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Identification and Control of Agricultural Plant Pests and Diseases in Khorezm and the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan

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Identification and Control of Agricultural Plant Pests and Diseases in Khorezm and the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung Center for Development Research ZEF Bonn Economic and Ecological Restructuring of Land and Water Use in Uzbekistan/Khorezm: A Pilot Program in Development Research ZEF Work Papers for Sustainable Development in Central Asia No. 8 Identification and control of agricultural plant pests and diseases in Khorezm and the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan by Aloviddin Sh. Khamraev1 and Colin F. Davenport2 1Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 2Center for Development Research, Bonn Tashkent, March 2004 ZEF-Uzbekistan working papers contain preliminary material and research results from the ZEF/BMBF/UNESCO- Project on Economic and Ecological Restructuring of Land- and Water Use in the Region Khorezm (Uzbekistan). They are circulated prior to a peer review process to stimulate debate and to disseminate information as quickly as possible. Some of the papers in this series will be reviews and eventually be published in some other form, and their content may also be revised. The sole responsibility for the contents rests with the authors. Project internet site: http://www.khorezm.uni-bonn.de/ Nî 8 Õîðàçì âèëîÿòè âà +îðà=àëïî\èñòîí Ðåñïóáëèêàñèäà (Ûçáåêèñòîí) =èøëî= õûæàëèê çàðàðêóíàíäàëàðè âà êàñàëëèêëàðèíè àíè=ëàø âà óëàðãà =àðøè êóðàø Àëîâèääèí Ø. Õàìðàåâ1 âà Êîëèí Ô. Äýâåíïîðò2 1ÛçÐ ÔÀ Çîîëîãèÿ èíñòèòóòè, Òîøêåíò 2Òàäқиқîò Ìàðêàçè, Áîíí Òîøêåíò, ìàðò 2004 é. +èñ=à÷à ìàçìóíè Óøáó èøäà Ûçáåêèñòîí øèìîëèé-\àðá =èñìèäà =èøëî= õûæàëèê çàðàðêóíàíäà âà êàñàëëèêëàðèãà =àðøè êóðàøãà =àðàòèëãàí òàä=è=îòëàð óìóìëàøòèðèëãàí áûëèá, áó ìàúëóìîòëàð òû\ðèñèäà àõáîðîò åòàðëè÷à åìàñ. Óñòóíëèê àñîñèé ýêèí-\ûçàãà =àðàòèëãàí. Áó\äîé, øîëè, êàðòîøêà òû\ðèñèäà ùàì áàòàôñèë ìàúëóìîò êåëòèðèëãàí. Àéðèì ùîëëàðäà çàðàðêóíàíäà âà çàìáóðó\ëàðíèíã êåëòèðãàí çàðàðèíè òàñâèðëàø ìà=ñàäèäà òàðèõèé íó=òàè íàçàðäàí ¸íäàøèëãàí. Êåíã =èøëî= õûæàëèê ûñèìëèêëàðèãà êàòòà çàðàð áåðàäèãàí ùàøàðîòëàð ñèôàòèäà Agrotis segetum âà Spodoptera exrgua, çàìáóðó\ êàñàëëèêëàðèíè =ûç\àòóâ÷èëàðäàí ýñà Erysiphe communis (ìèëäüþ) âà Verticillium dahliae (âèëò) ëàðíè êûðñàòèø ìóìêèí. Ìóùîêàìà =èëèíà¸òãàí êèì¸âèé êóðàø ÷îðàëàðèäàí, áèîëîãèê ùèìîÿëàøãà÷à âà ìåõàíèê ÷îðàëàðíè òóðëè âàðèàíòëàðäà =ûëëàøãà êåíã ýúòèáîð =àðàòèëãàí. Ìàúëóì âà èøëàá ÷è=àðèøäà êåíã =ûëëàíèá êåëèíà¸òãàí êóðàø ÷îðàëàðè áàòàôñèë ¸ðèòèëãàí. Øóëàðäàí áèðè – çàðàðêóíàíäàëàðäàí íîáóä áûëãàí ¸êè çàðàðëàíãàí ûñèìëèêëàðíè éè\èá éû=îòèø - óìóìàí îëãàíäà ñàìàðàëè óñóë ùèñîáëàíèá êåéèíãè éèëëàðè ùàì çàðàðêóíàíäàëàð û÷î=ëàðèíè =èñ=àðòèðèøãà îëèá êåëàäè. Áîø=à ìóùèì âà êåíã =ûëëàíèëàäèãàí êóðàø ÷îðàëàðè - ûç âà=òèäà áèîëîãèê àãåíòëàðíè =ûëëàø, òàáèèé êóøàíäàëàð ôàîëèÿòèíè êó÷àéòèðèø âà çàðàðêóíàíäàëàð ñîíèíè óçëóêñèç ùèñîáëàá áîðèø (ìîíèòîðèíã) äàí èáîðàòäèð. Áó =îèäàëàðíè, ìàúëóì ðåñóðñëàð òàëàá äàðàæàñèäà =ûëëàø, çàðàðêóíàíäà âà êàñàëëèêëàðäàí éû=îòèëàäèãàí ùîñèëíè =èñ=àðòèðèø èñêîíèíè áåðàäè. Áèðî= óçî= ìóääàòëè ùîñèëäîðëèêíè îøèðèøãà ýðèøèø ó÷óí èððèãàöèÿ, åðäàí ôîéäàëàíèø ñèíãàðè ôàêòîðëàðíè ùèñîáãà îëèø ùàì ìóùèìäèð. No. 8 Идентификация и борьба с сельскохозяйственными вредителями и болезнями в Хорезмской области и Республике Каракалпакстан (Узбекистан) Аловиддин Ш. Хамраев1 и Колин Ф. Давенпорт2 1Институт зоологии АН РУз, Ташкент 2Центр исследований по развитию, Бонн Ташкент, март 2004 г. РЕЗЮМЕ В настоящей работе приведен обзор исследований, направленных на борьбу с сельскохозяйственными вредителями и болезнями в северо-западной части Узбекистана, по которой имеется мало информации. Приоритет отдан доминирующей культуре – хлопчатнику. Детальная информация также имеется по пшенице, рису и картофелю. Местами использован исторический подход для иллюстрации меняющейся угрозы со стороны вредителей и грибов. Наиболее вредоносные организмы, наносящие ущерб широкому кругу сельскохозяйственных растений, включают Agrotis segetum и Spodoptera exigua, а также грибковые заболевания Erysiphe communis (Мучнистая роса) и Verticillium dahliae (вилт). Нематоды также являются серьезными вредителями хлопчатника. Обсуждаемые меры контроля варьируют от химических обработок до биологического контроля и механических обработок. Перечислены детальные меры борьбы, где они известны и находятся в применении. Одна из таких мер – удаление и уничтожение погибших или зараженных растений – в целом эффективна для сокращения очагов поражения или численности вредителей в последующие годы. Другие важные и широко применяемые меры борьбы включают своевременные выпуски агентов биологического контроля, стимулирование имеющихся естественных врагов и мониторинг насекомых вредителей. Применение этих правил, при имеющихся требуемых ресурсах, может потенциально снизить потери урожаев от вредителей и болезней. Однако следует учитывать и другие факторы, такие как ирригация и землепользование, для того, чтобы достичь долгосрочных улучшений в урожайности. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 A brief history of entomological research in Uzbekistan............................ 1 2 COTTON PESTS AND DISEASES....................................................................... 6 2.1 Overview of cotton pests ............................................................................. 6 2.1.1 Noctuidae .................................................................................................. 6 2.1.2 Red spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch............................................. 7 2.1.3 Cotton aphids............................................................................................ 7 2.1.4 Cotton whitefly ......................................................................................... 8 2.1.5 Cotton nematodes......................................................................................9 2.2 Effects of cotton pests................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Noctuids (Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua)........................... 10 2.2.2 Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae: Ipimorphinae)....................................... 10 2.2.3 Red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch).......................................... 10 2.2.4 Aphids (Aphididae)................................................................................. 11 2.2.5 Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)............................................................ 11 2.2.6 Bugs (Hemiptera).................................................................................... 12 2.2.7 Thrips ..................................................................................................12 2.2.8 Acrididae (Calliptamus italicus, Locusta migratoria)............................ 13 2.2.9 Cutworm noctuids (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ......................................... 13 2.3 Cotton pest control measures..................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Organizational tasks................................................................................ 13 2.3.2 Agrotechnical actions.............................................................................. 15 2.3.3 Biological control agents and opportunities for their use in biological protection of cotton................................................................ 16 2.3.4 Specific biological control methods........................................................ 19 2.3.5 Chemical methods................................................................................... 23 2.4 Cotton diseases and their effects ............................................................... 24 2.4.1 Root decay Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn...................................................... 25 2.4.2 Wilt Verticillium dahliae ........................................................................ 25 2.4.3 Bacterial blight Xanthomonas malvacearum (Erw. Smith) Dowson...... 26 2.4.4 Diseases of bolls and fibers..................................................................... 26 2.5 Disease control measures........................................................................... 28 2.5.1 Measures for controlling Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn ................................ 28 2.5.2 Measures of wilt (Verticillium) control................................................... 28 2.5.3 Measures for controlling Xanthomonas malvacearum ........................... 29 2.5.4 Measures for controlling boll and cotton fiber diseases. ........................ 29 3 WHEAT PESTS AND DISEASES ...................................................................... 30 3.1 Overview of pests ...................................................................................... 30 3.2 Effects of wheat damage by pests.............................................................. 31 3.2.1 General ..................................................................................................31 3.2.2 Insect damage to plants........................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Damage by other wheat pests ................................................................. 33 3.3 Control of wheat pests ............................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Organizational and agrotechnical measures............................................ 34 3.3.2 Chemical wheat pest control measures................................................... 37 3.4 Wheat Diseases.......................................................................................... 38 3.4.1 Wheat smut............................................................................................
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