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Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815)

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Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Pierre-Etienne Stockland Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2017 Etienne Stockland All rights reserved ABSTRACT Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Pierre-Etienne Stockland Naturalists, state administrators and farmers in France and its colonies developed a myriad set of techniques over the course of the long eighteenth century to manage the circulation of useful and harmful insects. The development of normative protocols for classifying, depicting and observing insects provided a set of common tools and techniques for identifying and tracking useful and harmful insects across great distances. Administrative techniques for containing the movement of harmful insects such as quarantine, grain processing and fumigation developed at the intersection of science and statecraft, through the collaborative efforts of diplomats, state administrators, naturalists and chemical practitioners. The introduction of insectivorous animals into French colonies besieged by harmful insects was envisioned as strategy for restoring providential balance within environments suffering from human-induced disequilibria. Naturalists, administrators, and agricultural improvers also collaborated in projects to maximize the production of useful substances secreted by insects, namely silk, dyes and medicines. A study of these scientific and administrative techniques will shed light on how scientists, administrators and lay practitioners in the French Enlightenment came to assess and manage the risks and opportunities afforded by the related processes of commercial and ecological globalization. Table of Contents List of figures .................................. .................................................................................. ii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Part 1: Observing Pests: Insects and Patriotic Natural History Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 29 Fighting the Angoumois Grain Moth: Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and the Problem of Insect Pests in the French Enlightenment Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 60 Clergymen and Exorcisms: Disenchanting Insects Part 2: Insects and Industry Before the Synthetic Age in Lower Languedoc Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 95 Patriotic Natural History and Sericulture in the French Enlightenment (1730-1780) Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................... 147 Kermes Insects and the Rural Oeconomy of Languedoc Part 3: Insect Pathogens in the Age of Global Commerce Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................... 187 Policing the Oeconomy of Nature: The Oiseau Martin as an Instrument of Oeconomic Management in the French Maritime World Chapter 6 ......................................................................................................................... 230 Naming the Hessian Fly: Classification and Natural History in the Age of Global Commerce Part 4: Insecticides before DDT: From Petite Chimie to Industrial Chemistry Chapter 7 ......................................................................................................................... 272 From Petite Chimie to Industrial Chemistry: Insecticides in France from the Old Regime to the Industrial Revolution (1750-1830) 272 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 325 Living With Insects after 1850 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 331 i List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Angoumois ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 2: Duhamel du Monceau and Tillet's experimental cabinet ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 3: Duhamel's sketch of the chenille d'Angoumois ............................................................................................................................................ 41 Figure 4: Engraving of a sketch by Duhamel du Monceau ............................................................................................................................................ 41 Figures 5 and 6: Package of seeds sent by Thazeau to Duhamel du Monceau ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Figure 7: Sketch of a silkworm by M. Baron .......................................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 8: Engraving of a sericulture workshop from the Encyclopédie ...................................................................................................................................... 121 Figure 9: Engraving of kermes insects and kermes oak ..................................................................................................................................... 152 Figure 10: Kermes Vermilio in southern France and Eastern spain ..................................................................................................................................... 185 Figure 11: Engraving of the merle des Phillippines ..................................................................................................................................... 212 Figure 12: Global range of the mynah bird .................................................................................................................................... 229 Figure 13:Sketch of insects found around Paris .................................................................................................................................... 255 Figure 14: Engraving of the Hessian fly ...................................................................................................................................... 263 ii Introduction What is an insect? In 1694, the Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française defined insecte as a word used to describe "several species of small animals that are believed to be less perfect than others." 1 For much of the early modern period, insects occupied the lowest rungs on the Great Chain of Being, the graduated scale of Creation on which natural philosophers ranked all sentient beings. 2 Insects were widely considered to be "excrements of nature," as it was believed that they were generated through putrefaction and corruption. 3 When the Genevan naturalist Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) began observing insects in the 1730s, he rejected this commonly held view that they were imperfect creatures. Only vulgar spirits could look upon insects as beings less perfect than the larger animals that traditionally outranked them on the Chain of being. The intricate bodies of insects were as worthy of wonder as the orderly functioning of the cosmos. How could the "order, regularity, infinite variety, wisdom, marvelous harmony and elegant proportions" that one found in the insect kingdom, Bonnet asked, be seen as anything less than evidence for the perfection of Creation? 4 1 "Insecte," in Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française (Paris: Coignard, 1694), 1: 598. 2 On the 'Chain of Being' and its centrality to eighteenth-century thought, see: A.O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936); Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 61-64; Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Science (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), 268. 3 Daniel Mornet, Les sciences de la nature en France, au XVIIIe siècle: un chapitre de l'histoire des idées (Paris: A. Colin, 1911), 4. 4 Charles Bonnet, "Essai sur les insectes," 1738-1739, MS Bonnet 1, BPU Genève, quoted in Virginia P. Dawson, "La Théologie des Insectes dans la Pensée de Charles Bonnet," in Charles Bonnet: Savant et Philosophe, 1720-1793 , eds. Marino Buscaglia, 1 In the half century that elapsed between the first edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française and Charles Bonnet's "Essai sur les Insectes" (1738-1739), enthusiasm for insect observation had swept across European scientific academies. Knowledge about insects had undergone a profound mutation in this period: the theory of spontaneous generation was refuted, it was discovered that several species of insects did not need to mate in order to breed, naturalists relayed surprising new facts about insect metamorphosis and behavior in impassioned detail to scientific academies, and previously unknown species were named and described as new techniques and technologies for observing and depicting
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