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(Orthoptera: Ensifera) ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ

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(Orthoptera: Ensifera) ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ [Type text] داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 ، ( 11- )27 ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ (Orthoptera: Ensifera) ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ١ * ٣ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ2 ، ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺷﺠﺎﻋﻲ ، ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻄﻔﻌﻠﻲ زاده ، ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻔﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺴﺘﺎﻧﻚ -1 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ، دﻛﺘﺮي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻬﺮان -2 اﺳﺘﺎد، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ -3 اﺳﺘﺎد، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ، واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻬﺮان -4 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ، ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ -5 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﻮده و راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺮﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ، آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي Gryllotalpidae ، Gryllidae و Tettigoniidae ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺻﺪاﻫﺎ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻳﺎ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه از ﺣﺸﺮات زﻧﺪه ﺿﺒﻂ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار MATLAB ( ﻧﺴﺨﻪ 2013 ) ﭘﺮدازش و ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ، آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ، ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ، اﻛﻢ، Ensifera * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /7/18 94 -) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /19 /12 )94 ١١ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ (Orthoptera: Ensifera) ... ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺻﺪا در ﻓﻴ ﻴﻚ ارﺗﻌﺎﺷﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻣﻮاج ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ آزاد ﺷﺪن اﻧﺮژي از ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﺻﻮت، در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫ ﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻮا (ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ m/s 343 در º C )20 ، آب (ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ m/s 1484 در º C 20 ) و زﻣﻴﻦ (ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ m/s 5000 ؛ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ آن) ﺗﺤﺖ ﺎﺛﺗ ﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺎده ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻣﻮاج ﺻﻮﺗﻲ در ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل ﻫﺎ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت و در ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Obrist et al ., 2010). ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻴﻜﻞ در ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ1 ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺷﻨﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮش اﻧﺴﺎن -20 20000 ﻫﺮﺗﺰ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده، « ﺻﺪاي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﻴﺪن » ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . (Obrist et al ., 2010; Ragge & Reynolds, 1998) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ2 ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ از دو ﻋﻠﻢ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺻﻮت ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ3 ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺛﺮ اﻧﮕﺸﺖ در اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎ، ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ( Alexander, 1957; Walker, 1964) ؛ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ آب و ﻫﻮا و ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و دﻗﻴﻖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. اﻣﺮوزه ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺻﺪاي ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﺑﺰار ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت رده ﺑﻨﺪي و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ رﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰار در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از روش ﻫﺎ ي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از رده ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﻮري رواج ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و در ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي و وﺟﻮد ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺸﺮات، ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ( Chenz and Maher, 2006; Hao et al., 2012 ). ). ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ( Oliveira et al ., 2001; Montealegre-Z & Morrs 1999; Ragge, 1990 ). اﻳﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رده ﺑﻨﺪي و اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﭘﮋوﻫﺸ ﮕﺮان در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﺻﺪاي ﺣﺸﺮات اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Chesmore & Ohya, 2004; Riede, 1993 ). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ را دارا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ روﺷﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ (ﺑﺪون ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎر آن ﻫﺎ) و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و اﻣﻜﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺮاد در زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺑﺼﺮي در آن ﻫﺎ دﺷﻮار ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ (Miyoshi et al ., 2007; Gaston & O'Neill, 2004) . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي، ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات در ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﻔﻲ را اذﻋﺎن ﻧﻤﻮده و اﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان روﺷﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي و دﻗﻴﻖ در ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮده اﻧﺪ (Sueur & Puissant, 2007; Gerhardt, 2005; David et al ., 2003; Walker, 1964). ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻓﻮق اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻖ و ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص در ﺣﺠﻢ اﻧﺒﻮه و در ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن (Orthoptera) ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺮﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗ ﻲ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ اﻛﺜﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آن ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻮت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Heller, 2006) . ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن، ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﺪا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ آن ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﺮ زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ Ensifera در زﻣﺎن 1 - Hz 2 - Bioacoustic 3 - Species-specific ١٢ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 ، ( 11 )-27 ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﻴﺮي اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آواز ﻓﺮا ﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺮﻳﻊ دو ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮش ﻫﺎ1 ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ آن ﻫﺎ دارد ( Oliveira et al ., 2001 ). ). ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺻﺪاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ( ;Heller, 2006; Huber et al ., 1989 :( :( Ragge & Reynolds, 1998 آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ2 : ﺻﺪاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮد ﻧﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺬب اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده ﻫﻢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮد اﻛﻢ3 : ﻳﻚ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ4 : ﺻﺪاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه از ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺎز و ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ5 : دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻈﻢ و ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﻜﻠﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ روي اﻧﺪام ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﺑﺪن ﺣﺸﺮه (در اﻓﺮاد زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ Ensifera در ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮش ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد). ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﺪا ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﻜﺮﻳﭙﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﺶ داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . اﺳﻜﺮﻳﭙﺮ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻠﻜﺘﺮوم6 : ﻟﺒﻪ ﺗﻴﺰي ﻛﻪ روي اﻧﺪام ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﺑﺪن ﺣﺸ ﺮه (در اﻓﺮاد زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ Ensifera در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮش ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد) ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﺪا روي دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ7 : ﺻﺪاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﻳﻚ دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ (ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ) ﺑﺎ ﭘﻠﻜﺘﺮوم وﻗﻔﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ا ﻢﻛ ﻫﺎ8 : ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻳﻚ اﻛﻢ ﺗﺎ اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ اﻛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن اﻛﻢ9 : ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﺗﺎ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ در ﻫﺮ اﻛﻢ وﻗﻔﻪ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻠﻲ 10 : ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﺎ اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ 11 : ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﺎ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ دوره ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻠﻲ 12 : ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻻزم از ﺷﺮوع اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﺗﺎ آﻏﺎز اوﻟﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﭙﺎﻟﺲ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﺑﻌﺪي، ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ 13 : ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن آن ﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ده ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ 14 : ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از ده ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ اﺻﻠﻲ 15 : ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮج ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ آواز ﭼﻴﺮپ 16 : آواز ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﺗﺎه و ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﺗﺮل 17 : آوازي ﮔﻮش ﺧﺮاش و ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از اﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﺑﻠﻨﺪ . 1 - Stridulation 2 - Calling Song 3 - Echeme 4 - Syllable 5 - File 6 - Scraper, Plectrum 7 - Impulse 8 - Inter-echeme interval 9 - Echeme duration 10 - Inter-syllable interval 11 - Syllable duration 12 - Syllable period 13 - Microsyllable 14 - Macrosyllable 15 - Fundamental frequency 16 - Chirp 17 - Trill ١٣ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ (Orthoptera: Ensifera) ... ... ﺟﻬﺖ درك ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﻮﻟﮋي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده، ﺷﻜﻞ 1 ﭘﺮدازش ﺻﺪاي (Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer, 1773 را ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ اﻛﻢ آن ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از 3-5 ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ و ﻫﻢ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. ﺷﻜﻞ A) 1-) ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ اﻛﻢ ﻫﺎ در آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺟﻴﺮﺟﻴﺮك B) ،G. bimaculatus) ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻳﻚ اﻛﻢ (اﺻﻠﻲ) Fig. 1- Echemes sequence in male calling song of G. bimaculatus , B) Syllable sequence in one echeme (Original) ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، در اﻳﺮان ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ راﺳﺘﻪ راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ زﻧﺠﺮه ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ Psalmocharias alhageos (Cicadatra platyptera (Fieber, 1876) ، (Kolenati, 1857 و(Cicadatra barbodi (Mozaffarian & Sanborn, 2013 اﻧﺠﺎم ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ( Mozaffarian & Sanborn, 2013; Zamanian et al., 2008 )، وﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺎ ز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰار در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺪادي از اﻓﺮاد زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ Ensifera و ﭘﺮدازش و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار MATLAB ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ داده ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻓﺮاد زﻳﺮ راﺳﺘﻪ Ensifera در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان و ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ (ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ درﻳﺎي ﺳﻴﺎه) ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي -90 93 ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول 1 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ. آواز ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺳﻂ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺿﺒﻂ دﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ (Canon (PC1192 از ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ 10-15 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺣﺸﺮه ﺿﺒﻂ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ (Otte, 1992) . ﭘﺲ از ﺿﺒﻂ ﺻﺪا، ﺣﺸﺮه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﻞ اﺗﻴﻠﻴﻚ 70 درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﻢ ﺣﺎوي ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮر ﻗﻄﻊ ﺣﻴﺎت ﮔﺸﺘﻪ و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺗﺎﻟﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳ .ﺪ .ﺪ ١ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 ، ( 11 )-27 ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و دﺳﺘﮕﺎه زادآوري ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ .( Eades et al ., 2015; Iorgu & Iorgu, 2008; Otte & Cade, 1984 ) ﺟﺪول -1 ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ Table 1- Collecting sites and their coordinates Country Collecting site Altitude (m) North latitude East longitude Iran Tabriz 1350 38º 3ʹ 8.89 ʺ 46º 17 ʹ 5.98 ʺ Iran Azar Shahr 1468 37º 44 ʹ 59.95 ʺ 45º 58 ʹ 44.5 ʺ Iran Maragheh 1478 37º 22 ʹ 18.55 ʺ 46º 12 ʹ 18.11 ʺ Iran Miandoab 1314 36º 58 ʹ 12 ʺ 46º 6ʹ 0ʺ Turkey Trabzon Zero 41º 0ʹ 0ʺ 39º 44 ʹ 0ʺ Turkey Akçaabat Zero 41º 1ʹ 0ʺ 39º 33 ʹ 0ʺ Turkey Sürmene Zero 40º 54 ʹ 21.16 ʺ 40º 7ʹ 40.52 ʺ ﭘﺮدازش ﺑﻴﻮاﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار MATLAB (ورژن 2013 ) ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ.
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