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Home , Cricket (insect), Gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa major, Larra bicolor, Mole cricket

ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Biology and Control ANR-0176 of Crickets Mole crickets have become the most destructive on turf and lawns in Gulf Coast states. Estimates of damage and replacement costs for turf and pastures in these states are in the millions of dollars annually. This review of the biology, ecology, and management of mole crickets is intended as a reference for homeowners, turf professionals, and local Extension agents.

Pest Mole Crickets Brief History and Their Cousins of Mole Crickets The insect in the United States includes crickets, , mole crickets were and mole crickets. Within this not known to occur in North order, grasshoppers are a separate America before the early 1900s. subgroup from the field crickets Three species in the and mole crickets. Crickets (such were introduced as the field Gryllus spp.) near the Georgia and Florida are related to mole crickets but do border from South America. not live in soil. The short-winged (N. Two families of crickets have abbreviatus) is the least known the common name of mole of these species. It is incapable of crickets. Pest mole crickets have Figure 1. The hearing organ on the mole flight due to its shortened wings, cricket is analogous to human ears. digging front legs and live most and it basically has established of their lives in soil, similar to only in Florida. Two additional the mammalian mole. Pygmy species, the tawny mole cricket forelegs that separate them from mole crickets, much smaller and (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) and the native species, which have four unrelated to pest mole crickets, the southern mole cricket claws. They have long and are not associated with damage to (Neoscapteriscus borellii, formerly strong, digging forelegs. Nymphs turf or pasture grasses. N. acletus) spread and continue resemble adults but are smaller in What people commonly to spread across the Gulf Coast size and lack fully grown wings. states and north along the know as mole crickets (family At maturation, the front wings of Gryllotalpidae) in North America Carolina coast. Neoscapteriscus also are reported from isolated southern mole and tawny mole are represented by ten species crickets are folded back and almost in three genera: , locations in western states. In the southeastern United States, mole reach the tip of the abdomen. , and Neoscapteriscus Coloration of the pronotum and (formerly listed as Scapteriscus). crickets are most likely tawny and southern mole crickets. the dactyls on the forelegs can be Of these, Neoscapteriscus spp. used to differentiate between the is the common pest species in other Neoscapteriscus species. the southeastern United States. Description andARCHIVE Neocurtilla of Neocapteriscus Tawny mole crickets are typically hexadactyla are native and, on Mole Crickets golden brown with a mottled rare occasions, associated with coloration on the pronotum damage to grass. Interestingly, in Adult mole crickets are large (fig. 2). Southern mole crickets are the early 2000s a campaign (1 to 1¼”) with elongated bodies. grayish with four pale dots on the began in England to protect The front pair of legs bear pronotum (fig. 3). European native mole crickets dactyls and the hearing organ called the tympanum, which is Southern mole crickets are the () from only species that have four pale extinction. Loss of grassland analogous to human ears (fig. 1). Neoscapteriscus mole crickets dots, although individual southern habitat is partially blamed for mole crickets may lack these dots. losses of this native species. have two clawed dactyls on their

www.aces.edu Since pronotum color can vary, the appearance of the tibial dactyls is Table 1. Average collected at each location a more reliable characteristic to Location June 15 August 17 separate these two species. The tawny mole cricket has a V-shaped space between the dactyls; that is, #6 2nd 4th the dactyls are close together at the base, generally narrower than the #11 2nd 4th range (2–7) width of one dactyl. The southern mole cricket has a U-shaped space (fig. 1); that is, the base of #18 N/A 9th the dactyls is more widely spread (about the width of one dactyl). Note: Longer flight periods and variations in egg incubation times may produce significant variations in population age on a given site. Life Cycle and Damage and dispersal flights take place Egg incubation periods range All Neoscapteriscus mole crickets February to March for tawny and from 11 to 32 days for tawny mole produce one generation per year. southern mole crickets. Flight crickets and from 16 to 37 days The exception is in South Florida, occurs within 1 to 2 hours following for southern mole crickets. Egg where two or more generations may sunset. Males sing (call) to females incubation is shorter at warmer soil occur, especially for short-winged from a special chamber in the temperatures (≥84 degrees F) and and southern mole crickets. ground. Females respond to the longest when soils are cooler (≤63 Mole crickets spend their lives in calls that are unique to the males of degrees F). Longer flight periods soil, with occasional mating and their species. (This is the basis for an and variations in egg incubation dispersal flights as adults. Mating acoustic trap used mainly for mass times may produce significant collection of adults for research.) variations in population age on a given site (table 1). Flowering of the Fall flights for dispersal are also herbaceous perennial Agapanthus common. Flights and egg laying (fig. 5) is generally a good indicator may continue for sixty or more of peak egg hatch. days, with peak egg laying for tawny and southern mole crickets Mole crickets develop from eggs to occurring when soil temperatures adults through a series of seven to are around 75 degrees F. Tawny ten stages, with no pupal mole crickets will complete most stage (fig. 6). After hatching, young flight activity before egg laying, nymphs tunnel extensively as but southern mole crickets may they feed and develop rapidly. between egg-laying events. Nymphs (fig. 7) resemble adults Soil moisture is a good predictor of egg-laying success and may trigger egg-laying behaviors. Eggs are laid in clutches of ten to sixty eggs Figure 2. Tawny mole crickets are (average is thirty-five) in a chamber typically golden brown with a mottled 1 to 12 inches below the surface, coloration on the pronotum. depending on soil moisture (fig. 4). ARCHIVE

Figure 4. Eggs are laid in clutches of ten to sixty eggs in a chamber 1 to 12 Figure 3. The southern mole crickets Figure 5. Flowering of the herbaceous inches below the surface, depending on perennial Agapanthus is an indicator are grayish with four pale dots on the soil moisture. pronotum. of peak egg hatch.

2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System only in sand-based greens and tees May–June------Fall------Spring or sand bunkers. Year 1------Overwinter------Year 2 Belowground tunnels erupt to the surface causing numerous small Immature------Reproductive mounds of soil (fig. 12). Tunneling increases as the season progresses. When combined with feeding, extensive tunneling can result in desiccation and susceptibility to other types of damage from foot traffic, golf carts, drought, or possibly pathogens such as Rhizoctonia root rot. Mole crickets feed on grass roots but also feed at night at the surface on grass blades or other . Surface-feeding Figure 6. Mole cricket development begins at egg hatch in early summer behaviors are the basis for the use and is not completed until the insects mature in the spring of the following of baits discussed later. year. (Image credit: D. Shetlar, The Ohio State University) Mole crickets spend most of the but lack wings, except for small mole crickets reflects their more year as developing nymphs in the soil. Since egg hatching occurs wing pads; wings develop about carnivorous feeding habit. Both midyear, mole cricket development two molts before the adult form. species, however, are spans 2 calendar years (fig. 6). As they age, nymphs form more and capable of feeding on both By December, mole crickets have permanent tunnels. plants and (mainly insects). developed into adults, and the rest Individuals develop faster when are large nymphs that will complete Mole crickets are particularly they eat tissue as compared development in spring of the sensitive to desiccation and move to just plants (fig. 10). following year. About 75 percent in the soil profile in response to of southern mole crickets and 15 changes in soil moisture. There is Tunnels are more extensive in percent of tawny mole crickets a significant relationship between soils that are sandy or loamy sand; overwinter as nymphs. soil moisture and damage; even they are less complex in areas with On a particular site, mole cricket short-term changes in soil moisture mostly clay soils (fig. 11). Tunnels populations are often a mixture of due to irrigation can cause damage. make soils more porous, allowing southern and tawny mole crickets, more surface water to enter the soil Underground, the tunnels of usually dominated by one species. profile. In areas with heavy clay Fall tunneling activity (September tawny mole crickets (fig. 8) branch soils, tunneling is generally evident more at the surface with multiple to October) as well as activity in entrance holes. Southern mole cricket tunnels (fig. 9) have one main surface entrance and branch deeper in the soil. More tunneling at the surface likely reflects the more herbivorous nature of tawny mole crickets; whereas, the fewer branching tunnels of southern ARCHIVE

Figure 8. The tunnels of tawny mole Figure 9. Southern mole cricket tunnels Figure 7. Nymphs resemble adults but crickets branch more at the surface with have one main surface entrance and lack wings, except for small wing pads. multiple entrance holes. branch deeper in soil.

Biology and Control of Mole Crickets 3 the area after flushing can minimize sun scalding of the turf. There is no significant difference in the type of soap applied, but lemon-scented detergent is often used. Diluted pyrethrins, a type of , is actually more effective than soap for causing mole crickets to surface. Soap flush is 90 percent efficient when soil moisture is ≥19½ percent; efficiency drops significantly with decreasing soil moisture. Practically, 20 percent soil moisture means loose sand or sandy loam Figure 10. Individuals develop faster when they eat animal tissue as compared to when they eat just plants. soils will form a ball when squeezed in your hand, leaving finger marks. the spring (February to May) may net (fig. 13). Multiple evaluations If the soil doesn’t hold together, it is warrant treatment, especially in an area are required to be likely too dry for an efficient soap on golf courses. The window for representative. Damage ratings, flush. For this reason, soap flushes treatment is egg hatch, which varies developed at Auburn University, are more successful in irrigated from May to June depending on are then assigned on a 0 to 9 scale. grass or applied in the morning location and will be discussed in when soil moisture is higher. detail in the management section. Soapy water flushes, also used for sampling caterpillars in turfgrass, Linear pitfall traps are cumbersome Sampling and linear pitfall trapping can be to install and have limited use in used to confirm the presence of closely mowed turf applications. Effective management of mole Larger nymphs are more readily crickets involves sampling for nymphs or adults. The soap flush technique is done by mixing 2 detected in these traps versus the first occurrence of young younger nymphs. Low densities nymphs followed by timely use of tablespoons of liquid dishwashing soap in 1 gallon of water. You then (two or three nymphs per 10 square . Soap flushing, acoustic feet) are undetectable with linear traps, and linear pitfall traps serve pour the soapy water onto 1 to 2 square feet of infested area (fig. pitfall traps. In Florida, nymph to directly sample the number of captures in linear pitfall traps insects per area. 14). Any mole crickets present will surface in a few minutes. Irrigating peak between June and August. Damage ratings, common in Captures of ten to twelve mole insecticide efficacy tests, serve to measure the amount of damage caused by mole crickets. Testing is performed on 1 x 1 meter squares of Sampling Program for Mole Crickets When? May through June, targeting egg hatch. Coincident with bloom of Agapanthus. How? Mix 2 tablespoons of dishwashing soap ARCHIVEper gallon of water and pour over a 1 to 2 foot square area. What should you find? The immature mole crickets are rather small but should surface with 5 minutes of Figure 11. Tunnels are more extensive in soils that are sandy or in loamy sand. applying soap. They are less complex in areas with mostly clay soils.

4 Alabama Cooperative Extension System with the reduction in mole cricket captures in Florida traps. Florida is the only state, however, where all these natural enemies are documented to co-exist. The entomopathogenic scapterisci was available commercially as Nematac S (Becker Underwood) but now appears to no longer be in production. Other such as and Heterorhabiditis bacteriophora are commercially available for turfgrass pests, but they have limited activity against mole crickets. Nematodes that are plant parasitic on grass roots are different from those that attack insects. Insect- parasitic nematodes do not infect Figure 12. Mole crickets produce numerous small mounds of soil. They are plants. Mole cricket infection smaller than fire mounds and can be flattened during mowing, which kills the grass underneath. must occur for these nematodes to survive. Nematodes in the infective crickets per week per trap indicates general inefficiency, and the juvenile stage enter the insect and a significant infestation. inability to detect immatures introduce a specific bacterium that at egg hatch make an acoustic enables the nematode to reproduce Acoustic traps also are cumbersome trap virtually useless for pest and develop. Once the mole cricket tools and, therefore, are used management. dies, new nematodes then exit the primarily by researchers to collect cadaver to find new mole crickets large numbers of mole crickets for Management to infect. Entomopathogenic research or to monitor population nematodes that attack adult mole dynamics. Males and females are Biological control efforts were crickets can be applied in the spring attracted to these traps. More males led regionally by the University before females lay eggs. typically land outside of the trap of Florida. Researchers selected rather than inside it, so the acoustic and successfully released a fly, a Nematode products are exempt trap is not very efficient. Acoustic , and an entomopathogenic from registration, but traps also recruit insects from more nematode. The collective activities the label specifies how to use the than a mile away under favorable of these natural enemies over a product for maximum infectivity. conditions. Mass recruitment, 20-year period have been attributed Typically, they are applied to ARCHIVE

Figure 13. Testing for damage ratings is performed on 1 x 1 meter squares Figure 14. Soapy water flushes can be used to confirm the presence of nymphs of soil. and adults.

Biology and Control of Mole Crickets 5 reduce all damage from them, but minutes. The wasp then proceeds S. scapterisci may persist at low to lay an egg on the underside of levels from year to year after the the cricket (fig. 16). The egg hatches initial treatment. For this reason, and the develops externally entomopathogenic nematodes on the insect (fig. 17), completely provide a biological option for consuming the insect before it homeowners that only want forms a pupa (fig. 18). organic or nonchemical controls. Survival and infectivity of S. In the northern Gulf region, scapterisci are generally unaffected the wasp is active from June when mixed with certain to November. It uses certain insecticides. Therefore, nematodes, wildflowers and ornamental plants, when available, can be used in such as white-flowered an integrated pest management lanceolata, as nectar sources. program for mole crickets. Access to nectar sources increases the longevity of these and The fungal pathogens presumably the impact on local bassiana, Metarrhizium mole cricket populations, although anisopliae, Sorosporella uvella, this has not been evaluated in and Entomophthora sp. are the field. reported from field populations of mole crickets. Of these, strains Females can lay two or three of have been eggs per day over their 3-week Figure 15. bicolor wasps hunt life span. Since two or three mole crickets in the soil. When not evaluated as a microbial insecticide hunting, they feed on nectar of flowers. in the laboratory and under field generations of the wasp occur per conditions with limited success. year versus a single mole cricket infested turfgrass in the early One limitation appears to be generation, mole cricket mortality morning or late in the day to identification of strains of these is likely to compound locally. avoid the heat, which may cause that are more specific to Success of this wasp in locating mortality. Many products also infecting mole crickets. and attacking mole crickets is may require infested sites to have still dependent, however, on the either moist soil or be irrigated The wasp (fig. 15) has number of mole crickets in an pretreatment followed by post- spread across Florida and is now area and the proximity of those treatment irrigation. established in Alabama, Georgia, areas to preferred flowering plants, and Mississippi. Although mainly such as pentas or Spermacoce Nematodes are applied at billions reported from golf courses along the verticillata, where it can obtain of infective juveniles per acre, coast, this wasp can be found as far nectar. Flowering pentas is a making this approach generally north as Lee County, Alabama, and commonly available annual plant, more expensive than conventional on the eastern Atlantic Coast near while Spermacoce is naturalized insecticides. Successful infection Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and on roadsides and other areas in of mole crickets will likely not Scotland County, North Carolina. Florida but not currently available in the nursery trade. The day-active wasp enters the mole cricket tunnel and forces the Other natural enemies of mole cricket to the surface during the crickets include southern mole day, a behavior that is unusual for crickets, ground , and mole crickets. At the surface, the vertebrates such as armadillos wasp stings the cricket, inducing and . In the lab, southern ARCHIVEa paralysis that lasts just a few mole crickets will readily consume

Figure 16. A sting from Larra bicolor will paralyze the mole cricket to lay an egg (shown here) on the underside of the insect. Figure 17. The egg hatches and the larva develops externally on the insect.

6 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Figure 18. The larva completely cnsumes the insect before it forms a pupa. southern and tawny mole crickets. Lab data supports field observations that indicate southern mole crickets are typically prominant when both species Figure 20. Animals foraging often produce greater damage to grass than mole crickets. are present. beetles prefer to lay eggs in areas grasses. For example, TifSport Mole crickets that eat other insects with active tunnels. hybrid bermudagrass along with develop much faster than those Emerald, Cavalier, and Palisades that consume just plant parts. A predatory assassin bug, Sirthenea zoysiagrasses are considered Imported fire and other ants carinata, attacks field crickets, but tolerant to tawny mole crickets, are voracious predators in turfgrass older nymphs and adults prefer to while Meyer zoysiagrass and and are noted to attack mole feed on mole crickets, if available. virtually all cultivars of bahiagrass crickets when active above ground These large, colorful insects are are very susceptible. (fig. 19). But by imported conspicuous, particularly at night fire ants on mole crickets in the soil near lights or in the early morning. Because of the limited number is not well documented. of available biological controls In lawns or fairways with a history and little success with plant Predatory ground beetles can also of mole cricket infestations, resistance, chemical control is the be important predators of mole insecticide treatment may be primary option for mole cricket crickets. Larvae of the ground preventive to avoid significant management. Mole cricket control Pheropsophus aequinoctialis damage from animal digging. depends on the season of the year appear to be specialist predators Armadillos as well as birds may and the life stages that the pests of mole cricket eggs, and female forage in turf for mole crickets. are in at the time. Animals often produce greater damage to grass than mole crickets Although marketing campaigns (fig. 20). make promises and guarantees, mole cricket control is commonly Grass resistance research has not a one-time application. failed to identify a grass or grasses Timing of controls, life stages that are resistant to mole crickets. present, pesticide formulation, and ARCHIVEHybrid bermudagrasses, common active ingredient are important bermudagrass, bahiagrass, considerations. Timing and zoysiagrasses, and centipedegrass duration of the control following are most severely damaged. Most application is important for the of this work has been conducted success of the materials used and coincident with breeding programs to prevent selection for resistance. using captive insects and sometimes natural populations in Depending on when a product Figure 19. Imported fire ants and other the field. These studies provide is applied, the expected length ants attack mole crickets when active relative rankings, from tolerant to of residual control may vary. aboveground. susceptible, for most warm season Table 2 summarizes about forty

Biology and Control of Mole Crickets 7 Table 2. Expected Length of Control by Month of Application for Products Evaluated in Replicated Experiments.a Month of Application (Number of Experiments)a Active Ingredient Example April May (2) June (11) July (13) August (6) Sept. (4) Oct. (2) Product (1) acephate Orthene 2 weeks 6 weeks 5 weeks 2 to 4 weeks 4 weeks bifenthrin Talstar 2 weeks 10 6–8 weeks 6–12 weeks 3 weeks 0 weeks chlorpyrifos Dursban 7 weeks 4 weeks clothianidin Arena 6–17 weeks clothianidin + Aloft 10 12–20 bifenthrin weeks weeks deltamethrin DeltaGard 2–9 weeks fipronil TopChoice 10 15–20 6 weeks weeks weeks imidacloprid Merit 8 weeks 6 weeks 4 weeks 2 weeks imidacloprid + 6–15 bifenthrin weeks idoxacarb Provaunt 4 weeks 2 weeks lambda- Scimitar 10 4 weeks 0 cyhalothrin weeks thiamethoxam Meridian 8–17 5 weeks weeks trichlorfon Dylox 0 a Products listed here may not be suitable for all turf situations. For a list of products currently labeled for specific uses (lawns, golf courses, and sod farms) see table 4 and Extension publication IPM-1313. Variation in expected length of control is due to many factors. b A blank space indicates no publishing testing in that timing. A “0” indicates that the insecticide was tested during that month but failed to provide control under the experimental conditions. Be sure to follow label directions precisely and apply only to registered sites as directed. experiments with surface-applied field, mole crickets often tunnel in the Synergism (increased effectiveness insecticides (excluding baits) by untreated borders between treated when multiple insecticides are used the month of the application. This plots in chemical control studies; this in combination) has been documented estimate is based on the average suggests repellency. when (4A) and number of weeks that the treatment pyrethroid (3A) types of insecticides was significantly lower than the Products with active ingredients are applied together. Products that untreated control plots. These of clothianidin, clothianidin with exploit this insecticide synergy are experiments were conducted across bifenthrin, and imidacloprid with currently available for homeowners a range of conditions, formulations, bifenthrin reportedly provide a similar (Bayer Complete product line) and manufacturers, states, and differences residual control as fipronil. This has professionals (e.g., Triple Crown). in mole cricket ages. been further verified in lab tests. Despite being different chemicals, In the lab, toxicity of imidacloprid, clothianidin and imidacloprid have Fipronil, the industry standard for bifenthrin, and imidacloprid with a common mode of action and may be professional turf managers, has the bifenthrin mixtures actually act faster problematic if used on the same site. longest residual (15 to 20 weeks) on the nervous system than fipronil. when evaluated in the standard The Insecticide Resistance Action timing. Following application, fipronil The perceived effectiveness of Committee (www.irac-online.org) is metabolized in the soil, and the insecticides is often determined classifies all insecticide modes ARCHIVEby reduced surface activity, which metabolites appear to be biologically of actions and chemical classes active (repelling and killing tawny is attributed to mortality as well according to a number and letter mole cricket nymphs). as avoidance of treated areas. (combination 22A, for example). To Insecticides that require a contact manage resistance, you want to use In a controlled greenhouse exposure and those that cause higher products that have a different number experiment, fipronil and these mortality are more likely to create (table 3). Insecticide resistance metabolites were active in soil against avoidance behavior. Insecticides that has not been documented in mole tawny mole cricket nymphs for 120 must be ingested (chlorantraniliprole crickets, but multiple applications days after application. Repellency of and perhaps other systemic of insecticides against a single mole crickets by insecticides had been insecticides) are less likely to reduce generation of insects can select for suspected from field observations surface tunneling due to avoidance. resistance. with limited research support. In the 8 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Table 3. IRAC Chemical Codes Active Ingredient IRAC Code acephate 1B bifenthrin 3A carbaryl 1A chlorpyrifos 1B clothianidin 4A cyfluthrin 3A deltamethrin 3A dinotefuran 4A fipronil 2B imidacloprid 4A Figure 21. “Mole cricket damage may warrant treatment at egg hatch and in fall of one year and again in spring (about February) of the following year. (Image indoxacarb 22A credit: D. Shetlar, The Ohio State University) lambda-cyhalothrin 3A this treatment will then mate and effective than later treatments on permethrin 3A produce eggs within 3 to 4 months. larger mole crickets. thiamethoxam 4A Internally, mole crickets have enzyme It is sometimes difficult to convince trichlorfon 1B activities that enable them to detoxify homeowners to treat in late June insecticides. Related to timing, spring or July because there is little (if zeta-cypermethrin 3A populations tend to express more of any) evidence of the spring’s mole these enzymes than do fall populations. cricket damage by that time. If mole This further illustrates the need to be crickets are active in an area during There are typically three times in a mindful in applying treatment. The March, April, and May, there are 12-month period (early spring, egg action modes of products used in spring usually treatable populations of hatch, and fall) when mole cricket are different from those used later. new-generation nymphs that hatch damage may warrant treatment (fig. 21). there in June and July. Overwintered mole crickets become The primary application timing for active in February to April. Treatment mole cricket control with insecticides is By the time mole cricket damage at this time is optional, except in when young nymphs hatch from eggs. is visible, control efforts are more highly maintained turf areas or sod This happens between early May and difficult. This is further complicated fields. Early spring treatment reduces mid-June, depending on weather and by use restrictions for products tunneling damage at that time but location. Full bloom of Agapanthus used on urban lawns or products usually does not replace treatment later lilies should prompt you to begin only available for professional use in the season. This timing is important soap flushes. Treatments on the more (fipronil, for example). In most cases, because individuals that may survive vulnerable nymphs in June, July, the number of available products and even early August are more for use by homeowners (table 4 ) or labeled for use on lawns are fewer Table 4. Products Available for Mole Cricket Conrol by Homeowners than those available to professionals. See Extension publication IPM-1313, Active Ingredient Examples (trade or Comments “Commercial Turf and Lawns, Insect brand names) Control Recommendations.” bifenthrin Talstar Granular and spray forms require irrigation after application. David Held, Associate Professor, and Patricia Cobb, former Extension carbaryl Carbaryl bait Do not irrigate after application. Specialist, both in and deltamethrin Turf RangerARCHIVE Insect Granular form that requires Plant Pathology, Auburn University Control granules irrigation after application. Trade and brand names used in this publication are given for information purposes only. No gamma- Triazicide Insect Kill Granular and spray forms require guarantees, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or cyhalothrin concentrate irrigation after application. implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. For more information, contact your imidacloprid + Bayer complete insect Granules and spray forms. county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/ cyfluthrin killer directory. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System lambda- Demand G Granules should be irrigated after (Alabama A&M University and Auburn cyhalothrin application. University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Revised permethrin Various Requires irrigation after October 2016 , ANR-0176 © 2016 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights application.. reserved. www.aces.edu.