were examined in this study. The specimens collected between the dates of 19 May 2013 and 23 August 2014 were assessed based on both morphological and calling song characters. They were identified as Platycleis affinis affinis, Platycleis escalerai escalerai, Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus, Decticus albifrons, Pholidoptera brevipes, Eupholidoptera smyrnensis, Bucephaloptera bucephala, Roeseliana bispina and Sepiana sepium using morphological characters. When the calling songs recorded on professional sound recorders were analyzed with the corresponding software, it was found that the species of the genera Decticus, Pholidoptera, Eupholidoptera, Bucephaloptera, Roeseliana and Sepiana have simple songs whereas the species of the genus Platycleis complex song type. Keywords: Orthoptera, Tettigoniinae, song analyses, Tekirdag 2015 , 76 pages ii TEŞEKKÜR Tez çalışmam ve yüksek lisans öğrenimimde bilgi birikimini ve deneyimlerini benimle paylaşan ve bilimsel desteğini benden esirgemeyen değerli danışman hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz ŞİRİN’e; Tez çalışmamın diğer aşamalarında yardımlarını esirgemeyen değerli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nadim YILMAZER’e ve Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü’nün diğer tüm mensuplarına; Tez çalışmam boyunca manevi desteklerini eksik etmeyen değerli arkadaşlarım Mehmet Umut ÇAKMAK, Semih ÖZDEMİR, Volkan KARAASLAN, Mustafa SUBAŞ ve Muhammet EŞİYOK’a; Yüksek lisans çalışmalarım boyunca maddi ve manevi hiçbir desteği benden esirgemeyen değerli babam Kıyas DEMİR, değerli annem Emine DEMİR ve kardeşlerime çok teşekkür ederim. iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET……... ................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii TEŞEKKÜR .............................................................................................................................. iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .............................................................................. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................................... v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................................... vi ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ........................................................................................................... viii 1.GİRİŞ….. ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. KURAMSAL TEMELLER ................................................................................................. 4 2.1. Orthoptera Takımında Morfolojik Özellikler ...................................................................... 4 2.2. Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera:Tettigonidae) Alt Familyasında Morfolojik Çalışmalar ............ 8 2.3. Orthoptera Takımında Ses ................................................................................................... 8 2.4. Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera:Tettigonidae) Alt Familyasında Ses Çalışmaları ....................... 9 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM ............................................................................................... 10 3.1. Çalışma Alanı .................................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Hayvanların Toplanması ................................................................................................... 11 3.3. Morfolojik Çalışma ........................................................................................................... 11 3.4. Ses Çalışması ..................................................................................................................... 14 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI ............................................................................................ 17 4.1. Ses Verileri ........................................................................................................................ 17 4.1.1. Tettigoniinea Alt Familyasına Ait Ses Teşhis Anahtarı ................................................ 46 4.2. Morfolojik Veriler ............................................................................................................. 48 5. TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ ..................................................................................................... 69 6. KAYNAKLAR .................................................................................................................... 71 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ............................................................................................................................. 76 iv ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ Şekil 2.1.1: Orthoptera takımının morfolojik görünüşleri a) Genel vücut kısımları, b) Baş kısımları, c) Median karina, d) Kanat damarları ..................................................... 6 Şekil 2.1.2: Orthoptera takımının morfolojik görünüşleri a) Göğüs kısımlarının yandan görünümü, b) Göğüs kısımlarının ventralden görünümü, c) Bacağın kısımları, d) Dişi bireyin yumurta bırakma kanalı, e) Erkek bireyin serkusu ......................... 7 Şekil 2.3.1: Ses dişlerinin elektron mikroskobu ile ayrıntılı görünümü ..................................... 9 Şekil 2.3.2: Ses çıkarma organı .................................................................................................. 9 Şekil 3.2.1: Tekirdağ’ın topoğrafik haritası ve toplanan türlerin lokaliteleri ........................... 13 Şekil 3.4.1: Ses kayıt cihazları ................................................................................................. 15 Şekil 3.4.2: Tettigoniinae alt familyası için cümle (A), kelime (B), tekrarlı birim periyodu (TBP) ve atımların (C) osilogramlarla gösterilmesi ......................................................... 16 Şekil 4.1.1: Platycleis affinis affinis alt türüne ait osilogram. Genel ses yapısı (A), hazırlık sesindeki 1.TBP kısmı (B), hazırlık sesindeki 1.TBP kısmın ayrıntılı gösterimi (C)18 Şekil 4.1.2: Platycleis affinis affinis alt türüne ait osilogram. Genel ses yapısı (A), hazırlık sesindeki 2.TBP kısmı (B), hazırlık sesindeki 2.TBP kısmın ayrıntılı gösterimi (C) .......................................................................................................................... ….19 Şekil 4.1.3: Platycleis affinis affinis alt türüne ait osilogram. Genel ses yapısı (A), ana sesteki 1.TBP kısmı (B), ana sesteki 1.TBP kısmın ayrıntılı gösterimi (C) ...................... 20 Şekil 4.1.4: Platycleis affinis affinis alt türüne ait osilogram. Genel ses yapısı (A), ana sesteki 2.TBP kısmı (B), ana sesteki 2.TBP kısmın ayrıntılı gösterimi (C) ...................... 21 Şekil 4.1.5: Platycleis escalerai escalerai alt türüne ait osilogram. Genel ses yapısı (A), hazırlık sesindeki 1.TBP kısmı (B), hazırlık sesindeki 1.TBP
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