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Article 520283 06654C98d9b84 ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 7 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1394 (، -233 247) داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 ( ﻋﻠﻤﻲ- ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ7 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1394 (، -233 247) ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ (Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) Decticus albifrons * ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي1 ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ2 ، ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺷﺠﺎﻋﻲ3 ، ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻄﻔﻌﻠﻲ زاده4، ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻔﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺴﺘﺎﻧﻚ 5 5 -1 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ دﻛﺘﺮي ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻬﺮان، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان -2 اﺳﺘﺎد، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ، ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ، اﻳﺮان -3 اﺳﺘﺎد، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ، واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان -4 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ -5 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﺣﺸﺮات و ﻣﻮزه ﺣﺸﺮات ﻫﺎﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﺎﻧﺲ، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه اﻏﻠﺐ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ در زﻣﺎن ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﻴﺮي از ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮا ﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ آن ﻫﺎ دارد . در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﺪاي ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ,Decticus albifrons (Fabricius (1775 ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رواﺑﻂ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت در ﻃﻴﻒ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ -37 18 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ از ﻧﻮع ﭼﻴﺮپ ﺑﻮده و از اﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ- ﻃﻮل 3/74 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده و از -91 77 دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ /46 22 دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ- ﮔﺮدد . وﻗﻔﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻛﻤﻲ، ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻛﻢ و ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ از دﻣﺎي 18 ﺗﺎ 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت داﺷﺘﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻛﻢ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ اﻳﻦ دﻣﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ . ﭘﺲ از دﻣﺎي 30 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دﻣﺎي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاي آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎ ﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ در. ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻛﻢ ﻫﺎ، ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ و وﻗﻔﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻛﻤﻲ داراي ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ، ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ، Tettigoniidae ، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻛﻢ، ﭼﻴﺮپ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /20 /10 93 -) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /16/4 )94 ٢٣٣ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن از ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮات ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺻﺪا ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﺪا ي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻣﻠﺦ ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 165 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﺎل ﻗﺒﻞ ( اواﺳﻂ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ) ﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ را ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﻲ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ (Gu et al ., 2012) . ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ Ensifera در زﻣﺎن ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﻴﺮي اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬ ﻤﻲ در ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ آن ﻫﺎ دارد ( ;Ulagaraj & Walker, 1975 Doherty & Callos, 1991; Oliveira et al., 2001 ) . ﺻﺪا در اﻓﺮاد اﻳﻦ زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ از ﻣﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺮﻳﻊ دو ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ روي ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮش ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد1 . اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻮده و اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ را در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺻﺮف ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ( Prestwich & Walker, 1981; Hoback & Wagner, 1997 ) . ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻮدن آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات، اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺳﺖ ( Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan, 2010; Iorgu & Iorgu, 2010; Hao et al ., 2012; Sevgili (. et al ., 2012 اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺸﺮه داراي اﻟﮕﻮي ﺻﺪاي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻦ، ﺟﺜﻪ و وزن ﺑﺪن و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ دﻣﺎ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد وارﻳﺎﻧﺴﻲ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺻﺪا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Zuk, 1987; Hedrick & Weber, 1998; Walker & Cade, 2003 ). ). اﻟﮕﻮي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه زادآوري اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ژن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺛﺮ اﻧﮕﺸﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ ( Walker, 1974 ). در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻧﺪك در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫ ﺎي ﺻﺪا ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ ﺑﻮده و در آن ﻫﺎ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺬب اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ( ;Brown et al ., 1996 Holzer et al., 2003; Bertram et al., 2006 ). اﻏﻠﺐ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮده و ﺟﻔﺖ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي رﻳﺨﺘﻲ اﻳﺪه ال اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Howard & Hill, 2006; Hunt et al ., 2006; Arias . ( et al ., 2012 ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﺪان آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم « آﻣﻮس داﻟﺒﻴﺮ2» ، ﺑﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ دﻣﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺟﻴﺮﺟﻴﺮك ﺑﺮﻓﻲ3 ﻳﺎ ﺟﻴﺮﺟﻴﺮك دﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲOecanthus fultoni (Walker, 1962) 4 ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮده و ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺒﻴﺮ5 را در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان « The Cricket as a Thermometer» ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﻮد: ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﺌﻮري ﻓﻮق، ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭼﻴﺮپ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﺬﻛﻮر در 15 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ و اﻓﺰودن ﻋﺪد 40 ﺑﻪ آن، درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ را ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ (Dolbear, 1897). ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻧﺴﺮد6 ﺑﻮدن ﺣﺸﺮات؛ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎ و اﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺪن آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻮده و از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ آرﻧﻴﻮس7 ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﻧﺮژي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻳﻚ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در ﺑﺪن را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ . ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت، رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﻧﺮژي ﺧﺎص ﻳﺎ اﻧﺮژي ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ( ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز در اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﺎت ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﺪا ) آﺳﺎن ﺗﺮ و ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﺮ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲ اﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت 1- Stridulation 2- Amos Dolbear 3- Snowy tree cricket 4- Thermometer cricket 5- Dolbears Law 6- Ectotherms 7- Arrhenius equation ٢٣٤ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 7 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1394 (، -233 247) ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ در ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﺪا داﺷﺘﻪ و در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ ( Ragge & Reynolds, 1998; Drosopoulos & Claridge, 2006 ). ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ - - ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ اي1 اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ داﺷﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌ ﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻮت ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨ ﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ( ;Toms et al ., 1993 (. (. Gerhardt & Huber, 2002 ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮ آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺸﺮات از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن (Walker, 1974 ; Ragge & Reynolds, 1998) ، ﺟﻮرﺑﺎﻻن ( Fonseca & Revez, 2002; Sueur & Sanborn 2003) و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ (ﻫﺎ Sanborn, 2006 ) ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﭘﺮورش و ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ روي ﺟﻴﺮﺟﻴﺮك (ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ از ﻧﻮع ﭼﻴﺮپ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺤﺪو دي ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ) ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ( Prestwich & Walker, 1981; Walker, 1998 ) . واﻛﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ دﻣﺎ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد و ﺳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه در ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ 15 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻴﺮﺟﻴﺮك درﺧﺘﻲ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ( Walker, 1962 ) . وي ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﺦ ﺟﻨﺲ .Atlanticus spp داﺷﺖ و درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ اﻣﺎ ﺳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﻲ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Walker, 1974 ) . ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ2 ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠ ﻤﻲ (Decticus albifrons (Fabricius, 1775 ، اﻏﻠﺐ در ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ و زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎي آﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه و در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ وﻓﻮر ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﺮان ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﻧﺪه ﻳﺎد اﺳﺘﺎد ﺟﻼل اﻓﺸﺎر در ﺳﺎل 1306 از ﻣﺰارع اﻃﺮاف ﺗﻬﺮان و وراﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ (Shojaei, 2013) و داراي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺳﻴﻊ در اﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي اروﭘﺎﻳﻲ و آﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ آﻟﻤﺎن، ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ، روﺳﻴﻪ، اﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎن و ﻗﺰاﻗﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ ( Eades et al ., 2015 ). ). ﺷﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ از اﺳﺘﺎد اﻓﺸﺎر اذﻋﺎن ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻏﻼت، ﭘﻨﺒﻪ، ﺟ ﺎﻟﻴﺰ و ﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺮده و ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ آن ﻫﺎ وارد ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ (Shojaei, 2013) . ﻫﺪف از اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات و راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ د رﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ روي وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ و اﻳﻦ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺻﺪاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ دوازده ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ( Metrani & Balakrishnan, 2005; Arias et al., 2012) ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ( ﻫﺸﺖ ﻧﺮ و ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺎده ) در ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺳﺎل 1392 از ﻣﺰارع و ﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﺎري ﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ( ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 46 درﺟﻪ و 17 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 38 درﺟﻪ و 3 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ) و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آذرﺷﻬﺮ ( ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 45 درﺟﻪ و 58 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 37 درﺟﻪ و 44 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ) ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ . ﺷﻜﺎر ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺎ دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮر ﺣﺸﺮه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ دﻫﺎﻧﻪ 40 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﻃﻮل دﺳﺘﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ . ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻧﻔﺮادي داﺧﻞ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد 15 × 25 × 34 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﻘﻒ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮر ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ اي ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﻓﺮار ﺣﺸﺮات 1- Neuromuscular 2- White faced bush cricket ٢٣٥ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ... ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪه و ﻧ ﻴﺰ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ داﺧﻞ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد . ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده ﻛﻨﺎر ﻫﻢ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻣﺎده ﻫﺎ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺪاي اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده ﻧﻴﺰ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدد . ﺟﻬﺖ ﺛﺒﺖ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در زﻣﺎن ﺿﺒﻂ ﺻﺪاي اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ، دﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲ در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و از ﺑﺮگ ﻏﻼت ﺗﺎزه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ آن ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺣﺸﺮات در داﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ -18 37 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر اﺳﺖ .
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