Coastal Popuiations of the Wartbiter to Biotope

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Coastal Popuiations of the Wartbiter to Biotope Colour variation in two coastal popuiations of the wartbiter (Decticus verrucivorus (L.); Insecta: Orthoptera) in relation to biotope Rolf Tienstra P.G. Otterweg 5 8459 EV Luinjeberd Photographs: T. Tienstra - van derStaak, exceptfor nrs. 1,3 and 4 by the author Samenvatting In de jaren ’60 kwamen in het Gooi nog wrattenbijters (Decticus verrucivorus) voor, verdeeld over 2 popula- ties met elk zo’n 100 zingende mannetjes. Deze dieren hadden minimale afmetingen en waren vrijwel altijd van een donker-blauwgroene kleur. Het analis-cubitalis foto of veld (a, 5) was eveneens donkergroen, zeer don- kerbruin. Toen ik in 1981 tijdens een bezoek aan het Deense Hanstholm reservaat dezelfde kleurvariëteit van kwam ik de de wrattenbijter aantrof, tot hypothese van een ‘atlantische vorm’, die kustheiden van Noordwest- Europa zou bewonen. In 1992 moest ik deze veronderstelling laten vallen: in dat jaar bezocht ik grote delen van het schiereiland Thy en hoorde duizenden wrattenbijters sjirpen. Ze kwamen in verschillende biotopen voor, waren heel gevarieerd van kleur en hadden behoorlijke afmetingen. Dieren met een blauwgroene kop en pronotum werden, naast andere variaties, echter uitsluitend in de heidehabitat aangetroffen (bijlage 1). dit ik In artikel probeer de zeer karakteristieke Gooise dierente duiden als aanpassingen aan een zeer eenzijdi- Figuur 1. locatlon studied sites: A. Gooi (Nl), B. Thy (Den.) ge habitat, nl. de dofgroene, door menselijke invloed ontstane struikheide-akker (Genisto anglicae-Callune- tatie, die, als de schapen enige jaren geleden het De vallen hierin min- betreffende bezocht tum). donkergroene wrattenbijters perceel hebben, over grote opper- der op dan de lichtgroen gekleurde. Feitelijk bestaat het vlakten tot gelijke hoogte is uitgegroeid (foto 1). Dit biotoop van de wrattenbijter uit twee habitats, één voor laatste is erg belangrijk, want hier hebben de mannetjes de larven één de volwassen dieren De hun en voor (tabel 1). baltsplaatsen (‘leks’): ze leggen er afstanden van larvale habitat is begroeid met een nogal vochtig, licht- wel 100 m per dag af, om met elkaar te rivaliseren en afwisselend groen gekleurd vegetatietype, dat van wijfjes te ontmoeten. Het belang van een strukturele hoogte en rijk aan struktuur is. In het Gooi wordt de hoogte van de vegetatie ca. 25 cm boven de bodem is, adulte habitat gevormd door uniforme struikheidevege- dat de dracht van het mannelijke gesjirp in dat geval 10 Nieuwsbrief Saltabel 8 (1992) het meer dan twee maal zo groot is dan op de bodem zige vegetatie met gedeeltelijk afgestorven grasbladen bv. zou zijn. Vergrassing van de heide door bochtige smele bevindt, een helmgrasvegetatie (Elymo-Ammophi- (Deschampsia flexuosa ) hindert de dieren in hun voort- letum). De uniforme donkergroen-bruine analis-cubita- beweging, en dit is waarschijnlijk de voornaamste oor- lis velden van de Gooi-dieren zullen een aanpassing Calluna zaak geweest van het uitsterven van de wrattenbijter in zijn aan het eenzijdige dofgroen gekleurde het Gooi in 1989. vulgaris- biotoop. In Noord-Jutland zijn zowel de habitats voor de volwas- sen wrattenbijters als die voor de larven veel gevarieer- 1. Introduction der dan die in het Gooi (par. 3.2 en foto’s 2-4). Dit is In the 1960’s hundreds of wartbiters occurred in the vinden in het divided the terug te uiterlijk van de dieren (foto’s 5- Gooi area, among two populations, one at 10). North and the other at the South Heath. The species is Het biotoop van de wrattenbijter stelkt complexe eisen, since 1989extinct in the Gooi. bovendien the I took the heeft een gezonde populatie een nogal groot According to notes and 30 specimens or Daardoor het dan ook that I the animals from these oppervlak nodig (par. 2). gaat so collected, two arcas and, slecht met deze gorilla onder de sprinkhanen in het were very conspicuous: they were very small, coloration. geciviliseerde Noordwest-Europa. De populatie op Thy when green, in all cases of a dark blue-green is thans de belangrijkste van deze regio. The analis-cubitalis field (a, Photo 5) at the upper edge Ca. 5% de dieren is colour van Gooise niet groen gekleurd, of the elylra was either ofthe same dark green or maar geheel of gedeeltelijk zwart, grijs, bruin of paars. very dark brown, never pale brown, reddish brown or Voor populaties in andere biotopen gelden vergelijkbare yellow, like in the photograph of this species in Duijm lateral getallen (Sussex: kalkgrasland; Thy: gevarieerde duin- & Kmseman (1983). The black stains on the vegetaties: tabel 2). De naar mijn inzicht meest bevredi- lobes of the pronotum (b) and elytra (c) and the lines on in gende hypothese voor dit verschijnsel is, dat selektieve the abdomen (d) were more developed than many die zich predatie van de larven, immers in een groene Continental specimens. all the habitat bevinden, een groterol speelt Except for one, incompletely labeled specimen, is het de the Aantrekkelijk werking van epistatische genen wartbiters from the Gooi present in Entomological veronderstellen, dx. dominante die of Amsterdam have these te genen door hun Museum of the University invloed op meerdere loci een (te?) grote variatie binnen features. They are not only collected by me, but were de bruine Piet and Troelstra populaties tegengaan. Bij sprinkhaan (Chor- also by, a.o. MacGUlavry, Kmseman, thippus brunneus). waar deze genen zijn beschreven, bctween 1915 and 1967. All my specimens, and suppo- habi- kunnen ze m.i. populaties van deze soort ‘beschermen’ sedly theirs too, have been collected in the heath veel in hoewel toch Hanstholm Reserve in tegen te variatie basiskleur, een tat. In 1981 I visited the schier eindelozeafwisseling in kleur bij een minderheid Northern Jylland (Denmark). Here I found wartbiters de De dieren of van populatie mogelijk is. kunnen daar- with the same coloration, but ‘normal’ dimensions door leven in biotopen met een zeer verschillende kleur (Photo 5). I arrived at the hypothesis of a special klein aantal is inhabit Coastal heath en structuur, terwijl een aangepast aan ‘Atlantic form’, which would microhabitats. bepaalde arcas in NW Europe (Tienstra, 1992). Voor de het of this ha wrattenbijter, waarvan mannetje dagelijks After I visited the SE part magnificent 6000 maakt in in the 1992 the grote afstanden loopt en dat gebruik van vegeta- Reserve 1981,1 explored summer of of State and the the ties van verschillende kleur en struktuur, zou te grote NW part the Reserve area between variatie binnen een populatie, analoog aan Chorthippus Reserve and Frpstrup, part of the peninsula of Thy. I brunneus, nadelig kunnen zijn. heard the chirping of at least several thousands of male Decticus verrucivorus. In a number of places the popu- De kleur het in van analis-cubitalis veld heeft waarschijn- lations of the inland and Coastal biotopes are still lijk de funktie dat hierdoor het dier a.h.w. visueel in contact witheach other. My observations here made me wordt tweeën gedeeld en derhalve minder als zodanig drop my hypothesis: the dark-green Gooi wartbiters herkenbaar hierar- is voor predatoren, vooral als dit vleugelge- cannot be classified into a higher ‘Atlantic form’ deelte is geelachtig gekleurd en het dier zich in een gra- chy. NieuwsbriefSaltabel 8(1992) 11 discus- ments. In this article the colourof the wartbiters willbe Gooi As the propagation of the sound of the wartbiter is sed in relation to the biotopes in the and Thy. very - of 2-3 it poor at ground level at a distance m. provokes - structural no longer a reaction of its a vege- 2. Biotope conditions opponent the of consists of tation of 20-25 cm. high improves transfer The biotope of Decticus verrucivorus two layer for the adult ani- the of the wartbiter’s habitats, one for the larvae and one high frequencies walking chirp up 4-5 and further et mals. The larval habitat is formed by a high-structured to m. (Keuper al., 1986). the that consists of several layers between For this uniform anthropogenic Genisto green vegetation purpose here also takes in (see de Smidt, 1981) 0 and 55 cm high: oviposition place anglicae-Callunetum-vegetation with a of the Gooi is fit. When a flock of sheep patches of bare sand or in those covered very (Photo 1) very several all the heat- thin vegetation (own observation, see also Cherrill & grazed a particular area years ago, thus will to the same making Brown, 1990b). As the diapausing eggs starve her-plants grew out height, wartbiters is the of the at a con- below a humidity level of 75% (Ingrish, 1986), it possible daily wanderings the soil is humid here all over stant distance from the ground. absolutely necessary that this bushcricket has small fore and also when it seems on the face of it, a con- Though large very the year: dry - avoid obstruction a from cm midlegs to by grasses -, stant humidity at a depth 3 on is indispensable. probably be far from and the flowering Adult females can mostly found not very too grassy habitat, especially rigid these ‘larval’ places, but in fact the exact distribution of sterns of the grass Deschampsia flexuosa, may impede as its tours and thus its sexual (rivalry) con- the females during their life cycle is unknown: they daily walking the males find themsel- detect them in the field. tacts. Therefore, in places don’tchirp, it is not easy to many for their the here 100 m ves in areas leks, vegetation being The adult males walk, while chirping, up to a dry the the scattered behaviour. This wal- so scarce that can wander, using daily, as part of their sexual rivalry they where some tussocks of the Corynephorus canescens as a king takes place in well-defined areas, e.g. grass ‘structural’ males meddle with each other.
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